Bibliografie tematiche / Time and commitment

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Time and commitment"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 2 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Time and commitment"

McDaid, Ellen. "Full-time commitment". Nursing Standard 23, n. 43 (luglio 2009): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.23.43.61.s53.

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Pineda, Salvador, Ricardo Fernandez-Blanco e Juan Miguel Morales. "Time-Adaptive Unit Commitment". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 34, n. 5 (settembre 2019): 3869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2019.2903486.

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Sorger, Gerhard. "Time-preference and commitment". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 62, n. 4 (aprile 2007): 556–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2005.05.003.

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Gundlach, Gregory T., Ravi S. Achrol e John T. Mentzer. "The Structure of Commitment in Exchange". Journal of Marketing 59, n. 1 (gennaio 1995): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900107.

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Commitment is an essential part of successful long-term relationships. Whereas commitments by both parties in an exchange can provide the foundation for development of relational social norms, disproportionate commitments can lead to opportunism by the less committed partner. The authors study the effect of the credibility and proportionality of commitment inputs in an exchange upon the development of relational social norms, opportunism, and long-term commitment intentions. They also investigate longitudinal effects of the credibility of long-term commitment intentions, relational social norms, and opportunism in one time period on commitment inputs and long-term commitment intentions in later periods. Data gathered from a behavioral simulation suggest that (1) the credibility of commitment inputs in exchange is positively related to the development of relational social norms, (2) and is positively related to long-term commitment intentions in the same time period, (3) relational social norms may be undermined by opportunistic conduct, and (4) the presence of relational social norms in one time period is positively related to commitment inputs and long-term commitment intentions in later periods.

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Bothwell, Jim. "Facilities: A time for commitment". Journal of Air Medical Transport 9, n. 8 (agosto 1990): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1046-9095(05)80429-5.

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Ginsburg, Richard, Lisa Hepburn, Andrew Lincoln, Shane Caswell e Bruce Griffin. "Time Commitment In Youth Sports". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (maggio 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485136.40698.fe.

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van Zee, Marc, Dragan Doder, Leendert van der Torre, Mehdi Dastani, Thomas Icard e Eric Pacuit. "Intention as commitment toward time". Artificial Intelligence 283 (giugno 2020): 103270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2020.103270.

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Clymo, Alex, e Andrea Lanteri. "Fiscal Policy with Limited-Time Commitment". Economic Journal 130, n. 627 (28 novembre 2019): 623–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez066.

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Abstract We propose a theory of optimal fiscal policy with ‘Limited-Time Commitment’. In our framework, successive governments have commitment only over finite, overlapping horizons. We first show that key results in the ‘Full Commitment’ literature can often be sustained with a single period of commitment. We then solve a calibrated model in which ‘Limited-Time Commitment’ fails to implement the ‘Full Commitment’ policy, and find that one year (three years) of commitment recovers one-third (two-thirds) of the welfare losses relative to ‘No Commitment’. Finally, we investigate the trade-off between commitment and flexibility in response to shocks.

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Connors, Mary. "Curriculum redesign takes time and commitment". Nursing Standard 22, n. 52 (3 settembre 2008): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.22.52.33.s34.

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Brown, Lori A., e Michael E. Roloff. "Extra-Role Time, Burnout, and Commitment". Business Communication Quarterly 74, n. 4 (17 ottobre 2011): 450–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1080569911424202.

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This study examines the relationships of extra-role time (ERT) behavior with burnout and occupational commitment among teachers through the lens of conservation of resources (COR) theory. Results reveal that teachers who invest in more ERT are also more likely to experience burnout and decreased commitment to teaching than those who invest less. However, results also indicate that the ethical practice of the employer fulfilling the psychological contract (keeping promises) entered into with the teacher offsets this negative spiral with implications for both teacher well-being and workplace outcomes.

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Tesi sul tema "Time and commitment"

Holmes, Craig. "Myopia, retirement planning and commitment". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:980da095-60ab-47b5-a4e2-3962085d56ca.

