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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Tempering"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 agosto 2024

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1

Gonzalez-Pociño, Alejandro, Florentino Alvarez-Antolin e Juan Asensio-Lozano. "Improvement of Adhesive Wear Behavior by Variable Heat Treatment of a Tool Steel for Sheet Metal Forming". Materials 12, n. 17 (3 settembre 2019): 2831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172831.

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Vanadis 10 steel is a powder metallurgy (PM) processed tool steel. It is a ledeburitic steel with 8% Cr and 10% V. By deliberately varying the process parameters related to the quenching, tempering, and nitriding of these steels, the aim of this study is to determine which of these parameters have a significant influence on its adhesive wear resistance. The research methodology employed was a Design of Experiments (DoE) with six factors and two levels for each factor. The tempering temperature, number of temperings, and carrying out of a thermochemical nitriding treatment were found to have a significant effect. To increase adhesive wear resistance, austenitization at 1100 °C with air cooling is recommended, followed by three temperings at 500 °C and a subsequent nitriding treatment. It should be noted that the quench cooling medium does not have a significant influence on wear resistance. Furthermore, (Fe,Cr)7C3 (M7C3 carbides) are transformed into carbonitrides during nitriding. However, (Fe,V)C (MC carbides) are not affected by this nitriding process.

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2

Tawn, Nicholas G., e Gareth O. Roberts. "Accelerating parallel tempering: Quantile tempering algorithm (QuanTA)". Advances in Applied Probability 51, n. 03 (settembre 2019): 802–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2019.35.

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AbstractIt is well known that traditional Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods can fail to effectively explore the state space for multimodal problems. Parallel tempering is a well-established population approach for such target distributions involving a collection of particles indexed by temperature. However, this method can suffer dramatically from the curse of dimensionality. In this paper we introduce an improvement on parallel tempering called QuanTA. A comprehensive theoretical analysis quantifying the improved efficiency and scalability of the approach is given. Under weak regularity conditions, QuanTA gives accelerated mixing through the temperature space. Empirical evidence of the effectiveness of this new algorithm is illustrated on canonical examples.

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3

Jung, Min Su, Seok Jae Lee e Young Kook Lee. "Tempering Kinetics of S45C Martensitic Steel". Solid State Phenomena 118 (dicembre 2006): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.375.

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The strain change during the tempering of S45C martensitic steel was examined at different heating rates using a dilatometer. Tempering stages 1 and 3 corresponding to the precipitations of transition carbide and cementite were observed. Tempering kinetics at each stage was investigated from the relation between the measured strain and atomic volume change during tempering. From the tempering kinetic data, continuous heating tempering diagram was constructed and the tempering kinetic model was proposed as Zener-Hillert type differential equation.

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4

Fisher, W., e S. Wesolkowski. "Tempering technostress". IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 18, n. 1 (1999): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/44.752243.

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5

Larson. "Tempering Romance". Criticism 57, n. 1 (2015): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/criticism.57.1.0137.

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6

Eaker, Lisa, e Ari Stantas. "Tempering Tenacity". International Journal of Applied Philosophy 21, n. 1 (2007): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap200721121.

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7

Wheelock, Stefan M. "Tempering Cosmopolitanism". American Literary History 32, n. 4 (2020): 804–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajaa026.

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8

Gramacy, Robert, Richard Samworth e Ruth King. "Importance tempering". Statistics and Computing 20, n. 1 (4 dicembre 2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11222-008-9108-5.

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9

Reinberger, Stefanie. "Tempering Tantrums". Scientific American Mind 19, n. 5 (ottobre 2008): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind1008-72.

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10

Bird, Lucy. "Tempering toxicity". Nature Reviews Immunology 5, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1542.

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11

Smith, John S. H. "Tempering Memories". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 23, n. 2 (1 luglio 1990): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45228097.

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12

Braithwaite, John. "Tempering Martin". Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 11, n. 2-3 (novembre 2019): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40803-019-00113-2.

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13

Xia, Xiaomeng, Yvhan Jin, Huiyan Zhao, Gang Wang e Dongyan Huang. "Optimization and Experiment of Hot Air Drying Process of Cyperus esculentus Seeds". Agriculture 13, n. 3 (3 marzo 2023): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030617.

