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1
Obregón Alvarez, Dasiel, Belkis Corona-González, Alina Rodríguez-Mallón, Islay Rodríguez Gonzalez, Pastor Alfonso, Angel A. Noda Ramos, Adrian A. Díaz-Sánchez et al. "Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Cuba, Half a Century of Scientific Research". Pathogens 9, n. 8 (28 luglio 2020): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080616.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ticks and the vast array of pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. In Cuba, the major tropical island in the Caribbean, ticks are an important cause of vector-borne diseases affecting livestock production, pet animal health and, to a lesser extent, human health. The higher number of tick species in the country belong to the Argasidae family and, probably less known, is the presence of an autochthonous tick species in the island, Ixodes capromydis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affecting animal and human health in Cuba. The review covers research results including ecophysiology of ticks, the epidemiology of TBPs, and the diagnostic tools used currently in the country for the surveillance of TBPs. We also introduce the programs implemented in the country for tick control and the biotechnology research applied to the development of anti-tick vaccines.
2
Patodo, Gabriel B., M. J. Nangoy, G. V. J. Assa e A. Lomboan. "INFESTASI CAPLAK PADA SAPI DI DESA TOLOK KECAMATAN TOMPASO KABUPATEN MINAHASA". ZOOTEC 38, n. 2 (28 giugno 2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.38.2.2018.19911.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
INFESTATION OF TICKS ON CATTLE IN TOLOK VILLAGE TOMPASO DISTRICT, MINAHASA. The tick is one of the most commonly encountered ectoparasites on livestock and can degrade its quality and quantity significantly. Risks caused by tick infestation include local skin damage, anemia, paralysis due to toxins, and disease transmission. A research project on tick infestation was conducted for 1 (one) month in Tolok Village of the Minahasa District due to counted the prevalence of tick infestation on cattle, the preference of tick infestation based on body parts, sex and age. The research used the survey method, in which tick samples were collected during the day, preserved in a 70% alcohol solution, and then counted in the laboratory of Faculty of Animal Science, Sam Ratulangi University of Manado. The results showed that tick infestation on cattle in Tolok Village yielded 100% prevalence (all the cattle observed (n=53) were infested by ticks). Infestation preference based on body parts showed the highest on the crotch region (average 6,70 ticks) compared on the head ( average 1,75 ticks ), the neck (average 5,55 ticks), the back ( average 3,4 ticks), 4,44 ticks on the abdomen ( average 4,44 ticks), and the legs (1,11 ticks). Infestation preference based on sex showed the highest on female (32,05 ticks) compared on male (20,65 ticks). Finally, based on the cattles’ age, the infestation preference were a average of 27 ticks on calfs and 26,15 ticks on adult cattles. Higher infestation preference was found in calfs rather than adult cattle.Keywords: Infestation, Tick
3
Solovev, A. I., E. I. Bondarenko, D. I. Timofeev, A. I. Rakin e V. Yu Kravtsov. "Tticks collection of academician E.N. Pavlovsky and modern prospects of molecular genetic research". Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 21, n. 2 (15 dicembre 2019): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma25934.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
E.N. Pavlovsky is founder of doctrine about the natural foci diseases. The unique collection of ticks (Argasidae), which are highly specialized ectoparasites of terrestrial vertebrate animals. Part of the collection was formed during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1943) in Iran in the Trans-Iranian Route zone (Persian Corridor), one of the strategic directions for the delivery of American and British military aid to the Soviet Union. Currently, the richest collection of ticks is stored at the Department of Biology of the Military Medical Academy. C.M. Kirov, the permanent leader of which for over 40 years was E.N. Pavlovsky. The collection includes more than 15 thousand copies of arthropods. Among them are Ornithodorus papillitis, Ornithodorus tartakovsky, Ornithodorus lahorensis, Ornithodorus Verrucosus, Argas persicus, as well as some other carriers of human infectious diseases. The historical collection of ticks is considered as a unique resource for the study of infectious pathogens and their vectors using molecular genetic techniques. The preservation of genetic material in the museum samples of ticks was studied in order to determine the possibility of detecting in them deoxyribonucleotide markers of tick-borne pathogens (tick-borne infections).. Genetic markers of tick-borne infections were identified in 10 instances from of 48 ticks instances. The 8 samples were positive for the presence fragments of nucleic acids of tick-borne rickettsia (Rickettsia species). There were identified the genetic markers of causative agent Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.) in one of the samples. In addition, the deoxyribonucleic acid fragments specific to Q-fever (Coxiella burnetii) were discovered in one case. The obtained data testify to the high scientific significance of the E.N. Pavlovsky collection in modern conveniences. The unique biological material can be used to study the structure and evolution of the genome of ticks Argasidae, as well as etiology and the spread of tick-borne infections.
4
El Nabbout, Amal, Brittany J. Taylor, James Kho, Mandy Mitton e Tatiana Rossolimo. "The Correlation of Francisella tularensis on Size and Supercooling of Dermacentor variabilis". International Journal of Biology 10, n. 2 (4 marzo 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v10n2p15.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Overwintering tick survival is essential for the continuation of a tick’s lifecycle. Recent studies have found that infections with particular microorganisms can alter the physiology of ticks and, in some cases, increase their cold hardiness. To date, the influence of Francisella tularensis on Dermacentor variabilis (Say) has not been studied and thus the symbiosis between the two has been unknown. This study determined the infection rate of F. tularensis as well as examined the relationship between F. tularensis and the supercooling point (SCP) and size of D. variabilis of ticks from Nova Scotia, Canada. Local veterinarians provided adult ticks. The SCP of each tick was recorded using Logger Pro and infection status was found using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Of the 203 ticks tested, 9.8% were infected with F. tularensis. When the sexes were considered separately, 4% of males, 11.7% engorged females and 17.3% of non-engorged females were infected. Upon further analysis, a statistically significant difference was found between infected ticks and changes in thier SCPs, but there was no statistically significant difference between infected ticks and changes in size. This suggests that F. tularensis benefits D. variabilis by decreasing their SCPs, and thereby enhancing their overwintering capabilities. While other physiological influences of F. tularensis on D. variabilis remain unknown, the results from this study support previous research that bacterium species such as F. tularensis is able to influence the survivability of its tick host in the form of altering their freezing tolerance but does not affect the physical size of D. variabilis.
5
Konore, Jordan Ch, Agustinus Lomboan, Endang Pudjihastuti, Srimalasinha Sane e Meis Nangoy. "INFESTASI CAPLAK (Boophilus microplus) PADA TERNAK SAPI DI DESA PINABETENGAN KECAMATAN TOMPASO KABUPATEN MINAHASA". ZOOTEC 39, n. 2 (31 luglio 2019): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.39.2.2019.25700.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This research was conducted in Pinabetengan village to calculate the prevalence and preference of tick infestations in cattle in Pinabetengan Village, Tompaso District, Minahasa Regency. This study uses the Purposive Random Sampling method. 64 cattles were used as samples. Collecting ticks starts from the head, neck, back, groin, legs, and tail, then put in a bottle containing 70% alcohol based on the body parts of the animal. Based on the result research that 30 cattles were found to be infested of tick. Preferences of ticks on body parts of cattle show that at the groin is the most infestation of ticks. The tick infestation preference based on sex it turn out that female cattle are more often infested with tick. Based on the results and discussion it can be concluded that the cattle in the North Pinabetengan village infested with Boophilus microplus tick is 46.9%. Preference for tick infestation on the body parts that are most commonly found in the groin of cattle. Preference for tick infestation in female cattle is 4.38 ticks, while male cattle are 3.33 ticks.Keywords: Ticks, Infestations, Preference, Prevalence, Cow
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SAMISH, M., H. GINSBERG e I. GLAZER. "Biological control of ticks". Parasitology 129, S1 (ottobre 2004): S389—S403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004005219.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ticks have numerous natural enemies, but only a few species have been evaluated as tick biocontrol agents (BCAs). Some laboratory results suggest that several bacteria are pathogenic to ticks, but their mode of action and their potential value as biocontrol agents remain to be determined. The most promising entomopathogenic fungi appear to be Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, strains of which are already commercially available for the control of some pests. Development of effective formulations is critical for tick management. Entomopathogenic nematodes that are pathogenic to ticks can potentially control ticks, but improved formulations and selection of novel nematode strains are needed. Parasitoid wasps of the genus Ixodiphagus do not typically control ticks under natural conditions, but inundative releases show potential value. Most predators of ticks are generalists, with a limited potential for tick management (one possible exception is oxpeckers in Africa). Biological control is likely to play a substantial role in future IPM programmes for ticks because of the diversity of taxa that show high potential as tick BCAs. Considerable research is required to select appropriate strains, develop them as BCAs, establish their effectiveness, and devise production strategies to bring them to practical use.
