Tesi sul tema "Sunflower seed oil"

Oil bodies isolated from sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus) are enriched in nutrients such as tocopherol (vitamin E) and essential fatty acids. Therefore oil bodies suspended in aqueous media are a natural emulsion that may represent a vehicle to deliver natural nutrition, stable, pre-emulsified oil into appropriate food systems. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of gastrointestinal conditions, over time, on the physico-chemical nature of oil bodies, and so to deduce their profile of digestion compared with equivalent processed emulsions. The digestibility of oil body emulsions compared with protein enriched emulsions and other processed emulsions has been studied. In order to obtain high quality oil bodies, a new extraction protocol was developed. Oil bodies isolated with this new protocol have a size and properties comparable to what is reported in the literature which is ~ 1 to 2 urn, For in-vitro digestion experiments, crude oil bodies (COB), washed oil bodies (WOB), whey protein isolate enriched oil bodies (WOB- WPI) and sodium caseinate enriched oil bodies (WOB-SC) emulsions were incubated for 2 hours in conditions that mimic the stomach environment. After that, the samples were incubated for 2 additional hours in conditions that mimic the duodenal environment. The physicochemical properties of the emulsions before, during, and after digestion were investigated by measuring the s-potential and the volume mean diameter (d4,3). The microstructures of the emulsions were analysed using light and confocal microscopy. SDS-PAGE was used to examine protein breakdown from pre and post digestion of emulsion samples.

Oilseeds store energy as triacylglycerides during periods of dormancy in preparation for germination and the early stages of development. The triacylglyceride is stored in discrete organelles termed oil bodies. Oil bodies are formed during the synthesis of neutral lipids within the bilayer of cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER); as lipid is synthesised it forms droplets of oil that swell distending the ER membrane and at a critical diameter separate from the ER by vesiculation forming independent organelles. These organelles are structurally stabilised by a phospholipid monolayer originating from the ER and the addition of highly amphiphilic oleosin proteins. Oil bodies have been shown previously to be extremely stable organelles that can be easily extracted and purified from oilseeds; our aim was to develop an understanding of the physical and chemical properties of sunflower oil bodies ex-vivo prior to their subsequent use in commercial products. Several novel findings were elucidated through this work: oil body phytochemical composition, their physical and oxidative stability and their ability to store and deliver flavour compounds. It was hypothesised that tocopherol is tightly associated with sunflower oil bodies. This was tested by recovering oil bodies from sunflower seed and washing them to remove extraneous proteins and associated phenolic compounds. Tocopherol remained with washed oil bodies (392 mg tocopherol.kg-1 oil body oil) and this population of tocopherol represented 38% of the total seed tocopherol. It was hypothesised that this high tocopherol concentration and its intrinsic association to oil body structures would contribute to an increased level of oxidative stability. Sunflower seed lipids were significantly more resistant to thermally induced oxidation when stabilised in oil body suspensions compared to sunflower oil emulsions stabilised by a range of commercial emulsifiers (sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (tween 20) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide). Oxidative stability was assessed through lipid hydroperoxide concentration and the concentration of headspace hexanal. Maximum lipid hydroperoxide concentration in surfactant stabilised emulsions after 8 days at 45oC ranged between 26 and 333 mmol lipid hydroperoxide.kg-1 oil whereas lipid hydroperoxide concentrations in oil body suspensions did not exceed 12 mmol lipid hydroperoxide.kg-1 oil. In addition there was no development in oxidative rancidity over the 8 day storage trial of oil bodies stored at 5oC. The composition of phospholipids in a range of oil body preparations was assessed; purified oil bodies contained principally phosphatidylcholine (91%) and a smaller fraction of phosphatidylethanolamine (9%). Less purified preparations contained other phospholipid species; the presence of which was explained by contamination with either non-intrinsic cellular phospholipids or phospholipase D that catalysed the breakdown of phospholipids to phosphatidic acid. Mechanisms and the extent of oil body physical stability were assessed using charge analysis and resistance of oil body preparations to changes in temperature and pH. Oil bodies are stabilised by a combination of steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion provided by the surface proteins and phospholipids. Oil bodies had a zeta potential of -30mV at neutral pH and the surface charge was pH dependant with an apparent isoelectric point of between pH3 and pH6 was calculated from electrophoretic mobility, streaming potential and creaming stability measurements. Purified oil bodies were physically stable to thermal stresses up to 45oC for 2 days, although less purified preparations lost structural integrity at temperatures above 25oC. When assessed for their ability to delivery flavour molecules, oil bodies had comparable bulk phase properties to artificial emulsions stabilised by tween 20. Oil bodies did show a greater rate of flavour delivery during headspace dilution, when compared with the model artificial emulsions, suggesting commercial benefits may be gained through the incorporation of oil bodies into commercial emulsions. The key findings of this work are that oil bodies are extremely stable organelles that are resistant to thermal stress and physical processing. When lipid is stored within oil bodies it has greater resistance to the onset of lipid oxidation which may be explained by the intrinsic association of phospholipids, proteins and phytochemicals (vitamin E).