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To improve the drying efficiency, drying uniformity and germination rate after hot air drying of Cyperus esculentus seeds, this paper proposed a drying method that combines tempering and hot air drying. The drying curve of Cyperus esculentus was obtained by experiment. The influence of the drying method on the drying quality of Cyperus esculentus seeds and the trend of drying quality with the tempering process parameters (the tempering temperature, the moisture content of Cyperus esculentus at the beginning of tempering and the tempering duration) were analyzed by single-factor experiments. The regression models were established by star point design response surface methodology, and the relationships between the tempering process parameters and seed production quality indexes were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal combination of tempering process parameters was a tempering temperature of 24 °C, a moisture content of Cyperus esculentus at the beginning of tempering of 23%, and a tempering duration of 3 h. Under this combination, the tempering process increased the drying uniformity, germination rate and drying efficiency of Cyperus esculentus seeds by 21.122%, 4.205% and 22.832%, respectively. The error between the verification test value and the software optimization parameter value was acceptable. The study showed that the optimized tempering drying process significantly improved the drying quality of Cyperus esculentus seed production, and the results could provide a theoretical basis for production practices.

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14

Guo, Cong Sheng, Shu Ming Long, Hai Wa Bo e Hong Bin Tan. "The Hardness Changing Regularity of Quenched-Steel in Tempering Process and Its Double-Exponential Model". Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (ottobre 2010): 1578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1578.

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The transformation of tempering for quenched steel corresponded to complicated process of phase transformation, and mechanical properties of quenched-and-tempered steel were related to the phase transformation. In practice, hardness test was adopted to judge whether the properties of tempered-parts qualified because of its facility. Numerous researches indicated that, there existed correlativity expressed by different function forms between tempering hardness of quenched-steel and its tempering parameters. However, considering physical metallurgy of tempering process, the adoption of double-exponential function would help to describe regularity of hardness changing more exactly for quenched-steel during tempering process. Additionally, results of hardness tests for isothermal tempering and molding/simulation researches have shown that, the model of double-exponential function, which can reflect decline law of tempering hardness for quenched-steel, would provide basis for optimization design of tempering parameters, performance prediction of tempered-parts, and energy-saving heat-treatment on tempering process.

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Maulidin, Achmad Fitrah, Leopold Oscar Nelwan e Rokhani Hasbullah. "Kajian Pengeringan Bak Gabah Secara Intermittent Terhadap Mutu Beras". Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 7, n. 3 (1 aprile 2020): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19028/jtep.07.3.171-178.

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Grain drying with bed dryer is generally effective with high temperatures, but this can increase fissured rice percentage. This can be overcome by combining drying method with tempering. These study were aim to examine drying temperature and duration on bed dryer using intermittent high temperature dryer, and its effect on quality variety of Ciherang with 20-22% moisture content. These research method consists of drying treatment without tempering using 35°C, 60°C and 80°C temperatures to 14% moisture content. Drying treatment with tempering consists of initial drying process-initial tempering-second drying- second tempering or without tempering, where the first drying temperature were 80°C for 20 minutes, 60°C for 30 minutes and second drying temperature were 60 °C and 35°C to 14% moisture content. The tempering duration used was 90 minutes. Results showed the grain drying method without tempering 35°C gave the highest percentage of head rice. However, the use of tempering had significantly reduced cracking and increased head rice percentage compared without tempering at the same temperature. Initial drying of 60°C for 30 minutes-tempering for 90 minutes-drying both temperatures of 35°C to 14% moisture content had been able to produce high head rice and low fissured rice percentage respectively 81.41% and 10%.

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16

Zhao, Li Ping, Hui Min Zhang, Wen Liu e Wen Yu. "Effect of Different Tempering Processes on Microstructure and Hardness of Q690 Steel". Advanced Materials Research 721 (luglio 2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.49.

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Q690 steel was the research object in this test. The traditional tempering and induction tempering were used in this experiment after quenching. By studying the microstructure and hardness of the sample at the two different tempering processes, it can be concluded that there are more carbide precipitations in the microstructure and the microstructure of the sample is more uniform when the tempering temperature was 450°C. For same tempering temperature, the carbide dispersion, uniformity of the microstructure and retained austenite transformation are all better in 5mm depth range to sample surface, and the hardness of the sample is lower after induction tempering. So it can be see that not only the heating up speed is faster, the energy can be saved more, but also the microstructure is more homogeneous, the mechanical property is improved greater, in a relatively short period by induction tempering rather than traditional tempering. But because of the skin effect, the microstructure distribution of the tempering layer is uneven with the increased of sample thickness, so in order to achieve the homogenizing, one of the effective methods is to improve heating affected zone according reduction the power supply frequency of induction tempering.