7
Estrada-Peña, Agustín, Aitor Cevidanes, Hein Sprong e Javier Millán. "Pitfalls in Tick and Tick-Borne Pathogens Research, Some Recommendations and a Call for Data Sharing". Pathogens 10, n. 6 (7 giugno 2021): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060712.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An understanding of the relationships of ticks and tick-borne pathogens can only be achieved by integrating data from multiple studies. The publication of raw material is a necessary step for wide-area meta-analyses and study design, data collection and reporting require harmonization. This is an opinion paper, not a consensus position, and is open to debate. This work reflects our view about how data should be communicated in mainstream journals. We indicate rules that should be observed in recording weather data, to avoid serendipitous correlations between the density of ticks and climate variables and recommend the inclusion of raw data in reports. We stress the need for standardized methods to collect ticks that cannot be obtained by standard flagging. The reporting of infection rates of pathogens in ticks should avoid conclusions based on pure molecular findings in feeding ticks. Studies demonstrating the vectorial capacity of ticks should not be supported only by molecular surveys of feeding ticks. Vacuous conclusions about vectorial or reservoir status based solely on the finding of genomic material of a pathogen should be discouraged. We stress that phylogenetic studies based on random selection of sequences from GenBank are unsuitable. We firmly support the development of a dedicated server of curated sequences of ticks and pathogens as a standard for future studies.
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Osbrink, Weste L. A., Allan T. Showler, Veronica Abrigo e Adalberto A. Pérez de León. "Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Larvae Collected From Vegetation in the Coastal Wildlife Corridor of Southern Texas and Research Solutions for Integrated Eradication". Journal of Medical Entomology 57, n. 4 (23 gennaio 2020): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The potential for reinvasion of the United States by cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini), which remain established in Mexico, threatens the viability of the domestic livestock industry because these ticks vector the causal agents (Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina) of bovine babesiosis. The Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program safeguards the health of the national cattle herd preventing the reemergence of bovine babesiosis by keeping the United States free of cattle fever ticks. Here, the collection of free-living southern cattle tick, R. microplus, larvae by sweeping flannel flags over vegetation in the wildlife corridor of Cameron and Willacy Counties, TX, is reported. Finding R. microplus larvae on vegetation complements reports of infestations in wildlife hosts inhabiting the southern Texas coastal plains. Land uses and environmental conditions have changed since cattle fever ticks were eradicated from the United States by 1943. These changes complicate efforts by the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program to keep cattle in the United States free of the cattle fever tick disease vectors. Current scientific research on technologies that could be used for area-wide management of fever tick larvae in south Texas and how this could be applied to integrated eradication efforts are discussed.
9
KOCAN, K. M., J. DE LA FUENTE, E. F. BLOUIN e J. C. GARCIA-GARCIA. "Anaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host–pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia". Parasitology 129, S1 (ottobre 2004): S285—S300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003004700.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The tick-borne intracellular pathogenAnaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) develops persistent infections in cattle and tick hosts. While erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle,A. marginaleundergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via salivary glands during feeding. Many geographic isolates occur that vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. In this chapter we review recent research on the host–vector–pathogen interactions ofA. marginale. Major surface proteins (MSPs) play a crucial role in the interaction ofA. marginalewith host cells. The MSP1a protein, which is an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, is differentially regulated and affects infection and transmission ofA. marginalebyDermacentorspp. ticks. MSP2 undergoes antigenic variation and selection in cattle and ticks, and contributes to the maintenance of persistent infections. Phylogenetic studies ofA. marginalegeographic isolates usingmsp4andmsp1α provide information about the biogeography and evolution ofA. marginale:msp1α genotypes evolve under positive selection pressure. Isolates ofA. marginaleare maintained by independent transmission events and a mechanism of infection exclusion in cattle and ticks allows for only the infection of one isolate per animal. Prospects for development of control strategies by use of pathogen and tick-derived antigens are discussed. TheA. marginale/vector/host studies described herein could serve as a model for research on other tick-borne rickettsiae.
10
Novoselova, I. A., e E. A. Bessolitsyna. "Dynamics of tick Infection with borrelia, anaplasma and Ehrlichia in the kirov Region". Russian Journal of Parasitology 14, n. 2 (22 giugno 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2020-14-2-38-45.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the research is identification of the genetic material of microorganisms of the group Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, of the genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in ixodic ticks of various species collected in the Kirov Region from 2010 to 2017. Materials and methods. Ixodic ticks were collected from the vegetation cover, people's clothing and the hair of domestic animals (dogs and cats). Species and gender of ticks were identified using definition tables. Total nucleic acids were isolated from ixodic ticks fixed in 70 % ethanol by the method using guanidine thioisocyanate buffer. Ticks’ infection by pathogens was determined using polymerase chain reaction. Results and discussion. Three species of ixodic ticks Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor reticulatus and I. ricinus were studied. The species I. persulcatus had the highest infection rates with the studied pathogens. The largest percentage of ticks tested was infected with Ehrlichia (35.6%). The most common were cases of simultaneous infection of ticks with Borrelia and Ehrlichia (16.3%). Cases of combined infection with three pathogens at once (Borrelia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia) were found in all studied tick species with the same probability. Peaks of tick infection were revealed: the maximum level for all studied pathogens during the research period was noted in 2011; an increase in the number of infected ticks was observed in 2015 and 2016.
11
Vandegrift, Kurt J., e Amit Kapoor. "The Ecology of New Constituents of the Tick Virome and Their Relevance to Public Health". Viruses 11, n. 6 (7 giugno 2019): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11060529.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ticks are vectors of several pathogens that can be transmitted to humans and their geographic ranges are expanding. The exposure of ticks to new hosts in a rapidly changing environment is likely to further increase the prevalence and diversity of tick-borne diseases. Although ticks are known to transmit bacteria and viruses, most studies of tick-borne disease have focused upon Lyme disease, which is caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Until recently, ticks were considered as the vectors of a few viruses that can infect humans and animals, such as Powassan, Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses. Interestingly, however, several new studies undertaken to reveal the etiology of unknown human febrile illnesses, or to describe the virome of ticks collected in different countries, have uncovered a plethora of novel viruses in ticks. Here, we compared the virome compositions of ticks from different countries and our analysis indicates that the global tick virome is dominated by RNA viruses. Comparative phylogenetic analyses of tick viruses from these different countries reveals distinct geographical clustering of the new tick viruses. Some of these new tick RNA viruses (notably severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Heartland virus) were found to be associated with serious human diseases. Their relevance to public health remains unknown. It is plausible that most of these newly identified tick viruses are of endogenous origin or are restricted in their transmission potential, but the efforts to identify new tick viruses should continue. Indeed, future research aimed at defining the origin, the ecology and the spillover potential of this novel viral biodiversity will be critical to understand the relevance to public health.
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Grabowski, Jeffrey M., Olof R. Nilsson, Elizabeth R. Fischer, Dan Long, Danielle K. Offerdahl, Yoonseong Park, Dana P. Scott e Marshall E. Bloom. "Dissecting Flavivirus Biology in Salivary Gland Cultures from Fed and Unfed Ixodes scapularis (Black-Legged Tick)". mBio 10, n. 1 (29 gennaio 2019): e02628-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02628-18.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT The Ixodes scapularis tick transmits a number of pathogens, including tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs). In the United States, confirmed human infections with the Powassan virus (POWV) TBFV have a fatality rate of ∼10% and are increasing in incidence. Tick salivary glands (SGs) serve as an organ barrier to TBFV transmission, and little is known regarding the location of TBFV infection in SGs from fed ticks. Previous studies showed I. scapularis vanin (VNN) involved with TBFV infection of I. scapularis ISE6 embryonic cells, suggesting a potential role for this gene. The overall goal of this study was to use SG cultures to compare data on TBFV biology in SGs from fully engorged, replete (fed) ticks and from unfed ticks. TBFV multiplication was higher in SGs from fed ticks than in those from unfed ticks. Virus-like particles were observed only in granular acini of SGs from unfed ticks. The location of TBFV infection of SGs from fed ticks was observed in cells lining lobular ducts and trachea but not observed in acini. Transcript knockdown of VNN decreased POWV multiplication in infected SG cultures from both fed and unfed ticks. This work was the first to identify localization of TBFV multiplication in SG cultures from a fed tick and a tick transcript important for POWV multiplication in the tick SG, an organ critical for TBFV transmission. This research exemplifies the use of SG cultures in deciphering TBFV biology in the tick and as a translational tool for screening and identifying potential tick genes as potential countermeasure targets. IMPORTANCE Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs) are responsible for more than 15,000 human disease cases each year, and Powassan virus lineage 2 (POWV-L2) deer tick virus has been a reemerging threat in North America over the past 20 years. Rapid transmission of TBFVs in particular emphasizes the importance of preventing tick bites, the difficulty in developing countermeasures to prevent transmission, and the importance of understanding TBFV infection in tick salivary glands (SGs). Tick blood feeding is responsible for phenomenal physiological changes and is associated with changes in TBFV multiplication within the tick and in SGs. Using SG cultures from Ixodes scapularis female ticks, the primary aims of this study were to identify cellular localization of virus-like particles in acini of infected SGs from fed and unfed ticks, localization of TBFV infection in infected SGs from fed ticks, and a tick transcript (with associated metabolic function) involved in POWV-L2 infection in SG cultures.
