Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Survivor accounts"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Survivor accounts"
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Gesundheit, Benjamin, Ephraim Reichenberg e Rael D. Strous. "Personal Accounts: Resilience: Message From a “Mengele Twin” Survivor". Psychiatric Services 62, n. 10 (ottobre 2011): 1127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.62.10.pss6210_1127.
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Stanton, Keith. "Joint bank accounts and survivorship". Common Law World Review 47, n. 3 (settembre 2018): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473779518791768.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Who is beneficially entitled to the money deposited in a joint bank account? In the great majority of cases, it is clear that the money is jointly owned and will pass on the death of one of the account holders to the survivor. However, things are not always simple and the law then has to decide as to the ownership of the money in a dispute between the surviving account holder and the estate of the deceased. The decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Whitlock v Moree, a case on appeal from the Court of Appeal of the Bahamas is the latest decision on this topic.
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Wood, Mark, Evelyn Rose e Chrissy Thompson. "Viral justice? Online justice-seeking, intimate partner violence and affective contagion". Theoretical Criminology 23, n. 3 (gennaio 2018): 375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480617750507.
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What has been termed the survivor selfie is a recent and growing phenomenon whereby survivors of intimate partner violence or their close supporters upload graphic photos and accounts of their injuries and suffering to social media. In this article, we examine how the like economy of Facebook can lead to the rapid circulation of survivor selfies to large audiences, and in doing so, generate what we term viral justice: the outcome of a victim’s online justice-seeking post ‘going viral’ and quickly being viewed and shared-on by thousands of social media users. Through examining the trajectory and impact of one particular case—Ashlee Savins’s viral survivor selfie—we identify the technological preconditions of viral justice and three of its key dimensions: affective contagion; swarm sociality; and movement power. Through discussing the speed, sociality and contagion of viral justice, we critically consider some of its implications for online justice-seeking, and responding to intimate partner violence.
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Almeida, A., M. Adjuntsov, W. Bushura, E. Delgado, M. Drasher, M. Fernando-Pancho, M. Gasane et al. "Hear us! Accounts of people treated with injectables for drug-resistant TB". Public Health Action 11, n. 3 (21 settembre 2021): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.21.0031.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
BACKGROUND: WHO drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) treatment recommendations now emphasize all-oral regimens, recommending against certain injectable agents and deprioritizing others due to inferior safety and efficacy. Despite increasing focus on patient-centered care, we are not aware of systematic attempts to qualitatively document patients’ perspectives on injectable agents. This may inform implementation of WHO guidelines, emphasizing the importance of consultation with affected communities.METHODS: Testimonies were provided by TB survivors who experienced hearing loss from treatment with injectable agents. Testimonies were submitted in writing in response to minimal, standardized, open-ended prompts. Participants provided a signed consent form (with options to participate anonymously or as a named co-author), and later gave input into the overall shape and recommendations of the article.RESULTS: Fourteen TB survivors in 12 countries contributed testimonies. The following common themes emerged: lack of access to appropriate testing, information, treatment, or a collaborative treatment environment; the power of supportive care and social environments; stigma and isolation from TB treatment itself and resultant disability; and inaccessibility of cochlear implants.CONCLUSIONS: Survivor testimonies indicate strong preferences for avoidance of injectable agents, supporting rapid implementation of revised WHO guidelines, as well as for quality and supportive care for both TB and disabilities.
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Harrington, Carol. "Neo-liberal Subjectivity, Self-branding and ‘My Rape Story’ YouTube Videos". Critical Sociology 45, n. 7-8 (23 maggio 2018): 1181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920518778107.
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This article considers the YouTube ‘My Rape Story’ genre in light of critical feminist analyses of rape survivor stories. The feminist mobilization that developed out of the political ferment of 1968 told a ‘rape story’ of male power and women’s oppression. However, as first-hand rape stories proliferated in late 20th-century popular media, psychological experts typically framed them with therapeutic narratives of individual self-efficacy and self-transformation. Critical feminist analyses of such rape ‘survivor discourse’ called for new discursive spaces that would allow survivors to eschew therapeutic accounts. A new generation of women have spoken out on a variety of digital platforms, confronting established limits on talking about rape. Considering YouTube ‘My Rape Story’ videos as one manifestation of this new wave of speaking out, my analysis shows that examples of such videos evidence the impact of incitements to self-disclosure through self-branding built into much social media. I argue that these videos exemplify how first-hand rape stories can provide a site for the construction of neo-liberal subjectivity by positioning rape trauma as something survivors must work on in order to achieve self-efficacy. Nevertheless, these accounts also show resistance to victim-blaming rape myths.
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MacLeod, George. "Rendre audible la voix d’une rescapée tutsie : le rôle du paratexte dans Le Livre d’Élise". Varias, n. 39 (23 settembre 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1033137ar.
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This article uses trauma theory to show the unique paratextual framing of Tutsi genocide survivor Élise Rida Musomandera’s memoir, Le Livre d’Élise (Les Belles Lettres, 2014). While dozens of survivor accounts from the Tutsi diaspora have been published in the last two decades, Musomandera’s is the first eye-witness memoir written by a Tutsi survivor still living in Rwanda. The vast majority of these testimonial memoirs contain introductions and postfaces which present the text for a Western reader. These paratexts have tended to privilege one of two discourses, comparing the Tutsi survivor’s story either to a moral lesson or to Holocaust testimonies. In contrast, the introduction to Le Livre d’Élise emphasizes the encounter between Musomandera’s authorial voice and the reader. The introduction’s European co-authors suggest that in reading Musomandera’s text, the reader joins a community of attentive interlocutors who are participating in the ongoing process of helping her find agency and social recognition following the devastating impact of genocide.