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17

Su, Xiyang, Xiaoshuo Zhu, Yudong Fu, Shichen Xiao e Yuchao Liu. "Comparative Analysis of Tribological Behavior of 45 Steel under Intensive Quenching-High-Temperature Tempering and Queenching-Tempering Process". Applied Sciences 14, n. 13 (8 luglio 2024): 5942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14135942.

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The intensive quenching process compared to traditional methods results in a lower quenching cracking tendency. The comprehensive mechanical properties of an intensive quenching workpiece has good advantages. In order to improve the performance and product quality of a 45 steel workpiece, the hardening–tempering treatment used in the traditional quenching process is replaced by an intensive quenching process. This study investigates the tribological properties of 45 steel and their differences and connection under the intensive quenching and high-temperature tempering process in comparison to when under the traditional hardening–tempering process. Both intensive quenching and tempering and hardening–tempering workpieces are composed of carburized particles and ferrite. Compared with hardening–tempering workpieces, intensive quenching and high-temperature tempering workpieces have a finer and more uniform microstructure and higher hardness, impact toughness, and yield strength. Wear tests show that intensive quenchingand tempered specimens have better wear resistance. At the same frequency, the coefficient of friction and relative wear rate of the intensive quenching and tempering specimens were lower than those of the hardening–tempering treatment, and the wear surface was flatter. The wear morphology shows that the main wear mechanisms of the intensive quenching and tempering workpieces and those of hardening–tempering are abrasive and adhesive wear, and that the main wear mechanism changes from adhesive wear to abrasive wear as the frequency increases.

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Grajcar, Adam, Mateusz Morawiec, Jose Antonio Jimenez e Carlos Garcia-Mateo. "Dilatometric and Microstructural Study of Martensite Tempering in 4% Mn Steel". Materials 13, n. 19 (7 ottobre 2020): 4442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194442.

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This paper presents the results of martensite tempering resistance in 4% Mn steel. The material was quenched and tempered at 350 °C for 15, 30, and 60 min. The analysis of the quenching and tempering was carried out using dilatometric and microstructural approaches. The phase composition was assessed using X-ray diffraction. The Ms temperature and tempering progress were simulated using JMatPro software. The dilatometric analysis revealed a small decrease in the relative change in length (RCL) during tempering. This decrease was connected to the precipitation kinetics of cementite within the martensite laths. The microstructure investigation using a scanning electron microscope showed a very small amount of carbides, even for the longest tempering time. This showed the high tempering resistance of the martensite in medium-Mn steels. The hardness results showed an insignificant decrease in the hardness depending on the tempering time, which confirmed the high tempering resistance of martensite.

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19

Janjusevic, Zoran, Zvonko Gulisija, Marija Mihailovic e Aleksandra Pataric. "The investigation of applicability of the Hollomon-Jaffe equation on tempering the HSLA steel". Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 15, n. 3 (2009): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0903131j.

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High strength low-alloyed (HSLA) Cr-Mn-Si steels belong to a group of steels that can reach their full mechanical properties after quenching and tempering. Those properties depend both on the temperature and time of tempering. Knowing the tempering parameters, it is possible to reach the desired properties of the treated steel. Some results on investigating the Hollomon-Jaffe equation (in parametric form) application for tempering of HSLA steel, are shown in this paper. The experiments were performed in real production conditions, using a standard material. The quenching was performed at 870?C, the heating period was always 30 min, with subsequent cooling into the oil bath. The tempering was carried out in temperature range from 480 to 680?C, while tempering time varied from 15 min to 24 h. The degree of tempering is referred through the hardness values changing. The experimental results have shown a pretty well agreement to tempering parameters, included in Hollomon-Jaffe equation, for this kind of HSLA steel.

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20

Pradani, Yayi Febdia, Yuliana Aziza e Muhammad Hudan Rahmat. "ANALISIS KEKUATAN TARIK, KEKERASAN, DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO PADA PENGELASAN BAJA ST-60 BERDASARKAN VARIASI TEMPERATUR TEMPERING". Jurnal Teknologi Terapan: G-Tech 2, n. 1 (22 agosto 2020): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33379/gtech.v2i1.327.