Genetic diversity is a critical component of global food security. We depend on crop wild relatives as a genetic resource for the continued improvement and diversification of many crops. In this dissertation, I use population genomic approaches to investigate aspects of crop evolution in sunflower, which is a widely grown hybrid oilseed. In Chapter 1, the relevant aspects of crop improvement are reviewed, the sunflower system is introduced, and the research chapters are briefly described. In Chapter 2, I used transcriptome sequencing data to scan the genomes of a panel of cultivated and wild sunflowers and identified genes involved in domestication and improvement. Using data from additional wild sunflower species, I also identified widespread introgression of wild alleles into the modern crop gene pool. Chapter 3 describes a genomic survey of a diverse set of about 300 wild sunflower samples using genotyping by sequencing (GBS). The GBS data allowed me to determine evolutionary relationships and detect gene flow among taxa in the sunflower genus. I selected a subset of these wild samples to develop pre-bred lines, which I describe in Chapter 4. Pre-bred lines act as a bridge through which wild alleles may be introduced into breeding programs. Each of the circa 400 pre-bred lines I generated contain different components of their wild parent’s genome which were identified using GBS. Evaluation of these lines in Uganda revealed they could be excellent sources of alleles for disease resistance and drought tolerance. In Chapter 5, I examined relationships among cultivated lines, specifically the two heterotic groups that have been developed for hybrid crop production. Using whole genome sequencing data, I found many genomic regions were targets of selection during the development of these populations, and that patterns of diversity do not support an overdominance model of heterosis. Surprisingly, only two regions, which correspond to introduced wild alleles, are highly differentiated between these two populations. As I conclude in Chapter 6, the history of the use of wild relatives in sunflower breeding is found in the genomes of these plants, and permeates and defines modern lines.
Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
Graduate

Orientador: Dirceu Brasil Vieira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O ensaio foi conduzido nos anos de 2001 a 2003, em duas áreas experimentais: Campo de Pesquisa Hidroagrícola do Pinhal - Unicamp e no Horto Municipal Florestal, ambos no município de Limeira - SP, Brasil, com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da irrigação, sobre alguns parâmetros do girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), cultivar M-742. As semeaduras e colheitas foram realizadas, respectivamente, nos dias 18 de junho e 14 de setembro de 2001, 16 de junho e 8 de outubro de 2002 e 24 de junho e 15 de outubro de 2003. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os três tratamentos consistiram de: 1)irrigação de acordo com o balanço de umidade no solo (Sempre Irrigado); 2) irrigado nos períodos críticos do desenvolvimento, ou seja, formação de botão floral e enchimento de grãos (Irrigado nas Fases) e 3) sem suplementação hídrica (Sem Irrigação). A irrigação foi realizada por sistema de aspersão convencional, conduzida pelo método gravimétrico. Os principais parâmetros analisados foram: altura de planta, diâmetro do capítulo, peso do capítulo, peso da haste, peso das folhas, peso de mil sementes, teor de óleo e proteína de grãos, produção, distribuição do sistema radicular e demanda hídrica da cultura. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e suas médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Pelos resultados obtidos e para as condições do experimento, as seguintes conclusões se evidenciaram como as mais importantes: a) a planta desenvolvida sob marcante estresse hídrico tende a produzir raÍzes em maior número e se aprofundar mais no solo que aquela sem restrição hídrica; b) há maior concentração de raÍzes no horizonte superficial do solo, até 20 centímetros, independentemente da disponibilidade de água. c) a irrigação nas fases de formação do botão floral e de enchimento de grãos é suficiente para garantir níveis de desenvolvimento da planta e do sistema radicular bem como produção de grãos semelhantes à da planta desenvolvida sem restrição Hídrica; d) ocorre acentuada diminuição na massa seca de haste, capítulo e folha como conseqüência do estresse Hídrico; e) plantas desenvolvidas sob marcante estresse Hídrico produziram cerca de 30% menos em peso de grãos que as Sempre Irrigadas e 20% menos que as Irrigadas nas Fases; t) a redução da área foliar, através da redução na altura da planta, mostrou-se como um dos mecanismos de resposta do girassol à escassez de água; g) a planta sob restrição Hídrica tende a produzir um maior teor de proteína em detrimento da produção de lipídeos; h) o kc encontrado mostrou os menores valores aproximadamente aos 20 dias após a emergência, atingindo os valores mais elevados na fase de formação do botão floral (45-50 dias após a emergência)
Abstract: The study was conducted from 2001 to 2003, in Limeira (Brazil), with the sunflower hybrid M-742. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the supplementary irrigation on some sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) parameters. The sowing and harvest were done, respectively in June 18, September 14 in 2001; June 16, October 8 in 2002 and June 24, October 15 in 2003. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with three treatments and four replications. The treatments were: a) irrigation according to soil moisture (Always Irrigated); b) irrigation in the critical periods (Phases Irrigated) and c) without supplementary irrigation (Rainfed). The irrigation was performed by sprinkler and scheduled by gravimetric method. The main analyzed parameters were: head, leaves and stem dry weight and height; 1.000 seed mass; head diameter; oil and protein content; root system distribution; water demand. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by Tukey test. Based upon the results some conc1usions are feasible: a) sunflower plants under sever water stress produces a higher root number that explore the soil deeply than plants with no water stress; b) the greater root concentration occurred in the superficial horizon, for all treatments. c) water supplementation during flower bud formation and grain filling stages is sufficient to assure good levels of grain yield and root system development; d) the water Stress causes an emphasize decrease in stem, head and leave dry mass; e) plants grown under accentuate water stress yielded 30% less than plants with no stress and 20% less than plants that received water only in the critical periods of bud formation and grain filling; f) the leaf area decrease through the plants height appears to be a mechanism of sunflower's defense to water stress; g) the sunflower under water stress increases protein and reduces oil seed content; h) the kc coefficient was lower at 20 days after emergence and higher at flower bud stage