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Sigurvinsdóttir, Rannveig. "„Þú veist þú vilt það“". Ritið 18, n. 3 (20 dicembre 2018): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ritid.18.3.7.
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Explanations of sexual violence are an important topic because they reveal the societal context of violence. Perpetrators of violence commonly reject blame, explaining their actions with survivor behavior or the situation. In this study, 397 Icelandic social media posts from Facebook and Twitter were analyzed for explanations of violence. Societal explanations included general negative attitudes towards women, biological essentialism (that men cannot control their sex drive), the entitlement of men to sex and objectification. Survivor explanations included that the survivor had been drinking alcohol at the time of the violence, and that the survivor was expected to fight back to justify the event being classified as violence. The monster stereotype of perpetrators was salient in the accounts, either as fact, or to specifically challenge that idea. The results reveal powerful societal stereotypes when it comes to sexual violence, which need to be counteracted in the future.
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Richardson, Kate. "Dissecting Disbelief: Possible Reasons for the Denial of the Existence of Ritual Abuse in the United Kingdom". International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, n. 2 (1 luglio 2015): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.228.
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When allegations of ritual abuse first came to light in the UK, they were met primarily with a ‘discourse of disbelief’ that left little room for the possibility accounts could be based in genuine experience. Despite convictions, recent criminological, sociological and psychological literature appears fixed on debunking ritual abuse’s existence through highly debated concepts such as ‘false memory’. This paper proposes three broad ‘reasons’ for the creation and maintenance of disbelief around ritual abuse, highlighting the importance of key cases in shaping press coverage of the issue during the 1980s and 1990s, and the role survivor advocates have played in distancing ritual abuse from established knowledge within both psychology and child protection. I argue that the tangibility of death and abject horror within survivor accounts, as well as the perceived religious motivations of perpetrators, make ritual abuse both experientially and conceptually alien to most members of late-modern societies.
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James, Charlotte. "‘They don’t play or run or shout...They’re slaves’:1 The First Survey of Children’s Literature on Modern Slavery". Journal of Modern Slavery 4, n. 2 (dicembre 2018): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/jms/oigs7032.
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This article provides the first survey of children’s literature on modern slavery and analyses the emergence of this movement. Exploring fictional texts and survivor accounts, this article explores how these texts bring modern slavery to children from the news and media. It examines the various trends that emerge from these pieces, including the countries included, types of slavery highlighted, the ages and genders of individuals, and the authors of these texts, survivors or not. It also includes preliminary conclusions about the effectiveness of those texts as educational tools, discussing how these texts highlight signs of slavery and unpack its scale.
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Wlodarski, Amy Lynn. "The Testimonial Aesthetics of Different Trains". Journal of the American Musicological Society 63, n. 1 (2010): 99–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2010.63.1.99.
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Often praised as an exceptional artistic response to the Holocaust, Steve Reich's Different Trains adopts a documentary approach to Holocaust representation in which Reich assembled short excerpts from three survivor testimonies and published transcriptions of their accounts in his libretto for the work. This article explores the consequences that arise when fragments from very emotional testimonies are recast as purportedly unmediated documentary. The authority attributed to this sort of historical narrative has come under scrutiny in the field of Holocaust studies, in which it is called “secondary witness”—an intellectual interpretation of survivor testimonies advanced without the author revealing his or her own subjective standpoint or scholarly agenda. I argue that Reich's use of the voices of the survivors, Paul, Rachel, and Rachella, constitutes a form of secondary witness. Analysis of the original sources reveals that as Reich worked with extracts from the testimonies, in some cases his composition took on the aesthetics of the original testimonies, yet in other cases, he altered meaning and tone and even misheard certain phrases, producing transcription errors that reframed key moments by substituting his account of the Holocaust for that of the primary witness. Such revelations prompt reevaluation of the moral and political success that has been claimed for Different Trains, since the compositional process could never have been as objective and self-effacing as Reich and his critics suggest.
Tesi sul tema "Survivor accounts"
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Wasyliw, Rowena. "A narrative study exploring survivor/service-user professionals' accounts of sharing personal experiences at work". Thesis, University of East London, 2014. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/4151/.
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Fighting for voice, equal rights and greater power has been central to the survivor/service-user movement. 'User involvement' (UI) can be seen as a State response to this. UI proliferates throughout policies but is neither routine nor extensive. Limitations may relate to contradictions between assumptions/practices underlying UI, and other dominant discourses constructing survivors/service-users (especially with ‘psychosis’) as irrational, incapable and dependent on ‘expert’ professionals. UI neglects survivor/service-user professionals but limited research (Adame, 2011; Lindow & Rook-Matthews, 1998) suggests similarities with 'peer workers'. Aiming to understand the function of UI, this research explored how survivor/service-user professionals negotiate these different discourses, and to what effect, through asking: How and why do mental health professionals who have experienced ‘psychosis’ share their personal experiences in their work? A social constructionist epistemology was employed, with a qualitative, 'unstructured' interview design. Four professionals working in the 'mental health' system in England, who self-reported a label of 'psychosis', participated. Data was analysed using a 'critical poetic breaks' (Emerson & Frosh, 2004) approach to narrative analysis, which sits within Mishler's (1995) politics of narrative group of models, working with 'narrative as praxis' (Mishler, 1999). Different narrative forms storied: a precarious, chameleon-like position; the ability to share changing over time; that being believed is key (and paradoxical); a relationship between ‘crossed-roles’, power and safety. A mirroring of the narratives and UI literature informs an understanding of UI, 'mental illness' and 'professional boundaries' discourses, functioning to maintain power relations. Strategies of resistance are highlighted, with survivor discourse key for constructing an alternative subjectivity. Recommendations are made for research, policy, service planning/delivery, and education/training.
