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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 11 settembre 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE"

Amin, Hadear Hanie. "Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Ulva lactuca as a safe synthetic pesticide (in vitro)". Open Agriculture 5, n. 1 (10 luglio 2020): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0032.

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AbstractIn this era, we must synthesize safe pesticides from inexpensive sources to avoid the diseases caused by most of the previously used pesticides. Therefore, nanotechnology was used to produce biologically synthesis pesticides from very cheap sources such as seaweed, especially green algae, as it is safe to synthesize a pesticide against various pests such as bacteria and fungi that affect various agricultural crops. Ulva lactuca is used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by a bottom-up bioreduction reaction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) observed by the formation of brown color. The biosynthesis reaction has been proven by using UV-VIS, FT-IR, EDAX, SEM, TEM, and DSC-TGA and has been tested against a wide range of bacteria and fungi that affect plants, poultry, fish, rabbits, animals, and humans. Antioxidant activity was also determined. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have proven to be good and safe synthetic pesticides. The results of the spectroscopy demonstrated the success of the biological synthesis of the pesticide. Also, the results of the antimicrobial activity demonstrated the success of the pesticide that was biologically synthesized to fight bacteria and fungi that cause different diseases of different agricultural crops and should be used as a safe synthetic pesticide.

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Sutharsan, S., K. Sivakumar e S. Srikrishnah. "Pesticide usage pattern for vegetable cultivation in Manmunai South & Eruvilpattu divisional secretariat Division of Batticaloa district, Sri Lanka". International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 4, n. 1 (2 dicembre 2014): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.21092.

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Batticaloa, is a coastal district in Sri Lanka. Vegetables except up-country vegetables sold in Batticaloa District are mainly grown in villages. Manmunai South and Eruvilpattu divisional secretariat (DS) division is a predominantly vegetable cultivating area in the Batticaloa district. Farmers in this region use variety of synthetic pesticides to protect vegetables. Recently public concern related to health risks associated with pesticide residues has been increased, substantially. Therefore, a study was conducted to find out pesticide usage practices of farmers on vegetable cultivation in Manmunai South and Eruvilpattu DS division. Stratified random sampling method was used to select respondents for the survey and the collected data were analyzed statistically. It was observed that, the usage of pesticides was higher in the study area. Vegetable farmers use more than 14 Insecticides to control pest infestation. Farmers in the study area apply pesticides more frequently. Highly pesticide sprayed crop is Brinjal. About 66% of the Chilli producing farmers and 84% of the Brinjal producing farmers apply pesticide more than 22 times per cropping season. Around 90% of the farmers apply more than the recommended dosage and frequency of the pesticides. It was noticed that more than 89% of the farmers harvest the produce before the recommended pre harvest interval. It was found out that farmers in the study area are not following recommended pesticide usage practices. Hence, it is essential to educate the farmers on recommended pesticide usage practices, reduced usage of synthetic pesticides and use of organic farming practices to reduce the ill effects of synthetic pesticides. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.21092 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 4 (1): 53-56, June, 2014

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Polanco Lopez de Mesa, Ysabel. "The decision-making process of synthetic pesticide use in agricultural communities in Colombia: a grounded theory approach". Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública 38, n. 2 (20 marzo 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e331277.

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Objective: to explore the decision-making process of agricultural workers associated with pesticide use and exposure; and to discover if these processes differ between pesticide users and non users. and the characteristics of these differences Methods: his study used a grounded theory approach to understand the decision-making process for pesticide use/non-use among agricultural workers in San Cristobal, Colombia. This study involved participantobservation, individual interviews, and focus groups. Results: the theory developed to explain the decision making process of pesticide use showed several categories including: the prospect of having a good harvest, efficient pest control, habituation to use pesticides, feeling obligated to do use them, poor knowledge about pesticides, believing that pesticide increased the quality of the products, positive attitudes towards pesticide use, family support towards pesticide use, community pressure and acceptance, economic fear, and market pressure. In the non pesticide users group categories included: having better health, pesticides considered harmful for human health, pesticides being deleterious for the environment, being used to work without pesticides, family and economic support, and negative attitude towards pesticide use . The decision making process for personal protective equipment (PPE) use encompassed categories such as: powerless feelings, economic difficulties, and belief that equipment is not necessary. Discussion: The decision-making process for pesticide use in agricultural communities is complex and varies between pesticide users and non-users. Conclusions: It is important to consider the intricate process of pesticide use in order to orient interventions in the agricultural sector.

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Okereafor, Stella, S. Garba, O. J. Okunola e H. I. Adamu. "ORGANOCHLORINE AND ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN GRAINS, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS: A REVIEW". FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 6, n. 4 (30 agosto 2022): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0604-1061.