Doutorado
Recursos Hidricos
Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Experiments with red deer and sheep compared sunflower seed supplementation and species effects on tissue fatty acid composition and ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation. An efficient lipid extraction method was developed allowing a large number of small samples to be analysed using small volumes of hexane:isopropanol. In Experiment 1, groups of 12 female red deer and sheep grazing ryegrass either received sunflower oil or no oil. Oil supplementation increased trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) concentrations in adipose tissues. Muscle had higher TVA and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) ratios [relative to stearic acid (CI8:0)] in sheep, and higher total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios, including linoleic (CI8:2) and linolenic (CI8:3) acids, in deer. Different supplementation effects of species, and tissues suggested metabolic differences. In Experiment 2, groups of eight red deer stags and castrated sheep received grass hay and concentrate, supplemented with sunflower meal, sunflower oil or no supplement. The highest C18:0 proportions (relative to total fatty acid levels) were found in tissues from sunflower meal-supplemented animals, possibly due to more biohydrogenation of lipid· in sunflower meal than of oil. Tissue proportions of TVA and CLA were higher for oil-supplemented than meal-supplemented animals. In both experiments gut passage rates were higher in red deer than in sheep. In Experiment 3, incubation of buffered rumen liquor from red deer and sheep, with substrates of dried grass and grass' + sunflower meal, showed rapid biohydrogenation of fatty acids. Compared with sheep rumen liquor, deer liquor had higher contents of CI8:0, CI8:2, C18:3 and CLA, and appeared to have a higher biohydrogenation capacity. ,. The higher PUFA ratio in deer tissues compared with sheep may result from faster gut passage rate and other physiological differences. Sunflower seed supplementation can alter PUPA proportions in ruminant tissues and thus meat quality. Relatively high PUPA and low saturated fatty acid contents suggest venison as a healthy meat for human diets. Keywords: Red deer, sheep, sunflower supplementation, PUFA, TVA, CLA, biohydrogenation

IzvodIZPet hibrida suncokreta (Sremac, Oliva, Cepko, NS-H-111 i Sumo 2 OR) gajena su tokomvegetacionih sezona 2010. i 2011. godine na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo ipovrtarstvo, Novi Sad, na Rimskim šančevima i na oglednom polju Poljoprivredne stručneslužbe Zrenjanin. Laboratorijski deo ogleda izveden je u Laboratoriji za ispitivanje semenaInstituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada i Biohemijskoj laboratorijiPoljoprivrednog fakulteta u Novom Sadu. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi da li semenskimaterijal, poreklom sa istog lokaliteta i iste parcele, u procesu dorade semena tj. odvajanjasemena po frakcijama menja kvalitet, kao i da li ovakav način dorade semenskog materijalautiče na prinos i komponente prinosa semena, kao i na sadržaj i prinos ulja odabranihhibrida suncokreta. Takođe, cilj je bio i da se utvrdi da li nedostatak primarnog korena kodponika suncokreta dovodi do statistički značajnog smanjenja prinosa semena i ulja, kao ikakav uticaj ima na komponente prinosa suncokreta. Analizirane su sledeće osobine:klijavost i vigor semena, enzimska aktivnost, nicanje u polju, nakupljanje suve materije (pobiljnim organima i ukupno po biljci), visina stabla, prečnik glave, prinos semena, masa 1000semena, sadržaj ulja i prinos ulja. Statistička obrada podataka izvršena je primenom analizevarijanse trofaktorijalnog ogleda, prema modelu podeljenih parcela. Iz tabele analizevarijanse je prikazana verovatnoća značajnosti razlika po F-testu, a na osnovu učešća usumi kvadrata tretmana određen je procentualni udeo svakog faktora u ukupnojvarijabilnosti. Takođe su izračunate i LSD vrednosti za poređenje razlika između tretmanaposmatranog faktora, na pragovima značajnosti od 1 i 5%. Utvrđena je i korelacionazavisnost posmatranih osobina. Rezultati analize varijanse pokazali su visoko značajnoučešće glavnih faktora (godine, lokaliteta, frakcije semena, tipa ponika), kao i njihovihmeđusobnih interakcija za većinu ispitivanih osobina. Na vrednosti ispitivanih osobinanajveći uticaj imala je godina istraživanja, a zatim lokalitet. Frakcija semena je imala visokoznačajan uticaj na klijavost semena, nicanje u polju, nakupljanje suve materije, prinossemena i prinos ulja. Tip ponika je imao visoko značajan uticaj na enzimsku aktivnost
Five sunflower hybrids (Sremac, Oliva, Cepko, NS-H-111, and Sumo 2 OR) were grown in2010 and 2011, on experimental fields of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops NoviSad - Rimski Šančevi, and experimental fields of the Agricultural Service Zrenjanin.Laboratory tests were conducted at Laboratory for Seed Testing of the Institute of Fieldand Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, and Biochemical Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture,University of Novi Sad. The aim of this research was to determine whether seed materialfrom the same locality and the same field lot changes quality during seed processing, i.e.dividing seed lot into fractions, and additionally whether this type of seed processingaffects seed yield, seed yield components, oil yield, and oil content of the selectedsunflower hybrids. The aim was also to determine if missing primary root in sunflowerseedlings results in statistically significant decrease of seed and oil yield, and establish howit influences sunflower yield components. The following traits were examined: seedgermination and vigour, enzymatic activity, field emergence, dry matter accumulation (inplant organs and in the whole plant), stem height, head diameter, seed yield, 1000 seedmass, oil content and oil yield. Statistical analysis of data was performed by analysis ofvariance of the trifactorial trial using the split-plot design model. Table of analysis ofvariance shows the probability of significance of differences by F-test, and based on theparticipation in the treatment sum of squares, percentage ratio of each factor wascalculated in the total variability. LSD values at 1 and 5% were computed to comparedifferences between treatments of the observed factor. Correlation dependence betweenthe observed traits was determined. Results of the analysis of variance showed a highlysignificant participation of the main factors (year, locality, seed fraction, type of seedling),and their mutual interactions for the majority of the examined traits. Year and locality hadthe highest effect on the value of the examined traits. Seed fraction had highly significanteffect on seed germination, emergence, dry matter accumulation, seed yield, and oil yield.Type of seedling had a highly significant effect on the enzymatic activity, seed yield, oilcontent, and oil yield.