13
GEORGE, J. E., J. M. POUND e R. B. DAVEY. "Chemical control of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to acaricides". Parasitology 129, S1 (ottobre 2004): S353—S366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003004682.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Toward the end of the nineteenth century a complex of problems related to ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle created a demand for methods to control ticks and reduce losses of cattle. The discovery and use of arsenical solutions in dipping vats for treating cattle to protect them against ticks revolutionized tick and tick-borne disease control programmes. Arsenic dips for cattle were used for about 40 years before the evolution of resistance of ticks to the chemical, and the development and marketing of synthetic organic acaricides after World War II provided superior alternative products. Most of the major groups of organic pesticides are represented on the list of chemicals used to control ticks on cattle. Unfortunately, the successive evolution of resistance of ticks to acaricides in each chemical group with the concomitant reduction in the usefulness of a group of acaricides is a major reason for the diversity of acaricides. Whether a producer chooses a traditional method for treating cattle with an acaricide or uses a new method, he must recognize the benefits, limitations and potential problems with each application method and product. Simulation models and research were the basis of recommendations for tick control strategies advocating approaches that reduced reliance on acaricides. These recommendations for controlling ticks on cattle are in harmony with recommendations for reducing the rate of selection for acaricide resistance. There is a need to transfer knowledge about tick control and resistance mitigation strategies to cattle producers.
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Lyons, Lee Ann, Mary E. Brand, Peg Gronemeyer, Nohra Mateus-Pinilla, Marilyn O’Hara Ruiz, Chris M. Stone, Holly C. Tuten e Rebecca L. Smith. "Comparing Contributions of Passive and Active Tick Collection Methods to Determine Establishment of Ticks of Public Health Concern Within Illinois". Journal of Medical Entomology 58, n. 4 (15 aprile 2021): 1849–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab031.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In Illinois, between 1990 and 2017, tick-borne diseases in humans increased 10-fold, yet we have insufficient information on when and where people are exposed to vector ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae). The aims of our research were to compare contributions of passive and active tick collection methods in determining establishment of ticks of public health concern and obtain information on tick distributions within Illinois. We used three surveillance strategies within the Illinois Tick Inventory Collaboration Network to gather information about the ticks of public health concern: 1) passive collection (voluntary submission by the public); 2) systematic collection (biweekly active surveillance); and 3) special collections (active collections in locations of special interest). Of collected adult and nymphal ticks, 436 were from passive collections, 142 from systematic collections, and 1,270 from special collections. Tick species distribution status changed in 36 counties. Our data provide noteworthy updates to distribution maps for use by public health agencies to develop prevention and control strategies. Additionally, the program built a network of collaborations and partnerships to support future tick surveillance efforts within Illinois and highlighted how the combination of the three surveillance strategies can be used to determine geographic spread of ticks, pinpoint locations in need of more surveillance, and help with long-term efforts that support phenology studies.
15
Levytska, V. A. "Integrated system of approach for the control of ixodid ticks in the western region of Ukraine". Veterinary science, technologies of animal husbandry and nature management, n. 6 (2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31890/vttp.2020.06.08.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For the control of ixodid ticks it is necessary to develop an integrated system of approach that provide a scientific and practical component. The integrated method is the most effective way to control arthropods. The research was conducted during 2018-2020 in the western region of Ukraine (Khmelnytsky, Chernivtsi, Vinnytsia regions). Based on data obtained in previous studies, as well as on the study of factors such as ticks species (Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus), environmental conditions and the possibility of certain measures in this region, an integrated system of measures to regulate the number of ixodid ticks in Western Ukraine were developed. In each region, two experimental private farms and one control farm were selected; the territory of the farms was about 20,000 m2. During the entire study period, 379 D. reticulatus ticks and 165 I. ricinus ticks were collected in all areas. In 2019, farms that were located at a distance of 1-1.5 km from swamps, lowlands and shrubs in open, dry, sunny areas showed the lowest frequency of ticks on animals. So, in May 2019, on average, in experimental farms on dogs, 9, 7 and 11 ticks were found on one animal in the Khmelnytsky, Chernivtsi and Vinnitsa regions, respectively. During acarological examination of farms in the Khmelnytsky region, the average density of ticks was 8, in Chernivtsi - 5, in Vinnitsa - 7 ticks / 1000 m2 in the spring peak of tick activity. In addition, taking into account the seasonal dynamics of ticks activity during 2018, mechanical cleaning of the territory and acaricidal treatments of vegetation were carried out from autumn 2019 to autumn 2020 - in spring (March, May) and autumn (September). According to the results of our research, the use of acaricidal treatments provided a decrease in the number of ticks populations by 50-90 % within 6-8 weeks. When collecting ticks for the flag in experimental plots of the Khmelnytsky region in 2020, the average density of ticks was 4, Chernivtsi - 2, Vinnitsa - 1 tick / 1000 m2 in the spring peak of tick activity. We also found that during the complex acaricidal treatment of the territory and the use of drops or sprays based on fipronil in 2020, half as many ticks were found on dogs than in 2019, which averaged 4 ticks in the Khmelnytsky region, in Chernivtsi - 3 and 5 ticks in the Vinnytsia region. In addition, it was found that mechanical cleaning of the area also helped to reduce the attractiveness of the area for small mammals.
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Kim, Heung-Chul, Young-Soo Kwon, Mi-Ran Kim, Chang-Uk Park, Seok-Min Yun, Won-Ja Lee, Sung-Tae Chong, Terry A. Klein e Richard George Robbins. "Ticks collected from Chilbal Island, Jeollanam Province, Republic of Korea, during 2014–2015". Systematic and Applied Acarology 21, n. 10 (29 novembre 2016): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.21.12.5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The 65th Medical Brigade and Public Health Command District-Korea, in collaboration with the Migratory Birds Center, National Park Research Institute, conducted a migratory bird tick-borne disease surveillance program on Chilbal Island, a small, remote, uninhabited island in southwestern Jeollanam Province, Republic of Korea (ROK), during 2014–2015. Ticks were collected by dragging vegetation and from nest soil and litter of the Ancient Murrelet, Synthliboramphus antiquus, and Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel, Hydrobates monorhis, using Tullgren funnels. A total of 115 ticks belonging to three genera and three species were collected. Ornithodoros sawaii (98.3%, 113 ticks) was the most frequently collected tick species, followed by Ixodes signatus (0.9%, 1 nymph) collected from nest soil and litter, and Haemaphysalis flava (0.9%, 1 male) collected by tick drag.
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Gilbert, Lucy. "The Impacts of Climate Change on Ticks and Tick-Borne Disease Risk". Annual Review of Entomology 66, n. 1 (7 gennaio 2021): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-052720-094533.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ticks exist on all continents and carry more zoonotic pathogens than any other type of vector. Ticks spend most of their lives in the external environment away from the host and are thus expected to be affected by changes in climate. Most empirical and theoretical studies demonstrate or predict range shifts or increases in ticks and tick-borne diseases, but there can be a lot of heterogeneity in such predictions. Tick-borne disease systems are complex, and determining whether changes are due to climate change or other drivers can be difficult. Modeling studies can help tease apart and understand the roles of different drivers of change. Predictive models can also be invaluable in projecting changes according to different climate change scenarios. However, validating these models remains challenging, and estimating uncertainty in predictions is essential. Another focus for future research should be assessing the resilience of ticks and tick-borne pathogens to climate change.
18
Gilbert, Lucy. "The Impacts of Climate Change on Ticks and Tick-Borne Disease Risk". Annual Review of Entomology 66, n. 1 (7 gennaio 2021): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-052720-094533.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ticks exist on all continents and carry more zoonotic pathogens than any other type of vector. Ticks spend most of their lives in the external environment away from the host and are thus expected to be affected by changes in climate. Most empirical and theoretical studies demonstrate or predict range shifts or increases in ticks and tick-borne diseases, but there can be a lot of heterogeneity in such predictions. Tick-borne disease systems are complex, and determining whether changes are due to climate change or other drivers can be difficult. Modeling studies can help tease apart and understand the roles of different drivers of change. Predictive models can also be invaluable in projecting changes according to different climate change scenarios. However, validating these models remains challenging, and estimating uncertainty in predictions is essential. Another focus for future research should be assessing the resilience of ticks and tick-borne pathogens to climate change.