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Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh variasi temperatur tempering pada temperatur 2500C, 3500C, dan 5000C dengan holding time 30 menit menggunakan pendinginan udara terhadap kekuatan tarik, kekerasan dan struktur mikro pada pengelasan baja St.60. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif. Sedangkan desain penelitiannya adalah penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan di laboratorium. Objek penelitian ini adalah baja karbon menengah St.60 yang kemudian diberi perlakuan yakni pengelasan kemudian tempering dengan variasi temperatur.Hasil penelitian rata-rata kekuatan tarik tertinggi diperoleh pada temperatur tempering 5000C sebesar 680,495 MPa, pada temperatur 3500C sebesar 666,016 MPa, dan kekuatan tarik terendah diperoleh pada temperatur tempering 2500C sebesar 641,626 MPa. Sedangkan kekerasan tertinggi diperoleh pada temperatur tempering 5000C sebesar 284,87 Hv, pada temperatur 3500C sebesar 267,63 Hv, dan kekerasan terendah diperoleh pada temperatur tempering 2500C sebesar 259,111 Hv. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan nilai kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan pada baja St.60 antara sebelum dan setelah mengalami proses tempering dengan variasi temperatur sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa vaiasi temperatur tempering berpengaruh terhadap tingkat kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan pada pengelasan baja St.60. Tingkat kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan baja akan meningkat seiring bertambahnya temperature tempering pada pengelasan baja St.60.

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Yang, Lisheng, Fanlin Zhang, Hanyu Luo, Chaoyong Xu, Jinchang Zhang e Jianchun Cao. "Effect of Zr on the microstructure and properties of high-strength Ti-Mo microalloyed steel after quenching and tempering". Metallurgical Research & Technology 121, n. 4 (2024): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2024055.

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Investigation on the effects of Zr and quenching and tempering processes on the microstructure and properties of high-strength Ti-Mo microalloyed steel using SEM, TEM, mechanical property testing, and First-principles calculations. The results show that within the tempering temperature range of 550–650 °C, the microstructures of Ti-Mo microalloyed steel and Ti-Zr-Mo microalloyed steel consist of ultra-low carbon martensite and carbides. Specifically, the strength of Ti-Mo microalloyed steel initially increases and then decreases with the increase in tempering temperature, while the strength of Ti-Zr-Mo microalloyed steel increases with the increase in tempering temperature. During tempering, the addition of Zr element affects the diffusion of C element, delaying the martensitic tempering transformation process, and slowing down the nucleation, growth, and coarsening processes of alloy carbides. First-principles calculation results indicate that ZrC preferentially forms during tempering, resulting in a certain sequential gradient of precipitated microalloy carbides, thereby enhancing the tempering stability of microalloyed steel. Compared to Ti-Mo steel, Ti-Zr-Mo steel exhibits narrower lath martensite width and finer dispersed precipitation phases after tempering at 600 °C and 650 °C.

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22

Rosmindari, Shiammita, Arifin Dwi Saputro e Nursigit Bintoro. "Changes of Dark Couverture Chocolate Hardness During Storage Tempered Using Automatic Tempering Machine with Tank and Tempering Temperature as Variables". BIO Web of Conferences 80 (2023): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20238004002.

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Couverture chocolate is highly demanded by consumers. Dark couverture chocolate is known as chocolate with high proportion of cocoa. There are several parameters that need to be considered to ensure the quality of this chocolate. One of the important chocolate qualities is hardness. In chocolate making, which is affected by the tempering process. Generally, the tempering process is carried out manually or automatically. Manual tempering is done by hand and is difficult to control the process temperature. Therefore, an automatic tempering machine was chosen in this study by controlling the tank and tempering temperatures. The purpose of the research was to optimize the combined effect between tank temperatures and tempering temperatures of the automatic tempering machine on the chocolate hardness parameter. Different ranges of the tank and tempering temperatures were applied to the chocolate mass processed in the machine. Chocolate hardness during storage was in the range 12.27 to 20.19 N/mm2 in 45oC tank and 32.5oC tempering temperature. The optimum of the tank and tempering temperatures were 45oC-32.5oC (A), 48oC-32.5oC (B), and 50oC-31.5oC (C) which resulted in different k values and glossy appearances. The k values for A, B, and C were -0.00195; -0.0024; and -0.0031, respectively. While the determination coefficients for A, B, and C were 0.8970; 0.8887; and 0.9013, respectively.

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Tang, Guo Zhang, Yun Gang Li, He Yang, Yu Zhu Zhang e Hai Li Yang. "Optimization on Heat Treatment Process of 45CrMnSi Steel by Orthogonal Test". Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (novembre 2011): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.217.