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Marlow, Margaret. "Place, identity and memory : a study of American ante-bellum autobiographical slave narratives and Holocaust survivor accounts by Jews living in Bialystok, Poland, after 1918 and up to 1943". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436983.
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Bolster, Joanna M. "A journey from survival to survivor, a descriptive account of women's experiences of coping with abuse". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq23226.pdf.
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Booley, Ayesha. "Subjective accounts of post-rape adjustment amongst South African rape survivors". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7481.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-118)This study aimed to explore the subjective experiences of rape survivors, with a greater focus on the ongoing process of post-rape adjustment, as compared with the immediate psychological impact. The research employed feminist, qualitative methodology. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten rape survivors from the Rape Crisis office in Observatory, Cape Town, in the Western Cape. The interviews were recorded and the transcripts were analysed using grounded theory. The following broad thematic areas were identified: (1) psychiatric symptoms, (2) sense of self, (3) relationships with others, (4) coping attempts, and (5) grappling with meaning. The latter two thematic areas formed the focus of the study, and were discussed in more detail The main findings suggest that (l) subjective experience of the rape is more significant than the specific characteristics of the assault, (2) post-rape adjustment is not so much about recovery, but rather finding ways to adjust, which includes finding ways to live with the rape and making peace with the rape, and (3) meaning-making IS central to the process of post-rape adjustment. In addition, participants in the current study offered some alternative discourses to that of pathology. Recommendations for future research in this area are offered.
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Johnston, Jeanne Branch. "Personal accounts from survivors of the Hilo tsunamis of 1946 and 1960: Toward a disaster communication model". Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7104.
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In 1960 a tsunami took the lives of 61 people in Hilo, Hawaiʻi only 14 years after 96 people were lost in the 1946 tsunami. In 1960 there was 12 hours notice of a possible large tsunami and a siren warning system in place that was sounded more than four hours prior to the event. The governmental agencies knew there was a tsunami alert, the media was broadcasting warnings. What went wrong? My research includes analysis of transcripts available in the archives of the Pacific Tsunami Museum of interviews conducted with survivors of both the 1946 and 1960 tsunamis. A focus group was utilized to assess current tsunami awareness. Additionally, I examined logs of three governmental agencies recorded during the 1960 tsunami. My research indicates effective tsunami mitigation can be accomplished only through continual tsunami awareness education for the public, governmental agencies and the media.x, 142 leaves
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Sicley-Rogers, Marissa. "Psychologists' Hope for Recovery at First Diagnosis Schizophrenia: A Training Model". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1503692889489862.
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Sullivan, Connor Patrick. "Utilizing Retrospective Accounts of Primary Symptom-Clusters to Predict PTSD over Time in Women Survivors of Domestic or Sexual Assault". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93727.
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The extant theories in PTSD describe significant initial symptom reactions, and these reactions may provide opportunities for clearer early identification and treatment of PTSD. There are empirically identified trajectories of PTSD, which indicates there is a critical starting point to those trajectories. Generally, theories and results suggest that the re-experiencing (Cluster B) and hyperarousal (Cluster E) symptoms are common reactions after traumatic events, while hyperarousal and negative cognitions and mood (Cluster D) clusters are generally identified as the most important and/or predictive. Thus, this dissertation utilized retrospective reports in order to identify initial symptom reactions and then subsequently predict PTSD severity over time. Participants included college women who experienced sexual and relationship violence within the past 2 years. Two primary hypotheses were investigated within the dissertation: 1) Cluster B and E symptoms were expected to be the most prevalent initial reactions reported, and 2) Clusters E and D were expected to significantly predict PTSD severity over time. The results indicated partial support for each hypothesis, such that Cluster B symptoms were among the most prevalent initial reactions and Cluster D was a significant predictor of PTSD severity over time. Specifically, earlier Cluster D ordering interacted with the presence of negative beliefs and loss of positive emotions to predict PTSD severity over time.Doctor of Philosophy
There are ideas and theories about how posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) starts and gets worse. People develop PTSD in different ways; some develop it very quickly and it is very bad, while others develop it slowly and it may not affect them much at all. The first signs and symptoms may be the best place to look, much like when you first get a cough or a sore throat with a cold or the flu. Generally, research suggests that common reactions are re-living the trauma and having reactions like being on guard all the time. Being on guard all the time also may be one of those important symptoms that will help predict if someone will get PTSD, as well as experiencing things such as thinking harsh things about oneself. This dissertation included reports from people after they had experienced trauma in order to figure out those first symptoms. Then, it used those first symptoms to predict how bad their PTSD was in the weeks and months later. Participants included college women who experienced sexual assault and domestic violence within the past 2 years. The results showed that people often re-live the trauma, but it may not be the most important when predicting whether they will get PTSD or not. Negative thoughts and beliefs about oneself were the most important set of reactions when predicting who will get PTSD and how badly. More importantly, the earlier they had those negative thoughts, the worse their PTSD was in the coming weeks and months.
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Rümmelein, Nadia. "Writing, Reading and Reproducing #MeToo Accounts : An Institutional Ethnography Approach to Researching the Feminist Hashtag". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148889.
