Tesi sul tema "Suppressor cells Identification"

LKB1 est un gène suppresseur de tumeur qui code une kinase « maitre » dont l’activité contrôle la polarité et la prolifération cellulaire en les coordonnant avec l’état métabolique de la cellule. Ce travail a abouti à l’identification d’une nouvelle isoforme LKB1 appelée ∆N-LKB1 qui est générée par transcription alternative et initiation interne de la traduction de l'ARNm LKB1. La protéine ∆N-LKB1 est délétée de sa partie N-terminale incluant une partie de son domaine kinase. Bien que la protéine N-LKB1 soit catalytiquement inactive, elle potentialise l'effet activateur de la protéine LKB1 sur sa cible principale l’APMK, senseur énergétique de la cellule, via une interaction directe avec le domaine d'auto-inhibition de l’AMPK. En revanche, ∆N-LKB1 interfère négativement avec la capacité de LKB1 à induire la polarité cellulaire. Enfin, en utilisant des approches in vitro et in vivo, nous avons montré que N-LKB1 possède une propriété oncogénique intrinsèque. N-LKB1 est exprimée seule dans la lignée NCI-H460 issue du cancer du poumon. L’inhibition de l’expression de N-LKB1 dans les cellules NCI-H460 induit une diminution de la survie de ces cellules et inhibe leur pouvoir oncogénique quand elles sont greffées dans la souris nude. Nous avons donc identifié une nouvelle isoforme LKB1 qui stimule l’adaptation métabolique LKB1-dépendante, mais qui inhibe la polarité cellulaire contrôlée par LKB1. Le suppresseur de tumeur LKB1 ainsi que l’oncogène N-LKB1 sont codé par le même gène, ce qui peut expliquer certains des effets paradoxaux de LKB1 durant la tumorigenèse<br>The LKB1 tumor suppressor gene encodes a master kinase that coordinates the regulation of energetic metabolism, cell growth and cell polarity. We now report the identification of a novel isoform of LKB1 named N-LKB1 that is generated through alternative transcription and internal initiation of translation of the LKB1 mRNA. The N-LKB1 protein lacks the N-terminal region and a portion of the kinase domain. Although N-LKB1 is catalytically inactive, it potentiates the stimulating effect of LKB1 on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) metabolic sensor through a direct interaction with the regulatory auto-inhibitory domain of AMPK. Contrasting, N-LKB1 negatively interferes with the LKB1 polarizing activity. Finally, combining in vitro and in vivo approaches, we showedthat N-LKB1 has an intrinsic oncogenic property. N-LKB1 is expressed solely in the lung cancer cell line, NCI-H460. Silencing of N-LKB1 decreased survival of NCI-H460 cells and inhibited their tumorigenicity when engrafted in nude mice. In conclusion, we have identified a novel LKB1 isoform that enhances the LKB1-controlled AMPK metabolic activity but inhibits LKB1-induced polarizing activity. Both, the LKB1 tumor suppressor and the oncogene, N-LKB1, are expressed from the same locus and this may account for some of the paradoxical effects of LKB1 during tumorigenesis

La Néoplasie Endocrinienne Multiple de type1 (NEM1) est une maladie à transmission autosomique dominante liée à l'inactivation du gène MEN1 codant pour la protéine ménine. Bien que ménine soit exprimée dans tous les tissus testés de l'organisme, elle n'a un effet oncosuppresseur que dans les cellules endocrines. L'hypothèse de mon travail est que ménine interagit avec des fonctions endocrines spécifiques. J'ai ciblé mes études sur une lignée de cellules β pancréatiques INS-1 dans laquelle j'ai étudié la réponse cellulaire au glucose et la régulation du facteur de transcription MAFA en fonction de la variation de l'expression de ménine. Nos résultats ont démontré que l'inhibition de ménine augmente l'incorporation de BrdU en réponse au glucose dans les cellules INS-1, ainsi que l'expression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans la prolifération de ces cellules. Cette inhibition de ménine est associée avec une réduction dramatique de l'expression de MafA, et celle de certains gènes cibles de MafA. Par ailleurs, la surexpression de la forme sauvage, et non pas des formes mutées de ménine, stimule l'expression de MafA. La variation de l'expression de MafA étant également associée à une variation du taux de prolifération cellulaire. D'autre part, les études in vivo ont montré une bonne corrélation entre le niveau d'expression de ménine et celui de MafA dans les insulinomes du rat et de l'homme. En conclusion, mon travail de thèse a permis de mieux clarifier la fonction biologique de ménine dans les cellules β, et de mettre en évidence l'implication potentielle du facteur MafA dans la tumorigénèse des insulinomes<br>Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by mutations of the MEN1 gene coding for the protein menin. Although menin is expressed in all tested tissues, its oncosuppressor effect is limited to the endocrine cells. The assumption of my work was that menin interact with specific endocrine functions. To check out this assumption, we selected the β pancreatic cell line INS-1 in which, we analysed the cellular response to glucose stimulation and the regulation of the transcription factor MAFA according to the variation of menin expression. Our results showed that menin inhibition increased BudU incorporation in response to glucose stimulation in INS-1 cells, as well as the expression of several genes involved in the proliferation of these cells. Menin inhibition was associated with a dramatic reduction of MafA expression level, and some of its targeted genes. Interestingly, wild type menin overexpression, but not mutant forms, stimulated MafA expression. Interestingly, modification of MafA expression modified proliferation rate of INS-1 cells. In addition, the in vivo studies, showed a good correlation between menin and MafA expression levels in both rat and human insulinoma. In conclusion, my thesis work results clarified the biological function of menin in β cells, and highlighted the potential implication of MafA factor in insulinoma tumorigenesis