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The effect of quenching temperature, tempering temperature and tempering time on hardness of 45CrMnSi steel was studied by orthogonal test. It was found that the order of significant factors for the hardness was quenching temperature > tempering temperature > tempering time. Based on the results of the range analysis, the optimum process parameters for the maximum hardness were that the quenching temperature was 900°C, the tempering temperature was 150°C, and the tempering time was 180 min. Under the optimum process conditions, the hardness reached to HRC52 with impact toughness of 15 J/cm2. The hardness and toughness met the need of the comprehensive mechanical property and proper toughness of 45CrMnSi.

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Rahman, Reza, e Dwi Rahmalina. "PENGEMBANGAN PROSES MANUFAKTUR BOLT HEX SOCKETUNTUK MENGATASI PERMASALAHAN CACAT PERMUKAAN MELALUI PROSES RETEMPERING". Teknobiz : Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Magister Teknik Mesin 9, n. 1 (27 febbraio 2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/teknobiz.v9i1.888.

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Dalam proses pembuatan Bolt Hex Socket ini sering sekali terjadi permasalahan dimana cacatterbesar adalah warna belang, dimana hasil proses perlakuan permukaan (Black oxide proses) berbeda warna(warna Belang) setelah adanya perlakuan proses pelurusan (Straigtening) yang menyebabkan secara visualpart yang tidak baik. Keberadaan cacat ini tidak diperbolehkan karena dapat menyebabkan permukaan tidaktahan terhadap karat.Untuk mengatasi kondisi tersebut serta meningkatkan target produksi, maka perludibahas perbaikan untuk mengatasi cacat tersebut, serta untuk meningkatkan produktivitas proses manufakturBolt Hex Socket.Parameter yang menjadi syarat pengecekan adalah parameter proses Tempering yangmencakup Temperatur proses (°C) dan lamanya waktu proses Tempering (s) dan proses perbaikan cacatpermukaan yang terjadi setelah proses pelurusan (Straightening) dikarenakan untuk ketahanan terhadap karatpermukaan maka dilakukan penambahan proses Re-Tempering atau proses 2 kali Tempering .Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang timbul karena adanya penambahanproses perlakuan panas (Re-Tempering) pada part Bolt Hex Socket untuk memperbaiki cacat permukaan partsetelah adanya perlakuan proses pelurusan, yaitu bagaimana pengaruh Temperatur proses (°C),lamanyawaktu proses Tempering (s) dan penambahan proses Re-Tempering terhadap cacat permukaan, sifatmekanisdan struktur material pada Bolt Hex Socket.Hasil keluaran yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian iniadalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Temperatur proses (°C), lamanya waktu proses Tempering (s) danpenambahan proses Re-Tempering terhadap cacat permukaan, sifat mekanis dan struktur material pada BoltHex Socket.

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Wang, Xue Min, e Hui Zhao. "The Tempering on Microstructure and the Yield-to-Tensile Ratio of High Performance Steels". Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (giugno 2012): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.655.

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The effects of tempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600MPa grade low carbon bainitic steel were investigated. The cause for the microstructure evolution has been investigated and the best tempering process was chosen to decrease the yield ratio of the steel. The influence of tempering process on the yield-to-tensile ratio of steels has been investigated by the aid of optical microscopy, SEM and XRD. The results show that after the TMCP processing the microstructure of steels mainly consist of lath martensite and bainite. The bainite and martensite have been refined markedly after the relaxation processing, therefore the properties of steels has been improved evidently. In order to decrease the yield-to-tensile ratio the steels underwent high temperature tempering. It has been found that during the tempering with the tempering temperature increased the yield-to-tensile ratio of steels decreased. The XRD and EBSD results show tempering temperature has considerable influence on the yield strength, but the influence on the tensile strength is not considerable. With the increase in tempering temperature, the low temperature toughness of steel can be improved considerably. The yield ratio of the steel was reduced after tempering at 650 °C and higher temperatures due to reversed austenitic phase transformation.

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Wang, Hongli, Jian Zhang, Jingtao Huang, Chengchuan Wu, Xianguang Zhang, Zhonghong Lai, Yong Liu e Jingchuan Zhu. "The Evolution of a Microstructure during Tempering and Its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of AerMet 100 Steel". Materials 16, n. 21 (27 ottobre 2023): 6907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16216907.

