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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Th2"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 luglio 2025

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1

Ohta, Nobuo, Shigeru Fukase, Takeo Fuse, and Masaru Aoyagi. "Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells and Tc1 and Tc2 CD8+ T cells of patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 116, no. 8 (2002): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/00222150260171597.

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A Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance with a predominance of Th1 cytokines has been suggested to be of pathogenic importance in Wegener’s granulomatosis. To evaluate the role of Th1/Th2 cytokines in Wegener’s granulomatosis, the subsets of Th1, Th2, Tc1 and Tc2 cells from patients with active Wegener’s granulomatosis were examined by intracellular cytokine flow cytometry. The population of Tc1 cells (72.0 ± 14.4 per cent) in Wegener’s granulomatosis was significantly increased compared with Tc1 cells (37.3 ± 14.6 per cent) in control (p<0.05). Th1, Th2 and Tc2 cells in Wegener’s granulomatosis were

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2

Gajewski, T. F., D. W. Lancki, R. Stack, and F. W. Fitch. ""Anergy" of TH0 helper T lymphocytes induces downregulation of TH1 characteristics and a transition to a TH2-like phenotype." Journal of Experimental Medicine 179, no. 2 (1994): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.179.2.481.

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Mature CD4+ helper T lymphocytes have been categorized into two major functional phenotypes, TH1 and TH2, which produce distinct arrays of lymphokines and which are thought to arise from a pluripotential precursor cell termed TH0. Clonal anergy can be induced in TH1 clones by stimulating via the T cell receptor (TCR) complex in the absence of a costimulator molecule; however, anergy has been difficult to demonstrate in TH2 clones. We show here that treatment of cloned TH0 lines with anergizing stimuli results in the selective loss of TH1 characteristics and retention of a TH2 phenotype. Treate

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3

Singh, Rana A. K., Ying C. Q. Zang, Anju Shrivastava, et al. "Th1 and Th2 Deviation of Myelin-Autoreactive T Cells by Altered Peptide Ligands Is Associated with Reciprocal Regulation of Lck, Fyn, and ZAP-70." Journal of Immunology 163, no. 12 (1999): 6393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6393.

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Abstract Th0 clones recognizing an immunodominant peptide of myelin basic protein (residues 83–99) were derived from patients with multiple sclerosis. We demonstrate that analogue peptides with alanine substitution at Val86 and His88 had a unique partial agonistic property in inducing Th0 →Th1 and Th0 →Th2 deviation of the myelin basic protein-reactive T cell clones, respectively. Th0 to Th1 deviation induced by peptide 86V→A correlated with up-regulation of Fyn and ZAP-70 kinase activities. Conversely, Th0 to Th2 deviation induced by peptide 88H→A was associated with complete failure to activ

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4

Miner, Kent T., та Michael Croft. "Generation, Persistence, and Modulation of Th0 Effector Cells: Role of Autocrine IL-4 and IFN-γ". Journal of Immunology 160, № 11 (1998): 5280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5280.

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Abstract Many studies have classified CD4 responses into either Th1-like or Th2-like, based on cytokine secretion profiles, but little significance has been placed on Th0 cells. This has largely resulted from studies that suggested that Th0 populations primarily comprise individual Th1 and Th2 cells. Here, we show that priming of Ag-specific naive CD4 cells with moderate dose IL-4 generates a Th0 population that is evident after 3 days in vitro and becomes prevalent after successive encounters with Ag over a 9-day period. By intracellular cytokine staining, the majority (&gt;60%) of effect

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5

Groux, H., T. Sornasse, F. Cottrez, et al. "Induction of human T helper cell type 1 differentiation results in loss of IFN-gamma receptor beta-chain expression." Journal of Immunology 158, no. 12 (1997): 5627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.158.12.5627.