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On 15 October 2017 actress Alyssa Milano posted the following on her Twitter account: “If you’ve been sexually harassed or assaulted write ‘me too’ as a reply to this tweet”. After Milano’s tweet, the hashtag #MeToo is said to have gone viral overnight. Suddenly, the stories of survivors and victims of sexual harassment, sexual assault and/or sexual abuse seemed to be everywhere— although, it may be argued, that they have always been the lived reality for many of us. Activists and those who research feminist hashtags like #MeToo tend to view the hashtag as a personalized tool for storytelling that enables survivors and victims to re-claim agency over the production of their own stories. This thesis deals with how survivors/victims of sexual harassment, sexual assault and/or sexual abuse tell their stories and reproduce their experiences in the context of #MeToo movement. Through an analysis within the framework of institutional ethnography, the process of constructing a #MeToo account will be recovered. The analysis focuses on investigating what informs and shapes the way in which survivors/victims tell their story and how their #MeToo accounts interact with the reader. It will be argued that institutional processes of handling cases of sexual violence significantly influence the way survivors and victims share their experiences in the context of the movement. It will be suggested that being critical and mindful of the institutional processes that affect the way survivors and victims share their experiences, means to disrupt the oppression and the violence that criminal justice systems and retributive models of justice perpetrate. As it is then that we can open up to more transformative, sustainable approaches to justice and survivor/victim support. The project contributes to the current body of feminist hashtag activism scholarship with an institutional ethnography perspective.
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Huppert, Daru. "Libido and the destruction of the psychic reality : a Freudian account of traumatic neurosis in child survivors of Nazi persecution". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604821.
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This thesis delineates and presents a new explanation of the ‘survivor syndrome’, the most severe form of the traumatic condition. Clinical material regarding this condition has yet to receive an adequate theoretical interpretation, a situation that this study attempts to redress on the basis of my interviews with child survivors of the Nazi persecution of minorities, conducted at Esra, a psychiatric clinic in Vienna. Freud’s theory has been almost wholly neglected in studies of this pathology, and I argue that, when brought to bear in depth, it can provide an incisive account that illuminates the most disturbing features of trauma. In the first part of my investigation, the focus is therefore upon Freud’s analysis of the traumatic neurosis. I develop and extend Freud’s theory of the drives in relation to the central features of the survivor syndrome: anxiety, depression and guilt. Having provided a general account of the condition, my investigation then examines five case histories of child survivors in detail. I conclude by demonstrating how the findings of the thesis helps us to explain the way in which traumatised groups are treated within society, and how this changes our conception of their survival. Unlike most clinical studies in this field, my thesis emphasises the impact of trauma on the sufferers’ unconscious and fundamental impulses, thereby highlighting what is most acute in their experience. Yet my analysis also shows that there can be a disruption of unconscious processes in the severe traumatic condition, in which drive impulses are even more relentless than has been previously assumed. In this way, my study demonstrates that Freud’s theory can grasp even the agonising quality of the survivor syndrome, yet also how this obliges us to rethink our conception of the pivotal structures and forces operating within the psyche.
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Nygren, Emma. "The effect of peacekeeping operation on conflict intensity when taking into account foreign state sponsorship : A Discrete-Time Survival Analysis". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443725.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The answer to if peacekeeping is successful or not is still debated. The focus has mostly been on internal characteristics of peacekeeping missions. While external factors, have been largely overlooked. This thesis aims to explore the effects external involvement in intrastate conflicts may have on the success of peacekeeping deployment. It poses the following research question: how does foreign state sponsorship to rebel groups affect the success of peacekeeping operations? The main argument made is that the causal mechanisms presented for why peacekeeping operations are effective, do not have an effect on the sponsors and their incentive to stop fighting. Hence, it is hypothesized that peacekeeping operations are less effective in decreasing the duration of intrastate armed conflict when rebel groups are sponsored by foreign states. The argument is tested using a discrete-time survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard models on all intrastate conflicts between 1970-2017, and foreign state sponsorship is treated as an interaction effect. The findings did not support the hypothesis but rather suggest that the presence of peacekeepers has a dominant positive conflict-intensity reducing effect. These results scratch the surface of what the effects external involvement may have on peacekeeping success and indicate that peacekeeping is successfully undermining sponsorship.
Libri sul tema "Survivor accounts"
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Fonokalfi, Anau, e Soakimi Maka Finau. Niuatoputapu tsunami: Tongan survivor accounts of the 2009 South Pacific earthquake and tsunami. Nuku'alofa, Tonga: Tonga Broadcasting Commission, 2013.
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Charles, Leavelle, a cura di. Bataan death march: A survivor's account. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
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Harrison, Ed. $uccessful collections: Your key to survival. Alpharetta, GA: SST Publications, 1996.
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Cunningham, Anthony. The Titanic diaries: Dramatic accounts of shipwreck survival. Kettering: Silver Link, 2005.
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author, Sokolow Al, a cura di. Defying the tide: An account of authentic compassion during the Holocaust. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House Ltd., 2013.
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Al, Sokolow, e Galant Debra, a cura di. Defying the tide: An account of authentic compassion during the Holocaust. Jerusalem: Devora, 2003.
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Gurdus, Luba Krugman. The death train: A personal account of a holocaust survivor. New York: Holocaust Library, 1987.
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Sheng huan: Sole survivor : the true account of 133 days adrift. Tʻai-pei shih: Ta kʻuai wen hua chʻu pan ku fen yu hsien kung ssu, 1999.
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Annapurna South Face: The classic account of survival. New York: Thunder Mouth Press/Balliett & Fitzgerald, 2001.
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Worch, Renee. Survival: Inspiring accounts of heroes and heroines of the Holocaust. Brooklyn, N.Y: Mesorah Pubications, 1992.
Cerca il testo completoCapitoli di libri sul tema "Survivor accounts"
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Woodruff, Teresa K. "Personal Accounts of Cancer and Infertility". In Oncofertility Fertility Preservation for Cancer Survivors, 243–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72293-1_18.
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Potter, Sulamith Heins. "Birth Planning in Rural China: A Cultural Account". In Child Survival, 33–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3393-4_2.