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Organochlorin and organophosphorus pesticides are broadly applied in agriculture, primarily to boost crop yields and protect crops from pests to reach the needs of a growing global population. This review aims to assess levels of pesticide residues in grains, fruits, and vegetables from already established secondary data from different authors or journals. The data obtained adequately confirmed the presence of concentrations of Organochlorin and organophosphorus residues in vegetables, grains and fruits. Both high and low concentration levels of pesticide residue were documented based on data obtained which showed application of the synthetic pesticides by farmers. The high or minute concentration of synthetic pesticides poses adverse health effect on human. This review suggest that consumers of these type of pesticides contaminated food are liable to contact diseases associated with pesticides. Pesticides have been related to damage to the kidneys, liver, and nervous system, birth defects, cancer, immunodeficiency, reproductive process disruption, and altering or interfering with normal endocrine system function. Thereby, the use of natural pesticides as an alternative to synthetic pesticides for pest control is highly recommended for food security and sustainable environmental practices.

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Hidayat, Syarif, Nenet Susniahti, Yadi Supriyadi e Lucyana Trimo. "Cadre Formation of Farmers in The Utilization of Plant Biological Resources for Vegetable Pest and Disease Control [Kaderisasi Petani Dalam Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Hayati Tumbuhan Untuk Pengendalian Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Sayuran]". Proceeding of Community Development 2 (21 febbraio 2019): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.30874/comdev.2018.411.

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The efforts to form a cadre of botanical pesticides user to reduce of synthetic pesticides used in vegetable have been carried out at Cisero Village, Cirapuhan Subdistrict, Garut Regency, West Java Province. These efforts were carried out through the workshop method. Through this method, we increased the understanding of candidates in synthetic pesticides used impact by film media and discussions, trained in inventory and extract method of botanical pesticide, testing and evaluating extracts potential in controlling vegetable pests and diseases. Farmers participating in the workshop were selected by the farmer groups target and was delimitated to six peoples. Cadres of botanical pesticide user were determined based on the attendance level, an understanding the rise of pesticide impact use; interests, activities, and practical ability during the workshop. In the implementation, the attendance at the workshop was 15 participants (250% of the target), although the attendance average was below 100%, with a minimum attendance of 70%. Only 6 participants reached 100 % attendance and actively participated in all workshop processes. Based on the evaluation results, only 6 participants (40%) could be selected as cadres. However, to increase their confidence in using plant resources as a substitute/complement to synthetic pesticides is still need further guidance.

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Fosu-Mensah, Benedicta Y., Elvis D. Okoffo e Michael Mensah. "Synthetic Pyrethroids Pesticide Residues in Soils and Drinking Water Sources from Cocoa Farms in Ghana". Environment and Pollution 5, n. 1 (21 aprile 2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v5n1p60.

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The contamination of pesticides in 32 soils and 64 drinking water samples was investigated from cocoa farms in the Dormaa West District of Ghana to assess pollution status. A total of nine synthetic pyrethroids pesticides were measured with a high resolution Varian CP-3800 Gas Chromatograph equipped with <sup>63</sup>Ni electron capture detector (ECD). Eight synthetic pyrethroid residues namely fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, allethrin and cyfluthrin were detected with lambda-cyhalothrin and allethrin occurring most frequently in soil and water respectively. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil samples were in the ranges of; 0.02-0.03 mg/kg for lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.010-0.02 mg/kg for allethrin, 0.010-0.04 mg/kg for cyfluthrin, <0.01-0.04 mg/kg for cypermethrin, 0.02-0.06 mg/kg for deltamethrin, and <0.01-0.03 mg/kg for bifenthrin. Similarly, the synthetic pyrethroids residues in the water samples were in the ranges of; 0.01-0.05 µg/L for allethrin, 0.01-0.04 µg/L for fenvalerate, 0.01-0.04 µg/L for cypermethrin and 0.01-0.05 µg/L for deltamethrin. The concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the soil samples analysed were generally below and within their respective US MRLs for agricultural soils, except the mean concentration values recorded for pesticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin at Diabaa (S2) and Krakrom (S3), allethrin at Diabaa (S2) and deltamethrin at Kwakuanya (S4), which were above their respective US MRLs for agricultural soils. The trends of synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues in the water samples analysed from the various distances to cocoa farms decreased with an increase of water source to cocoa farm (ranking; 0-15m>16-30m>above 30m). All synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues recorded in the water samples were below and within their respective WHO MRLs for drinking water except for deltamethrin, which exceeded the WHO MRL at Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 0-15m from a cocoa farm. The presence of synthetic pyrethroids residues in the soil and water samples analysed is an indication of the use of the pesticide by cocoa farmers in the study area. The routine monitoring of pesticide residues in the study area is necessary for the control and reduction of environmental pollution.