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Garcia, Marcos Valério, Dayana Campelo da Silva, Robson Ferreira Cavalcante de Almeida, Rodrigo Casquero Cunha, Jaqueline Matias, Jacqueline Cavalcante Barros, Renato Andreotti e Matias Pablo Juan Szabó. "Environmentally associated ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, n. 1 (marzo 2013): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013000100023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Herein, we report tick species found on wild and domestic animals and in the environment during a one-year sampling period at the Brazilian Farming Research Company beef cattle unit (Embrapa Beef Cattle), which is located within the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. From 55 wild hosts including six different species (Nasua nasua, Cebus spp., Cerdocyon thous,Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Tamandua tetradactyla and Dasyprocta aguti), 323 ticks were collected. Amblyomma ovale ticks were found solely on coatis, and Amblyomma nodosum was identified solely on anteaters. No ticks were found on capuchin monkeys. However, Amblyomma cajennense was found on all parasitized host species with the exception of capuchin monkeys. Giant anteaters displayed the highest infestation abundance, with a mean of 53 ticks∕animal. Environmental sampling yielded 166 adult A. cajennense ticks. The tick species found on domestic animals (Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus,R. sanguineus, Dermacentor nitens andA. cajennense) were those typically found on these hosts in Brazil. The most prevalent tick species, A. cajennense, was found on both wild and domestic animals and was also prevalent in the environment. Thus, this tick species is the primary vector that allows pathogens to bridge wild and domestic animals in the Cerrado.
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Linske, Megan A., Kirby C. Stafford, Scott C. Williams, Charles B. Lubelczyk, Margret Welch e Elizabeth F. Henderson. "Impacts of Deciduous Leaf Litter and Snow Presence on Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Overwintering Survival in Coastal New England, USA". Insects 10, n. 8 (30 luglio 2019): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10080227.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say) are the vector for pathogens that cause more cases of human disease than any other arthropod. Lyme disease is the most common, caused by the bacterial spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt, and Brenner) in the northeastern United States. Further knowledge of seasonal effects on survival is important for management and modeling of both blacklegged ticks and tick-borne diseases. The focus of our study was on the impact of environmental factors on overwintering success of nymphal blacklegged ticks. In a three-year field study conducted in Connecticut and Maine, we determined that ground-level conditions play an important role in unfed nymphal overwintering survival. Ticks in plots where leaf litter and snow accumulation were unmanipulated had significantly greater survival compared to those where leaf litter was removed (p = 0.045) and where both leaf litter and snow were removed (p = 0.008). Additionally, we determined that the key overwintering predictors for nymphal blacklegged tick survival were the mean and mean minimum temperatures within a year. The findings of this research can be utilized in both small- and large-scale management of blacklegged ticks to potentially reduce the risk and occurrence of tick-borne diseases.
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Lydecker, Henry W., Peter B. Banks e Dieter F. Hochuli. "Counting Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on Hosts Is Complex: A Review and Comparison of Methods". Journal of Medical Entomology 56, n. 6 (25 giugno 2019): 1527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz094.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Locating and counting parasites on a host is a fundamental aspect of ecological research and basic veterinary and clinical practice. Variability in the biology and behavior of both hosts and parasites creates many methodological, logistical, and ethical considerations that must be made to collect this deceptively simple measurement. We identified methods that are used to count ticks (Acari: Ixodida, Leach 1815) on hosts by reviewing the methods sections of relevant published studies. Unfortunately, there is no best method agreed upon by scientists to collect ticks from hosts. In general, we suggest that studies focusing purely on counting ticks on hosts should use more sensitive methods to determine patterns of tick distribution on the surfaces of unconscious or deceased hosts in order to provide host body regions to target in future studies to maximize tick detection ability and limit the costs of research for researchers and the host animals involved. As ticks are counted on hosts for many different reasons, researchers must be goal oriented and chose methods that are appropriate for addressing their specific aims.
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Barashkova, A. I., A. D. Reshetnikov e E. N. Popov. "Identification and molecular analysis of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and their pathogens in Yakutia". Russian Journal of Parasitology 15, n. 3 (15 settembre 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2021-15-3-17-22.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the research is to identify ixodid ticks and their pathogens in the left bank area of Central Yakutia. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in 2019–2020 in the left bank area of Central Yakutia. Nine ticks were collected in 2019, and 27 ticks in 2020. We studied forest shrub stations, steppe stations, meadow field stations, near-water stations and stations of settlements. To determine faunal and ecological characteristics of ectoparasites in the territory, we used standard collection methods. The tick species was determined using morphological keys by N. A. Filippova; the determination correctness was confirmed by the PCR method. The collected ticks were studied for causative agents of babesiosis and tick-borne viral encephalitis using PCR analysis. Results and discussion. One species of ixodid ticks, Ixodes persulcatus, inhabits the left bank area of Central Yakutia. Haemaphysalis concinna was not found in Yakutia. In 2008, a natural focus of blood protozoan disease of domestic reindeer appeared for the first time in Yakutia in its central zone. Recently, an increase in the number of I. persulcatus has been observed. Tick activity is recorded from the second decade of May to the second decade of August. The ground-squirrel Spermophilus parryii is the main host for the preimaginal stages. Pathogens were not detected when ticks were examined for causative agents of babesiosis and tick-borne viral encephalitis using PCR analysisd.
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Ariman, A. P., M. J. Nangoy, Y. L. R. Tulung e G. V. J. Assa. "Infestasi caplak pada ternak kuda di desa Pinabetengan Raya, Kecamatan Tompaso Barat, Kabupaten Minahasa, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara". ZOOTEC 41, n. 1 (31 gennaio 2021): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.41.1.2021.32846.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study aims to identify the types of ticks, calculate the prevalence of tick infestations, preferences for body part infestations and preferences for sex infestations in horses in Pinabetengan Raya Village, West Tompaso District, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. This research was carried out for one month (thirty days) on 50 horses. Ticks are collected manually using tweezers in sequence starting from the head, neck, back, abdomen, groin, tail and legs. The samples were put in bottles containing 70% alcohol. The results of this study found that the type of tick that infested horse livestock was Boophilus microplus. The prevalence of infestation is 60.78%. The preference based on body part was found to be highest in the neck with an average of 2.82 individual ticks / horses. The average head was 1.75, the back was 0.25, the abdomen was 0.72, the groin was 1.27, the legs were 0.25 and the tail was 0.74 of the individual ticks/horse. Infestation preference based on sex was found to be higher for females (average 10.48 individual ticks / horse) when compared to males (mean 2.64 individual ticks/horse). The type identification found was Boophilus microplus with an infestation prevalence of 62%, with the highest preference on the neck with an average of 2.82% and higher mares with an average of 10.48% individual ticks/horse livestock.Keywords : Ticks Infestation, Prevalence, Preference, Horse
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Milholland, Matthew T., Lars Eisen, Robyn M. Nadolny, Andrias Hojgaard, Erika T. Machtinger, Jennifer M. Mullinax e Andrew Y. Li. "Surveillance of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Suburban Natural Habitats of Central Maryland". Journal of Medical Entomology 58, n. 3 (28 gennaio 2021): 1352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa291.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Lyme and other tick-borne diseases are increasing in the eastern United States and there is a lack of research on integrated strategies to control tick vectors. Here we present results of a study on tick-borne pathogens detected from tick vectors and rodent reservoirs from an ongoing 5-yr tick suppression study in the Lyme disease-endemic state of Maryland, where human-biting tick species, including Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) (the primary vector of Lyme disease spirochetes), are abundant. During the 2017 tick season, we collected 207 questing ticks and 602 ticks recovered from 327 mice (Peromyscus spp. (Rodentia: Cricetidae)), together with blood and ear tissue from the mice, at seven suburban parks in Howard County. Ticks were selectively tested for the presence of the causative agents of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato [s.l.]), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), babesiosis (Babesia microti), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ‘Panola Mountain’ Ehrlichia) and spotted fever group rickettsiosis (Rickettsia spp.). Peromyscus ear tissue and blood samples were tested for Bo. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s), A. phagocytophilum, Ba. microti, and Borrelia miyamotoi. We found 13.6% (15/110) of questing I. scapularis nymphs to be Bo. burgdorferi s.l. positive and 1.8% (2/110) were A. phagocytophilum positive among all sites. Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. was found in 71.1% (54/76) of I. scapularis nymphs removed from mice and 58.8% (194/330) of captured mice. Results from study on tick abundance and pathogen infection status in questing ticks, rodent reservoirs, and ticks feeding on Peromyscus spp. will aid efficacy evaluation of the integrated tick management measures being implemented.
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Pavlović, Ivan, Snežana Ivanović, Aleksandar Dimitrić, Mensur Vegara, Ana Vasić, Slavica Živković e Bojana Mijatović. "Tick Population in Goats and Sheep in Šabac". Macedonian Veterinary Review 39, n. 1 (1 marzo 2016): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macvetrev-2016-0077.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractDuring our examination performed in the period from 2010 to 2012, we collected ticks from 52 flocks of sheep and 38 goat flocks. Ticks infestation occured in 15.97% (214/1340) of sheep and 16.93% (107/632) of goats. The result showed the presence of Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. bursa, Dermacentor marginatus, D. pictus, Haemaphysalis punctata and Ha. inermis. Additional to determination of tick species during the research, the sex ratio and the monthly influence of microclimate conditions (temperature, relative humidity and precipitation quantity) on the dynamics of populations of ticks were followed. Obtained results indicate the importance of the impact of climatic factors on the population dynamics of some species of ticks as well as the dynamics and abundance of different sexes within established species of ticks.
