Segui questo link per vedere altri tipi di pubblicazioni sul tema: South African Spectators' Experiences.
Libri sul tema "South African Spectators' Experiences"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-37 libri per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "South African Spectators' Experiences".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi i libri di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
1
Brown, Andrew. Street blues: The experiences of a reluctant policeman. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2008.
Cerca il testo completo
2
Brown, Andrew. Street blues: The experiences of a reluctant policeman. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2008.
Cerca il testo completo
3
Brown, Andrew. Street blues: The experiences of a reluctant policeman. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2008.
Cerca il testo completo
4
Every meal a banquet, every night a honeymoon: Unforgettable African experiences. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2003.
Cerca il testo completo
5
Conference on Worker Participation (1989 University of Port Elizabeth). Worker participation: South African options and experiences : proceedings of the 1989 Conference on Worker Participation. Kenwyn: Juta, 1990.
Cerca il testo completo
6
Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie. The biograph in battle: Its story in the South African War related with personal experiences. Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England: Flicks Books, 1995.
Cerca il testo completo
7
Abadie, Eustace Henry Egremont. A soldier in South Africa: The experiences of Eustace Abadie, 1899 to 1902. A cura di Spies S. B. Houghton, South Africa: Brenthurst Press, 1989.
Cerca il testo completo
8
Academy, Canadian Defence, e Canada. Canadian Armed Forces. Wing, 17., a cura di. Learning the hard way: The leadership experiences of Lieutenant Agar Adamson during the South African War, 1899-1901. Kingston, Ont: Canadian Defence Academy Press, 2007.
Cerca il testo completo
9
Chapman, Peter. A cook's tour of duty: The experiences of a national serviceman in the South African Army Service Corps, July 1978 to June 1980 : with an account of citizen force service in the South African Irish Regiment, January 1981 to August 1986. Durban: Just Done Productions Publishing, 2006.
Cerca il testo completo
10
Swinton, Ernest Dunlop. The defence of Duffer's Drift: A few experiences in the field defence for detached posts which may prove useful in our next war. London: L. Cooper, 1990.
Cerca il testo completo
11
Scheffer, Hein. Choices: Experiences in our lives influence our perceptions and easily become our realities irrespective whether they are true or not : the journey of an ordinary South African. [Cape Town: Griffel Media], 2009.
Cerca il testo completo
12
Resane, Kelebogile Thomas. South African Christian Experiences: From colonialism to democracy. SunBonani Scholar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928424994.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Theologically and historically sound, Resane’s South African Christian Experiences: From Colonialism to Democracy, envisions a robust Christianity that acknowledges itself as “a community of justified sinners” who are on an eschatological journey of conversion. This Christianity does not look away from its historical sins and participation in corruption and evils such as Apartheid. Resane argues that failing to adhere to Jesus’ teachings is not a reason for Christianity to recede from public life. Rather, doing so further pushes Christianity away from Jesus who emphatically called for the Church to engage in the liberation of society. By framing how the Christian must engage with his/her community as a component to belief – that saying must mean doing for belief to happen – Resane frames his theology as an eschatological clarion call for internal and social renewal, an interplay between the individual Christian, the communal churches of Christ, and society at large. Dr J. Sands – Northwest University “Drawing from our own wells” is a prophetic call for theologians to develop context specific liberation theologies drawn from their own contexts, history, experiences, and different types of knowledge. This book locates its loci in the historical and contemporary context in South Africa, as well as drawing from the rich legacy of liberation theologies including African, Kairos, Black, Circle and many other theologies to address contemporary issues facing South Africa. Resane’s book contributes towards enhancing the much needed local theologies of liberation based on contextual realities and knowledges. Dr Nontando Hadebe – Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians South African Christian Experiences: From Colonialism to Democracy captures the societal binaries that are part and parcel of Christianity, especially in the African context. The definition of God is also affected by these binaries, such as, is God Black or White? The book proposes both the non-binary approach, and the process of inculturation. The work also shows how not to have one theology, but different theologies, hence references and expansions on the Trinity, Pneumatology, Christology, etc. Furthermore, this work portrays Christ as seen from an African point of view, and what it means to attach African attributes to Christ, as opposed to the traditional Western understanding. Rev. Fr. Thabang Nkadimeng – History of Christianity, University of KwaZulu Natal Resane has dug deep into the history of the church in South Africa, and brought the experiences of Indigenous people and Christians, including theologians, to the attention of every reader. The author demonstrates an intense knowledge of the history of Christianity. He also portrays that there is still more to be done, both from the Christian historical perspective and the theological perspective for the church to be relevant to all the contexts in which it finds itself. Prof. Mokhele Madise – Department of Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology, University of South Africa
13
Marshall, Everett, a cura di. Thrilling experiences in the war in South Africa. Quebec: A. Crawford, 1993.