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Decisions made by individuals planning for retirement may be myopic. One way of capturing this myopia is with quasi-hyperbolic discounting. It is well known that such preferences may explain why individuals fail to provide an adequate retirement income for themselves. In this thesis, the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model is applied to a number of other decisions and outcomes related to planning for retirement. There are three main focuses. Firstly, the thesis considers a model where individuals are quasi-hyperbolic discounters over both retirement and saving, and extends the results of Diamond and Köszegi (2003). It argues that mechanisms designed to overcome myopic saving decisions may lead to unplanned early retirement. This may depend on the form of income in retirement -- regular income options such as annuities offer commitment over overconsuming early in retirement, which makes early retirement less desirable to myopic retirees. Secondly, it tests these predictions using a new laboratory experiment. Over a two-month period, participants were asked to attend weekly sessions, and could leave the experiment (or "retire") in any week of their choosing. Part of their payment for attending these sessions was put aside and paid only after they had left. The results indicated that more impulsive individuals left the experiment earlier, both overall and relative to plans made in the first week of the experiment. Finally, this thesis presents a model of rising wages as a forced saving mechanism. Assuming individuals face some borrowing constraints, deferred wages implicitly place some earnings aside until much closer to retirement, when quasi-hyperbolic discounters save a greater fraction of their income, increasing total retirement wealth. It also shows that demand for rising wages should disappear for people with access to more direct saving commitment mechanisms, although when these schemes offer less commitment (due to early withdrawal or early retirement options), a combination of both mechanisms is preferred.

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Olsen, Eric Charles 1955. "Measurement of work commitment in a part-time military organization". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276610.

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The purpose of this thesis was to determine if culture was a significant determinate of commitment to one's work organization. The second objective was to develop a work commitment index that was not only comprehensive but minimized redundancy. This work commitment index contained items measuring values and traits associated with the Protestant Work Ethic, Job Involvement, and Organizational Commitment. A T-Test analysis indicated no significant differences in the levels of protestant work ethic or job involvement possessed by hispanic and white soldiers. Only in organizational commitment were levels significantly different, but multiple regression analysis did not support this difference after controlling for other variables. Some progress was made in the development of a comprehensive work commitment index that minimized redundancy. The theories used in this index are capturing three different facets of work commitment. There still exists some redundancy and overlap within and between measures, but at less excessive levels.

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Wood, John Melville. "Organizational commitment and the psychological contract : the differences between full-time and part-time workers /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SSPS/09sspsw876.pdf.

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Moore, Heather Louise. "Ethical Climate, Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction of Full-Time Faculty Members". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1407.

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The purpose of this quantitative study was to better understand the relationship of perceived ethical climate on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of full-time faculty members in institutions of higher education. Full-time faculty members are the forefront employees of any educational institution, and they have a direct impact on the successful implementation of the vision, mission, and goals of the institution. It is imperative to understand potential factors influencing organizational commitment and job satisfaction because decreased levels of commitment and satisfaction have been linked to lower productivity, stagnated creativity, higher levels of turnover, and deviant workplace behaviors. The nationally reported controversy that occurred in the Sociology Department of The Ohio State University during the 1960s provided the theoretical framework for this research. Four different regional universities, producing 594 responses, participated in this study. A modified version of 3 previously establish scales were used to measure each factor: 1) Three Component Model (TCM) of Employee Commitment created by Meyer and Allen (2004), 2) Revised Ethical Climate Questionnaire (RECQ) created by Victor and Cullen (1993), and 3) Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) created by Hackman and Oldham (1980). The data analysis found significant differences in self-reported levels of organizational commitment and job satisfaction for full-time faculty members with regards to type of perceived ethical climate (i.e. egoism, benevolence, and principled). Results of this study also indicate that gender differences play a significant role in the self-reported level of organizational commitment. Females reported higher levels of organizational commitment than their male counterparts. There was no significant difference in the self-reported levels of job satisfaction based upon gender differences. Finally, the results of the study included a significant and positive correlation between the total organizational commitment scores and the total job satisfaction scores of respondents.

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Brzostek, Richard J. "The relation of time perception to task load, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment /". View abstract, 2001. http://library.ccsu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/showit.php3?id=1636.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Central Connecticut State University, 2001.
Thesis advisor: James Conway. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-33). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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Christensen, Else Gry Bro [Verfasser], e Klaus M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt. "Time-inconsistency, commitment, and learning / Else Gry Bro Christensen ; Betreuer: Klaus M. Schmidt". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1165503719/34.