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In order to provide guidance for furthering the balance of strength and toughness of AerMet 100 steel through tempering treatment, the effects of the tempering time on microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated. The microstructure evolution, especially M2C precipitates and austenite in AerMet 100 tempered at 482 °C for 1~20 h, was characterized, and its influences on the mechanical properties were studied. The tensile strength decreases gradually, the yield strength increases first and then decreases, and the fracture toughness KIC increases gradually with an increasing tempering time. The strength and toughness matching of AerMet 100 steel is achieved by tempering at 482 °C for 5~7 h. Without considering the martensitic size effect, the influence of the dislocation density on the tensile strength is more significant during tempering at 482 °C. The precipitation strengthening mechanism plays a dominant role in the yield strength when tempering for 5 h or less, and the combined influence of carbide coarsening and a sharp decrease in the dislocation density resulted in a significant decrease in tensile strength when tempering for 8 h or more. The fracture toughness KIC is primarily influenced by the reverted austenite, so that KIC increases gradually with the prolongation of the tempering time. However, a significant decrease in the dislocation density resulting from long-term tempering has a certain impact on KIC, giving rise to a decrease in the rising amplitude in KIC after tempering for 8 h or more.

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Li, Hong Bo, Jing Wang, Han Chi Cheng, Chun Jie Li e Xing Jun Su. "Effect of Tempering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of High Strength Wear Resistant Cast Steel". Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (settembre 2013): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.440.

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This paper mainly studied the high temperature quenching oil quenching, tempering temperature on the influence of high strength steel mechanical properties of wear resistant. The results show that high strength and toughness wear-resistant cast steel with 880°C× 30min after oil quenching, the hardness of 38.6HRC steel, the impact toughness value reaches 40.18J/cm2. After 200°C, 400°C and 600°C tempering, with the increase of the tempering temperature, the hardness decreased linearly, as by 600°C tempering, the hardness has been reduced to 22.3HRC. Impact toughness with the tempering temperature, the overall upward trend, the impact toughness of some reduced at 400°C, the highest impact toughness value reaches 113.34J/cm2. From the fracture morphology can be seen, with the increase of tempering temperature, ductile fracture increased, by 600°C tempering is dimple fracture, obviously can not see the traces of brittle fracture.

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28

Zhang, Wenfeng, Zhong Liu, Tianming Li, Xiaogang Liu e Wei Xiong. "Effects of alloy elements on mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistant steel". E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123602021.

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This work is mainly concerning with effects of Carbon, Nickel and vanadium on mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistant steel. the results showed that The experimental steels yielded their best comprehensive properties at 940 °C of quenching and at 200 °C of tempering for 0.33 wt% C steel, at 940 °C of quenching and at 220°C of tempering for 0.38 wt% C steel, and at 920°C of quenching and at 230 °C of tempering for 0.4 wt% C steel, respectively.3% Ni steel yielded the best property at 900 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering, while 5% Ni steel was 920 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering. The best property yielded at 940 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering for the Vanadium addition steel.

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29

Xie, Yixin, Xiaonong Cheng, Jiabo Wei e Rui Luo. "Characterization of Carbide Precipitation during Tempering for Quenched Dievar Steel". Materials 15, n. 18 (16 settembre 2022): 6448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186448.

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Carbide precipitation and coarsening are investigated for quenched Dievar steel during tempering. Lath/lenticular martensite, retained austenite, lower bainite, auto-tempered, and larger spherical carbides are all observed in the as-quenched condition. The carbide precipitation sequence on tempering is ascertained to be: M8C7 + cementite → M8C7 + M2C + M7C3 → M8C7 + M7C3 + M23C6 → M8C7 + M7C3 + M23C6 + M6C; carbides become coarser on tempering, and the sizes for inter-lath carbides increase noticeably with increasing tempering temperatures due to the faster grain boundary diffusion, whereas the sizes for intra-lath carbides remain nearly constant. The rate of coarsening for carbides by tempering at 650 °C is much higher than those by tempering at 550 °C and 600 °C, due to the faster diffusion of alloying elements at higher temperatures.

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30

Xu, Shun, Xin Zhou e Zhong-Can Ou-Yang. "Parallel Tempering Simulation on Generalized Canonical Ensemble". Communications in Computational Physics 12, n. 5 (novembre 2012): 1293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.120811.200112a.

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AbstractParallel tempering simulation is widely used in enhanced sampling of systems with complex energy surfaces. We hereby introduce generalized canonical ensemble (GCE) instead of the usual canonical ensemble into the parallel tempering to further improve abilities of the simulation technique. GCE utilizes an adapted weight function to obtain a unimodal energy distribution even in phase-coexisting region and then the parallel tempering on GCE yields the steady swap acceptance rates (SARs) instead of the fluctuated SARs in that on canonical ensemble. With the steady SARs, we can facilitate assign the parameters of the parallel tempering simulation to more efficiently reach equilibrium among different phases. We illustrate the parallel tempering simulation on GCE in the phase-coexisting region of 2-dimensional Potts model, a benchmark system for new simulation method developing. The result indicates that the new parallel tempering method is more efficient to estimate statistical quantities (i.e., to sample the conformational space) than the normal parallel tempering, specially in phase-coexisting regions of larger systems.