Cerca il testo completo
14
Human Sciences Research Council (Other Contributor), a cura di. Finding Work: Employment Experiences of South African Graduates (Hsrc Research Monograph). Hsrc Press, 2006.
Cerca il testo completo
15
Canadian Girl in South Africa: A Teacher's Experiences in the South African War, 1899-1902. University of Alberta Press, 2015.
Cerca il testo completo
16
van der Waag, Ian, a cura di. Sights, Sounds, Memories: South African Soldier Experiences of the Second World War. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928480914.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Second World War involved most of the countries of the world and left so many millions dead and maimed, disorganised and devastated through personal and communal loss. This book recovers some of South Africa’s soldiers’ experiences from the physical and mental debris of the war. Individuals are important; their lives – used as lenses – give us colour and texture, and their voices tell the stories of ordinary soldiers. Using their memoirs and diaries, the vitality of their endeavours is reasserted, their successes and failures, victories and indecencies are re-examined, and their magnanimity and the general triumph of the human spirit are celebrated.
17
Taylor, Robert G., e Susan A. Lynham. Leadership for National and Social Change: Lived Experiences of South African Business Leaders. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
Cerca il testo completo
18
Worker participation: South African options and experiences : Proceedings of the 1989 Conference on Worker Participation. Juta, 1990.
Cerca il testo completo
19
Kestell, J. D. Through Shot And Flame: The Adventures And Experiences Of J. D. Kestell. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
Cerca il testo completo
20
Kestell, J. D. Through Shot And Flame: The Adventures And Experiences Of J. D. Kestell. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
Cerca il testo completo
21
1940-, Mtshali Mbuyiseni Oswald, a cura di. Give us a break: Diaries of a group of Soweto children : a collection of anecdotes, episodes, incidents, events and experiences of a group of school children from Pace College, Soweto. Johannesburg: Skotaville Publishers, 1988.
Cerca il testo completo
22
Towards a new South African economy: Comparative perspectives : papers derived from the workshop Economic concepts and strategies, comparative experiences in view of a new South Africa, jointly organised by the Arnold Bergstraesser Institute and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Freiburg, Oct. 20-24, 1991. Freiburg: ABI, 1992.
Cerca il testo completo
23
Cohen, Richard I., a cura di. Rebeca Raijman, South African Jews in Israel: Assimilation in Multigenerational Perspective. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015. xviii + 271 pp. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0050.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter reviews the book South African Jews in Israel: Assimilation in Multigenerational Perspective (2015), by Rebeca Raijman. In South African Jews in Israel, Raijman explores Jewish immigration from South Africa to Israel and post-migration adaptation and mobility within the latter country. Drawing on a mainly quantitative approach as well as qualitative insights derived from the personal experiences of immigrants, Raijman delves into the linguistic, economic, and identificational assimilation of South African Jews in Israel. Her book provides a solid, balanced discussion of social theory and makes use of conceptualization, international comparison, and in-depth analysis, while also dispelling some of the myths and legends that continue to dominate the popular perception of aliyah.