Le suppresseur de tumeur p53 permet à la cellule de se défendre contre différentes formes de stress. Il joue un rôle de barrière s'opposant à la tumorigenèse: en effet la perte de p53 chez la souris prédispose grandement ces animaux à développer des tumeurs; de même le locus p53 est inactivé dans près de 50% des tumeurs humaines.<p>p53 constitue un facteur de transcription qui se lie à des séquences particulières de l'ADN et active l'expression des gènes adjacents. L'expression orchestrée de ces gènes conduit, directement ou indirectement et suivant le contexte cellulaire, soit à la mort de la cellule soit à l'inhibition de la division cellulaire.<p>Les mécanismes moléculaires médiant ces deux activités biologiques essentielles de p53, de même que les mécanismes influençant le choix de la réponse cellulaire, sont encore mal compris. L'importance de p53 dans ce choix reste également à démontrer.<p>Afin de contribuer à la compréhension de ces mécanismes, le modèle murin déficient pour Mdm4, un régulateur négatif de l'activité de p53, a été choisi. L'inactivation de Mdm4 chez la souris conduit en effet à l'activation ectopique de p53 in vivo et l'induction de deux types de réponse: apoptose dans le neuroépithélium et arrêt de la prolifération cellulaire dans les tissus non neuronaux. Le profil d'expression des gènes dans les tissus neuronaux et non neuronaux a donc été comparé entre embryons de souris sauvage et mdm4-/- par la technique d'hybridation de biopuces à ADN. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que le type de réponse dépend du type cellulaire et non de p53 lui-même. En effet les profils d'expression des gènes dans les tissus neuronaux (conditions d'apoptose) et non neuronaux (conditions d'arrêt de la prolifération cellulaire) chez l'embryon de souris mdm4-/- sont comparables.<p><p>Nous nous sommes ensuite particulièrement intéressés à deux nouveaux gènes dont l'expression est augmentée dans les embryons mdm4-/-. Dans un premier temps, leur induction transcriptionnelle chez l'embryon de souris mdm4-/- a été confirmée par différentes techniques et il a été vérifié qu'ils constituaient tous deux des cibles directes de p53 induites suite à un stress génotoxique.<p>Le premier gène code Dapk1, une protéine suppresseur de tumeur pro-apoptotique présentant une activité de type sérine/thréonine kinase. Ce travail a permis d'établir que Dapk1 participait à une boucle de rétroaction du contrôle de l'activité de p53.<p>Le deuxième gène identifié code la protéine Ptprv, un récepteur transmembranaire présentant une activité de type tyrosine phosphatase. En vue d'étudier la signification physiologique de l'induction transcriptionnelle de ptprv suite à l'activation de p53, des expériences effectuées à partir de matériel biologique issu de souris déficientes pour Ptprv ont été réalisées. Ces expériences confirment le rôle essentiel de Ptprv comme médiateur de l'arrêt du cycle cellulaire en phase G1 induit par p53 suite à un stress génotoxique, à la fois in vitro et in vivo. Par contre, Ptprv ne semble pas influencer l'apoptose induite suite à l'activation de p53. Ce travail a également permis d'établir le rôle essentiel de Ptprv dans la suppression de tumeurs induites chez la souris par activation constitutive de l'oncogène Ras.<p><br>Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