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Subotina, I., A. Osmolovsky e E. Fadeenkova. "Tick-born infections and invasions in the Republic of Belarus". Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, n. 2(160) (24 novembre 2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2020-160-2-56-64.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
On the territory of the Republic of Belarus, the growth of infectious and invasive diseases of humans and animals, caused by ticks and insects, continues. The study of the ecological, logistic and phenological patterns of ontogenesis of ixodid ticks in different climatic zones of the Republic of Belarus, the development of various methods for monitoring and predicting the number, timing of the increase in the population and the increase in the activity of ixodids seems relevant.The purpose of the study was to analyze the features of the distribution, species composition and seasonality of the attack of ixodid ticks in different climatic zones of the Republic of Belarus over the past 5 years. To determine the seasonal activity of ticks and the seasonality of a number of tick-borne infections and infestations among animals, both our own research on the collection of ticks, the selection and examination of blood (blood smears), and the collection of reporting data from veterinary clinics (private and public), data from regional veterinary stations, reporting Ministry of Health data for 2016–2020 to study the features of seasonal dynamics and climatic-geographical features of the distribution of both tick-carriers themselves and tick-borne infections and invasions among animals and the population. The data on the distribution, species composition and seasonality of the attack of ixodid ticks in different climatic zones of the Republic of Belarus are analyzed. A tendency is shown to change the season of tick activity and the seasonality of tick-borne infections and invasions towards their registration throughout the year (all seasons of the year). A change in the habitat of ticks and their wide distribution in the urban area were revealed. An increase in the number of registered cases of seasonal invasions and infections, both among the population and among domestic animals, has been established. Key words: ixodid mites, tick infections, invasion, animals, population, the Republic of Belarus.
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PETNEY, TREVOR N., WEERACHAI SAIJUNTHA, NATHALIE BOULANGER, LIDIA CHITIMIA-DOBLER, MARTIN PFEFFER, CHATANUN EAMUDOMKARN, ROSS H. ANDREWS et al. "Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia". Zootaxa 4558, n. 1 (17 febbraio 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4558.1.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Knowledge of the tick fauna of continental Southeast Asia is either patchy or, in some cases, for example Cambodia and Myanmar, poor. Nevertheless, 97 species have been recorded from this region, making it one of the most diverse for ticks worldwide. Throughout Southeast Asia, work on tick-borne diseases of stock and companion animals, as well as of humans, is in its infancy, and the medical, veterinary and socio-economic importance of these diseases is largely unknown. Here we review current knowledge of Southeast Asian ticks and tick-borne diseases, with the aim of stimulating further research on this subject.
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Perveen, Nighat, Sabir Bin Muzaffar e Mohammad Ali Al-Deeb. "Four Tick-Borne Microorganisms and Their Prevalence in Hyalomma Ticks Collected from Livestock in United Arab Emirates". Pathogens 10, n. 8 (9 agosto 2021): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ticks and associated tick-borne diseases in livestock remain a major threat to the health of animals and people worldwide. However, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), very few studies have been conducted on tick-borne microorganisms thus far. The purpose of this cross-sectional DNA-based study was to assess the presence and prevalence of tick-borne Francisella sp., Rickettsia sp., and piroplasmids in ticks infesting livestock, and to estimate their infection rates. A total of 562 tick samples were collected from camels, cows, sheep, and goats in the Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah from 24 locations. DNA was extracted from ticks and PCR was conducted. We found that Hyalomma dromedarii ticks collected from camels had Francisella sp. (5.81%) and SFG Rickettsia (1.36%), which was 99% similar to Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae and uncultured Rickettsia sp. In addition, Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from cows were found to be positive for Theileria annulata (4.55%), whereas H. anatolicum collected from goats were positive for Theileria ovis (10%). The widespread abundance of Francisella of unknown pathogenicity and the presence of Rickettsia are a matter of concern. The discovery of T. ovis from relatively few samples from goats indicates the overall need for more surveillance. Increasing sampling efforts over a wider geographical range within the UAE could reveal the true extent of tick-borne diseases in livestock. Moreover, achieving successful tick-borne disease control requires more research and targeted studies evaluating the pathogenicity and infection rates of many microbial species.
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Esteve-Gasent, Maria D., Roger I. Rodríguez-Vivas, Raúl F. Medina, Dee Ellis, Andy Schwartz, Baltazar Cortés Garcia, Carrie Hunt et al. "Research on Integrated Management for Cattle Fever Ticks and Bovine Babesiosis in the United States and Mexico: Current Status and Opportunities for Binational Coordination". Pathogens 9, n. 11 (23 ottobre 2020): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110871.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bovine babesiosis is a reportable transboundary animal disease caused by Babesia bovis and Babesiabigemina in the Americas where these apicomplexan protozoa are transmitted by the invasive cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) annulatus. In countries like Mexico where cattle fever ticks remain endemic, bovine babesiosis is detrimental to cattle health and results in a significant economic cost to the livestock industry. These cattle disease vectors continue to threaten the U.S. cattle industry despite their elimination through efforts of the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program. Mexico and the U.S. share a common interest in managing cattle fever ticks through their economically important binational cattle trade. Here, we report the outcomes of a meeting where stakeholders from Mexico and the U.S. representing the livestock and pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies, and research institutions gathered to discuss research and knowledge gaps requiring attention to advance progressive management strategies for bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks. Research recommendations and other actionable activities reflect commitment among meeting participants to seize opportunities for collaborative efforts. Addressing these research gaps is expected to yield scientific knowledge benefitting the interdependent livestock industries of Mexico and the U.S. through its translation into enhanced biosecurity against the economic and animal health impacts of bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks.
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Chong, Sung-Tae, Heung Chul Kim, Jong-Gil Park, Chang-Yong Choi, Chang-Uk Park, Terry A. Klein e Richard George Robbins. "Tick surveillance of migratory birds during 2010–2011 on Hong and Heuksan Islands, Jeollanam Province, Republic of Korea". Systematic and Applied Acarology 23, n. 11 (20 novembre 2018): 2214. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.11.13.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Migratory birds were captured, examined, banded and then released in accordance with a bird banding protocol of the Bird Research Center, National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, from January-December 2010–2011 on Hong and Heuksan Islands, Jeollanam (Jeonnam) Province, in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Concurrently, ticks were collected from captured birds as part of a tick-borne disease surveillance program. A total of 381 ticks belonging to three genera and eight species – Ixodes turdus (297 ticks), Ixodes nipponensis (16), Haemaphysalis flava (46), Haemaphysalis longicornis (9), Haemaphysalis formosensis (5), Haemaphysalis ornithophila (6), Haemaphysalis concinna (1), and Amblyomma testudinarium (1)—were collected from 32 bird species belonging to 3 families. This is the first host report of A. testudinarium (1 nymph) collected from White’s Thrush, Zoothera aurea (Aves: Passeriformes: Turdidae), in the ROK. Most ticks were collected from birds during the months of April (44.1%) and November (54.2%).
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Kidov, A. A. "Parasite-host relationships of the ixodid tick Ixodes Ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hyrcanian meadow lizard Darevskia practicola hyrcanica (Tuniyev, Doronin, Kidov et Tuniyev, 2011) in Talysh Mountains (Southeastern Azerbaijan)". Russian Journal of Parasitology 12, n. 1 (27 febbraio 2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2018-12-1-27-34.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the research: to identify features of the parasite-host relations of the European common tick, Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hyrcanian meadow lizard, Darevskia praticola hyrcanica (Tuniyev, Doronin, Kidov, et Tuniyev), 2011 in spring period. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in May 2016 in the Gadazyghahi natural boundaries in Astara region of Azerbaijan. The animals were caught on the routes, divided into three mature groups (adult females, males and juvenile lizards) and examined for the presence of ticks. Frequency of occurrence, abundance and location of parasites were determined according to standard methods. Localization of parasites on lizards’ body was defined by the standard scheme. Results and discussion. Only larvae and nymphs of the I. ricinus were found on the lizards. Ticks were found only on 32 lizards of 123 examined. The distribution of ticks in year-old lizards was 10,8%, adult females 28,6%, and adult males 35,3%. The distribution of feeding ticks is aggregated: 26 % of examined lizards were feeders for 100% of ticks. Higher abundance of parasites per one animal was observed in males (on average 3,1±0,78 ticks on one male and 1,6±0,36 on one female). The lowest value of parasite abundance was defined on one-year-old animals (no more than one tick per lizard). The ticks were attached on the forelegs, neck and sides of lizards. 89% of ticks were located under the forelegs. Domestic animals are the main feeders of imago I. ricinus, and the lizards provide feeding for larvae and nymphs.