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Moore, Heather Louise, Donald W. Good e James Lampley. "Ethical Climate, Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction of Full-Time University Faculty Members". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/255.

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Excerpt:The purpose of this quantitative study was to better understand the relationship of perceived ethical climate on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of full time faculty members in institutions of higher education.

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Franklin, Joseph W. "The Attributes, Teaching Effectiveness, and Educational Commitment of Part-time Faculty in North Carolina Community Colleges". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1994. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2678.

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This study evaluated the attributes, teaching effectiveness and educational commitment of part-time faculty in enrollment-funded community colleges. The Student Instructional Rating instrument was used to measure student perceptions of instructors in the community college. Twenty four community colleges were randomly selected from North Carolina. Within each college, four full-time and four part-time faculty were randomly selected to participate in the study. Attributes of part-time faculty were compared to attributes of full-time faculty. Teaching effectiveness was assessed from dimensions on the Student Instructional Rating instrument. Various dimensions on the SIR including Faculty/Student Interaction, Overall Quality of the Course, Course Difficulty, and Lectures were used to evaluate instructional effectiveness. A regression model was used to evaluate the attributes of teaching effectiveness for both full-time and part-time faculty and the slopes of regression coefficients were evaluated to determine how effective part-time instruction differed from effective full-time instruction. Part-time faculty were perceived as effective when compared to their full-time counterpart on the dimensions of Faculty/Student Interaction. Other demographic attributes of part-time faculty were evaluated with no significant difference between full-time and part-time faculty. However, full-time faculty were perceived more effective on Overall Quality of the Course, Lectures, Textbooks, and Reading Assignments. Part-time faculty commitment to non-instructional tasks was assessed and the implications for teaching effectiveness were examined. This study also discussed the shift in instructional workloads from part-time to full-time faculty as the number of part-time faculty increase.

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Stith, Dettrick Lamont. "Time Commitment, Self-Efficacy, Social Environment and the Physical Activity Participation of Selected Hypertensive African Americans". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26452.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate time commitment, self-efficacy and social environment as it relates to physical activity in a selected sample of hypertensive African Americans. In addition, this study focused on identifying additional research areas in regards to hypertensive African Americans. This study utilized a quantitative method for data collection. The survey instrument utilized contained the following subtopics: (1) demographics;(2)hypertension risk factors;(3) prevention and treatment;(4)hypertension knowledge, and (5)physical activity participation. Data collected did not support the hypotheses or information contained in the review of literature. It was revealed from data collection that 69% of the respondents (n=90) disagreed with the survey statement that â exercise takes too much of my time (time commitment).â Fifty-two percent of the respondents (n=68) either disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement â exercise tires me (self-efficacy belief).â Forty-three percent of the respondents (n=56) disagreed with the statement â my spouse (or significant other) does not encourage exercise.â There is a need for future investigation to examine how additional barriers to physical effect activity African Americans individually, and is there a culmination of specific barriers to physical activity that work in conjunction to inhibit African Americans to engage in physical activity.
Ph. D.

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Choudhury, Sabrina. "Organizational values at Swedbank : A comparative study of the Central region". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-157880.

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In this thesis, the author strives to examine commitment to organizational values at Swedbank – the Central region through a longitudinal study at three different organizational levels (regional management team, branch manager and assistant branch manager) and this by a broader perspective. In order to gain a better understanding of the chosen subject the study proceeds with a theoretical framework that is concentrated to commitment to organizational values and three factors that might affect this commitment, namely; education, employment time and organizational function. Furthermore, a qualititative approach was used to collect the empirical data consisting of interviews. The purpose of this thesis is to closely examine how three managers at different organizational functions have worked with the organizational values and their employees’ commitment to the values during the last year by studying the three variables; education, employment time and organizational function. The conclusions highlights education and organizational function as two factors that have gained more focus in the managers work with committing their employees to the values. Education plays a crucial role since the manager’s uses similar approaches to some extent but also other methods. The regional management team stands out due to the group reflections. The branch manager is also using a somewhat more unique approach, monthly dialogues. Since the three organizational values; open, simple and caring are not explicitly defined, and are more generally stated there is room for interpretation and education is argued to be the solution for this issue. The importance of organizational function is highlighted in different aspects- balancing hard and soft goals and also the importance of leaders - delegation of responsibility. Regarding the factor employment time, the three interviews were united in this question. No employee has yet displayed a lack of commitment. However, those who have incorporated the values in a good way have done this in a personal way.