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Inayah Fitri, Trisnani Alif, Fita Fitriatul Wahidah, Yustika Aulia Rahma, Sitti Nur Ilmiah, Slamet Ifandi e Nur Habibatur Rohmah. "SOSIALISASI PENGGUNAAN TANAMAN REFUGIA SEBAGAI PENOLAK HAMA DI DESA BULUMARGI, KECAMATAN BABAT, KABUPATEN LAMONGAN". TA'AWUN 1, n. 01 (12 febbraio 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37850/taawun.v1i01.183.

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The problem faced by farmers in Bulumargi village, Babat district, Lamongan Regency is pest attack. Pest attack control carried out by farmers using synthetic pesticides. The use synthetic pesticides if carried out continuously gives impacts such as pest resistance, pest resurgence, death of onotarger animalincluding natural enemies, emergence of secondary pest explosions, pesticide residues in plant and environment. Synthetic pesticide residues found in agricultural products very dangerous if consumed for a long period of time, so a solution is needed that can reduce farmers' losses due to pests on crops. The purpose of this research is to eradicate pests using refugia plants. The research method used was socialization with several stages, counseling, discussions and aplications in rice fields. The result of this research is that the community has increased their knowledge and skills in the use of refugia plants. The conclusion of this research is the increasing public knowledge in utilizing refugia plants to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and increase rice production in the long term.

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Hock, Winand K. "PUBLIC RISK PERCEPTIONS". HortScience 26, n. 6 (giugno 1991): 798A—798. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.798a.

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One of the major misconceptions in contemporary society is the widespread belief that our food supply is unsafe. The public's perception of risk is quite different than scientific assessment of risk. While scientists see microbial contamination as the key issue (100 to 10,000X greater risk than from exposure to pesticide residues), consumers appear to be most concerned about the effects of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in the food they buy. Consumers equate “synthetic” with harmful or bad and “natural” with safe or good, yet they ignore the fact that 99.9% of all pesticides humans are exposed to are naturally occurring. Americans eat approximately 1.5 g. of natural pesticides per person per day, or about 10,000 times more than synthetic pesticide residues. Although few plant toxins have been tested for carcinogenicity so far, of those tested about half are rodent carcinogens. Contrary to public perception, environmental pollution accounts for only 2% of all cancers. By contrast, smoking, diet and other personal lifestyle choices account for more than 75%.

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Ahmad, Taimur, Rasool Khan, Tariq Nawaz Khattak, Ayaz Khan e Ihsan Ullah. "Comparative Efficacy of Bio-Pesticide And Synthetic Agrochemicals on Control Of Helicoverpa Armigera Larvae On Chickpea". RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences 9, n. 2 (26 dicembre 2018): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v9i2.132.

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An experiment was conducted for the year 2016-17 to compare the efficacy of neem bio-pesticide and synthetic agrochemicals on the control of larvae of Helicoverpa Armigera. The experiment consisted of a total of six treatments including control. There were a total of six treatments of the pesticides including control with four replicates and two application of the pesticides. The results indicate that the synthetic emamactin (T1) was the superior in controlling the larval population of pod borer with a % reduction of 63 and 88 after 1st and 2nd application. The chloropyifos showed better results next to emamactin 2nd spray. The neem bio-pesticide showed best results next to emamctin after the first application. The acetamiprid showed the least efficacy in control of pod borer larvae than all other treatments of pesticides.

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Nayak, Pragati, e Hitesh Solanki. "PESTICIDES AND INDIAN AGRICULTURE- A REVIEW". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, n. 5 (4 giugno 2021): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i5.2021.3930.

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Globally more than half of the pesticides are utilized in Asia. India stands 12th in pesticide use globally and 3rd in Asia after China and Turkey. In present study, the data of different types of pesticides, pesticide use pattern and detailed pesticide consumption of the India and world were collected, organized and summarized. Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy providing employment and livelihood to nearly 70% of the total population. And pesticides are an integral part of modern agriculture. Insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are commonly used for pest control in agriculture. However, insecticides form the highest share in total pesticide use in India. India share only1% of the global pesticide use. India has utilized around 58160 tonnes of pesticide in 2018. Per hectare application rate of pesticide was 0.31 kg in 2017. Despite a low per hectare use of pesticides in India, their injudicious use has led to the presence of residues in both biotic and abiotic sections of the environment. The advance research and development in the field of bio-pesticides applications greatly reduce the environmental pollution caused by the chemical synthetic insecticides residues and promotes sustainable development of agriculture. In India numerous bio-pesticides presently being developed may be exceptional replacements to chemical pesticides. There are many eco-friendly plant based and microbial bio-pesticides available in the market. Bio-pesticides consumption is only 8% in India. For sustainable agricultural development and to protect environment from adverse effect of chemical pesticides, formulation and utilization of bio-pesticides should be prompted.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE"

Javier, Eduardo Montano Moscoso. "The GAP program and its effects on pesticide use in Damnoen Saduak, Ratchaburi, Thailand". Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199369.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第19045号
農博第2123号
新制||農||1032(附属図書館)
学位論文||H27||N4927(農学部図書室)
31996
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授縄田栄治, 教授舟川晋也, 准教授赤松美紀
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Liang, Weiguang. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems /". View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030819.153206/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D. (Horticulture)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2002.
"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney for the fulfillment of study for a degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture" "Principal supervisor: Robert Spooner-Hart, co-supervisor: Andrew Beattie, co-supervisor: Alfie Meats" Bibliography : leaves 231-265.