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Skotarczak, B., M. Adamska, M. Sawczuk, A. Maciejewska, B. Wodecka e A. Rymaszewska. "Coexistence of tick-borne pathogens in game animals and ticks in western Poland". Veterinární Medicína 53, No. 12 (29 dicembre 2008): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1975-vetmed.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Molecular studies enabling the recognition of the role of game and ticks in the circulation of pathogens transmitted by ticks and detection of coinfections in order to estimate a risk which a contact with tissues of roe deer, red deer and wild boar from north-western Poland brings were the aim of this research. DNA isolated from the blood and spleen of game and from <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> were the study materials. The results shows that <i>Capreolus capreolus</i> and <i>Cervus elaphus</i> play an important role in the life cycle of <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>, two <i>Bartonella</i> species, <i>Theileria</i> and <i>Babesia</i> spp. Whereas in the isolates obtained from 50 representatives of <i>Sus scrofa</i>, the DNA of only one pathogen, <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> occurred. 63.5% of 74 PCR+ isolates from <i>Capreolus capreolus</i> showed a double coinfection and three isolates – triple. In the tissues of <i>Cervus elaphus</i>, the coinfections were triple in 38% of individuals, double in 40%, single in 84%.
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Weiner, Marcin, Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Małgorzata Tokarska-Rodak, Dorota Plewik, Anna Pańczuk, Marta Siłuch, Jerzy Zagórski et al. "Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from the Ternopil region in Ukraine". Journal of Veterinary Research 62, n. 3 (23 ottobre 2018): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0039.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIntroductionLyme borreliosis/Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and is one of the most common vector-borne diseases transmitted by ticks.Material and MethodsA total of 136 Ixodes ricinus ticks, collected in the Ternopil (Ukraine) region, including 126 adults (70 females and 56 males), and 10 nymphs were examined. The identification of the species and their developmental form was based on morphological characteristics.ResultsPCR with B5S-Bor and 23S-Bor primers resulted in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA amplification among six ticks (4.4%). The detailed analysis based on the DNA sequencing showed the presence of DNA of Borrelia afzelii in four samples; the remaining two represented Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, although their genospecies were not determined. The research confirmed the dominance of Borrelia afzelii genospecies in the ticks from Ukraine.ConclusionIt seems reasonable to undertake similar research in ticks from other regions of Ukraine. Knowledge in this field can be useful for public health and planning the prevention of tick-borne diseases.
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Kim, Heung-Chul, Jong-Gil Park, Young-Soo Kwon, Miran Kim, Chang-Uk Park, Seok-Min Yun, Sung-Tae Chon, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein e Richard George Robbins. "Ticks collected from soil/nest litter and live and dead nestlings of migratory seabirds during their breeding season at six uninhabited Islands, Republic of Korea during 2009 and 2014–2017". Systematic and Applied Acarology 23, n. 8 (27 luglio 2018): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.8.3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The 65th Medical Brigade (MED BDE)/Medical Department Activity-Korea (MEDDAC-K), in collaboration with the Migratory Birds Research Center, National Park Research Institute, conducted migratory bird tick-borne disease surveillance at six small, remote, uninhabited islands near the western (Nan Island), southwestern (Chilbal, Gugul, Gaerin, Hong, and Sogugul islands) and southeastern (Hong Island) coastal areas of the Republic of Korea (ROK) during 2009 and from 2014–2017. Ticks were collected from nest soil/litter of the Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus), Japanese Murrelet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume), Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel (Hydrobates monorhis), Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris), Pacific Swift (Apus pacificus), and Streaked Shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas) using Tullgren funnels. Ticks also were collected from recently dead nestlings of Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel and Black-tailed Gull at Gugul, Sogugul, Gaerin, Nan, and Hong islands, and single ticks were collected from vegetation (tick drag) and a human bitten on Chilbal Island. A total of 1,578 ticks (61 females, 122 males, 290 nymphs, and 1,105 larvae), belonging to four genera and six species, were collected. Ornithodoros capensis (73.00%; 1,152) was the most commonly collected tick on migratory seabirds, followed by Ornithodoros sawaii (26.55%; 420), Ixodes uriae (0.19%; 3), and Ixodes signatus (0.13%, 2). One (0.06%) Haemaphysalis flava was collected by tick drag and one (0.06%) Amblyomma testudinarium was collected while biting one of the survey members. Ornithodoros species were identified morphologically and confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. This is the first record of O. sawaii collected from nest soil/litter during the 2017 nesting season of the Pacific Swift and Streaked Shearwater in the ROK.
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Wilkinson, David A., Muriel Dietrich, Camille Lebarbenchon, Audrey Jaeger, Céline Le Rouzic, Matthieu Bastien, Erwan Lagadec et al. "Massive Infection of Seabird Ticks with Bacterial Species Related to Coxiella burnetii". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, n. 11 (21 marzo 2014): 3327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00477-14.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTSeabird ticks are known reservoirs of bacterial pathogens of medical importance; however, ticks parasitizing tropical seabirds have received less attention than their counterparts from temperate and subpolar regions. Recently,Rickettsia africaewas described to infect seabird ticks of the western Indian Ocean and New Caledonia, constituting the only available data on bacterial pathogens associated with tropical seabird tick species. Here, we combined a pyrosequencing-based approach with a classical molecular analysis targeting bacteria of potential medical importance in order to describe the bacterial community in two tropical seabird ticks,Amblyomma loculosumandCarios(Ornithodoros)capensis. We also investigated the patterns of prevalence and host specificity within the biogeographical context of the western Indian Ocean islands. The bacterial community of the two tick species was characterized by a strong dominance ofCoxiellaandRickettsia. Our data support a strictCoxiella-host tick specificity, a pattern resembling the one found forRickettsiaspp. in the same two seabird tick species. Both the high prevalence and stringent host tick specificity suggest that these bacteria may be tick symbionts with probable vertical transmission. Detailed studies of the pathogenicity of these bacteria will now be required to determine whether horizontal transmission can occur and to clarify their status as potential human pathogens. More generally, our results show that the combination of next generation sequencing with targeted detection/genotyping approaches proves to be efficient in poorly investigated fields where research can be considered to be starting from scratch.
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Benoit, Joshua B., Giancarlo Lopez-Martinez, Michael A. Elnitsky, Richard E. Lee e David L. Denlinger. "Short Note: Increase in feeding by the tick, Ixodes uriae, on Adélie penguins during a prolonged summer". Antarctic Science 21, n. 2 (19 novembre 2008): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102008001685.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ixodes uriae White is the only tick species found in Antarctica, and in our research area at Palmer Station it feeds predominantly on Adélie penguins. At the beginning of the summer the ticks leave their off-host aggregation sites, feed on penguins, then subsequently return to their off-host habitats, where they remain until the next summer (Benoit et al. 2007). These ticks have been implicated as a competent vector for Borrelia spirochetes (Olsen et al. 1993) and tick-borne viruses (Nuttall 1984), and are thought to impact development, cause anaemia, alter the thermoregulation, and even lead to the death of penguins (Gauthier-Clerc et al. 1998, Mangin et al. 2003). In this report, we note a striking increase in the number of fed ticks found near Adélie penguin rookeries in 2007 compared to 2006, suggesting that the longer and warmer summer of 2007 may have permitted more ticks to find their hosts. High levels of parasitism could be detrimental to the already declining Adélie penguin populations near Palmer Station (Fraser & Patterson 1997).
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Bugmyrin, Sergey, Timo Hokkanen, Lidiya Romanova, Lubov’ Bespyatova, Fyodor Fyodorov, Ludmila Burenkova, Alina Yakimova e Evgeniy Ieshko. "Ixodes persulcatus [Schulze 1930] (Acari: Ixodidae) in eastern Finland". Entomologica Fennica 22, n. 4 (15 agosto 2019): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84556.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Data concerning the occurrence and abundance of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus in eastern Finland (North Karelia and Kainuu regions) are presented. Sampling was carried out in May 2008 and June 2009, around the University of Joensuu Mekrijärvi Research Station and the City of Kuhmo. In 2008 and 2009, the abundance of adult taiga ticks in the first study area was 0.17 and 0.13 ticks per flag-km, respectively. Only a single I. persulcatus specimenwas found in the second study area (abundance was 0.02 specimens per flag-km). All ticks (635 specimens) collected from cats and dogs in south-eastern Finlandwere identified as Ixodes ricinus.
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Panthawong, Amonrat, Stephen L. Doggett e Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap. "The Efficacy of Ultrasonic Pest Repellent Devices against the Australian Paralysis Tick, Ixodes holocyclus (Acari: Ixodidae)". Insects 12, n. 5 (30 aprile 2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050400.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ultrasonic pest repellers are often promoted as a means of protecting people and pets from the bites of hematophagous arthropods, such as ticks. However, to date, there has been no published research on the effectiveness of these devices against the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus Neumann. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of nine ultrasonic devices against female I. holocyclus. Two arenas were constructed, one for the test (with the ultrasonic device) and one for the control (no device). Each arena had a test and an escape chamber, connected by a corridor. Twenty ticks were placed in each test chamber. After the ultrasonic device was operated for 1 h, the number of ticks in both chambers was recorded. Ten replicates were conducted for each device. The average number of ticks that moved from the test to the escape chamber was greater in all the test arenas, with three devices being statistically different from the control. However, the highest percent of ticks that escaped was only 19.5%. This amount is insufficient to offer adequate protection against tick bites and this study adds further weight to previous investigations that ultrasonic devices should not be employed in pest management.