A carne de borrego é caracterizada por altos teores em ácidos gordos (AG) saturados e baixos níveis de ácidos gordos polinsaturados (AGPI), propriedades que são consideradas prejudicais para a saúde humana. Para atender às recomendações nutricionais é necessário melhorar a sua composição em AG. A principal motivação desta tese foi explorar algumas estratégias nutricionais que permitam melhorar o valor nutricional da fracção lipídica da carne de borrego. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a suplementação das dietas com óleos vegetais ricos em AGPI é uma abordagem eficaz para reduzir a saturação da carne de borrego e aumentar o seu conteúdo em AGPI. Além disso, a suplementação com mistura de óleos de girassol e de linho permitiu aumentar simultaneamente o conteúdo em isómeros conjugados do ácido linoleico e em AGPI n-3 de cadeia longa. A inclusão de bentonite sódica e de Cistus ladanifer em dietas suplementadas com óleo também mostrou ser uma boa abordagem para melhorar a composição em AG da carne de borrego; ABSTRACT: Dietary manipulation to improve the nutritional value of lipids from lamb meat Lamb meat is characterized by high contents of saturated fatty acids and low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), properties that are regarded as being negative to human health. To meet the nutritional recommendations is necessary improving the fatty acid (FA) composition of lamb meat. The main motivation of this thesis was explored some nutritional strategies that allows improve the nutritional value of lipid fraction from lamb meat. Data presented here show that supplementation of diets with vegetable oils rich in PUFA is an effective approach to decrease the saturation of lamb meat and increase its content in PUFA. Moreover, supplementation with blend of sunflower and linseed oils allowed increase simultaneously meat content in conjugated isomers of linoleic acid and n-3 long chain PUFA. Inclusion of sodium bentonite and Cistus ladanifer in oil supplemented diets also showed to be a good approach to improve the FA composition of lamb meat.

Few publications on oil bodies or oleosomes seem concerned about their quality (chemical and physical) ex-vivo. This work attempts to identify the main factors (processing and pre-processing) that affect the quality/integrity of sunflower seed oil bodies recovered through a wet-milling process. The physical state of seeds during wet milling had a significant impact on the quality of the oil body suspension. Pre-soaking for 6 hours before wet milling and multiple washing with alkaline buffer (0.1M sodium bicarbonate) was performed to isolate high quality oil body suspensions. It was evident from different physical measurements such as particle size, ζ-potential and light microscopy that pre-soaking had a positive influence on the quality of oil body suspensions with no significant signs of aggregation or coalescence. It was also observed that the resultant washed oil body suspensions were highly surface charged (-28.4 ± 1.2 mV) indicating very stable suspension phase behavior. Washing oil bodies not only removes non-integral, extraneous proteins (derived from the seed matrix) but enriches the lipid content including Tocopherol (α-tocopherol: 491.6 mg/kg of washed oil bodies compared with 252.6 mg/kg crude oil bodies). Changes in the composition of oil bodies after washing have been observed before, but this research also monitored the size of oil bodies after washing, and our results indicate that certain factors can shift the distribution of droplet size. It is believed that any change in average size of droplets indicate the presence of disrupted oil bodies whose surface chemistry has changed enough to compromise their integrity on washing. The retention of droplet size on washing may, therefore, be diagnostic for the recovery of intact oil bodies. An assessment of the integrity of oil bodies recovered from sunflower seeds after accelerated aging (5 months) was carried out. Free fatty acid was more pronounced in oil rather than oil bodies, this could be due to the elimination of some of the free acid bound to oil body during washing. Although some minor variation was observed during seed aging, however, the oil bodies remained stable in the final suspension. The results indicate that oil body membrane was extremely robust under extreme conditions and the integrity of oil bodies was preserved. In addition, oil bodies obtained in this study were resistant to oxidation due to the presence of naturally occurring antioxidants (including vitamin E) associated with them. The results indicate that the physical barrier of surface membrane protein (oelosin) protect oil bodies against pro-oxidants.