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Szturz, Petr, e Jan B. Vermorken. "High-Dose Three-Weekly or Low-Dose Weekly Cisplatin during Radiation, What to Prefer?" In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology, 139–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63234-2_10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, adding three cycles of high-dose (100 mg/m2) cisplatin every three weeks to definitive or adjuvant radiotherapy can significantly improve locoregional control and survival. One of the major drawbacks is severe acute toxicity with about 40% of patients developing mucositis, up to one fourth suffering from dysphagia, and at least 20% having bone marrow suppression. Late toxicity has been under- and sometimes mis-reported and may even be responsible for an increase in non-cancer-related deaths in long-term survivors. Moreover, efficacy outcomes are still not satisfactory with 5-year overall survival rates ranging between 40% and 50%, excluding the growing minority of human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer cases with a markedly better prognosis. Consequently, alternative regimens have gained attention with the aim to reduce toxicity, improve adherence, and maintain adequate anti-tumour activity. Low-dose (usually 40 mg/m2) cisplatin given in weekly intervals emerged as the preferred alternative to the standard, high-dose regimen. But do we have enough evidence to support this approach and which patients might become suitable candidates? While the use of high-dose cisplatin is supported by the results of four large trials randomizing altogether 1539 patients between conventionally fractionated chemoradiation and radiotherapy alone, there are only three small, similarly designed but possibly biased studies favouring a weekly regimen. In addition, two other trials randomly assigning patients to receive either high-dose or low-dose cisplatin, provided evidence against routine administration of the latter schedule. Therefore, although weekly cisplatin may enhance short-term tolerance in terms of gastro-intestinal, hepatic, hearing, renal, and haematological side effects, it cannot be excluded that this improvement comes at the price of compromised survival with no benefit in late adverse events. We acknowledge that certain clinical scenarios, particularly in the presence of relative contraindications to high-dose cisplatin, may favour a less toxic cisplatin dose and/or administration schedule, among which the low-dose weekly regimen. In this respect, the ever-growing population of elderly patients is in particular benefitting from a careful decision, taking into account the pros and cons of such regimens.
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Rezwana, N. "Understanding the gendered impact of disasters on women, household dynamics and coping strategies: a case study of Bangladesh." In Gender, climate change and livelihoods: vulnerabilities and adaptations, 26–37. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247053.0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This chapter discusses the vulnerability of women in Bangladesh, the strategies women adopt to cope and survive in post-disaster periods, and presents firsthand accounts of these dynamics from remote and disaster-prone regions of the country. The data were obtained through household surveys, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation in four research sites in Bangladesh during the period 2012 to 2019. This analysis recommends greater attention to gender mainstreaming in prevailing disaster management plans and policies, and suggests immediate actions to improve women's lives in the disaster-prone regions.
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Gómez-Redondo, Rosa, e Ramón Domènech. "A Life Cycle of Extreme Survival Spanning Three Stages: Ana Vela Rubio (1901–2017)". In Demographic Research Monographs, 267–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_19.
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AbstractDuring the life of Ana Vela Rubio (AVR), Spain underwent major social and demographic mutations and became a country with one of the highest life expectancies in the world. AVR’s case is of particular interest because of her extreme longevity. Before her death on 15 December 2017, she was the oldest living person in Europe and the third oldest living person in the world. For this reason, the work undertaken to verify AVR’s age followed not only the protocol established by the International Database on Longevity, completed by the authors in May 2017, but also a more in-depth verification based on different sources encompassing civil registry offices, parish registries and witness accounts by relatives and other persons in close contact with AVR. An atypical family structure hindered the research process, but the diversity of data sources, together with the interviews conducted during visits to the villages and cities where AVR lived during the three main stages in her life, made it possible to achieve our dual goal: to reconstruct AVR’s life trajectory across different Spanish regions and verify her age through a demographic investigation.
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"Survivor Accounts". In Sex, Power, Control, 14–29. The Lutterworth Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1hw3xtt.7.
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Keilbach, Judith. "Collecting, Indexing and Digitizing Survivor Accounts". In Holocaust Intersections, 46–64. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315092928-3.
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Field, Robin E. "“The Victim Demands Narrative”". In Writing the Survivor, 109–48. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954835.003.0004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The central prerogative of rape fiction of the 1980s is to underscore the legitimacy of the traumatic experience by providing in-depth accounts of the assault and its physical and psychological repercussions. The 1980s rape novels contain harrowing rape scenes that use their detail to emphasize the fact that rape engenders deep psychological consequences. Far from glamorizing sexual violence, these novels present an alternative narrative focus that educates the uninformed reader and provides affirmation to those survivors seeking an empathetic community. That these texts bridge ethnic literary traditions testifies to the vital importance of rape fiction as a genre: to create a literary memorial to all victims of sexual assault.
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Field, Robin E. "Rape Consciousness". In Writing the Survivor, 31–68. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954835.003.0002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The new understanding of the victim’s psyche in rape fiction is derived from the literature of the anti-rape movement and autobiographical accounts of sexual assault. The rhetoric of this 1970s social movement, particularly the persuasive language of polemical nonfiction and the first-person narration in testimonies and autobiographies, inspired rape fiction. The use of sociopolitical theories and newly discovered facts about sexual assault informed the themes and plots of the first rape novels, and autobiographies and testimonies provided a bridge between the galvanizing rhetoric of social activism and subsequent fiction. The diverse texts that contributed to the emergence of the rape novel—from the transcripts of the consciousness-raising sessions of radical feminists to the memoirs of Maya Angelou and Billie Holiday—highlight the primacy of social movements to this new genre.