24
Jules-Rosette, Bennetta, e J. R. Osborn. African Art Reframed. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043277.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This book approaches the reframing of African art through dialogues with collectors, curators, and artists on three continents. It explores museum exhibitions, storerooms, artists’ studios, and venues for community outreach. Part One (Chapters 1-3) addresses the history of ethnographic and art museums, ranging from curiosity cabinets to modernist edifices and virtual websites. Museums are considered in terms of five transformational nodes, which contrast ways in which museums are organized and reach out to their audiences. Diverse groups of artists interact with museums at each node. Part Two (Chapters 4-5) addresses museum practices and art worlds through dialogues with curators and artists examining museums as ecosystems and communities within communities. Processes of display and memory work used by curators and artists are analyzed with semiotic methods to investigate images, signs, and symbols drawn from curating the curators and exploring artists’ experiences. Part Three (Chapters 6-8) introduces new strategies for displaying, disseminating, and reclaiming African art. Approaches include the innovative technology of unmixing and the reframing of art for museums of the future. The book addresses building exchanges through studies of curatorial networks, south-north connections, genre classifications, archives, collections, databases, and learning strategies. These discussions open up new avenues of connectivity that range from local museums to global art markets and environments. In conclusion, the book proposes new methods for interpreting African art inside and outside of museums and remixing the results.
25
Gebeye, Berihun Adugna. A Theory of African Constitutionalism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893925.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This book asks and seeks to answer why we need a theory for African constitutionalism and how this could offer us better theoretical and practical tools with which to understand, improve, and assess African constitutionalism on its own terms. By locating constitutional studies in Africa within the experiences, interactions, and contestations of power and governance beginning in precolonial times, the book presents the development and transformation of African constitutional systems across time and place, along with the attendant constitutional designs and practices ranging from the nature and operation of the African state to its vertical and horizontal government structures, to its constitutional rights regime. It offers both a theoretically and comparatively rich, historically and contextually informed, and temporally and spatially extensive account of the nature, travails, and incremental successes of African constitutionalism with detailed case studies from Nigeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa on important themes like federalism, executive power, and women’s rights. The book aims to bring a new global conversation with a richly African experience as a comparative resource in reimagining the purpose, substance, and scope of constitutions and constitutionalism.
26
Khosa, Godwin, a cura di. Systemic School Improvement Interventions in South Africa. African Minds, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781920677374.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Looking at two smaller-scale systemic school improvement projects implemented in selected district circuits in the North West and Eastern Cape by partnerships between government, JET Education Services, and private sector organisations, this book captures and reflects on the experiences of the practitioners involved. The Systemic School Improvement Model developed by JET to address an identified range of interconnected challenges at district, school, classroom and household level, is made up of seven components. In reflecting on what worked and what did not in the implementation of these different components, the different chapters set out some of the practical lessons learnt, which could be used to improve the design and implementation of similar education improvement projects. Many of the lessons in this field that remain under-recorded to date relate to the step-by-step processes followed, the relationship dynamics encountered at different levels of the education system, and the local realities confronting schools and districts in South Africa's rural areas. Drawing on field data that is often not available to researchers, the book endeavours to address this gap and record these lessons. It is not intended to provide an academic review of the systemic school improvement projects. It is presented rather to offer other development practitioners working to improve the quality of education in South African schools, an understanding of some of the real practical and logistical challenges that arise and how these may be resolved to take further school improvement projects forward at a wider district, provincial and national scale.
27
Halvorsen, Tar, e Peter Vale. One World, Many Knowledges: Regional experiences and cross-regional links in higher education. African Minds, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/978-0-620-55789-4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Various forms of academic co-operation criss-cross the modern university system in a bewildering number of ways, from the open exchange of ideas and knowledge, to the sharing of research results, and frank discussions about research challenges. Embedded in these scholarly networks is the question of whether a global template for the management of both higher education and national research organisations is necessary, and if so, must institutions slavishly follow the high-flown language of the global knowledge society or risk falling behind in the ubiquitous university ranking system? Or are there alternatives that can achieve a better, more ethically inclined, world? Basing their observations on their own experiences, an interesting mix of seasoned scholars and new voices from southern Africa and the Nordic region offer critical perspectives on issues of inter- and cross-regional academic co-operation. Several of the chapters also touch on the evolution of the higher education sector in the two regions. An absorbing and intelligent study, this book will be invaluable for anyone interested in the strategies scholars are using to adapt to the interconnectedness of the modern world. It offers fresh insights into how academics are attempting to protect the spaces in which they can freely and openly debate the challenges they face, while aiming to transform higher education, and foster scholarly collaboration. The Southern African-Nordic Centre (SANORD) is a partnership of higher education institutions from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Botswana, Namibia, Malawi, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. SANORDs primary aim is to promote multilateral research co-operation on matters of importance to the development of both regions. Our activities are based on the values of democracy, equity, and mutually beneficial academic engagement.