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Abstract Differential expression of cytokine receptors accounts for an important regulatory mechanism in differentiation of Th1/Th2 subsets. Here, we report that human Th0 and Th2 clones constitutively express transcripts for the IFN-gammaR beta-chain, whereas mRNA for this signaling component of the IFN-gamma receptor is absent in Th1 clones. Activation of T cell clones, however, resulted in a transient induction or enhancement of IFN-gammaR beta-chain mRNA expression in Th1 clones and Th0/Th2 clones, respectively. IL-12-mediated Th1 cell differentiation of naive CD4+, CD45RA+ cord blood T ce

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6

Mouzaki, Athanasia, Maria Theodoropoulou, Ioannis Gianakopoulos, Vassiliki Vlaha, Maria-Christina Kyrtsonis, and Alice Maniatis. "Expression patterns of Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) at presentation and their modulation by intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIg) treatment: their role in prognosis." Blood 100, no. 5 (2002): 1774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v100.5.1774.h81702001774_1774_1779.

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Childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) resolves usually after the first episode, although it may recur, and in 10% to 20% of patients develops into a chronic disorder. Evidence of the immunoregulatory role of Th1/Th2 responses in autoimmune diseases prompted us to perform a prospective study of Th1/Th2 gene expression profiles and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) plasma levels in 18 children (median age, 6.4 years) with acute ITP, before and after intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIg) infusion, and during a follow-up period (0.5-5 years). Initially, 12 of 18 patients had either

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7

Jeannin, P., Y. Delneste, M. Seveso, P. Life, and J. Y. Bonnefoy. "IL-12 synergizes with IL-2 and other stimuli in inducing IL-10 production by human T cells." Journal of Immunology 156, no. 9 (1996): 3159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.156.9.3159.

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Abstract IL-12, a potent inducer of IFN-gamma production by T cells and NK cells, has been recently reported to exacerbate an established Th2 response in vivo. However, the effect of IL-12 on Th2-lymphokine production remains unclear. Since IL-10 is a lymphokine associated with Th2 responses which decreases both IL-12-induced IFN-gamma production and IL-12 production by macrophages, we have analyzed here, in an APC-free system, the ability of IL-12 to modulate the production of human IL-10 by established Th0, Th1, and Th2 T cell clones (TCC), T cell lines, and purified peripheral blood T cells

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8

Aarvak, Tanja, Martine Chabaud, Pierre Miossec, and Jacob B. Natvig. "IL-17 Is Produced by Some Proinflammatory Th1/Th0 Cells But Not by Th2 Cells." Journal of Immunology 162, no. 3 (1999): 1246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1246.

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Abstract IL-17 is defined as a proinflammatory cytokine and produced by activated CD4+ T cells. In rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue, high levels of IL-17 contribute to IL-6 production by synoviocytes. The present study was performed to see whether Th cells that produce IL-17 are associated with the Th1, Th2, or Th0 subset. Thirty-three CD4+, αβ+ T cell clones were developed from synovial membranes and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Thirteen clones were defined as Th1 since they produced IFN-γ but not IL-4, and four clones were defined as Th0 type that produced both IL-4 a

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9

Hamann, D., C. M. Hilkens, J. L. Grogan, et al. "CD30 expression does not discriminate between human Th1- and Th2-type T cells." Journal of Immunology 156, no. 4 (1996): 1387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.156.4.1387.

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Abstract CD30 is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily that is commonly used as a marker for Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease. More recently, it has been proposed that CD30 is preferentially up-regulated on Th2-type human T cells. We analyzed regulation of CD30 expression on both peripheral blood T cells and T cell clones. In short-term culture, CD30 expression could be induced on T cells by Ags that elicit Th2-type responses (Schistosoma haematobium, adult worm Ag, and Toxocaria canis, excretory/secretory Ag) and Th0-type responses (tetanus toxoid), as well as Th1-type

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10

Ye, Jing, Yuan Wang, Zhen Wang, et al. "Circulating Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and Treg Levels in Aortic Dissection Patients." Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (September 6, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5697149.

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Background. Previous studies demonstrated that the subsets of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells are closely related to vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and hypertension. This study is aimed at investigating the circulating Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and Treg levels in aortic dissection (AD) patients. Methods. Blood samples from AD (n=56) and non-AD (NAD, n=24) patients were collected, and the circulating levels of Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and Treg cells and their transcription factors and functional cytokines were measured by flow cytometric analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reactio

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11

Rasheed, Mustafa N., Bharath Sreekumar, Sol C. Moon, Michael Duane Powell, Kaitlin Read, and Kenneth J. Oestreich. "Novel roles for the Ikaros zinc finger transcription factor Eos in regulating TH2 differentiation." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (2019): 124.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.124.6.