博士<br>國防醫學院<br>生命科學研究所<br>93<br>Abstract Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide especially in tropical Africa and south-east Asia. In Taiwan, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the past decades. For revealing therapeutic and diagnostic targets in HCC treatment, we decided to search and clone cancer genes involved in HCC tumorgenesis. In our laboratory, we previously reported genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis in HCC genome and revealed 33 minimal deletion regions (MDRs). To further identify putative tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), a homozygous deletion (HD) screening in HCC cell lines was processed by scanning the MDRs. A novel 1-cM (1.8Mb) homozygous deletion (HD) on 13q12.11 was identified in a HCC cell line, SK-Hep-1, and confirmed by high-density genetic markers and Southern blotting analysis. After increasing microsatellite marker density on 13q12.11 for LOH analysis, the frequency of this HD region is 52% in 48 HCC patients. Interestingly, the occurrence of LOH in 13q12.11 HD region is significantly associated with early-onset HCC patients by Mann-Whitney test (P=0.023). Since the HD region is a gene-rich area, 76 transcripts were predicted in the HD by the combination of prediction in NCBI, EnsEMBL and Vega databases. Firstly, 17 known or predicted genes were selected to analyze the information of transcripts, blast the sequence in various databases, and then compare the expression of these 17 candidates in more than 20 HCC tissue pairs. Ten of these genes exhibited down-regulation in HCC tissue were applied to assay their function of tumor suppression including cell growth, migration and anchorage independent growth (AIG) assays. Finally, MPP8, IL17D and TG737 were showed to inhibit the colony formation in AIG assay and GJB2 was identified to control both cell growth and migration. Our results and previous genetic studies provided lines of evidence to support that the HD region on 13q12.11 is a novel tumor suppressor locus for HCC. The results of gene expression analysis and functional assays identified TG737, IL17D, MPP8 and GJB2 are potential TSGs in the HD region.

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>生物科技研究所<br>104<br>Lung cancer and liver cancer are the first and the second leading cause of cancer related death from cancers worldwide. Our previous studies indicate the expression of ribose 5-phosphate isomerase A (RPIA) is higher in lung tumor and liver tumor biopsy than normal adjacent tissues. RPIA is able to regulate liver cancer cell proliferation and colony formation ability via modulating protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling pathway. We want to further examine the role of RPIA in cancer cells. Therefore, we applied immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS analysis to identify the proteins interacting with RPIA. We identified stress-70 protein (GRP75), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and other six proteins which are potential proteins to interact with RPIA. It still requires more evidences to confirm the interactions between RPIA and these proteins and further studies to figure out which cellular responses would be triggered by the protein-protein interactions, and finally lead to the regulation of cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, we examied whether RPIA is related to the most common tumor suppressor, p53, and found that p53 is upregulated by knockdown of RPIA. Accompanied with the increased expression of p21 and decreased expression of p62, RPIA knockdown might trigger cellular senescence, autophagy and p53 dependent tumor suppressive pathway to attenuate liver cancer and lung cancer cell proliferation. According to our previous researches, knockdown of RPIA causes reduced phospho-GSK3levels and degradation of -catenin in colorectal cancer cells. We showed the similar results using PLC5 liver cancer cells, suggests that Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway may contribute to the regulation of cancer cell proliferation by RPIA. Our studies provide more molecular mechanisms associated with the suppressed cell proliferation by knockdown of RPIA in cancer cells. The information may help the development of RPIA related cancer therapeutic strategies.