28
Bank, Leslie, Nico Cloete e François van Schalkwyk. Anchored in Place: Rethinking the university and development in South Africa. African Minds, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331759.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tensions in South African universities have traditionally centred around equity (particularly access and affordability), historical legacies (such as apartheid and colonialism), and the shape and structure of the higher education system. What has not received sufficient attention, is the contribution of the university to place-based development. This volume is the first in South Africa to engage seriously with the place-based developmental role of universities. In the international literature and policy there has been an increasing integration of the university with place-based development, especially in cities. This volume weighs in on the debate by drawing attention to the place-based roles and agency of South African universities in their local towns and cities. It acknowledges that universities were given specific development roles in regions, homelands and towns under apartheid, and comments on why sub-national, place-based development has not been a key theme in post-apartheid, higher education planning. Given the developmental crisis in the country, universities could be expected to play a more constructive and meaningful role in the development of their own precincts, cities and regions. But what should that role be? Is there evidence that this is already occurring in South Africa, despite the lack of a national policy framework? What plans and programmes are in place, and what is needed to expand the development agency of universities at the local level? Who and what might be involved? Where should the focus lie, and who might benefit most, and why? Is there a need perhaps to approach the challenges of college towns, secondary cities and metropolitan centers differently? This book poses some of these questions as it considers the experiences of a number of South African universities, including Wits, Pretoria, Nelson Mandela University and especially Fort Hare as one of its post-centenary challenges.
29
Case, Jennifer M., Delia Marshall, Sioux McKenna e Mogashana Disaapele. Going to University: The Influence of Higher Education on the Lives of Young South Africans. African Minds, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331698.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Around the world, more young people than ever before are attending university. Student numbers in South Africa have doubled since democracy and for many families, higher education is a route to a better future for their children. But alongside the overwhelming demand for higher education, questions about its purposes have intensified. Deliberations about the curriculum, culture and costing of public higher education abound from student activists, academics, parents, civil society and policy-makers. We know, from macro research, that South African graduates generally have good employment prospects. But little is known at a detailed level about how young people actually make use of their university experiences to craft their life courses. And even less is known about what happens to those who drop out. This accessible book brings together the rich life stories of 73 young people, six years after they began their university studies. It traces how going to university influences not only their employment options, but also nurtures the agency needed to chart their own way and to engage critically with the world around them. The book offers deep insights into the ways in which public higher education is both a private and public good, and it provides significant conclusions pertinent to anyone who works in – and cares about – universities.
30
Milewski, Melissa. Prologue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190249182.003.0002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Prologue traces African Americans’ experiences with the law and the courts in the antebellum South. It shows the ways in which the law upheld the system of slavery and worked to characterize enslaved men and women as property rather than as people. At times, though, slaves could participate in the legal system as criminal defendants or as they litigated freedom suits. Free people of color, too, appealed to the law to challenge the constraints imposed upon them. The experiences of enslaved and free African Americans in the antebellum South gave them an appreciation of the power of the law, leading them to fight to gain full legal rights after the Civil War.
31
Mason, Patrick Q. Mormonism and Race. A cura di Paul Harvey e Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.20.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As a religion born in the modern period, Mormonism inherited and has in many ways inhabited modern racial categories and theories. Since the time of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, the majority of Latter-day Saints’ racial views have generally tracked with broader American society, but the religion’s distinctive theology and history also produce alternative racial rationales, discourses, and experiences unique to Mormonism. Focusing on the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, this chapter examines how race has been operationalized in Mormon scripture (in particular the Book of Mormon), the history of Mormonism in America, and scholarly treatments. Never simply dichromatic, Mormon considerations of race have included African Americans but also paid substantial attention to the native peoples of the Americas (North and increasingly Central and South) and Pacific Islanders.