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Abstract CD4+ T cells differentiate in response to specific cytokine environments that induce the activation of STAT transcription factors and, ultimately, cell-specific gene profiles. The differentiation of TH2 cells requires the cytokines IL-4 and IL-2, which signal via the activation of STAT6 and STAT5, respectively. Interestingly, signaling via the IL-2/STAT5 axis is also required for the differentiation of the TH1 cell type. Our lab recently found that IL-2 signaling induces expression of the Ikaros Zinc Finger (IkZF) transcription factor Eos (Ikzf4) in TH1 cells, and that Eos positively

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12

Vicenzi, Elisa, Paola Panina Bordignon, Priscilla Biswas, et al. "Envelope-Dependent Restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Spreading in CD4+ T Lymphocytes: R5 but Not X4 Viruses Replicate in the Absence of T-Cell Receptor Restimulation." Journal of Virology 73, no. 9 (1999): 7515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.9.7515-7523.1999.

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ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicates in activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. However, only CD4+ Th2 and Th0, but not Th1, CD4+ T-cell clones have been reported to efficiently support HIV-1 replication. This dichotomous pattern was further investigated in the present study in Th1, Th2, or Th0 cell lines derived from umbilical human cord blood and in T-cell clones obtained from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy adults. Both primary and laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains with CCR5 as the exclusive entry coreceptor (R5 viruses) efficiently replicated in Th1, Th2

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13

Kasatskaya, Sofya A., Kristin Ladell, Evgeny S. Egorov, David A. Price, and Dmitriy Chudakov. "T cell receptor repertoire features display universal rules for selection and plasticity in the functional CD4 T cell subsets." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (2020): 230.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.230.9.

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Abstract Helper T cell choice of functional subset may depend on the mode and strength of T cell receptor interaction with peptide-MHC complex on antigen presenting cells. However, the extent, complexity, and homogeneity of this influence of TCR structure on the selection into a functional subset, as well as further stability of acquired clonal programs remain poorly studied. Here we present the first analysis of deep sequenced T-cell receptor repertoires of the eight effector CD4 T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th2a, Th17, Th1-17, Th22, Treg, and Tfh) from peripheral blood of 5 healthy donors, reve

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14

Wen, Li, Domingo F. Barber, William Pao, F. Susan Wong, Michael J. Owen та Adrian Hayday. "Primary γδ Cell Clones Can Be Defined Phenotypically and Functionally as Th1/Th2 Cells and Illustrate the Association of CD4 with Th2 Differentiation". Journal of Immunology 160, № 4 (1998): 1965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1965.

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Abstract The division of CD4+ αβ T cells into Th1 and Th2 subsets has become an established and important paradigm. The respective activities of these subsets appear to have profound effects on the course of infectious and autoimmune diseases. It is believed that specific programs of differentiation induce the commitment of an uncommitted Th0 precursor cell to Th1 or Th2. A component of these programs is hypothesized to be the nature of MHC-peptide antigen presentation to the αβ T cell. It has heretofore remained uncertain whether a Th1/Th2 classification likewise defines, at the clonal level,

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15

Desmedt, Marjory, Pieter Rottiers, Hans Dooms, Walter Fiers, and Johan Grooten. "Macrophages Induce Cellular Immunity by Activating Th1 Cell Responses and Suppressing Th2 Cell Responses." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 11 (1998): 5300–5308. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5300.

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Abstract Differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells (Th0) into Th1 or Th2 cells determines whether antigen will raise a cellular or a humoral immune response. The maturation pathway chosen by the Th0 cell is often decisive for the outcome of disease and depends among others on the (co-)stimulatory attributes of the APC and the nature and abundance of cytokines provided by the APC and the microenvironment. In this study, we used macrophages, loaded ex vivo with antigen, for inciting Th0 activation and differentiation in vivo. The macrophages were derived from a clonal, immortalized population that b

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16

Romagnani, Sergio. "Th1/Th2 Cells." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 5, no. 4 (1999): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00054725-199911000-00009.

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17

Romagnani, Sergio. "Th1/Th2 cells." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 5, no. 4 (2007): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ibd.3780050410.