Le gène par-4 code pour une kinase à sérine/thréonine très conservée qui régule la polarisation précoce et la division cellulaire asymétrique de l’embryon de C. elegans. Une mutation de par-4 entraîne la létalité embryonnaire en perturbant trois processus: la ségrégation asymétrique des déterminants cellulaires, la régulation asynchrone de la progression du cycle cellulaire et la contractilité du réseau d’actomyosine. Pour identifier des régulateurs des voies de signalisation de PAR-4, nous avons procédé à un criblage pour des suppresseurs de la létalité embryonnaire associée à une mutation de par-4. Nous avons identifié 6 gènes qui codent pour des homologues conservés avec des activités définies telles que la phosphorylation, l’ubiquitination, la protéolyse et l’échafaudage. En employant l’imagerie quantitative pour suivre des événements cellulaires dépendants de PAR-4, nous avons déterminé quels processus sont contrôlés par chaque suppresseur durant le développement embryonnaire de C. elegans. Des analyses moléculaires de ces suppresseurs ont révélé des détails sur le mécanisme par lequel PAR-4 régule la polarisation cellulaire et promeut la division cellulaire asymétrique.<br>The gene lkb1 codes for a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase. The orthologue of lkb1 in the nematode Caeonorhabditis elegans, termed par-4, regulates early polarization and asymmetric cell division in the embryo. A mutation in par-4 causes embryonic lethality by perturbing three main cellular processes: asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants, asynchronic regulation of cell cycle progression and contractility of the actomyosin network. To identify regulators of the PAR-4/LKB1-dependent pathways, we performed a screen for suppressors of the embryonic lethality associated with a mutation in par-4. We identified 6 genes that have conserved homologs with defined activities including protein phosphorylation, ubiquitination, proteolysis and scaffolding. We used quantitative imaging of specific PAR-4-dependent cellular events to determine which of these are controlled by each suppressor during early C. elegans embryonic development. Molecular analysis of these suppressors revealed details on the mechanism through which PAR-4 regulates cell polarization and promotes asymmetric cell division.

Background & aims. DNA methylation induced tumor suppressor gene silencing plays an important role in carcinogenesis. By using methylation-sensitive representational difference analysis, we identified paired box gene 5 (PAX5) being methylated in human cancer. PAX5 locates at human chromosome 9p13.2 and encodes a 391 amino acids transcription factor. However, the role of PAX5 in gastric cancer is still unclear. Hence, we analyzed its epigenetic inactivation, biological functions, and clinical implications in gastric cancer.<br>Conclusions. Our results demonstrated that PAX5 promoter methylation directly mediates its transcriptional silence and commonly occurs in gastric cancer. PAX5 gene can act as a functional tumor suppressor in gastric carcinogenesis by playing an important role in suppression of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induction of cell apoptosis. Detection of methylated PAX5 may be utilized as a biomarker for the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.<br>Methods. Methylation status of PAX5 promoter in gastric cancer cell lines and clinical samples was evaluated by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS). The effects of PAX5 re-expression in cancer cell lines were determined in proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion assays. Its in vivo tumorigenicity was investigated by injecting cancer cells with PAX5 expression vector subcutaneously into the dorsal flank of nude mice. Chromosome Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and cDNA expression array were performed to reveal the molecular mechanism of the biological function of PAX5.<br>Results. PAX5 was silenced or down-regulated in seven out of eight of gastric cancer cell lines examined. A significant down-regulation was also detected in paired gastric tumors compared with their adjacent non-cancer tissues (n = 18, P = 0.0196). In contrast, PAX5 is broadly expressed in all kinds of normal adult and fetal tissues. The gene expression of PAX5 in the gastric cancer cell line is closely linked to the promoter hypermethylation status. In addition, the expression levels could be restored by exposure to demethylating agents 5-aza-21-deoxycytidine. Re-expression of PAX5 in AGS, BGC823 and HCT116 cancer cells reduced colony formation (P &lt; 0.01) and cell viability (P &lt; 0.05), arrested cell cycle in G0/G1 phase (P = 0.0055), induced cell apoptosis (P &lt; 0.05), repressed cell migration and invasion (P = 0.0218) in vitro. It also inhibited tumor growth in nude mice (P &lt; 0.05). The molecular basis of its function were investigated by cDNA expression array and demonstrated that ectopic expression of PAX5 up-regulated tumor suppressor gene P53, anti-proliferation gene P21, pro-apoptosis gene BAX, anti-invasion gene MTSS1 and TIMP1; and down-regulated anti-apoptosis gene BCL2, cell cycle regulator cyclinD1, migration related gene MET and MMP1. ChIP assay indicated that P53 and MET are direct transcriptional target of PAX5. Moreover, PAX5 hypermethylation was detected in 90% (145 of 161) of primary gastric cancers compared with 16% (3 of 19) of non-cancer tissues (P &lt; 0.0001). After a median follow-up period of 15.4 months, multivariate analysis revealed that gastric cancer patients with PAX5 methylation had a significant poor overall survival compared with the unmethylated cases (P = 0.0201).<br>Li, Xiaoxing.<br>Advisers: Hsiang Fu Kung; Jun Yu.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: .<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-159).<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Abstract also in Chinese.