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Asman, Marek, Krzysztof Solarz, Ewa Szilman, Piotr Szilman, Bartosz Sikora e Justyna Jakubas-Zawalska. "The occurrence of three tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from the area of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Southern Poland)". Acarologia 58, n. 4 (22 novembre 2018): 969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184301.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The common tick Ixodes ricinus is the main vector of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti in Europe. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential risk of exposure to common tick-borne diseases in the recreational areas of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, Poland with particular emphasis on the city of Częstochowa. The DNA from 459 I. ricinus ticks was used to detect B. burgdorferi s. l., A. phagocytophilum and B. microti by PCR and nested PCR methods. Generally, infectious agents were found in 26.3% of all the examined ticks: B. microti was found in 23.3%, and A. phagocytophilum in 2.4% of the ticks. The protozoan was found mainly in females and nymphs, while A. phagocytophilum was detected mainly in adults. The co-existence of B. microti and A. phagocytophilum was found in 2.1% of the examined ticks. The presence of B. burgdorferi s. l. was not revealed in the examined material. The conducted studies demonstrate the high potential risk of exposure of tourists and pilgrims to B. microti, and a low risk of exposure to A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s.l. in the examined areas of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. Furthermore, the possible co-existence of A. phagocytophilum and B. microti in 3 individual ticks means that infection by multiple infectious agents is possible. The obtained results highlight the need to conduct further research on tick-borne pathogens in this region of Poland.
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O., Ayoh Stephen, e Olanrewaju Comfort A*. "A Survey on Tick Infestation in Domestic Birds Sold at Gwagwalada Market, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria." International Journal of Bioassays 5, n. 04 (22 aprile 2016): 4974. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.04.004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ticks transmit a greater variety of pathogenic micro-organisms than any other arthropod vector group, and are among the most important vectors of diseases affecting animals. A survey on the prevalence of tick species infesting domestic birds sold in Gwagwalada main market, Abuja between April and July, 2015. A total of 450 birds were examined by feather separation with fingers and a pair of forceps to expose the skin of the birds for presence of the ticks. An overall prevalence of 25.6% was observed. Out of the 150 domestic fowls examined 62(53.9%) were infested, 44(29.3%) of the 150 Guinea fowl and 9(6.0%) of the 150 Pigeons were infested. Of all the ticks identified, 93(51.4%) were from the Domestic Fowls and 77(42.5%) from the Guinea fowl and 11(6.0%) from Pigeon. Thirty (32.3%) of the ticks from the Domestic fowls were Argas persicus, 25(26.9%) Argas walkerae, 20 (21.5%) Ornithodorus moubata and 18(19.4%) Ornithodorus savignyi. Similarly, 34(44.2%) of the ticks from Guinea fowl were A. walkerae, 20(28.2%) O. moubataand 23(32.4%) O. savignyi. Five (45.5%) of the ticks from Pigeon were A. persicus, 4 (36.4%) were A. walkerae, 2 (18.2%) were O. moubata and no O. savignyi. Observation on the location of tick from the hosts body showed highest prevalence was found under the wings (55.2%) and lowest on the head & neck (5.00%). The result of this research revealed that Gwagwalada market poultry section is endemic of tick infestation. Chemical control with acaricides and improved management and sanitation of the poultry cages in the market should be enforced.
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Levytska, V. A. "Comparative effectiveness of acaricides". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, n. 99 (28 ottobre 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9901.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The use of chemicals is the main method of controlling ectoparasites around the world. In Ukraine, due to the lack of an effective system for controlling ixodid ticks, there is an annual increase in the number of tick-borne diseases. Prevention of tick bites is largely based on the use of chemical repellents and acaricides. The study was conducted in 2019 in the laboratory of parasitology of the Department of Infectious and Invasive Diseases FVMTT PDATU. The experiments used neonicotinoids – imidacloprid, phenyl pyrazole - fipronil, pyrethroid compounds – cyfluthrin, permethrin. In the first phase of the studies, acetone was used as a diluent, each acaricide was diluted to obtain a 1.0 % solution, after which 10-fold dilutions of each acaricide from 1:10 to 1:107 were prepared and the study was performed. In the second stage of research, the method of topical application of acetone solutions of different concentrations was used. Cyfluthrin caused 100 % death of ticks of D. reticulatus and I. ricinus within 24 hours at a dilution of up to 1:10.000. Statistical analysis showed that ticks of the two species were significantly more sensitive to cyfluthrin and permethrin than to fipronil and imidacloprid, based on LD50 values. According to the level of contact activity, which is determined by topical application and the estimated LD50, cyfluthrin against I. ricinus was the most active acaricide and LD50 was 0.33 ± 0.07. In relation to D. reticulatus, the LD50 of cyfluthrin was 0.51 ± 0.08. After contact with cyfluthrin, 40 % of I. ricinus ticks and 30 % of D. reticulatus ticks died within one hour, and after 24 hours all ticks were dead. Among the adult stages of ixodid ticks, males were more resistant to the drugs than females. Therefore, cyfluthrin is recommended for the controling of ticks, which ensures the death of mites after a short period of time.
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Trout Fryxell, R. T., e J. T. Vogt. "Collaborative-Tick Surveillance Works: An Academic and Government Partnership for Tick Surveillance in the Southeastern United States (Acari: Ixodidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology 56, n. 5 (3 maggio 2019): 1411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz055.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Tick surveillance provides essential information on distributions and encounter frequencies; it is a component of operational activities in public health practice. Our research objectives were a proof-of-concept for collaborative surveillance, which involved establishing an academic and government partnership to enhance tick surveillance efforts. The University of Tennessee (UT) collaborated with United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) in an Occupational Health and Safety partnership. UT provided FIA crews in the southeastern United States with vials containing 80% ethanol (July 2014–November 2017). Crew members were instructed to put all encountered ticks into the vials and return them to FIA headquarters. UT identified all submitted ticks to species and life stage, and screened Amblyomma americanum (L.) for Ehrlichia bacteria using a nested-PCR assay. From the 198 returned vials, 1,180 ticks were submitted, including A. americanum (90.51%; 202 larvae, 503 nymphs, and 363 adults), Dermacentor variabilis Say (7.12%; 1 nymph, 83 adults), Ixodes scapularis (Say) (1.61%; 19 adults), Amblyomma maculatum Koch (0.59%; 1 nymph, 6 adults), and Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (0.17%; 1 nymph, 1 adult). FIA crews encountered A. americanum with Ehrlichia and collection information was used to generate baseline occurrence data of tick encounters. Results indicate that this collaborative-tick surveillance can be improved and used to generate useful data including pathogen detection, and because crews revisit these sites, changes in tick encounters can be monitored.
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Goodman, Cynthia L., David S. Kang e David Stanley. "Cell Line Platforms Support Research into Arthropod Immunity". Insects 12, n. 8 (17 agosto 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080738.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Innate immune responses are essential to maintaining insect and tick health and are the primary defense against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Cell line research is a powerful method for understanding how invertebrates mount defenses against pathogenic organisms and testing hypotheses on how these responses occur. In particular, immortal arthropod cell lines are valuable tools, providing a tractable, high-throughput, cost-effective, and consistent platform to investigate the mechanisms underpinning insect and tick immune responses. The research results inform the controls of medically and agriculturally important insects and ticks. This review presents several examples of how cell lines have facilitated research into multiple aspects of the invertebrate immune response to pathogens and other foreign agents, as well as comments on possible future research directions in these robust systems.
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Bessolitsyna, Ekaterina Andreevna, Elena Vasil’evna Nozdrina e Stanislav Alexandrovich Volkov. "Dynamics of ticks’ infection with a tick-borne encephalitis virus in some areas of Kirov Region". Samara Journal of Science 6, n. 2 (1 giugno 2017): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201762102.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this research we studied the dynamics of infestation of ticks with European and Siberian isoforms of tick of tick-borne encephalitis virus collected from 2007 to 2016 from vegetation cover, domestic animals and clothes in Kirov, Kirovo-Chepetsk, Orychevsky, Zuevsky, Slobodsky and Turinsky districts of Kirov Oblast. All collected samples were analyzed for the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in them. The virus isoforms were detected by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The analysis revealed the dynamics of the percentage of ticks infected with isoforms of tick-borne encephalitis virus. In the central regions, which share common borders, it was revealed the coincidence of the peaks of infection with the European isoform virus, but further studies are needed to determine the periodicity. It was also noted that for some areas, the maximum peak of infection and the increase in the time between peaks are characteristic. A low percentage of contamination in the territory of Kirov city could be associated with treatment with acaricides. Since 2011, in the Kirov region, there have been cases of ticks infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus from the Siberian isoform. Every year there is an intensive penetration of the Siberian isoform westward through the territory of the Kirov Region. Periodicity of peaks is approximately 3 years.