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31

He, Zhiyang, Pei Wang, Gongmei Liu, Jie Liu e Shenghua Zhang. "The Phase Transformation in a Low-Carbon 13Cr4Ni Martensitic Stainless Steel during Two-Stage Intercritical Tempering". Metals 13, n. 7 (20 luglio 2023): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13071302.

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Abstract (sommario):

The microstructure evolution of a low-carbon 13Cr4Ni martensitic stainless steel during two-stage intercritical tempering at 630 °C and 590 °C has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermodilatometry, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the amount and size of reversed austenite increase remarkably after second-stage tempering at 590 °C. However, there is no remarkable variation in the chemical composition and nucleation site of the reversed austenite during the first- and second-stage tempering. The dynamics of the phase transformation and elements distribution imply that the martensite-to-austenite phase transformation during second-stage tempering is controlled by diffusion. The unstable austenite transformation into martensite during the cooling process of the first-stage tempering induces high density dislocations and inhomogeneous element distribution, which facilitate the nucleation and growth of the reversed austenite in the second-stage intercritical tempering. Additionally, some lathy reversed austenite spheroidizes to granular during second-stage tempering.

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32

Mantzoukas, John, Dimitris G. Papageorgiou, Carmen Medrea e Constantinos Stergiou. "Hardness behavior of W. Nr. 1.7709 steel, oil quenched and tempered between 475°C and 575°C". MATEC Web of Conferences 349 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134902005.

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Abstract (sommario):

Steel components frequently involve a heat treatment to improve mechanical properties. In order to meet difficult working conditions, several components are hardened by quenching. W. Nr. 1.7709 is a representative structural steel with very low thermal conductivity among EN wrought alloy steels, which is extensively used after hardening and tempering. Although the steelmakers provide technical information about their heat treatment sequence, the tempering diagram of the specific grade has not been designed yet. The present paper analyses the temper resistance of the specific steel after oil quenching and tempering at high temperatures. Samples of identical chemical compositions were accordingly prepared and randomized. Five groups of ten specimens were austenitized at 960°C, hold for 30 minutes and were quenched in oil. They were tempered for two hours at different temperatures between 475°C and 575°C. Specific temperatures are interesting to the heat treaters, as they could allow certain transformations which take place during tempering. Hardness measurements were carried out and statistically processed. The tempering diagram was plotted to the specified temperature range. The influence of tempering temperature on steel hardness was analysed and the resistance to tempering back of the steel was discussed. The tempering diagram is critical for metallurgists as it represents a guide to define the proper tempering parameters so that the hardness predicted according to the mechanical property requirements are obtained.

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33

Krawczyk, Jakub, Paweł Widomski e Marcin Kaszuba. "Advanced Complex Analysis of the Thermal Softening of Nitrided Layers in Tools during Hot Die Forging". Materials 14, n. 2 (13 gennaio 2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020355.

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Abstract (sommario):

This article is devoted to the issues of thermal softening of materials in the surface layer of forging tools. The research covers numerical modeling of the forging process, laboratory tests of tempering of nitrided layers, and the analysis of tempering of the surface layer of tools in the actual forging process. Numerical modeling was supported by measuring the temperature inside the tools with a thermocouple inserted into the tool to measure the temperature as close to the surface as possible. The modeling results confirmed the possibility of tempering the die material. The results of laboratory tests made it possible to determine the influence of temperature on tempering at different surface layer depths. Numerical analysis and measurement of surface layer microhardness of tools revealed the destructive effect of temperature during forging on the tempering of the nitrided layer and on the material layers located deeper below the nitrided layer. The results have shown that in the hot forging processes carried out in accordance with the adopted technology, the surface layer of working tools is overheated locally to a temperature above 600 °C and tempering occurs. Moreover, overheating effects are visible, because the surface layer is tempered to a depth of 0.3 mm. Finally, such tempering processes lead to a decrease in the die hardness, which causes accelerated wear because of the abrasion and plastic deformation. The nitriding does not protect against the tempering phenomenon, but only delays the material softening process, because tempering occurs in the nitrided layer and in the layers deeper under the nitrided layer. Below the nitrided layer, tempering occurs relatively quickly and a soft layer is formed with a hardness below 400 HV.