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18

Dhib-Jalbut, S., M. Chen, K. Henschel, D. Ford, K. Costello, and H. Panitch. "Effect of combined IFNb-1a and glatiramer acetate therapy on GA-specific T-cell responses in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 8, no. 6 (2002): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458502ms862oa.

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The combined treatment with interferon (IFN) and glatiramer acetate (GA) is of current interest in multiple sclerosis (MS). The therapeutic effect of GA in MS is believed to be mediated by GA-specific Th2 cells. IFN has a significant anti-proliferative effect on GA-induced lymphoproliferation in vitro. Therefore, we examined the possibility that IFN may interfere with the generation and phenotype of GA T-cell responses in MS patients receiving combined therapy. Sixty-six GA-specific T-cell lines (TCL) were generated ex vivo from five MS patients enrolled in an open-label clinical trial of comb

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19

Webb, LM, and M. Feldmann. "Critical role of CD28/B7 costimulation in the development of human Th2 cytokine-producing cells." Blood 86, no. 9 (1995): 3479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v86.9.3479.bloodjournal8693479.

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CD28 is a major costimulatory signal receptor for T cells. We have used human naive CD4+ cells from cord blood to analyze the effect of the CD28/B7 costimulatory pathway on development of T helper (Th) subsets. We show that CD28 costimulation is critical for development of the Th2 cytokine-producing cells and that in the absence of CD28 costimulation, cells are not primed to produce Th2 cytokines and consequently “default” to the Th1 subset, independent of the presence of exogenous cytokines. After CD28 costimulation, cells differentiate into a subset that produces Th2 cytokines. However, furt

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20

Young, H. A., P. Ghosh, J. Ye, et al. "Differentiation of the T helper phenotypes by analysis of the methylation state of the IFN-gamma gene." Journal of Immunology 153, no. 8 (1994): 3603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.153.8.3603.

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Abstract Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell clones have been defined by their ability to produce different lymphokines. However, the processes by which CD4+ T cells differentially regulate lymphokine gene expression have not been well defined. In this report, we demonstrate that the methylation status of a CpG dinucleotide contained within a TATA proximal regulatory element of the IFN-gamma promoter correlates with the transcription of the gene. In murine Th1 clones and two human CD4+ Th0 clones, this site is either completely or partially hypomethylated, whereas in murine Th2 clones this site is &gt

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21

DE ALMEIDA, MARCOS C., and HELMAR N. MOREIRA. "A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS." Journal of Biological Systems 15, no. 03 (2007): 313–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339007002209.

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The TH1/TH2 paradigm has been largely used in the interpretation of several diseases, particularly in leishmaniasis. As far as we know there is no mathematical description of this model related to leishmaniasis. We have extended and modified a previous published set of equations1in order to adapt it to leishmanial disease particularities. The main modifications were: (1) the analysis of logistic and exponential parasite growth curves, (2) the assumption of the TH2 arm of the immune response having a positive action on parasite growth. The set of three simultaneous differential equations descri

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22

Müller, Kerstin, Susanne Bischof, Frank Sommer, Michael Lohoff, Werner Solbach та Tamás Laskay. "Differential Production of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1γ (MIP-1γ), Lymphotactin, and MIP-2 by CD4+ Th Subsets Polarized In Vitro and In Vivo". Infection and Immunity 71, № 11 (2003): 6178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.11.6178-6183.2003.

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ABSTRACT Due to differential expression of chemokine receptors, the Th1 and Th2 subsets of CD4+ T cells differ in their migratory responses to chemokines. These differences in the migration patterns are likely to play a role in the initiation and regulation of Th1 and Th2 immune responses, inflammatory processes, and T-cell-mediated pathology. In the present study we evaluated the role of activated Th cells as producers of chemokines. Three different sources of murine Th cells were used, i.e., long-term-cultured Th1 and Th2 cell clones, Th1 and Th2 cells differentiated from naïve CD4+ spleen

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23

Piccinni, M. P., E. Maggi, and S. Romagnani. "Role of hormone-controlled T-cell cytokines in the maintenance of pregnancy." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 2 (2000): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280212.