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Hanzimanolis, Margaret. "Eight Hens per Man per Day: Shipwreck Survivors and Pastoral Abundance in Southern Africa". In Navigating African Maritime History. Liverpool University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497315.003.0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This essay examines South African shipwrecks and shipwreck survivor accounts in relation to land settlements and indigenous food production systems in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. By analysing a collection of Portuguese shipwreck accounts it discovers that African land, often portrayed by colonising forces as Terra Nullius - empty land - in their efforts to rationalise usurping it, was actually populated by settled pastoral communities. Further analysis of the shipwreck accounts reveal the presence of racial typography and the attitudes toward indigenous southern Africans, which would become another rationalisation for usurping land in later colonisation efforts. It concludes that these accounts offer evidence disproving Terra Nullius assertions, whilst also providing an example of how the colonial mindset interpreted the ownership of land.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Survivor accounts"
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Garg, Poonam. "Leiomyosarcoma: Case report". In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685339.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Uterine sarcomas are rare aggressive mesenchymal tumours with limited prognosis which accounts for only 2%-8% of all uterine malignancies. The most frequent type in uterine sarcomas is leiomyosarcoma (LMS) which is seen in about 60% of cases. Case Report: We report 2 cases who presentated with different symptomology. After examination and imaging modalities, definitive diagnosis was made after histopathology report. Treatment in the form of neo adjuvant chemotherapy followed by Surgery and chemotherapy/radiotherapy was given. On follow up, both patients had relapse and later they died. Conclusion: Rate of recurrence of leiomyosarcoma is high and prognosis depends upon age, grade, tumor size and mitotic rate. Overall survival rate ranges from 15% to 25% with a median survival of only 10 months. Early detection and more trials to evaluate treatment strategies can improve survival.
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Cameron, Kimberly, e Alfred M. Pettinger. "Effectiveness of Hydrostatic Testing for High Strength Pipe Material". In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31426.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Pipeline systems are typically subjected to hydrostatic testing to help ensure pipeline integrity. It can be desirable to use the highest feasible test pressure to eliminate as many defects as possible. It is widely accepted that safe control of yielding can be achieved during hydrostatic testing and that the hydrostatic testing does not create a stress state that is less safe from the standpoint of pre-existing flaws. For a small percentage of cases, however, hydrostatic testing can produce flaws that were longer than the ones removed. In these few cases, the flaws can then fail at a lower test pressure than the original hydrostatic test. The low probability of these events, however, means that the effectiveness of the hydrostatic test is not significantly diminished in this case. Because crack growth from a pre-existing flaw is retarded in a plastically deformed material, it is also typically assumed that hydrostatic testing should not lead to accelerated crack growth. However, this does not take into account that the hydrostatic testing itself can cause some increment in crack growth and that for many higher strength pipe materials significantly large defects can survive hydrostatic testing. These longer defects can potentially grow after surviving a hydrostatic test. This paper discusses this difference in crack growth rates for cracks that have survived hydrostatic testing in different grade pipeline steels and the implications for hydrostatic testing.
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Huang, Junlin, Keyi Zhou, Jianqun Xu e Xiaohu Xu. "Estimation of Long-Term Creep Rupture Life of T91 Alloy Superheater Tube in the Presence of Steam-Side Oxide Scales". In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85804.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Taking into account the effects that steam-side oxidation has on the effective load-bearing thickness and temperature of tube wall, a systematic probabilistic estimation method for the long-term creep rupture life of T91 alloy superheater tube is proposed in this work. The new creep strength assessment results of T91 alloy are utilized. Considering the influence of uncertain factors including the geometry dimensions and operational conditions, instead of usual deterministic methods, probabilistic life estimation is performed. A concept referred to as survival probability which reflects the possibility for the long-term creep rupture life to be longer than a given time is defined, and the effects of initial inner tube diameter, steam temperature and steam flow on the survival probability are analyzed. The results reveal that the increase of initial inner tube diameter or the steam temperature will decrease the survival probability, while the steam flow has an opposite effect. Measures that can be adopted to improve survival probability are also introduced. This work can provide reference for the design of high temperature steam generation components in coal-fired power plants. Besides, it is also expected that this work can guide the determination of metallographic inspection and replacement schedule of these components.
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Bryan, Chris, e Ehsaan Nasir. "Lessons Learned from Analyzing the Runlife Statistics of ESPs Using Kaplan Meier Analysis for North American Unconventional Plays". In SPE Gulf Coast Section Electric Submersible Pumps Symposium. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204497-ms.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Evaluating Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) [SS1] [NA2] run-lives and performance in unconventional well environments is challenging due to many different factors -including the reservoir, well design, and production fluids. Moreover, reviewing the run-lives of ESPs in a field can be rather complex since the run-life data is incomplete. Often ESPs are pulled while they are still operational, or the ESP has not been allowed to run until failure. These are some of the complications that arise when gauging ESP performance. A large dataset of ESP installs was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for the North American unconventional application to better understand those factors that may affect ESP run lives. The factors were studied including but are not limited to the following: Basin and producing formation Comparing different ESP component types such pumps and motors, and new or used ESP components Completion intensity of the frac job (lb/ft of proppant) Kaplan-Meier survival analysis is one of the commonly used methods to measure the fraction or probability of group survival after certain time periods because it accounts for incomplete observations. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis generates a survival curve to show a declining fraction of surviving ESPs over time. Survival curves can be compared by segmenting the runlife data into buckets (based on different factors), therefore to analyze the statistical significance of each and how they affect ESP survivability. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed on the aforementioned dataset to answer these questions in order to better understand the factors that affect ESP runlives in North American unconventional plays. This work uses a unique dataset that encompasses several different ESP designs, with the ESPs installed in different North American plays. The observations and conclusions drawn from it, by applying survival analysis, can help in benchmarking ESP runtimes and identifying what works in terms of prolonging ESP runlife. The workflow is also applicable to any asset in order to better understand the drivers behind ESP runlife performance.