32
Lindsey, Treva B. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041020.003.0006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This book focuses on African American women, and more specifically, African American womanhood to complicate a masculinist conceptualization of “New Negro,” both historically and historiographically. The usage of a feminist historical approach to the New Negro era and to the early twentieth century urban upper south uncovers a new history of African American struggles for freedom and equality through exploring Jim and Jane Crow exclusionary practices. Applying this approach to explorations of historically marginalized communities can reveal untold stories. Moreover, African American women’s expressivity and creation of counterpublics remain ripe sites for critical interventions for women’s historians and feminist scholars. By challenging and expanding how we think about expressivity, we enrich our understandings of the historical experiences and the distinct political and cultural contributions of African American women in the shaping the United States.
33
Pargas, Damian Alan, a cura di. Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056036.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America examines and contrasts the experiences of various groups of African-American slaves who tried to escape bondage between the revolutionary era and the U.S. Civil War. Whereas much of the existing scholarship tends to focus on fugitive slaves in very localized settings (especially in communities and regions north of the Mason-Dixon line), the eleven contributions in this volume bring together the latest scholarship on runaway slaves in a diverse range of geographic settings throughout North America—from Canada to Virginia and from Mexico to the British Bahamas—providing a broader and more continental perspective on slave refugee migration. The volume innovatively distinguishes between various “spaces of freedom” to which runaway slaves fled, specifically sites of formal freedom (free-soil regions where slavery had been abolished and refugees were legally free, even if the meanings of freedom in these places were heavily contested); semi-formal freedom (free-soil regions where slavery had been abolished but asylum for runaway slaves was either denied or contested, such as the northern U.S., where state abolition laws were curtailed by federal fugitive slave laws); and informal freedom (places within the slaveholding South where runaways formed maroon communities or attempted to blend in with free black populations and pass for free). This edited volume encourages scholars to reroute and reconceptualize the geography of slavery and freedom in antebellum North America.
34
van der Vlies, Andrew. Present Imperfect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793762.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Present Imperfect asks how South African writers have responded to the end of apartheid, to the hopes that attended the birth of the ‘new’ nation in 1994, and to the inevitable disappointments that have followed. The first full-length study of affect in South Africa’s literature, it understands ‘disappointment’ both as a description of bad feeling and as naming a missed appointment with all that was promised by the anti-colonial and anti-apartheid Struggle (a dis-appointment). Attending to contemporary writers’ treatment of temporality, genre, and form, it considers a range of negative feelings that are also experiences of temporal disjuncture—including stasis, impasse, boredom, disaffection, and nostalgia. Present Imperfect offers close readings of work by a range of writers—some known to international Anglophone readers (J.M. Coetzee, Nadine Gordimer, Ivan Vladislavić, Zoë Wicomb), some slightly less wellknown (including Afrikaans-language novelists Marlene van Niekerk and Ingrid Winterbach), others from a new generation (Songeziwe Mahlangu, Masande Ntshanga). It addresses key questions in South African studies about the evolving character of the historical period in which the country now finds itself. It is also alert to wider critical and theoretical conversations, looking outward to make a case for the place of South African writing in global conversations, and mobilizing readings of writing marked in various ways as ‘South African’ in order to complicate the contours of World Literature as category, discipline, and pedagogy. It is thus also a book about the discontents of neoliberalism, the political energies of reading, and the fates of literature in our troubled present.
35
Parker, John. In My Time of Dying. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193151.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This book is the first detailed history of death and the dead in Africa south of the Sahara. Focusing on a region that is now present-day Ghana, the book explores mortuary cultures and the relationship between the living and the dead over a 400-year period spanning the seventeenth to twentieth centuries. The book considers many questions from the African historical perspective, including why people die and where they go after death, how the dead are buried and mourned to ensure they continue to work for the benefit of the living, and how perceptions and experiences of death and the ends of life have changed over time. From exuberant funeral celebrations encountered by seventeenth-century observers to the brilliantly conceived designer coffins of the late twentieth century, the book shows that the peoples of Ghana have developed one of the world's most vibrant cultures of death. The book explores the unfolding background of that culture through a diverse range of issues, such as the symbolic power of mortal remains and the dominion of hallowed ancestors, as well as the problem of bad deaths, vile bodies, and vengeful ghosts. The book reconstructs a vast timeline of death and the dead, from the era of the slave trade to the coming of Christianity and colonial rule to the rise of the modern postcolonial nation. With an array of written and oral sources, the book richly adds to an understanding of how the dead continue to weigh on the shoulders of the living.