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Human CD4 T helper lymphocytes can be subdivided into at least three distinct functional subsets on the basis of their cytokine secretion profiles. One type of CD4+ lymphocyte, T helper 1 (Th1), produces interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor β, a second type (Th2) produces interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 and a third type (Th0) produces both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The apparent paradox that embryos are not rejected by the maternal immune system despite the presence of paternal MHC histocompatibility antigens has been explained in mice by a Th2 switch at the level of the materno-fetal interfa

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Lederer, J. A., J. S. Liou, M. D. Todd, L. H. Glimcher, and A. H. Lichtman. "Regulation of cytokine gene expression in T helper cell subsets." Journal of Immunology 152, no. 1 (1994): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.152.1.77.

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Abstract We have examined the transcriptional regulation of the Th1-specific IL-2 gene and the Th2-specific IL-4 gene by transient transfection of promoter-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) constructs into T cell clones and by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Transfection of the Th2 clone D10.G4 with IL-4 promoter-CAT constructs demonstrated anti-CD3 inducible IL-4 promoter activity. In contrast, CAT constructs containing murine IL-2 promoter sequences were not inducible in D10.G4 cells. Transfection analyses in the Th1 clone D1.1 demonstrated inducible IL-2 promoter activity but

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Lee, Young-Cheol. "Synergistic Effect of Various Regulatory Factors in Th1/Th2 Balance; Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Asthma." International Journal of Biomedical Science 4, no. 1 (2008): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.59566/ijbs.2008.4008.

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The immune balance controlled by T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) is crucial for immunoregulation and its imbalance causes various immune diseases including allergic asthma. Therefore, diagnosis of Th1/Th2 balance in autoimmune diseases including asthma is essential for the application of immune balance regulating drugs. Th1/Th2 balance is not only controlled by Th1 cells and Th2 cells, but also by various regulatory factors including regulatory T cells, sexual factor, chemokines, transcription factors, signal transduction pathway (STAT6) etc. From that point of view, conception of "Th1/T

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Sornasse, T., P. V. Larenas, K. A. Davis, J. E. de Vries, and H. Yssel. "Differentiation and stability of T helper 1 and 2 cells derived from naive human neonatal CD4+ T cells, analyzed at the single-cell level." Journal of Experimental Medicine 184, no. 2 (1996): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.2.473.

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The development of CD4+ T helper (Th) type 1 and 2 cells is essential for the eradication of pathogens, but can also be responsible for various pathological disorders. Therefore, modulation of Th cell differentiation may have clinical utility in the treatment of human disease. Here, we show that interleukin (IL) 12 and IL-4 directly induce human neonatal CD4- T cells, activated via CD3 and CD28, to differentiate into Th1 and Th2 subsets. In contrast, IL-13, which shares many biological activities with IL-4, failed to induce T cell differentiation, consistent with the observation that human T c

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Li, Zaixi. "The Specific Mechanism of Th1Th2 Balance in Tumor Immunity." Transactions on Materials, Biotechnology and Life Sciences 7 (December 24, 2024): 383–88. https://doi.org/10.62051/8tncs445.

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With the development of modern science, tumor immune microenvironment (TME) has become the mainstream of research. There are many related studies on Th1/Th2, so it is important to bring together such studies. At present, the research on Th1/Th2 mainly focuses on the following aspects: the mechanism of Th1/Th2 cells in TME, the inhibitory effect of Th1 cells in tumor tissues, and the related therapies for Th1/Th2 cell balance. However, there are few studies that summarize the above research directions. In this paper, the interaction between Th1 and Th2 was elaborated and found that Th2 interfer

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Saito, S., N. Tsukaguchi, T. Hasegawa, T. Michimata, H. Tsuda, and N. Narita. "Distribution of Th1, Th2, and Th0 and the Th1/Th2 Cell Ratios in Human Peripheral and Endometrial T Cells." American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 42, no. 4 (1999): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00097.x.

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Adair, Patrick, Yongchan Kim, Kathleen Pratt, and David Scott. "Engineered FVIII-specific human CD4 T cells: does TCR avidity modulate T-helper phenotypes? (IRC7P.425)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (2015): 128.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.128.6.