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Libri sul tema "Time and commitment"

C, Larson Robert, a cura di. A time for commitment. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan Pub. House, 1987.

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Stannack, Peter. Managing people for the first time: Gaining commitment and improving performance. London: Pitman, 1993.

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Beum, Frank R. A time for commitment: Case-study reviews of national forest wilderness management. Washington, D.C. (900 17th St., N.W., Washington 20006-2596): Wilderness Society, 1990.

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In her own sweet time: Unexpected adventures in finding love, commitment & motherhood. New York: Basic Books, 2008.

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NASA Advisory Council. Space and Earth Science Advisory Committee. The crisis in space and earth science: A time for a new commitment. [Washington]: NASA Advisory Council, 1986.

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Allen, Christine Joanne. The effects of knowledge, gender and type of senior upon attitudes and personal commitment to share volunteer time with seniors. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 1998.

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Office, General Accounting. Foreign assistance: U.S. anticorruption programs in sub-Saharan Africa will require time and commitment : report to the Subcommittee on African Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004.

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Barbara, Quick, a cura di. The commitment dialogues: How to talk your way through the tough times and build a stronger relationship. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

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Inspiring commitment: How to win employee loyalty in chaotic times. Chicago: Irwin Professional Pub., 1996.

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Hua, Yu. The valuation of loan commitments with default risk: A discrete time model. Reading: University of Reading, Departmentof Economics, 1990.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Time and commitment"

Copeland, Bill. "Commitment to Stakeholders’ Expectations". In Total Innovative Management Excellence (TIME), 147–57. New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Productivity Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003004554-5.

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El Kholy, Warda, Mohamed El Menshawy, Amine Laarej, Jamal Bentahar, Faisal Al-Saqqar e Rachida Dssouli. "Real-Time Conditional Commitment Logic". In PRIMA 2015: Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems, 547–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25524-8_37.

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Darfler-Sweeney, Patrick. "80–90% On-Site Time Commitment". In The Superintendent’s Rulebook, 16–20. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315100920-4.

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Altschuler, Daniel, e Javier Corrales. "Endogenous Factors: Time Commitment and Internal Democracy". In The Promise of Participation, 111–17. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137271846_8.

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Reunanen, Tero, e Jarno Einolander. "Correlations in Time Management and Organizational Commitment". In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 217–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50791-6_27.

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Sagliaschi, Umberto, e Roberto Savona. "Continuous Time Models, Unsecured Debt and Commitment". In Dynamical Corporate Finance, 113–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77853-8_5.

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van Hooff, Jenny. "Swipe Right? Tinder, Commitment and the Commercialisation of Intimate Life". In Romantic Relationships in a Time of ‘Cold Intimacies’, 109–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29256-0_6.

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Woźna-Szcześniak, Bożena, e Ireneusz Szcześniak. "Real-Time Conditional Commitment Logic and Duration Communication Interpreted Systems". In Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 15th International Conference, 103–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94649-8_13.

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Jost, Martin. "A Battle against Time: Salomon Adler-Rudel’s Commitment at the Évian Conference". In Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts XVI/2017, 221–46. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666370717.221.

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Thapa, Suman, Rajesh Karki e Roy Billinton. "Application of Hourly Time Series Models in Day-ahead Wind Power Commitment". In Reliability and Risk Evaluation of Wind Integrated Power Systems, 45–58. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0987-4_4.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Time and commitment"

Soparkar, Nandit, Eliezer Levy, Henry F. Korth e Avi Silberschatz. "Adaptive commitment for distributed real-time transactions". In the third international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/191246.191276.

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Zhang, Hong-fei, Jian-min Wang, Ke Cui, Sheng-zhao Lin, Dong-xu Yang e Jian Wang. "A data transmission and time measurement system for bit commitment experiment". In 2014 IEEE-NPSS Real Time Conference (RT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rtc.2014.7097554.

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Hong, Mingguo, Vijaya Ganugula, Yonghong Chen e Jie Wan. "Resource commitment justification in RTO real time operation". In 2013 IEEE Energytech. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/energytech.2013.6645347.