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Akimov, I. А., e I. V. Nebogatkin. "Ixodid Ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Urban Landscapes. A review". Vestnik Zoologii 50, n. 2 (1 aprile 2016): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0018.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This study presents the results of content analysis of published works on ixodid ticks in urban conditions in order to determine the species diversity, the vectors of research interests at various stages. Information about ticks in the cities up to the 1980s is incidental, to the point of exclusive, after this point there is targeted research in urban landscapes. There are 106 or 15 % of hard ticks of the world fauna registered in the urban territory, 26 species or 3.7 % being the most abundant. Of the urban hard tick species, 23 (88.5 %) can attack humans, and 12 species are the most adapted to the urban landscape: Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus, Dermacentor reticulatus, D. marginatus, I. pavlovskyi, I. scapularis (dammini), Amblyomma cajennense, Haemaphysalis longicornis, I. hexagonus, Hyalomma marginatum, Am. americanum, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. It was determined that the most likely causes of the growing number of publications on ixodids urban landscapes are: global accelerating urbanization, the development of recreational areas, the development of green tourism, the growth of the prestige of outdoor recreation, the creation of new, especially of the landscape parks and a tendency to preserve the native landscape in the cities, a significant increase in the density of populations of common species of hard ticks adapted to living in urban environment. The vectors of further work in urban landscapes will be directed to exact planning of monitoring studies of ixodids and associated tick-borne infections.
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Levytska, V. A. "Seasonal activity of ixodid ticks in Podilskyi region". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, n. 100 (23 dicembre 2020): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ixodid ticks are the most important arthropod hematophagies in veterinary medicine. The spread of ticks and tick borne diseases is linked to human activities, including habitat change, deforestation, economic globalization, international animal movements, urbanization and climate change. The research was conducted from March 2018 to March 2019 in Khmelnytsky region. In total were collected 2086 D. reticulatus ticks and 658 I. ricinus ticks. During the studies, two peaks of seasonal activity of both species of ticks were observed according to the average number of specimens in the three study areas. Spring activity began in March, and the peak was observed in April. Males were found to be more active in March and the first half of April, while females dominated males from late May to late June. The second peak of activity in the study area began in mid-September. Since the beginning of September, the activity of ticks has increased almost eight times compared to August. The peak of autumn activity was observed in late October and early November. Active females dominated males from early October to late autumn. From mid-June to mid-September, single specimens of ticks were detected. During the winter, no ticks were found in the experimental plots. On average, in all experimental areas of Khmelnytsky region, ticks were active at a temperature of 10.8 to 27.8 °C (average temperature – 21.6 ± 6.57 °C) and humidity – 39.90–78.20 % (average humidity – 61.79 %). Statistical analysis performed for all study areas showed that air temperature significantly affected the activity of both species of ticks. However, correlations between the number of ticks collected and humidity throughout the study area and in different areas were not observed separately. The largest number of ticks was collected during the period when daylight lasted approximately 12–14 hours; in turn, the lowest number of ticks was detected on days with more than 15 hours of daylight. Statistical analysis confirmed the correlation between the length of daylight and the activity of ticks of both species.
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Burtis, James C., Joseph D. Poggi, Beau Payne, Scott R. Campbell e Laura C. Harrington. "Susceptibility of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to Permethrin Under a Long-Term 4-Poster Deer Treatment Area on Shelter Island, NY". Journal of Medical Entomology 58, n. 4 (2 aprile 2021): 1966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab054.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Pesticide resistance in medically significant disease vectors can negatively impact the efficacy of control efforts. Resistance research on ticks has focused primarily on species of veterinary significance that experience relatively high degrees of control pressure. Resistance in tick vectors of medical significance has received little attention, in part because area-wide pesticide applications are not used to control these generalist tick species. One of the few effective methods currently used for area-wide control of medically important ticks, including Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), is deployment of 4-poster devices. Deer self-apply a topical acaricide (permethrin) while feeding on corn from the devices. A 4-poster program using permethrin has been deployed on Shelter Island, NY to control I. scapularis populations since 2008. We collected engorged female ticks from deer in this management area and a location in the Mid-Hudson River Valley, NY without area-wide tick control. Larvae were reared from egg masses and their susceptibility to permethrin was tested. Larvae originating from a long-term laboratory colony were used as a susceptible baseline for comparison. Compared against the laboratory colony, resistance ratios at LC-50 for Shelter Island and Hudson Valley I. scapularis were 1.87 and 1.51, respectively. The susceptibilities of the field populations to permethrin were significantly lower than that of the colony ticks. We provide the first data using the larval packet test to establish baseline susceptibility for I. scapularis to permethrin along with information relevant to understanding resistance emergence in tick populations under sustained control pressure from 4-poster devices.
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Quadros, Danilo G., Tammi L. Johnson, Travis R. Whitney, Jonathan D. Oliver e Adela S. Oliva Chávez. "Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia?" Insects 11, n. 8 (1 agosto 2020): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080490.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a significant economic hindrance for livestock production and a menace to public health. The expansion of tick populations into new areas, the occurrence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical treatments, the potentially toxic contamination of food supplies, and the difficulty of applying chemical control in wild-animal populations have created greater interest in developing new tick control alternatives. Plant compounds represent a promising avenue for the discovery of such alternatives. Several plant extracts and secondary metabolites have repellent and acaricidal effects. However, very little is known about their mode of action, and their commercialization is faced with multiple hurdles, from the determination of an adequate formulation to field validation and public availability. Further, the applicability of these compounds to control ticks in wild-animal populations is restrained by inadequate delivery systems that cannot guarantee accurate dosage delivery at the right time to the target animal populations. More work, financial support, and collaboration with regulatory authorities, research groups, and private companies are needed to overcome these obstacles. Here, we review the advancements on known plant-derived natural compounds with acaricidal potential and discuss the road ahead toward the implementation of organic control in managing ticks and tick-borne diseases.
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Vasilevich, F. I., e A. M. Nikanorova. "Transmissible parasitic zoonoses of the Kaluga Region". Russian Journal of Parasitology 14, n. 4 (21 dicembre 2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2020-14-4-50-56.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
the purpose of the research is monitoring population and species composition of common blood-sucking ectoparasites of the Kaluga Region, mosquitoes and ixodid ticks, and parasitic zoonoses, in the circulation of which they are involved.Materials and methods. The records were made in all districts of the Kaluga Region and in the city of Kaluga. We studied open meadow-field and forest-shrub stations, closed meadow-field and near-water stations, and settlement stations. The species was identified using the atlases of ixodid ticks by I. M. Ganiev, A. A. Aliverdiev (1968) and V. N. Shevkoplyas (2008), and the guidance of R. M. Gornostaeva (1999). The situation with transmissible parasitic zoonoses in the Kaluga Region was assessed based on the analysis of information from open sources of the Hygienic and Epidemiological Center of the Kaluga Region and the Veterinary Committee under the Government of the Kaluga Region.Results and discussion. There are two species of ixodid ticks in the Kaluga region: Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. The abundance index of ixodid ticks of the species I. ricinus is 16.8±1.32 individuals per 1 flag-hour in forest biotopes, and 11.6±1.12 individuals per 1 flag-hour in meadow biotopes, and the abundance index of D. reticulatus is 10,8±1.14 and 15.9±1.30 individuals per 1 flag-hour, respectively. Three mosquito species prevail, namely, Stegomya communis, S. vexans, and Culex pipiens. The maximum number was 8 thousand per 1 m3. During the study period, the causative agent of infectious tick-borne borreliosis was found on average in 10.6% of ixodid ticks collected from humans and in 13.2% of ticks collected in natural biotopes. The causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis was isolated on average in 3.1% of ixodid ticks collected from humans and 6.4% of those collected in natural biotopes. Infection rate for I. ricinus ticks infected with pathogen of infectious tick-borne borreliosis was 16.9%, and D. reticulatus 12.3%.
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Estrada-Peña, Agustín, Matías Szabó, Marcelo Labruna, Juan Mosqueda, Octavio Merino, Evelina Tarragona, José Venzal e José de la Fuente. "Towards an Effective, Rational and Sustainable Approach for the Control of Cattle Ticks in the Neotropics". Vaccines 8, n. 1 (30 dicembre 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ticks and transmitted pathogens constitute a major burden for cattle industry in the Neotropics. To address this limitation, the Spanish Ibero-American Program of Science and Technology in Development office (CYTED) supported from 2018 a network of scientists named “LaGar” (CYTED code 118RT0542) aimed at optimizing the control strategies of cattle ticks in the neotropical region. As part of network activities, a meeting and course were organized on 4–8 November 2019 in Querétaro, Mexico to address the objective of developing the infrastructure necessary for an effective, sustainable (i.e., combination of efficacious acaricides with anti-tick vaccines) and rational (i.e., considering tick ecology, seasonal dynamics and cattle-wildlife interactions) control of cattle tick infestations and transmitted pathogens. The course was focused on scientists, students, cattle holders and producers and pharmaceutical/industry representatives. In this way the course addressed the different views presented by participants with the conclusion of producing a research-driven combination of different interventions for the control of tick tick-borne diseases.