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Abstract We recently demonstrated that expanded human CD4 T cells can be transduced to express TCRs specific for a given epitope. These cells proliferate and secrete cytokines in response to their cognate peptide/MHC. Herein, we examined whether TCR- transduced cells could be skewed to different T-helper subsets, or alternatively if previously skewed T cells could be modulated after transduction. Two HLA DR1-restricted TCRs were cloned from Th2 and Th17/Th1-type CD4+ T-cell clones specific for a coagulation factor VIII peptide (pC2). Engineered CD4+ T cells expressing these TCRs exhibited diff

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Yoshino, S., H. Hayashp, S. Taneda, H. Takano, M. Sagai, and Y. Mori. "Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particle Extracts on TH1 and TH2 Immune Responses in Mice." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 15, no. 1 (2002): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463200201500102.

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The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of extracts of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In order to separate compounds from DEP different in hydrophobicity, a single DEP sample was consecutively extracted with hexane (HEX-DEP), benzene (BEN-DEP), dichloromethane (DIC-DEP), methanol (MET-DEP), and 1M ammonia (AMM-DEP). The last unextracted residue (UNE-DEP) was also used to test its effect on immune responses. To immunize mice, hen egg lysozyme (HEL) was injected i.p. (day 0). Varying doses of DEP, each DEP extract, and UNE-DEP were intranasall

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Lafaille, Juan J., Fabienne Van de Keere, Albert L. Hsu, et al. "Myelin Basic Protein–specific T Helper 2 (Th2) Cells Cause Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Immunodeficient Hosts Rather than Protect Them from the Disease." Journal of Experimental Medicine 186, no. 2 (1997): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.186.2.307.

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Chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis are caused by CD4+ Th1 cells. Because Th2 cells antagonize Th1 cell functions in several ways, it is believed that immune deviation towards Th2 can prevent or cure autoimmune diseases. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a demyelinating disease used as a model for multiple sclerosis. Using an adoptive transfer system we assessed the role of Th1 and Th2 cells in EAE. In vitro generated Th1 and Th2 cells from myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific TCR transgenic mice were transferr

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Hokello, Joseph, Kratika Tyagi, Richard Oriko Owor, et al. "New Insights into HIV Life Cycle, Th1/Th2 Shift during HIV Infection and Preferential Virus Infection of Th2 Cells: Implications of Early HIV Treatment Initiation and Care." Life 14, no. 1 (2024): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14010104.

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The theory of immune regulation involves a homeostatic balance between T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) responses. The Th1 and Th2 theories were introduced in 1986 as a result of studies in mice, whereby T-helper cell subsets were found to direct different immune response pathways. Subsequently, this hypothesis was extended to human immunity, with Th1 cells mediating cellular immunity to fight intracellular pathogens, while Th2 cells mediated humoral immunity to fight extracellular pathogens. Several disease conditions were later found to tilt the balance between Th1 and Th2 immune respon

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Adkins, Becky, Yurong Bu, Vladimir Vincek, and Patricia Guevara. "The Primary Responses of Murine Neonatal Lymph Node CD4+Cells are Th2-skewed and are Sufficient for the Development of Th2-biased Memory." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 10, no. 1 (2003): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10446670310001598474.

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Abstract (sommario):

Exposure of neonatal mice to antigen often results in Th2-biased responses in later life. Examples of this Th2 tendency are (a) secondary antibody responses dominated by the Th2-associated IgG1 isotype and (b) Th2-mediated tolerance to alloantigens. We previously reported that neonates develop primary Th1 and Th2 function in the lymph nodes but exclusive Th2 primary splenic responses. Here, we have tested whether the Th2 bias of adults initially immunized as neonates is due to the early, primary Th2 polarization in the spleen. Surprisingly, removal of the spleen at birth had no affect on eithe

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Nishimura, Takashi, Kenji Iwakabe, Masashi Sekimoto, et al. "Distinct Role of Antigen-Specific T Helper Type 1 (Th1) and Th2 Cells in Tumor Eradication in Vivo." Journal of Experimental Medicine 190, no. 5 (1999): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.5.617.

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Abstract (sommario):

The role of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells in tumor immunity was investigated using Th cells induced from ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice. Although Th1 cells exhibited stronger cytotoxicity than Th2 cells, both cell types completely eradicated tumors when transferred into mice bearing A20 tumor cells transfected with the OVA gene (A20-OVA). Th1 cells eradicated the tumor mass by inducing cellular immunity, whereas Th2 cells destroyed the tumor by inducing tumor necrosis. Both Th1 and Th2 cells required CD8+ T cells to eliminate tumors, and neither of these cells w

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Lohoff, M. "Das Th1/Th2-Konzept." Allergologie 25, no. 07 (2002): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/alp25398.