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Kutlu, Bahri, Evren M. Ozbayoglu, Stefan Z. Miska, Nicholas Takach, Mengjiao Yu e Clara Mata. "Density and Drag Reduction With Hollow Glass Additives". In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23401.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study concentrates on the use of materials known as hollow glass spheres, also known as glass bubbles, to reduce the drilling fluid density below the base fluid density without introducing a compressible phase to the wellbore. Four types of lightweight glass spheres with different physical properties were tested for their impact on rheological behavior, density reduction effect, survival ratio at elevated pressures and hydraulic drag reduction effect when mixed with water based fluids. A Fann75 HPHT viscometer and a flow loop were used for the experiments. Results show that glass spheres successfully reduce the density of the base drilling fluid while maintaining an average of 0.93 survival ratio, the rheological behavior of the tested fluids at elevated concentrations of glass bubbles is similar to the rheological behavior of conventional drilling fluids and hydraulic drag reduction is present up to certain concentrations. All results were integrated into hydraulics calculations for a wellbore scenario that accounts for the effect of temperature and pressure on rheological properties, as well as the effect of glass bubble concentration on mud temperature distribution along the wellbore. The effect of drag reduction was also considered in the calculations.
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Tanishita, Kazuo, Kazuto Masamoto, Iwao Kanno e Hirosuke Kobayashi. "Biotransport to the Cerebral Tissues Related to the Vascular Diseases". In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192501.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Brain is a highly oxidative organ and its consumption rate of oxygen accounts for 20 percent of that of the whole body. This large consumption rate must be met by continuous supply of oxygen, because lack of oxygen rapidly causes irreversible damage to central nervous system. Acute hypoxic episodes cause a certain pattern of regional damage. Cerebral cortex (e.g., layers III, V, and VI) is one of the most susceptible regions to hypoxia, and damage to sensorimotor function is particularly severe in humans that survive hypoxic/ischemic episodes. However, little is known about whether oxygen transport in intracortical regions relates to such selective vulnerability to hypoxia.
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van Maaren, MC, LJ Strobbe, ML Smidt, M. Moossdorff, PM Poortmans e S. Siesling. "Abstract P1-08-19: 10-year conditional recurrence risks, overall and relative survival for breast cancer patients in the Netherlands: Taking account of event-free years". In Abstracts: 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 4-8, 2018; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p1-08-19.
Testo completo
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Wang, Yajuan, Antonio Ferreira, Bradley B. Keller, Marc Simon e James F. Antaki. "Effect of Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device on Cardiac Function: Simulation Study With a Biventricular Computer Model". In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53784.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy has become an established treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure as either a bridge to transplant (BTT) or as permanent support (destination therapy: DT) [1]. For a small portion of patients, LVAD could be used as a bridge to cardiac recovery (BTR). Recent clinical studies have demonstrated the advantages of continuous-flow LVADs over pulsatile-flow counterparts with respect to higher survival rates and lower incidence of major adverse events [2]. However, the control challenge of continuous-flow LVADs has been not fully addressed: most of the devices are driven at a constant speed, which does not take into account changes in patient physiologic demands [3, 4].
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Slichter, Sherrill J. "PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND RESULTANT CLINICAL INDICATIONS FOR PLATELET TRANSFUSION". In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643996.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Careful evaluation of platelet survival data in normal individuals and patients with thrombocytopeniasecondary to marrow aplasia has demonstrated that platelets are lost from circulation by two mechanisms a fixed fraction of platelets, amounting to approxi mately 7,100 platelets/ul/day, are lost randomly while the remaining platelets are removed by senescent mechanisms. At platelet counts of <100,000/ul, platelet survival becomes progressively shorter as the fixed platelet loss becomes a proportionately greater fraction of the circulating platelets. Thus, there is a direct relationship between platelet count and platelet survival in thrombocytopenic patients. Therefore, when judging the effectiveness of platelet therapy in thrombocytopenic patients, the influence of platelet count on platelet survival must be considered. As yet, there have been no studies to determine if there are ways to interrupt this fixed platelet loss? whether such therapy might improve platelet support in thrombocyotpenic patients by prolonging platelet survival? or, alternatively, whether such therapy might enhance the bleeding risk if random platelet removal is related to physiologic platelet-endothelial cell interactions.Besides taking into account the effect of thrombocytopenia on the expected response to platelet transfusions, the risk of alloimmunization with platelet transfusion therapy requires a careful assessment of the indications for platelet transfusions for each patient.Based on 51Cr-labeled stool blood loss measurements, we have determined that the bleeding risk is minimal at platelet counts above 10,000 platelets/ul.Only when the platelet count falls to a lower level of 5,000/ul is GI bleeding significantly increased. However, there are certain medications that may enhance the bleeding risk and require platelet transfusions to be given at higher platelet counts.In those patients who are thrombocytopenic, not because of failure of marrow platelet production, but rather because of accelerated platelet removal, indications for platelet transfusions must be adjusted to meet the particular problem. For example, for patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, platelet transfusions are rarely indicated (one exception being intracerebral bleeding) because of the rapid rate of platelet removal and because the patients are usually releasing young hyperfunctional platelets from the bone marrow reducing the hemorrhagic risk at any given platelet count. In some patients with consumptive coagulopathies, even though platelet removal is rapid, platelets may have to be provided until specific therapy resolves the underlying disease process causing the platelet consumption. For these patients, increased levels of fibrinogen/fibrin degregation products, as well as various medications they maybe receiving, may produce platelet dysfunction necessitating platelet transfusions at higher platelet levels. Finally, massive transfusion patients may develop a dilution thrombocytopenia requiring platelet transfusions.