36
Pfeifer, Michael. The Making of American Catholicism. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479829453.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Making of American Catholicism: Regional Culture and the Catholic Experience argues that regional and transnational relationships have been central to the making of American Catholicism. The book traces the development of Catholic cultures in the South, the Midwest, the West, and the Northeast and their contribution to larger patterns of Catholicism in the United States. Exploring the history of Catholic cultures in New Orleans, Iowa, Wisconsin, Los Angeles, and New York City, the book carefully explores the history of American Catholic cultures across regions and their relation to factors such as national origin, ethnicity, race, and gender. The chapters include close analysis of the historical experiences of Latinx and African American Catholics as well as European immigrant Catholics. Eschewing a national or nationalistic focus that might elide or neglect global connections or local complexity, the book offers an interpretation of the American Catholic experience that encompasses local, national, and transnational histories by emphasizing the diverse origins of Catholics in the United States, their long-standing ties to transnational communities of Catholic believers, and the role of region in shaping the contours of American Catholic religiosity. Drawing on extensive archival research, the book argues that regional American Catholic cultures and a larger American Catholicism developed as transnational Catholic laity and clergy ecclesiastically linked to and by Rome in a hierarchical, authoritarian, and communalistic “universal Church” creatively adapted their devotional and ideological practices in particular American regional contexts that emphasized notions of republicanism, religious liberty, individualistic capitalism, race, ethnicity, and gender.
37
Kling, David W. Presbyterians and Congregationalists in North America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
John Wesley founded Methodism as an evangelical renewal movement within the Church of England. That structure encouraged both establishment impulses and Dissenting movements within Methodism in the North American context. In Canada, British missionaries planted a moderate, respectable form of Methodism, comfortable with the establishment. In Ontario, however, Methodism drew from a more democratized, enthusiastic revivalism that set itself apart from the establishment. After a couple of generations, however, these poorer outsiders had moved into the middle class, and Canadian Methodism grew into the largest denomination, with a sense of duty to nurture the social order. Methodism in the United States, however, embodied a paradox representative of a nation founded in a self-conscious act of Dissent against an existing British system. Methodism came to embrace the American cultural centre while simultaneously generating Dissenting movements. After the American Revolution, ordinary Americans challenged deference, hierarchy, patronage, patriarchy, and religious establishments. Methodism adopted this stance in the religious sphere, growing as an enthusiastic, anti-elitist evangelistic campaign that validated the spiritual experiences of ordinary people. Eventually, Methodists began moving towards middle-class respectability and the cultural establishment, particularly in the largest Methodist denomination, the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC). However, democratized impulses of Dissent kept re-emerging to animate new movements and denominations. Republican Methodists and the Methodist Protestant Church formed in the early republic to protest the hierarchical structures of the MEC. African Americans created the African Methodist Episcopal Church and African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in response to racism in the MEC. The Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Free Methodists emerged in protest against both slavery and hierarchy. The issue of slavery divided the MEC into northern and southern denominations. The split reflected a battle over which religious vision of slavery would be adopted by the cultural establishment. The denominations remained divided after the Civil War, but neither could gain support among newly freed blacks in the South. Freed from a racialized religious establishment embedded in slavery, former slaves flocked to independent black Methodist and Baptist churches. In the late nineteenth century, Methodism spawned another major evangelical Dissenting movement, the Holiness movement. Although they began with an effort to strengthen Wesleyan practices of sanctification within Methodism, Holiness advocates soon became convinced that most Methodists would not abandon what they viewed as complacency, ostentation, and worldliness. Eventually, Holiness critiques led to conflicts with Methodist officials, and ‘come-outer’ groups forged a score of new Holiness denominations, including the Church of God (Anderson), the Christian Missionary Alliance, and the Church of the Nazarene. Holiness zeal for evangelism and sanctification also spread through the missionary movement, forming networks that would give birth to another powerful, fragmented, democratized movement of world Christianity, Pentecostalism.