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Stevens, David A. "Th1/Th2 in aspergillosis." Medical Mycology 44, s1 (2006): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13693780600760773.

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Dechene, Lucy. "TH1/TH2 immune response." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 110, no. 3 (2002): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.127436.

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Romagnani, Sergio. "The Th1/Th2 paradigm." Immunology Today 18, no. 6 (1997): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5699(97)80019-9.

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Romagnani, S., M. Kapsenberg, A. Radbruch, and L. Adorini. "Th1 and Th2 cells." Research in Immunology 149, no. 9 (1998): 871–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-2494(99)80016-9.

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Dong, Chen, and Richard A. Flavell. "Th1 and Th2 cells." Current Opinion in Hematology 8, no. 1 (2001): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00062752-200101000-00009.

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Fishman, Michael A., and Alan S. Perelson. "Th1/Th2 Cross Regulation." Journal of Theoretical Biology 170, no. 1 (1994): 25–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1994.1166.

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42

Besser, Michal, and Rudolf Wank. "Cutting Edge: Clonally Restricted Production of the Neurotrophins Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurotrophin-3 mRNA by Human Immune Cells and Th1/Th2-Polarized Expression of Their Receptors." Journal of Immunology 162, no. 11 (1999): 6303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6303.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Neurotrophins, such as neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are potent regulators of neuronal functions. Here we show that human immune cells also produce NT-3 mRNA, secrete BDNF, and express their specific receptors trkB and trkC. The truncated trkB receptor, usually expressed in sensory neurons of the central nervous system, was also constitutively expressed in unstimulated Th cells. Full-length trkB was detectable in stimulated PBMC, B cell lines, and Th1, but not in Th2 and Th0 cell clones. Clonally restricted expression was also observed for trkC, u

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Mariotti, Jacopo, Jason Foley, Kaitlyn Ryan, et al. "Graft rejection as a Th1-type process amenable to regulation by donor Th2-type cells through an interleukin-4/STAT6 pathway." Blood 112, no. 12 (2008): 4765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-05-154278.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Graft rejection has been defined as the mirror image of graft-versus-host disease, which is biologically characterized primarily as a Th1-type process. As such, we reasoned that graft rejection would represent a Th1 response amenable to Th2 modulation. Indeed, adoptive transfer of host Th1-type cells mediated rejection of fully MHC-disparate murine bone marrow allografts more effectively than host Th2-type cells. Furthermore, STAT1-deficient host T cells did not differentiate into Th1-type cells in vivo and failed to mediate rejection. We next hypothesized that donor Th2 cell allograf

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He, Guangsheng, Xiuli Wang, De Pei Wu, Aining Sun, and Zhengming Jin. "Subsets and Function Changes of Th Cells in the Bone Marrow of Patients with Immune Related Pancytopenia." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 3762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3762.3762.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Objectives To explore the subsets and function of T helper (Th) in bone marrow of the patients with immune related pancytopenia(IRP). Methods The CD4+ cells producing IFN-γ or IL-4 in cytoplasm were defined as Th1 or Th2 cells respectively. All these cells in bone marrow were measured from 16 normal controls, 25 untreated IRP patients; The mRNA expressions of IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-2 genes in unstimulated bone marrow mononuclear cells(BMMNC)from 25 untreated IRP patients, 10 normal controls were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The perce

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Hawkins, Raymond A., Roger G. Rank, and Kathleen A. Kelly. "A Chlamydia trachomatis-Specific Th2 Clone Does Not Provide Protection against a Genital Infection and Displays Reduced Trafficking to the Infected Genital Mucosa." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 9 (2002): 5132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.9.5132-5139.2002.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACT A T helper type 1 (Th1) response is essential for resolving genital infections with the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis (MoPn). However, T-cell-dependent anti-chlamydial antibody is produced and may also contribute to protective immunity. We produced a MoPn-specific CD4 Th2 clone (Th2-MoPn) to study the role of a Th2 response during infection. We found that Th2-MoPn was unable to eradicate chlamydiae from the genital tract (GT) when it was transferred into MoPn-infected nude mice. Mice that received Th2-MoPn produced greater titers of MoPn-specific serum immunoglobul