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Liang, Weiguang. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems". Thesis, View thesis, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/121.

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The results of the 3-year project successfully indicated that petroleum-derived spray oils can be used for effective control of a range of citrus pests including citrus leafminer, Asiatic citrus psyllid, chaff scale, red scale, citrus red mite. The results suggested that it should be possible, through use of horticultural and agricultural mineral oils and enhanced natural enemy activity, to reduce the number of pesticide sprays applied annually in China from 14-16 sprays to significantly fewer sprays in most regions. The results are also valuable as references for the implementation of citrus integrated pest management programs in Australia and other citrus-growing countries. However, despite extensive use of PDSOs in citrus and other crops since the late 1800s, few studies have been undertaken to determine their disruptive effects on orchard ecosystems or to compare their effects with those of synthetic pesticides, and these studies are limited in their sc

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Kazachkova, Nadiya. "Genotype analysis and studies of pyrethroid resistance of the oilseed rape (Brassica napus) insect pest - pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) /". Uppsala : Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200711.pdf.

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Risangud, Nuttapol. "Synthesis and application of new polymers for agriculture : pesticide formulation". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/96908/.

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The objective of this work was to synthesise potential polymeric materials to use in agricultural applications, particularly as pesticide carriers. Synthesis of solid microcapsules, which contain hydrophobic pesticides, from functional polymers, was the primary goal. In addition, promising materials such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and acid-labile containing polymers were also explored. The extraordinary reactivity of isocyanates towards nucleophiles offers an interesting synthetic tool as a catalyst-free reaction. Unfortunately, the high reactivity of isocyanate during the polymerisation process is a major concern, thus a facile approach in order to synthesise stable functional polymer was first investigated. Chapter 2 details the synthesis of two types of isocyanate side chain containing copolymers, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate) (P(MMAm-co-IEMn)) and poly(benzyl methacrylate-co-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate) P(BnMAm-co-IEMn), via Cu(0)-mediated controlled radical polymerisation. Both copolymers were functionalised with dibutylamine, octylamine, and (R)-(+)-α-methylbenzylamine, which further proved the successful incorporation of the isocyanate groups. Subsequently, P(BnMAm-co-IEMn) was used for the fabrication of liquid core microcapsules via an oil-in-water interfacial polymerisation with diethylenetriamine as a crosslinker. Furthermore, chapter 3 illustrates the synthetic route of solid microcapsules containing hydrophobic pesticides; this illustrates the incorporation of biodegradable materials, modern controlled radical polymerisation techniques and isocyanate chemistry. An α, ω-poly (ɛ-caprolactone) SET-LRP initiator is first prepared by esterification to obtain a degradable halide initiator. Subsequently, biodegradable P(BnMAn-co-IEMn) was polymerised via the conditions from chapter 2. An isocyanate-containing copolymer was used to fabricate a microcapsule which consists of imidacloprid (IMI), followed by water removal via spray dryer. Chapter 4 details an efficient tool to synthesise an amphiphilic copolymer containing PDMS. The versatility of hydrosilylation has been exploited for the preparation of an ABA block copolymer of PDMS and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), which can be potentially used to prepare polymeric micelles. Also, to demonstrate the adaptability of this method, different methacrylates and vinyl terminated methacrylic macromonomers were applied to modified hydride terminated PDMS. Finally, the α, ω-hydroxyl terminated poly(acetal) SET-LRP initiator was synthesised from the condensation and esterification reaction. A favourable Cu(0)-mediated controlled radical polymerisation and degradation under an acidic conditions of acetal initiator was affirmed. Thus, this offers a great opportunity of using this initiator to synthesise isocyanate-containing copolymers, certainly, an acid-labile microcapsule to use as an agrochemical carrier is potentially achievable.

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Whittaker, Ruth Eleanor. "An investigation of reactions directed towards the synthesis of 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal oxime". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004980.