La présente thèse traite, au travers d’une analyse fondamentale et expérimentale, l’effet de texturation par détente instantanée contrôlée (DIC) sur les phénomènes de transfert au cours des processus de séchage, d’extraction mécanique et de comportement rhéologique. Les produits concernés ont été les graines de caroube (gomme et germe) et deux variétés de graines de tournesol (linoléique et oléique). La texturation DIC permet d’agir sur la cinétique de séchage par flux d’air ce qui conduit à une intensification des processus de séchage par flux d’air tout en assurant une bonne préservation de la qualité nutritionnelle du produit fini. L’étude expérimentale a été couplée à une analyse phénoménologique de la cinétique à travers une modélisation de type CWD (coupled Washing/Diffusion). Cette dernière étude conduit à une évaluation de l’impact de la texturation sur la diffusivité effective Deff et l’accessibilité initiale δWs. D’autre part, l’étude expérimentale en vue de l’optimisation de l’opération a été réalisée à travers la méthode des plans d’expériences. La modification des paramètres opératoires fonctionnels de la DIC, à savoir la pression absolue de vapeur d’eau saturée sèche (P), et le temps de traitement thermique (t), ainsi que le nombre des cycles (c) sur l’ensemble des performances de l’opération a été établie sur le comportement rhéologique de la gomme de caroube. Une deuxième partie de la thèse a été consacrée à l’étude fondamentale et expérimentale des procédés d’extraction d’huile de tournesol des deux variétés de graines linoléiques et oléiques. Le traitement thermomécanique par détente instantanée contrôlée (DIC) permet, à travers une modification contrôlée de la structure de la matière première, d’agir sur l’extraction mécanique par presse à froid des huiles de tournesol, ainsi que sur l’extraction par solvant de l’huile à partir du tourteau résiduel. Un complément à cette opération a consisté en l’extraction par solvant (n-hexane) opérée sur l’ensemble des graines de tournesol. La texturation DIC a conduit à une grande augmentation du rendement en huile pour les variétés linoléique et oléique. La préservation de la qualité de l’huile et du tourteau prouve l’adéquation de la DIC avec l’absence pratique de la dégradation chimique. Notre étude a également concerné la définition d’un nouveau procédé de désodorisation. Il s’agit de l’utilisation de l’Autovaporisation Multi-Flash MFA sur le raffinage de l’huile de tournesol. Cette technologie innovante de désodorisation se distingue par son faible niveau de température assurant ainsi une sévérité nettement inférieure à celle des méthodes conventionnelles à haute température
This thesis deals with a fundamental and experimental analysis of the effect of instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) on the transfer phenomena and rheological behavior, which occurs during the drying process and mechanical and solvent extraction. The products concerned were carob seeds (gum and germ) and two varieties of sunflower seeds (linoleic and oleic). DIC texturing makes it possible to greatly modify the drying kinetics, leading to an effective intensification of the drying processes while maintaining a good preservation of the nutritional quality of the finished product. The experimental study was coupled with a phenomenological kinetic model using the CWD (coupled Washing/Diffusion). This study leads to evaluate the impact of texturing on the effective diffusivity Deff and the initial accessibility δWs. On the other hand, the experimental study for the optimization of the operation was carried out through an adequate experimental design method. The impact of the DIC processing parameters, namely the absolute pressure of saturated dry water vapor (P), and the heat treatment time (t), as well as the number of cycles (c) was established on the rheological behavior of the carob bean gum. A second part of our work was devoted to the theoretical and experimental study of sunflower oil extraction processes of the two types of linoleic and oleic seeds. By acting as a controlled modification of the raw material, (DIC) texturing allowed increasing the yield of sunflower oil by both cold pressing and solvent extraction from the residual cake. DIC texturing has led to a large increase in oil yield for both linoleic and oleic varieties. The preservation of the quality of oil demonstrates that DIC was perfectly adequate with a perfect absence of chemical degradation. Our study also involved the definition of a new deodorization process. This is the use of the Multi-Flash Autovaporization MFA on the refining of sunflower oil. This innovative deodorization technology is characterized by its low temperature level, thus ensuring a much lower severity than conventional high temperature methods

U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitani su i utvrđeni optimalni uslovi za proces ljuštenja semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa, kao sirovine za proizvodnju ulja. Sprovedena istraživanja su dala podatke o optimalnim vrednostima sadržaja vlage u semenu i pritiska vazduha u ljuštilici na osnovu kojih je utvrđen model za ljuštenje semena. Sprovedenim istraživanjima obuhvaćeno je i ispitivanje uticaja promenljivih tehnoloških parametara, sadržaja ljuske u opsegu od 0 do 20% i sadržaja nečistoća u opsegu od 0 do 10% na sastav i kvalitet hladno presovanih ulja i pogače, prinos ulja, oksidativnu stabilnost, senzorski kvalitet i boju hladno presovanih ulja semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa.Dobijeni rezultati su obrađeni primenom savremenih klasifikacionih (klaster analiza i analiza glavnih kompomenata) i regresionih hemometrijskih metoda i postavljeni hemometrijski modeli čija bi primena doprinela proizvodnji hladno presovanog ulja vrhunskog kvaliteta i visoke oksidativne stabilnosti. Utvrđeno je da su definisani modeli statistički validni i da se mogu primeniti za optimizaciju tehnoloških parametara u proizvodnji hladno presovanog ulja semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa. Validnost postavljenih modela, odnosno kvalitet dobijenih korelacija su procenjeni na osnovu parametara unakrsne validacije.Maksimalna efektivnost ljuštenja semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa može se postići pri optimalnim uslovima tj. sadržaju vlage u semenu 6,0% i pritisku vazduha u ljuštilici 800 kPa. Hladno presovano ulje semena suncokreta visokooleinskog tipa se, u pogledu sastava i kvaliteta ulja i pogače, prinosa ulja, oksidativne stabilnosti, senzorskog kvaliteta i boje ulja, može proizvoditi od semena koje sadrži 10-20% ljuske i 0-5% nečistoća.