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Subramaniam, M., Chan Chih Ming e M. Mohan. "Meeting fab cycle time commitment during production ramp". In ISSM 2005, IEEE International Symposium on Semiconductor Manufacturing, 2005. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issm.2005.1513365.

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Zhou, Min, Bo Wang e Junzo Watada. "Multi-time Scale Unit Commitment Optimization under Hybrid Uncertainties". In 2018 10th International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccas.2018.8769202.

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Cao, Shuai, Zhenglin Yang, Haihua Cheng, Yaxian Zheng e Jian Geng. "Time Coupling Constraints Modeling and Analysis in Unit Commitment". In 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemie-16.2016.44.

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Hreinsson, Kari, Bita Analui e Anna Scaglione. "Continuous Time Multi-Stage Stochastic Reserve and Unit Commitment". In 2018 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/pscc.2018.8442490.

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Parvania, Masood, e Anna Scaglione. "Unit commitment with continuous-time generation and ramping trajectory models". In 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2016.7741904.

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Li, Jianying, Mingqiang Wang, Zhen Fang e Zhixin Wang. "Spinning Reserve Optimization Under Multiple Time Resolution Unit Commitment Module". In 2020 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpsasia48933.2020.9208470.

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Agrawal, D., A. El Abbadi e R. Jeffers. "Using delayed commitment in locking protocols for real-time databases". In the 1992 ACM SIGMOD international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/130283.130304.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Time and commitment"

Lise, Jeremy, e Ken Yamada. Household Sharing and Commitment: Evidence from Panel Data on Individual Expenditures and Time Use. Institute for Fiscal Studies, marzo 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2014.1405.

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Martin, Matthew, Max Lawson, Nabil Abdo, David Waddock e Jo Walker. Fighting Inequality in the time of COVID-19: The Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2020. Development Finance International, Oxfam, ottobre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6515.

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The coronavirus pandemic has swept across a world unprepared to fight it, because countries had failed to choose policies to fight inequality. Only one in six countries assessed for the CRI Index 2020 were spending enough on health, only a third of the global workforce had adequate social protection, and in more than 100 countries at least one in three workers had no labour protection such as sick pay. As a result, many have faced death and destitution, and inequality is increasing dramatically. This third edition of the CRI Index report recommends that all governments adopt strong anti-inequality policies on public services, tax and labour rights, to radically reduce the gap between rich and poor. The international community must support them with Special Drawing Rights, debt relief and global solidarity taxes. See also the CRI Index website at www.inequalityindex.org

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Finke, Reinald G. Reduction in Coverage of KEW (Kinetic Energy Weapons) Boost-Phase-Intercept System Due to Decreased Booster Burn Time and Increased Commitment Delay. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luglio 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada175023.

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Akasha, Heba, Omid Ghaffarpasand e Francis Pope. Climate Change and Air Pollution. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), gennaio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.071.

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This rapid literature review explores the interactions between climate change and air pollution, with a focus on human health impacts. In particular, the report explores potential synergies in tackling climate change and air pollution together. The impacts and implications of the transition from a carbon-intensive economy upon air quality and consequently human health are examined. Discussing climate change without air pollution can lead to risks. For example, strategies that focus on electrification and transition to renewable energy achieve maximum health and air quality benefits compared to strategies that focus mainly on combustible renewable fuels (biofuel and biomass) with some electrification. Addressing climate change necessitates a shift towards a new low carbon era. This involves stringent and innovative changes in behaviour, technology, and policy. There are distinct benefits of considering climate change and air pollution together. Many of the processes that cause climate change also cause air pollution, and hence reductions in these processes will generate cleaner air and less global warming. Politically, the consideration of the two issues in tandem can be beneficial because of the time-inconsistency problems of climate change. Air pollution improvements can offer politicians victories, on a useful timescale, to help in their aims of reversing climate change. By coupling air pollution and air pollution agendas together, it will increase the media and political attention both environmental causes receive. Policies should involve the integration of climate change, air quality, and health benefits to create win-win situations. The success of the strategies requires financial and technical capacity building, commitment, transparency, and multidisciplinary collaboration, including governance stakeholders at multiple levels, in both a top-down and bottom-up manner.

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Bano, Masooda, e Zeena Oberoi. Embedding Innovation in State Systems: Lessons from Pratham in India. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), dicembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/058.