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The processes leading to the formation of 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal oxime, known industrially as aldicarb oxime, have been studied. The three stages of the synthesis, viz., chlorination, thiomethylation and oximation have been thoroughly investigated, with the aim of optimising the yield and purity of aldicarb oxime. Attention has been focused on the chlorination step, and the effects of altering various conditions have been determined; the reaction has been carried out in the absence and presence of heat, solvent and buffer, and the extent of chlorine addition has also been varied. These studies have led to some improvement in the yield for this step. Several simple and inexpensive methods for purifying contaminated batches of aldicarb oxime have also been examined. Possible aldicarb oxime contaminants, identified by GLC and GC-MS analysis, have been synthesised for use as chromatographic and spectroscopic standards, and confirmation of the presence of a number of these contaminants has been achieved. Aldehyde trimers have been found to be the primary contaminants present in aldicarb oxime and the thermal stability of these trimers, their corresponding monomers and aldicarb oxime itself has been studied using variable temperature ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Novel pyridine derivatives, with potential as aldicarb analogues, have been synthesised and characterised using spectroscopic methods.

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Shoko, Yeukai Phoebe. "The screening of phyto-pesticides for potential adverse effects on human health". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7861_1328620487.

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Pesticides are designed to control or eliminate pests such as insects, rodents, weeds,
bacteria, and fungi. They are used at a global scale for agricultural produce. Although
pesticides play a significant role in increasing food production and eliminating diseases,
exposure to pesticides may be harmful to non-target organisms. As a result concern over
safety and resistance to pesticides has increased and there is pressure to reduce use and
search for more environmentally and toxicologically safe and efficacious pesticides. Most
pesticides currently in use are synthetic
therefore an alternative to synthetic pesticides is
the use of naturally occurring products/ botanicals with pesticidal properties.

Two plants indigenous to South African with pesticidal properties were chosen for this
study. Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (D. rhinocerotis) and Galenia africana (G. africana)
have potential antifungal properties thus, may have potential use on agricultural produce
as fungicides. Galenia africana and D. rhinocerotis extracts inhibit growth of B. cinerea
(a fungal pathogen) at concentrations greater than 31.25 mg/ml and 125mg/ml
respectively. A major consideration in approving pesticides for use is whether they pose
an unreasonable risk to humans and to the environment. Toxicity studies are required to
determine the safety of the plant extracts.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential toxicity of ethanol extracts of D.
rhinocerotis and G. africana, which is important when designing practices to reduce or
eliminate excess exposure to them. Natural plant products with pesticidal properties could
provide an alternative to synthetic pesticides and may thus effectively reduce resistance
levels.

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Lahore, S. "¿SYNTHETIC STUDIES TOWARDS BIOACTIVE FUNGAL METABOLITES¿". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/229905.

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The problem of the development of new pesticides is very urgent, mainly because of the appearance of pest forms resistant to permitted pesticides and for the strict requirements in terms of their safety for people and the environment. Small molecules produced in biological contexts have been, and still are, a large reservoir of new biologically active substances, which can become scaffolds for the discovery of new agrochemicals. The aim of this PhD work was to synthesize naturally occurring potentially antifungal and herbicidal compounds and to test their biological activity. Efforts mainly focused towards the total synthesis of Bulgarein, a fungal metabolite produced by the fungus Bulgaria inquinans. Bulgarein possesses a benzo[j]fluoranthene skeleton, that can be found in a number of polyketide-derived fungal metabolites endowed with significant biological activity, in particular inhibition of Topoisomerase I. As no attempt to synthesize any of these compounds has been reported in literature so far, a synthetic sequence to the benzo[j]fluoranthene nucleus has been developed. Crucial steps for our strategy include a Suzuki coupling followed by a McMurry ring closure. The approach is modular and rapid and can be utilized to synthesize natural products, biologically active analogues or building blocks for the preparation of materials. Following this strategy, the first total synthesis of the recently isolated natural product benzo[j]fluoranthene-4,9-diol was carried out. Efforts were made to adapt the sequence for the synthesis of Bulgarein and other variously substituted compounds with this skeleton. As a second topic in this research, attention was dedicated to another natural compound, Farinomalein A, a structurally rather simple maleimide isolated in 2009 from the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces farinosus. Farinomalein shows potent inhibition of Phytophthora sojae, a plant pathogen that every year causes enormous damage to soybean crops. Recently, three new farinomalein derivatives (Farinomalein C, D & E) were isolated from an endophyte from the mangrove plant Avicennia marina, growing in Oman. Due to the interesting antifungal activity of this class of compounds, a practical synthesis of farinomalein A was developed, which may have value in the large-scale preparation of the natural compound. Starting from farinomalein A, all the three derivatives were successfully synthesized . The antifungal activity of the derivatives was evaluated against Cladosporium cladosporioides and other pathogenic fungi. An approach to the synthesis of Ascaulitoxin, a phytotoxic metabolite produced by the fungus Ascochyta caulina, was also developed.