In this dissertation the optimal conditions for the dehulling process of high-oleic sunflower seeds, as raw material for oil production, were tested and determined. The conducted studies provided data for the optimal values of moisture content in the seed and the air pressure in the seed dehulling machine, what presented the base for determination of the dehulling model. Also, conducted studies examine the effect of variable technological parameters, such as content of hull (ranging from 0 to 20%) and the impurities content (ranging from 0 to 10%) on the composition and quality of oil and cake, oil yield, oxidative stability, sensory quality and colour of cold pressed high-oleic sunflower oil.The obtained results were analyzed by modern classification (cluster analysis and principal component analysis) and regression chemometrics methods, and chemometric models whose implementation could contribute to the production of cold pressed oil of high quality and high oxidative stability were set. It was found that the defined mathematical models are statistically valid and that they could be used to optimize the technological parameters of production of cold pressed high-oleic sunflower oil. The validity of the set models, that is the quality of obtained correlations, were estimated based on the parameters of cross-validation.The maximum effectiveness of high-oleic sunflower seeds dehulling can be achieved under optimal conditions, i.e. when the moisture content in seed is 6,0% and when the air pressure in seed dehulling machine is 800 kPa. Regarding composition and quality of the oil and cake, oil yield, oxidative stability, sensory quality and color, cold pressed high-oleic sunflower oil could be produced from seed containing 10-20% hull and 0-5% impurities.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеню доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.18.06 − технологія жирів, ефірних масел і парфумерно-косметичних продуктів – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2018 р. Дисертаційну роботу присвячено науковому обґрунтуванню застосування системного комплексного підходу щодо створення сучасних схем технохімічного контролю сировини і готової продукції олійножирових виробництв з використанням виключно інструментальних методів аналізу: газорідинної хроматографії, високоефективної рідинної хроматографії, газової хромато-масспектроскопії, зонального капілярного електрофорезу та ін. На основі узагальнення теоретичних і експериментальних даних розроблено схему забруднення олійного насіння, соняшникової олії та олієжировмісних продуктів природними та антропогенними екотоксикантами: пестицидами, поліхлорованими біфенілами, поліароматичними вуглеводнями, фталатами, сторонніми домішками органічного і неорганічного походження, харчовими добавками. Удосконалено стандартизований метод визначення воскоподібних речовин. Експериментально досліджено розподіл пестицидів різних класів у насінні соняшнику і продуктах його переробки. Розроблено науково обґрунтовані способи визначення пестицидів, в т.ч. за умови їх сумісної присутності. Гармонізовано з міжнародними вимогами спосіб визначення поліароматичних вуглеводнів (ПАВ) і встановлено, що вміст бенз(а)пірену є технологічним маркером по відношенню до суми ПАВ. Розроблено пріоритетний спосіб визначення фталатів, що мігрують з ПЕТ-упаковки у рослинні олії та жировмісні продукти. Теоретично та експериментально обгрунтовано необхідність застосування методів визначення жирнокислотного, ацилгліцерольного (в т.ч. індивідуального) та складу стеролової фракції для ідентифікації олій та жирів, зокрема для виявлення сторонніх домішок мінерального (мінеральних олив) та органічного (нехарчового курячого жиру) походження, тобто для цілей фальсифікації. Створено наукове та методологічне підґрунтя щодо створення національного стандарту щодо контролювання вмісту консервантів у жировмісних продуктах. Розроблено практичні рекомендації щодо удосконалення схем технохімконтролю сировини і готової продукції у виробництві соняшникової олії, в т.ч. фасованої в полімерну тару, маргаринової продукції, майонезу та салатних соусів, купажованих олій.
Thesis for the Doctor's of Engineering by specialty 05.18.06 − technology of fats, essential oils and perfumery and cosmetic products. − National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2018. The thesis is devoted to the scientific substantiation of the application of the system complex approach to the creation of modern schemes of techno-chemical control of raw materials and finished products of fat-and-oil production with the use of exclusively instrumental methods of analysis: gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, zonal capillary electrophoresis, etc. It has been developed the scheme on the basis of theoretical and experimental data generalization of oilseed, sunflower oil and oily products contamination by natural and anthropogenic ecotoxicants, namely pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, foreign impurities of organic and inorganic origin, and food additives. The standardized method of determining wax-like substances has been improved. The distribution of pesticides of various classes in sunflower seed and products of its processing has been experimentally investigated. Scientifically grounded methods of pesticide determination have been developed including their simultaneous presence. A priority method for determination of migrating phthalates from PET packaging in vegetable oils and fat-containing products has been developed. The necessity of using methods for determining the fatty acid, acylglycerol (including individual) and composition of the sterol fraction for the identification of oils and fats, in particular for the foreign impurities detection of mineral (mineral oils) and organic (nonfood chicken fat) origin, i.e. for goals of falsification, has been grounded scientifically and theoretically. A scientific and methodological basis for establishing a national standard for controlling the content of preservatives in fatty products has been created. Practical recommendations for improving the schemes of technochemical control of raw materials and finished products in the sunflower oil production, including packed in plastic containers, margarine products, mayonnaise, salad dressings and blended oils have been developed.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеню доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.18.06 − технологія жирів, ефірних масел і парфумерно-косметичних продуктів – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2018 р. Дисертаційну роботу присвячено науковому обґрунтуванню застосування системного комплексного підходу щодо створення сучасних схем технохімічного контролю сировини і готової продукції олійножирових виробництв з використанням виключно інструментальних методів аналізу: газорідинної хроматографії, високоефективної рідинної хроматографії, газової хромато-масспектроскопії, зонального капілярного електрофорезу та ін. На основі узагальнення теоретичних і експериментальних даних розроблено схему забруднення олійного насіння, соняшникової олії та олієжировмісних продуктів природними та антропогенними екотоксикантами: пестицидами, поліхлорованими біфенілами, поліароматичними вуглеводнями, фталатами, сторонніми домішками органічного і неорганічного походження, харчовими добавками. Удосконалено стандартизований метод визначення воскоподібних речовин. Експериментально досліджено розподіл пестицидів різних класів у насінні соняшнику і продуктах його переробки. Розроблено науково обґрунтовані способи визначення пестицидів, в т.ч. за умови їх сумісної присутності. Гармонізовано з міжнародними вимогами спосіб визначення поліароматичних вуглеводнів (ПАВ) і встановлено, що вміст бенз(а)пірену є технологічним маркером по відношенню до суми ПАВ. Розроблено пріоритетний спосіб визначення фталатів, що мігрують з ПЕТ-упаковки у рослинні олії та жировмісні продукти. Теоретично та експериментально обгрунтовано необхідність застосування методів визначення жирнокислотного, ацилгліцерольного (в т.ч. індивідуального) та складу стеролової фракції для ідентифікації олій та жирів, зокрема для виявлення сторонніх домішок мінерального (мінеральних олив) та органічного (нехарчового курячого жиру) походження, тобто для цілей фальсифікації. Створено наукове та методологічне підґрунтя щодо створення національного стандарту щодо контролювання вмісту консервантів у жировмісних продуктах. Розроблено практичні рекомендації щодо удосконалення схем технохімконтролю сировини і готової продукції у виробництві соняшникової олії, в т.ч. фасованої в полімерну тару, маргаринової продукції, майонезу та салатних соусів, купажованих олій.