In brief, mRNA expression profiling of candidate genes in each locus was performed using semi-quantitative RT-PCR in a panel of ESCC and NPC cell lines, normal tissues and immortalized epithelial cell lines. Genes downregulated in cancer cells but with high expression in normal tissues and immortalized epithelial cells were subjected to promoter methylation analysis using methylation-specific PCR (MSP), bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS) and pharmacological demethylation treatment. Genes with tumor-specific downregulation and methylation were further selected as candidates and their tumor suppressive roles were verified via functional studies.<br>In conclusion, RAB39 and WDRX, epigenetically silenced in multiple cancer cell lines, were identified as novel TSG candidates in this study. Meanwhile, the tumor suppressive functions of ADAMTS8 were further validated, proving the efficiency of this integrative approach. Further study on these novel TSG candidates may help to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanisms for ESCC and NPC, and provide novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers.<br>In this study, RAB39 and WDRX were identified as candidate TSGs in 11q22.3 and 15q21.3, respectively. Both genes were broadly expressed in normal tissues and immortalized epithelial cell lines, but significantly downregulated and methylated in multiple cancer cell lines. Demethylation treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored their mRNA expression, indicating that CpG methylation directly contributed to their transcriptional inactivation. Methylation of RAB39 and WDRX was detected in primary ESCC and NPC, but rarely observed in normal tissues, implicating that their tumor-specific methylation might be used as biomarkers. Ectopic expression of both genes significantly inhibited the clonogenicity of multiple cancer cell lines, supporting their potential roles as functional TSGs. Moreover, WDRX repressed WNT/beta-catenin signaling, underscoring a possible anti-tumorigenic mechanism for it. In addition, ADAMTS8 was revealed to inhibit clonogenicity of NPC and ESCC cell lines, acting as a negative modulator for ERK pathway and a potential pro-apoptotic metalloprotease.<br>Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) contributes to the genesis of cancers including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), two prevalent causes of death in Hong Kong. Apart from genetic abnormalities, epigenetic disruptions including CpG methylation represent another major mechanism for TSG inactivation. Promoter methylation of multiple TSGs was detected in different cancer types, suggesting that it could be utilized as therapeutic target or biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis.<br>TSGs are often located at frequently deleted chromosomal regions and subjected to tumor-specific methylation, making it possible to use an integrative epigenetic and genomic approach combining array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) with epigenetic profiling to screen for novel TSGs. Previous aCGH revealed that several loci in 11822.3, 15q14, 15q21.1 and 15q21.3 underwent frequent copy number loss in ESCC cell lines. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of these regions was also reported in other cancers, indicating that TSGs might reside within them. The aim of this study was thus to identify the candidate TSGs in these loci and study their anti-tumorigenic roles. In addition, the tumor suppressive function of ADAMTS8, a silenced 11q25 candidate TSG previously identified in our lab via this approach, was also studied.<br>Li, Jisheng.<br>Adviser: Qian Tao.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: .<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-159).<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Abstract also in Chinese.

碩士<br>中山醫學大學<br>應用化學系碩士班<br>99<br>Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) belonging to Sapindaceae family is one of the important commercial crops in Taiwan, which blooms in late March and fruit matures in late June. The flower is usually considered as disposable byproducts. Our pervious study found that acetone extract of litchi flower had a notable amount of phenol and also exhibited good antioxidant capacity. In the investigation, the acetone extract was further separated through liquid-liquid partition, silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography in turn. The amounts of phenol and flavonoid in each collected fraction were determined; the antioxidant activities for each fraction were also assayed with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), scavenging ability on 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radicals and inhibition of Cu2+-induced oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL). The acetone extract of litchi flower was separated by liquid-liquid partition into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest phenol and flavonoid levels as well as antioxidant capacities. Thirty sub-fractions could be obtained after the ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to silica gel column chromatography. The sub-fractions 10~12 with higher phenol and flavonoid levels and antioxidant capacities were applied to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Each sub-fraction (10, 11 and 12) could be further separated into three minor parts, and the minor-part 2 from each sub-fraction was the best, which could be isolated two major compounds by semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (-)-Epicatechin and proanthocyanidin A2 identified with Mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were the major antioxidant compounds in litchi flower; their amounts were 5.48 and 11.07 (mg/g dry weight), respectively.