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Abdul-Latif, Puziah. "Instrumentation and methodology for the monitoring of synthetic pyrethroids (mothproofing pesticides) in water courses". Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281598.

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Yau, Kerrm Y. F. "Synthesis of recombinant antibody fragments for pesticide residue analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ35947.pdf.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE"

Wilson, Charles L., e Don M. Huber. Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa. A cura di Charles L. Wilson e Don M. Huber. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036.

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Unger, Thomas A. Pesticide synthesis handbook. Park Ridge, N.J: Noyes Publications, 1996.

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1933-, Baker Don R., e American Chemical Society. Division of Agrochemicals., a cura di. Synthesis and chemistry of agrochemicals V. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998.

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1933-, Baker Don R., American Chemical Society. Division of Agrochemicals. e American Chemical Society Meeting, a cura di. Synthesis and chemistry of agrochemicals. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987.

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W, Lyga John, Theodoridis George e American Chemical Society. Division of Agrochemicals., a cura di. Synthesis and chemistry of agrochemicals VII. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2007.

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Abdul-Latif, Puziah. Instrumentation and methodology for the monitoring of synthetic pyrethroids (mothproofing pesticides) in water courses. Salford: University of Salford, 1994.

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F, Simmon Vincent, e Health Effects Research Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.), a cura di. In vitro microbiological mutagenecity and unscheduled DNA synthesis studies of fifteen pesticides. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Research Laboratory, 1985.

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1933-, Baker Don R., Fenyes Joseph G. 1925-, Moberg William K. 1948- e American Chemical Society. Division of Agrochemicals., a cura di. Synthesis and chemistry of agrochemicals II. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1991.

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J, Sullivan Daniel, Geological Survey (U.S.) e National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), a cura di. Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90. Urbana, Ill: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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J, Sullivan Daniel, a cura di. Surface-water-quality assessment of the Upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90. Urbana, Illinois: U. S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Più fonti

Capitoli di libri sul tema "SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE"

Leu, Andre. "Insufficient Evidence for Pesticide Safety". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 61–69. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-6.

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Seth, Prahlad K., e Vinay K. Khanna. "Synthetic Pesticides and the Brain". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 43–59. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-5.

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Kremer, Robert J. "Disruption of the Soil Microbiota by Agricultural Pesticides". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 147–64. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-10.

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Gillam, Carey. "Regulatory Collusion and the Illusion of Safety". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 199–207. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-13.

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Ayyadurai, V. A. Shiva, e P. Deonikar. "The Myth of Substantial Equivalence and Safety Evaluations of Genetically Engineered Crops: A CytoSolve Systems Biology Analysis". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 209–47. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-14.

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Besri, Mohamed. "The Montreal Protocol and the Methyl Bromide Phaseout in the Soil Sector: Key Success Factors and Lessons Learned to Eliminate Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 187–98. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-12.

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Perro, Michelle. "Pesticides and the Crisis in Children’s Health". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 71–81. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-7.

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Mokaya, Peter. "Impact of Synthetic Pesticides on the Health of the African People, Animals and Environment". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 1–5. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-1.

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Dunham, Arthur. "Animal Health Issues with Increased Risk from Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicides". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 83–127. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-8.

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Andersen, Arden. "Health, Nutrition, and Sustainability: Precious Commodities in Jeopardy from Agricultural Pesticides". In Synthetic Pesticide Use in Africa, 21–31. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003007036-3.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE"

Ducrot, P., A. Bala, R. Delorme, A. Kollmann, L. Kerhoas, J. Einhorn e D. Augé. "Isolation and Pesticide Activity of Daphnanes of Lasiosiphon Kraussianus". In The 4th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-4-01895.

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Moldovan, Anna, Ion Toderaș e Natalia Munteanu-Molotievskiy. "Noi agenți bacterieni de control biologic al insectelor dăunătoare in Republica Moldova". In International symposium ”Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects” dedicated to the 100th anniversary from the birth of academician Alexei Spassky. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.70.

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Modern agriculture faces numerous problems, many of which are caused by the excessive use of synthetic pesticides to control pests. Development of a sustainable agriculture system is a priority for the Republic of Moldova, the main objectives being food security, protection of environment, support the competitiveness of local farmers on national and international market. Biological control proved to be a successful approach to the sustainable management of harmful insects. Thus, it is necessary to make continuous efforts to address the demand of business and national economy in environmentally friendly pesticide products. This study aimed to highlight new agents for biological control of insect pests based on local Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains. Highlighted strains show promising results having a high insecticidal activity against lepidopteran (Lymantria dispar, Cydia pomonella and Archips rosana) and coleopteran (Neocoenorhinidius pauxillus, Phyllobius oblongus and Sitona lineatus) pest species. It therefore will allow local production of biopesticides, which will significantly reduce the final cost of the product, making it more accessible to farmers. Use of local Bt strains will also help avoid the ecological risks associated with the introduction of new organisms into ecosystems.