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Kimiaei, Mehrdad, Ali Akbar Aghakouchak, Mohsen Ali Shayanfar e M. Hesham El Naggar. "A Practical Model for Nonlinear Seismic Response Analysis of Jacket Type Fixed Offshore Platforms". In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92180.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Offshore platforms in seismically active areas should be designed to survive severe earthquake excitations with no global structural failure. In seismic design of offshore platforms, it is often necessary to perform a dynamic analysis that accounts for nonlinear pile soil structures interaction effects. This paper summarizes an inexpensive and practical procedure compatible with readily available structural analysis software (ANSYS) for estimating the nonlinear lateral response of fixed offshore platforms resting on flexible piles subjected to seismic loading. In the proposed model, piles and jacket members are modeled using BNWF (Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation) and FE (Finite Element) approaches respectively in an integrated model. In this paper, nonlinear seismic response analysis of an existing sample offshore platform has been performed and sensitivity of the results to the model main parameters is investigated.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Survivor accounts"
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Carney, Nancy, Tamara Cheney, Annette M. Totten, Rebecca Jungbauer, Matthew R. Neth, Chandler Weeks, Cynthia Davis-O'Reilly et al. Prehospital Airway Management: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer243.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objective. To assess the comparative benefits and harms across three airway management approaches (bag valve mask [BVM], supraglottic airway [SGA], and endotracheal intubation [ETI]) by emergency medical services in the prehospital setting, and how the benefits and harms differ based on patient characteristics, techniques, and devices. Data sources. We searched electronic citation databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus®) from 1990 to September 2020 and reference lists, and posted a Federal Register notice request for data. Review methods. Review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program methods guidance. Using pre-established criteria, studies were selected and dual reviewed, data were abstracted, and studies were evaluated for risk of bias. Meta-analyses using profile-likelihood random effects models were conducted when data were available from studies reporting on similar outcomes, with analyses stratified by study design, emergency type, and age. We qualitatively synthesized results when meta-analysis was not indicated. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for primary outcomes (survival, neurological function, return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC], and successful advanced airway insertion [for SGA and ETI only]). Results. We included 99 studies (22 randomized controlled trials and 77 observational studies) involving 630,397 patients. Overall, we found few differences in primary outcomes when airway management approaches were compared. • For survival, there was moderate SOE for findings of no difference for BVM versus ETI in adult and mixed-age cardiac arrest patients. There was low SOE for no difference in these patients for BVM versus SGA and SGA versus ETI. There was low SOE for all three comparisons in pediatric cardiac arrest patients, and low SOE in adult trauma patients when BVM was compared with ETI. • For neurological function, there was moderate SOE for no difference for BVM compared with ETI in adults with cardiac arrest. There was low SOE for no difference in pediatric cardiac arrest for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. In adults with cardiac arrest, neurological function was better for BVM and ETI compared with SGA (both low SOE). • ROSC was applicable only in cardiac arrest. For adults, there was low SOE that ROSC was more frequent with SGA compared with ETI, and no difference for BVM versus SGA or BVM versus ETI. In pediatric patients there was low SOE of no difference for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. • For successful advanced airway insertion, low SOE supported better first-pass success with SGA in adult and pediatric cardiac arrest patients and adult patients in studies that mixed emergency types. Low SOE also supported no difference for first-pass success in adult medical patients. For overall success, there was moderate SOE of no difference for adults with cardiac arrest, medical, and mixed emergency types. • While harms were not always measured or reported, moderate SOE supported all available findings. There were no differences in harms for BVM versus SGA or ETI. When SGA was compared with ETI, there were no differences for aspiration, oral/airway trauma, and regurgitation; SGA was better for multiple insertion attempts; and ETI was better for inadequate ventilation. Conclusions. The most common findings, across emergency types and age groups, were of no differences in primary outcomes when prehospital airway management approaches were compared. As most of the included studies were observational, these findings may reflect study design and methodological limitations. Due to the dynamic nature of the prehospital environment, the results are susceptible to indication and survival biases as well as confounding; however, the current evidence does not favor more invasive airway approaches. No conclusion was supported by high SOE for any comparison and patient group. This supports the need for high-quality randomized controlled trials designed to account for the variability and dynamic nature of prehospital airway management to advance and inform clinical practice as well as emergency medical services education and policy, and to improve patient-centered outcomes.
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Rahai, Hamid, e Jeremy Bonifacio. Numerical Investigations of Virus Transport Aboard a Commuter Bus. Mineta Transportation Institute, aprile 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2048.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The authors performed unsteady numerical simulations of virus/particle transport released from a hypothetical passenger aboard a commuter bus. The bus model was sized according to a typical city bus used to transport passengers within the city of Long Beach in California. The simulations were performed for the bus in transit and when the bus was at a bus stop opening the middle doors for 30 seconds for passenger boarding and drop off. The infected passenger was sitting in an aisle seat in the middle of the bus, releasing 1267 particles (viruses)/min. The bus ventilation system released air from two linear slots in the ceiling at 2097 cubic feet per minute (CFM) and the air was exhausted at the back of the bus. Results indicated high exposure for passengers sitting behind the infectious during the bus transit. With air exchange outside during the bus stop, particles were spread to seats in front of the infectious passenger, thus increasing the risk of infection for the passengers sitting in front of the infectious person. With higher exposure time, the risk of infection is increased. One of the most important factors in assessing infection risk of respiratory diseases is the spatial distribution of the airborne pathogens. The deposition of the particles/viruses within the human respiratory system depends on the size, shape, and weight of the virus, the morphology of the respiratory tract, as well as the subject’s breathing pattern. For the current investigation, the viruses are modeled as solid particles of fixed size. While the results provide details of particles transport within a bus along with the probable risk of infection for a short duration, however, these results should be taken as preliminary as there are other significant factors such as the virus’s survival rate, the size distribution of the virus, and the space ventilation rate and mixing that contribute to the risk of infection and have not been taken into account in this investigation.
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Saville, Alan, e Caroline Wickham-Jones, a cura di. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, giugno 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.