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Del Prete, G., M. De Carli, F. Almerigogna, M. G. Giudizi, R. Biagiotti, and S. Romagnani. "Human IL-10 is produced by both type 1 helper (Th1) and type 2 helper (Th2) T cell clones and inhibits their antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production." Journal of Immunology 150, no. 2 (1993): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.150.2.353.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract IL-10 gene transcription and IL-10 protein production was assessed in both type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) CD4+ human T cell clones by polymerase chain reaction and ELISA, respectively. Although Th2 clones apparently showed higher IL-10 mRNA levels, IL-10 mRNA expression was consistently found in Th1 clones, as well. Likewise, measurable IL-10 levels were found in the supernatants of both Th1 and Th2 clones. The effect of human IL-10 (h-IL-10) and viral IL-10 (v-IL-10) on the proliferative response and cytokine production by Th1 and Th2 human clones was also investigated. Addition in cu

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Betz, M., and B. S. Fox. "Prostaglandin E2 inhibits production of Th1 lymphokines but not of Th2 lymphokines." Journal of Immunology 146, no. 1 (1991): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.146.1.108.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract PGE2 is known to inhibit IL-2 and IFN-gamma production from Th cells and is widely viewed as a general immunosuppressant. However, PGE2 was found not to inhibit IL-4 production from Th2 clones, and IL-5 production from these clones was slightly enhanced. The same results were obtained with short term T cell lines, which indicates that the lack of inhibition of IL-4 and IL-5 production by PGE2 is a general phenomenon. PGE2 functions by increasing cAMP levels through activation of adenylate cyclase. Despite its failure to inhibit lymphokine release, PGE2 was capable of increasing cAMP l

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48

Wang, Hongyou, Mei Chen, Jianbo Zhou, Yongfang Wang, and Lei Zhang. "Nano Gold-Related PCR in Detection of MiR-145 and Its Correlation with Th1/Th2 in Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 11, no. 6 (2021): 1153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2021.2671.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study aimed to study miR-145’s correlation with Th1/Th2 in premature rupture of fetal membranes (pPROM) with nanogold-related PCR. Sixty pregnant women with pPROM between January 2019 to December 2019 were selected as the treatment group, and another sixty healthy pregnant women at the stage were chosen as the control group. Blood samples were collected for the quantification of miR-145 and the Th1/Th2 ratio. The result showed that nanoPCR could detect miR-145 with higher sensitivity and specificity. Then, nanoPCR detected a decreased miR-145 in pPROM pregnant women. Immunofluorescence st

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49

Devadas, Satish, Jyoti Das, Catherine Liu, et al. "Granzyme B Is Critical for T-Cell Receptor Activation Induced Cell Death of Type 2 Helper T Cells (87.34)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (2007): S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.87.34.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Although CD95L is required for T cell receptor activation induced cell death (AICD) in T helper 1 (Th1) cells, the molecular mechanisms mediating AICD in Th2 cells are unknown. We found that death receptor medicated apoptosis was not involved in AICD of Th2 cells because blocking their cognate ligands with recombinant soluble receptors of specific antibodies had no effect on apoptosis of activated Th2 cells. Furthermore, we showed that the major caspases were not actively involved in AICD of Th2 cells. However, inhibition of granzyme B (Gzmb) specifically abolished AICD in Th2 cells b

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50

Khoruts, A., S. D. Miller, and M. K. Jenkins. "Neuroantigen-specific Th2 cells are inefficient suppressors of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by effector Th1 cells." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 10 (1995): 5011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.10.5011.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract We have identified a method of polarizing polyclonal populations of activated T helper cells toward either the Th1 or Th2 phenotype using different short-term in vitro culture conditions. Since the Ag used was an encephalitogenic peptide for SJL/J mice, the pathogenic potential of these cell populations was tested in an adoptive transfer model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Th1 cells reproducibly caused severe EAE, whereas highly polarized Th2 cells did not. Furthermore, highly polarized Th2 cells did not suppress EAE caused by Th1 cells. The anti-inflammatory cyt

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