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Popluga, Dina, e Gunta Grinberga-Zalite. "HOW READY ARE SOCIETY FOR EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL: CASE STUDY FROM LATVIA?" In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s21.076.

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Awareness of the importance of sustainable agriculture has increased in recent decades. One of the reasons for this is the widespread use of synthetic pesticides and their possible secondary negative effects on valuable carnivores and biodiversity. Therefore, the need for biological and environmentally friendly alternatives to pest control has become relevant. This relevance is also reinforced by the European Union's Green Deal agenda and its underlying strategy - Farm to Fork, which aim to mitigate climate change, prevent biodiversity loss and feed Europeans healthily. This study aims to assess the attitude of the Latvian society, in particular specific stakeholder�s groups playing important role in food systems, towards the achievement of the goals set in the European Union�s Green Deal agenda regarding the reduction of pesticide use and the search for alternative ways of protecting harvests from pests and diseases. There are several important signals arising from the results of this study and timely response to them can help policy makers, scientists, consultants and practitioners to contribute in reaching EU Green Deal goals, to redesigning existing food systems and to promote greater use of safe alternative ways of protecting harvests from pests.

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Pyrko, A. N. "ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL TESTING FOR PESTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF HETEROCYCLIC ANALOGS OF STEROIDS". In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-1-187-190.

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The aim of the study is the synthesis and testing for pesticidal activities of 2,3-dimethoxy-16,16-dimethyl-D-homo-8-azagona-1,3,5 (10),13-tetraene-12,17а-one and 2,3-dimethoxy-16,16-dimethyl-d-homo-8-azagona-1,3,5(10),13-tetraene-12-imino-17а-one hydrochloride which could become the basis of plant protection products. The first compound was obtained by condensation of 6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydroisoquinoline with 2-acetyl-5.5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione. The second substance was synthesized by interaction of the first with ammonium chloride. The synthesized compounds were tested for certain types of pesticide activities. Both synthesized compounds showed herbicidal activity against amaranthus retroflexus, brassica rapa, abutilon theophrasti and insecticidal activity against toxoptera graminum. Hydrochloride 2,3-dimethoxy-16,16-dimethyl-D-homo-8-azagon-1,3,5(10),13-tetraene-12-imino-17a-one showed insecticidal activity against musca domestica and fungicidal activity against drechslera.

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Dowgiallo, Anne-Marie. "Trace level pesticide detection utilizing gold nanoparticles and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)". In Synthesis and Photonics of Nanoscale Materials XVI, a cura di Andrei V. Kabashin, Jan J. Dubowski e David B. Geohegan. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2521296.

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Nayak, Tanvi, Nzikahyel Simon, Anil Kumar Yadav, Nikita Indrapalsingh Gour, Sandip Debnath, Malleboina Purushotham e Pratima S. Kadam. "A Novel Green Synthesized Carbon Dots for the Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables". In International Conference on Recent Advancements in Biomedical Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k04s03.

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Green synthesized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are successfully applied for the detection of organophosphate pesticides in fruits and vegetables. The banana fruit is used as a carbon source for the synthesis of CQDs via a one-pot hydrothermal route. The quenching in emission intensity of the synthesized carbon dots (CQDs) is observed for organophosphate pesticides (OPPS) in sample water. The hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups over the surface of carbon dots exhibited a high binding affinity for detecting organophosphate pesticides. The amine group of Parathion was easily interacted with carboxylic group of CQDs which causes the fluorescence quenching via inner filter effect. The quenching in fluorescence intensity of CQDs was used to measure the inhibitory efficiency of OPPS. The quenching efficiency was proportional to the concentration of Parathion observed in sample water in the range of 0 to 500 nM under optimal conditions, with a detection limit of 12 nM. Moreover, the easy-to-use method had been used to detect Parathion in agricultural and environmental samples.

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"EFFECTS OF BIOPESTICIDE AND SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES TO CONTROL THE BERRY BUGS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)". In 3rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCE. Jinnah University for Women, Karachi,Pakistan, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/ibras/2023/85-87.

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Rybkova, Zuzana. "DEGRADATION POTENTIAL OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI ISOLATED FROM SITES CONTAMINATED WITH PESTICIDES AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS". In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017h/63/s25.025.

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Sabir, Jamal S. M. "The genotoxicity of three synthetic pesticides: chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their mixture chlorcyrin in Aspergillus terreus". In Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0140.

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Chen, Hsi-Jen, Chiu-Hui Dai e Chuan-Yau Chang. "Oxy-carbonylation reaction path synthesis and its conceptual process design for manufacturing the pesticide Carbaryl". In Annual International Conference on Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Chemical Process. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-3761_ccecp15.09.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE"

Bhat, M. G., B. C. English, A. F. Turhollow e H. O. Nyangito. Energy in synthetic fertilizers and pesticides: Revisited. Final project report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10120269.