Thesis for the Doctor's of Engineering by specialty 05.18.06 − technology of fats, essential oils and perfumery and cosmetic products. − National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2018. The thesis is devoted to the scientific substantiation of the application of the system complex approach to the creation of modern schemes of techno-chemical control of raw materials and finished products of fat-and-oil production with the use of exclusively instrumental methods of analysis: gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, zonal capillary electrophoresis, etc. It has been developed the scheme on the basis of theoretical and experimental data generalization of oilseed, sunflower oil and oily products contamination by natural and anthropogenic ecotoxicants, namely pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, foreign impurities of organic and inorganic origin, and food additives. The standardized method of determining wax-like substances has been improved. The distribution of pesticides of various classes in sunflower seed and products of its processing has been experimentally investigated. Scientifically grounded methods of pesticide determination have been developed including their simultaneous presence. A priority method for determination of migrating phthalates from PET packaging in vegetable oils and fat-containing products has been developed. The necessity of using methods for determining the fatty acid, acylglycerol (including individual) and composition of the sterol fraction for the identification of oils and fats, in particular for the foreign impurities detection of mineral (mineral oils) and organic (nonfood chicken fat) origin, i.e. for goals of falsification, has been grounded scientifically and theoretically. A scientific and methodological basis for establishing a national standard for controlling the content of preservatives in fatty products has been created. Practical recommendations for improving the schemes of technochemical control of raw materials and finished products in the sunflower oil production, including packed in plastic containers, margarine products, mayonnaise, salad dressings and blended oils have been developed.

Whole grain and bran samples of two Malawian sorghums, Phatafuli, (a brown-coloured condensed tannin variety) and Shabalala, (a white-coloured condensed tannin-free variety) were analysed for their content of total phenols, condensed tannins and antioxidant activities. The effect of oxidizing conditions during extraction, and the storage stability of a freeze-dried crude phenolic extract (CPE) from the condensed tannin sorghum bran as influenced by packaging, storage temperature and length of storage, in relation to its content of total phenols, condensed tannins and antioxidant activity was also investigated. Antioxidant activity of the CPE, in comparison with tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), was then evaluated in sunflower oil at concentrations of 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm in the absence or presence of ferric ions at 2.2 and 4.4 ppm in the dark at 65oC.Progression of oxidation was monitored by measurement of peroxide values (PV) and anisidine values (AV) during a 14-day storage period. Phatafuli contained higher content of total phenols and antioxidant activity than Shabalala both in the whole grain and the bran, probably due to the presence of condensed tannins in Phatafuli sorghum, which were not detected in Shabalala sorghum. For both sorghum varieties, the bran contained higher levels of total phenols and antioxidant activity than the whole grain, confirming that phenolic compounds in sorghum are largely concentrated in the bran. Antioxidant activities of the sorghum varieties correlated highly with their total phenol and condensed tannin contents, suggesting that the phenolic compounds were largely responsible for the antioxidant activities of the sorghum grains. Bubbling of oxygen into the liquid crude phenolic extract did not have any significant effect on the parameters tested. Similarly, vacuum-packed samples did not differ significantly in the parameters tested from the samples that were not vacuum-packed. CPE samples stored at –20oC had significantly higher levels of total phenols, condensed tannins and antioxidant activity than those stored at 25oC during some days of storage. Storage time was however the major factor influencing the levels of total phenols, condensed tannins and antioxidant activity of the CPE from Phatafuli sorghum during storage, which suggested that CPE from condensed tannin sorghum bran might need to be used shortly after extraction to ensure optimum antioxidant activity. There was an insignificant correlation between the antioxidant activities of the CPE and their phenolic contents during storage, which could have been due to the formation of new compounds with a lower antioxidant capacity. The CPE inhibited oxidation of sunflower oil as shown by lower peroxide values and anisidine values compared to control samples. The CPE was however less effective in reducing peroxide values compared to TBHQ, but was similar to TBHQ in reducing anisidine values. In the presence of ferric ions, the CPE appeared to be less effective in reducing peroxide values compared to TBHQ, but appeared to be more effective than TBHQ in reducing anisidine values. The results showed that the tannin sorghum bran CPE appeared to act as both lipid radical scavengers and metal chelators. The CPE however imparted colour to the sunflower oil, which could limit its application as a natural antioxidant in edible oils.