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34

Han, Rong, Jialing He, Yixuan Chen, Feng Li, Hu Shi e Yang Jiao. "Effects of Radio Frequency Tempering on the Temperature Distribution and Physiochemical Properties of Salmon (Salmo salar)". Foods 11, n. 6 (21 marzo 2022): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11060893.

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Abstract (sommario):

Salmon (Salmo salar) is a precious fish with high nutritional value, which is perishable when subjected to improper tempering processes before consumption. In traditional air and water tempering, the medium temperature of 10 °C is commonly used to guarantee a reasonable tempering time and product quality. Radio frequency tempering (RT) is a dielectric heating method, which has the advantage of uniform heating to ensure meat quality. The effects of radio frequency tempering (RT, 40.68 MHz, 400 W), water tempering (WT + 10 °C, 10 ± 0.5 °C), and air tempering (AT + 10 °C, 10 ± 1 °C) on the physiochemical properties of salmon fillets were investigated in this study. The quality of salmon fillets was evaluated in terms of drip loss, cooking loss, color, water migration and texture properties. Results showed that all tempering methods affected salmon fillet quality. The tempering times of WT + 10 °C and AT + 10 °C were 3.0 and 12.8 times longer than that of RT, respectively. AT + 10 °C produced the most uniform temperature distribution, followed by WT + 10 °C and RT. The amount of immobile water shifting to free water after WT + 10 °C was higher than that of RT and AT + 10 °C, which was in consistent with the drip and cooking loss. The spaces between the intercellular fibers increased significantly after WT + 10 °C compared to those of RT and AT + 10 °C. The results demonstrated that RT was an alternative novel salmon tempering method, which was fast and relatively uniform with a high quality retention rate. It could be applied to frozen salmon fillets after receiving from overseas catches, which need temperature elevation for further cutting or consumption.

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35

Sakai, Yuji, e Koji Hukushima. "Irreversible Simulated Tempering". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 85, n. 10 (15 ottobre 2016): 104002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.85.104002.

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36

Balasubramani, Anand. "Tempering lymphocyte activation". Science 369, n. 6501 (16 luglio 2020): 264.23–266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.369.6501.264-w.

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37

Faller, Roland, Qiliang Yan e Juan J. de Pablo. "Multicanonical parallel tempering". Journal of Chemical Physics 116, n. 13 (aprile 2002): 5419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1456504.

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38

Lawson, Victoria H., e Jonathan Baets. "Tempering our metrics". Neurology 94, n. 9 (10 febbraio 2020): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009028.

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39

Rosiński, Jan. "Tempering stable processes". Stochastic Processes and their Applications 117, n. 6 (giugno 2007): 677–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2006.10.003.

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40

Welch, Thomas R. "Tempering temper tantrums". Journal of Pediatrics 152, n. 1 (gennaio 2008): A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.11.017.

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41

Denschlag, Robert, Martin Lingenheil, Paul Tavan e Gerald Mathias. "Simulated Solute Tempering". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 5, n. 10 (24 agosto 2009): 2847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct900274n.

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42

Li, Yaohang, Vladimir A. Protopopescu e Andrey Gorin. "Accelerated simulated tempering". Physics Letters A 328, n. 4-5 (agosto 2004): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2004.05.067.

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43

Carzolio, Marcos, e Scotland Leman. "Weighted particle tempering". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 114 (ottobre 2017): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2017.04.005.

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44

Ponsford, David. "Tempering Bach's temperament". Early Music 33, n. 3 (1 agosto 2005): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cah133.

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45

Jencka, Daniel. "Tempering Bach's temperament". Early Music 33, n. 3 (1 agosto 2005): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cah134.

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46

Maunder, Richard. "Tempering Bach's temperament". Early Music 33, n. 3 (1 agosto 2005): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cah135.

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47

Sloan, Carl. "Tempering Bach's temperament". Early Music 33, n. 3 (1 agosto 2005): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cah136.

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48

Lindley, Mark. "Tempering Bach's temperament". Early Music 33, n. 3 (1 agosto 2005): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cah137.

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49

Mobbs, Kenneth, e Alexander Mackenzie of Ord. "Tempering Bach's temperament". Early Music 33, n. 3 (1 agosto 2005): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cah138.

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50

Isacoff, Stuart. "Tempering Bach's temperament". Early Music 33, n. 3 (1 agosto 2005): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cah143.

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