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Chefetz, Benny, e Baoshan Xing. Sorption of hydrophobic pesticides to aliphatic components of soil organic matter. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7587241.bard.

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Sorption of hydrophobic compounds to aliphatic components of soil organic matter (SOM) is poorly understood even though these aliphatic carbons are a major fraction of SOM. The main source of aliphatic compounds in SOM is above- and below-ground plant cuticular materials (cutin, cutan and suberin). As decomposition proceeds, these aliphatic moieties tend to accumulate in soils. Therefore, if we consider that cuticular material contributes significantly to SOM, we can hypothesize that the cuticular materials play an important role in the sorption processes of hydrophobic compounds (including pesticides) in soils, which has not yet been studied. The overall goal of this research was to illustrate the mechanism and significance of the refractory aliphatic structures of SOM in sorbing hydrophobic compounds (nonionic and weakly polar pesticides). The importance of this study is related to our ability to demonstrate the sorption relationship between key pesticides and an important fraction of SOM. The specific objectives of the project were: (1) To isolate and characterize cuticular fractions from selected plants; (2) To investigate the sorption mechanism of key hydrophobic pesticides and model compounds to cuticular plant materials; (3) To examine the sorption mechanisms at the molecular level using spectroscopic techniques; (4) To investigate the sorption of key hydrophobic pesticides to synthetic polymers; (5) To evaluate the content of cuticular materials in agricultural soils; and (6) To study the effect of incubation of plant cuticular materials in soils on their sorptive capabilities. This project demonstrates the markedly high sorption capacity of various plant cuticular fractions for hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) and polar organic pollutants. Both cutin (the main polymer of the cuticle) and cutan biopolymers exhibit high sorption capability even though both sorbents are highly aliphatic in nature. Sorption by plant cuticular matter occurs via hydrophobic interactions and H-bonding interactions with polar sorbates. The cutin biopolymer seems to facilitate reversible and noncompetitive sorption, probably due to its rubbery nature. On the other hand, the epicuticular waxes facilitate enhance desorption in a bi-solute system. These processes are possibly related to phase transition (melting) of the waxes that occur in the presence of high solute loading. Moreover, our data highlight the significance of polarity and accessibility of organic matter in the uptake of nonpolar and polar organic pollutants by regulating the compatibility of sorbate to sorbent. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project suggest that both cutin and cutan play important roles in the sorption of HOCs in soils; however, with decomposition the more condensed structure of the cutin and mainly the cutan biopolymer dominated sorption to the cuticle residues. Since cutin and cutan have been identified as part of SOM and humic substances, it is suggested that retention of HOCs in soils is also controlled by these aliphatic domains and not only by the aromaticrich fractions of SOM.

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Short, Samuel, Bernhard Strauss e Pantea Lotfian. Emerging technologies that will impact on the UK Food System. Food Standards Agency, giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.srf852.

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Rapid technological innovation is reshaping the UK food system in many ways. FSA needs to stay abreast of these changes and develop regulatory responses to ensure novel technologies do not compromise food safety and public health. This report presents a rapid evidence assessment of the emerging technologies considered most likely to have a material impact on the UK food system and food safety over the coming decade. Six technology fields were identified and their implications for industry, consumers, food safety and the regulatory framework explored. These fields are: Food Production and Processing (indoor farming, 3D food printing, food side and byproduct use, novel non-thermal processing, and novel pesticides); Novel Sources of Protein, such as insects (for human consumption, and animal feedstock); Synthetic Biology (including lab-grown meat and proteins); Genomics Applications along the value chain (for food safety applications, and personal “nutrigenomics”); Novel Packaging (active, smart, biodegradable, edible, and reusable solutions); and, Digital Technologies in the food sector (supporting analysis, decision making and traceability). The report identifies priority areas for regulatory engagement, and three major areas of emerging technology that are likely to have broad impact across the entire food industry. These areas are synthetic biology, novel food packaging technologies, and digital technologies. FSA will need to take a proactive approach to regulation, based on frequent monitoring and rapid feedback, to manage the challenges these technologies present, and balance increasing technological push and commercial pressures with broader human health and sustainability requirements. It is recommended FSA consider expanding in-house expertise and long-term ties with experts in relevant fields to support policymaking. Recognising the convergence of increasingly sophisticated science and technology applications, alongside wider systemic risks to the environment, human health and society, it is recommended that FSA adopt a complex systems perspective to future food safety regulation, including its wider impact on public health. Finally, the increasing pace of technological

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Fridman, Eyal, e Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.

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Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.

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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova e Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.

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Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90. US Geological Survey, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri964135.

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