Dissertation (MSc(Agric) Food Science and Technology)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Food Science
unrestricted

碩士
大仁科技大學
食品科技研究所
106
Although peanut oil (PO) widely consumed has a high nutrition and unique aroma, few manufacturers may mix a low-quality edible oil or even blend some flavors with pure PO in order to make a better profit. Each food lipid composes of its specific fatty acid profile, thus analyzing the compositions of fatty acids is often used to judge its purity or adulteration. Yet this method may not easy to identify its accurate purity or adulterate if the PO is mixed with a small amount of low-quality food oil. PO has a unique flavor, so the analysis combining fatty acid compositions and volatile compounds should have better accuracy. Thus this research was to investigate the fatty acids and volatile components of PO mixed with 0-40% soybean, sunflower seed, cottonseed and 0-10% sesame oils, and furthermore to apply this technique for judging the adulteration of commercial peanut oil products purchased from food market in Taiwan. The results indicated that the ratio of oleic acid/linoleic acid (OA/LA) exceeded a normal range (0.93 - 1.16) as the PO is mixed with 20 % soybean oil, 20% cottonseed oil or 25% sunflower seed oil. Because soybean, sunflower seed, and cottonseed oils had low aroma, the volatile compounds of blended PO mixed with these oils significantly decreased. However, it showed no significant difference in the ratio of 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine/methyl pyrazine (2,5-DMP/MP). As PO mixed with 1-10 % sesame oil, OA/LA ratio of the mixtures remained in a normal range. However, the 2,5-DMP/MP ratio gradually decreased by increasing the amount of sesame oil. When sesame oil was added over 5%, the 2,5-DMP/MP ratio showed lower than 1, which didn't meet reasonable range of pure peanut oil. Compared to PO, PO mixed with 20 % soybean oil, 30% sunflower seed oil, 20% cottonseed oil or 5% sesame oil had similar aroma in consumers’ sensory evaluation. From the analysis of fatty acid composition, it was difficult to identify the difference in the OA/LA ratio between pure PO and PO containing 30% soybean oil plus 5-10% sesame oil. However, the 2,5-DMP/MP ratio of blended PO with >5% sesame oil was obviously lower than that of PO. Two out of five samples from commercial peanut oil products had low OA/LA ratio (< 0.93), and four samples had low 2,5-DMP/MP ratio (< 1). As a consequence, only 20% commercial peanut oil products complied with the standard of pure peanut oil as examining by both OA/LA and 2,5-DMP/MP ratios.

The genetic control of tocopherol, phytosterol, percentage of seed protein, oil and fatty acids content in a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of sunflower under various conditions are studied through QTL analysis using genetic-linkage map based on SSR markers and introducing some important tocopherol and phytosterol pathway-related genes, enzymatic antioxidant-related genes, droughtresponsive family genes and Arabidopsis SEC14 homologue genes. Three important candidate genes (HPPD, VTE2 and VTE4), which encode enzymes involved in tocopherol biosynthesis, are mapped to linkage group 8(LG8) and LG14. One of the most important candidate genes coding for sterol methyltransferase II (SMT2) enzyme is anchored to LG17 by CAPS marker. Four SNPs are identified for PAT2, Arabidopsis Sec14 homologue gene, between two parents (PAC2 and RHA266). PAT2 is assigned to LG2 by CAPS marker. Squalene epoxidase (SQE1) is also assigned to LG15 by InDel marker. Through other candidate genes, POD, CAT and GST encoding enzymatic antioxidants are assigned to LG17, LG8 and LG1, respectively. The major QTL for total tocopherol content on linkage group 8 accounted for 59.5% of the phenotypic variation (6.TTC.8), which is overlapped with the QTL of total phytosterol content (7.TPC.8). Under late-sowing condition, a specific QTL of palmitic acid content on linkage group 6 (PAC-LS.6) is located between ORS1233 and SSL66_1 markers. Common chromosomic regions are observed for percentage of seed oil and stearic acid content on linkage group 10 (PSO-PI.10 and SACWI. 10) and 15 (PSO-PI.15 and SAC-LS.15). Overlapping occurs for QTLs of oleic and linoleic acids content on linkage groups 10, 11 and 16. Seven QTLs associated with palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids content are identified on linkage group 14. These common QTLs are linked to HPPD homologue, HuCL04260C001. QTLs controlling various traits such as days from sowing to flowering, plant height, yield and leaf-related traits are also identified under well-, partial-irrigated and late-sowing conditions in a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The results do emphasis the importance of the role of linkage group 2, 10 and 13 for studied traits. Genomic regions on the linkage group 9 and 12 are important for QTLs of leaf-related traits in sunflower. We finally identified AFLP markers and some candidate genes linked to seed-quality traits under well-irrigated and water-stressed conditions in gammainduced mutants of sunflower. Two mutant lines, M8-826-2-1 and M8-39-2-1, with significant increased level of oleic acid can be used in breeding programs because of their high oxidative stability and hearthealthy properties. The significant increased level of tocopherol in mutant lines, M8-862-1N1 and M8- 641-2-1, is justified by observed polymorphism for tocopherol pathway-related gene; MCT. The most important marker for total tocopherol content is E33M50_16 which explains 33.9% of phenotypic variance. One of the most important candidate genes involving fatty acid biosynthesis, FAD2 (FAD2-1), is linked to oleic and linoleic acids content and explained more than 52% of phenotypic variance.