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The learning crisis in many developing countries has led to searches for innovative teaching models. Adoption of innovation, however, disrupts routine and breaks institutional inertia, requiring government employees to change their way of working. Introducing and embedding innovative methods for improving learning outcomes within state institutions is thus a major challenge. For NGO-led innovation to have largescale impact, we need to understand: (1) what factors facilitate its adoption by senior bureaucracy and political elites; and (2) how to incentivise district-level field staff and school principals and teachers, who have to change their ways of working, to implement the innovation? This paper presents an ethnographic study of Pratham, one of the most influential NGOs in the domain of education in India today, which has attracted growing attention for introducing an innovative teaching methodology— Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) – with evidence of improved learning outcomes among primary-school students and adoption by a number of states in India. The case study suggests that while a combination of factors, including evidence of success, ease of method, the presence of a committed bureaucrat, and political opportunity are key to state adoption of an innovation, exposure to ground realities, hand holding and confidence building, informal interactions, provision of new teaching resources, and using existing lines of communication are core to ensuring the co-operation of those responsible for actual implementation. The Pratham case, however, also confirms existing concerns that even when NGO-led innovations are successfully implemented at a large scale, their replication across the state and their sustainability remain a challenge. Embedding good practice takes time; the political commitment leading to adoption of an innovation is often, however, tied to an immediate political opportunity being exploited by the political elites. Thus, when political opportunity rather than a genuine political will creates space for adoption of an innovation, state support for that innovation fades away before the new ways of working can replace the old habits. In contexts where states lack political will to improve learning outcomes, NGOs can only hope to make systematic change in state systems if, as in the case of Pratham, they operate as semi-social movements with large cadres of volunteers. The network of volunteers enables them to slow down and pick up again in response to changing political contexts, instead of quitting when state actors withdraw. Involving the community itself does not automatically lead to greater political accountability. Time-bound donor-funded NGO projects aiming to introduce innovation, however large in scale, simply cannot succeed in bringing about systematic change, because embedding change in state institutions lacking political will requires years of sustained engagement.

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Chiavassa, Nathalie, e Raphael Dewez. Technical Note on Road Safety in Haiti. Inter-American Development Bank, gennaio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003250.

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The IDB has been a predominant partner supporting Haiti development efforts for many years. Nowadays, the IDB is the main source of investment for the country. Considering the vital weight of road transport sector in the socio-economy of the country, the IDB has concentrated a large part of investment efforts in rehabilitating and improving national road infrastructures. In the same time, a rapid increase of motorization and relatively higher speeds have contributed to increasing the number of traffic fatalities and injuries. In 2017, road injuries were the fifth cause of mortality in Haiti. The Road Safety situation of the country is preoccupying with many Vulnerable Road Users involved, in particular pedestrians and motorcyclists. The country is facing multi-sector challenges to address this Road Safety situation. Despite recent efforts, high political will has not been continuous in promoting a multi-sector coordination and the success of technical efforts remained mitigated over the last years. Road user awareness is still weak in the country. Risk factors include dangerous driving, bad safety conditions of vehicles, together with limited law enforcement and poor maintenance of safety devices on the roads. In this context, the Road Safety situation of the country may be getting worse in the coming years if no action is taken. However, the new Decade provides with a unique opportunity to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including significant progress in reducing the burden of traffic crashes. The IDB has already initiated vital investments in modernizing crash data collection, promoting institutional dialogue and supporting capacity building in the area of Road Safety. Future actions to address Road Safety challenges in Haiti in the framework of the five UN five pillars would require a range of investments in the area of political commitment, institutional coordination and technical efforts. A change of political paradigm from making roads for travelling faster to making roads safer for all users is highly needed at national level. This technical note on Road Safety in Haiti present the current situation of the country and provides with recommendations for future actions on Road Safety.

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London, Jonathan. Outlier Vietnam and the Problem of Embeddedness: Contributions to the Political Economy of Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), febbraio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/062.

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Recent literature on the political economy of education highlights the role of political settlements, political commitments, and features of public governance in shaping education systems’ development and performance around learning. Vietnam’s experiences provide fertile ground for the critique and further development of this literature including, especially, its efforts to understand how features of accountability relations shape education systems’ performance across time and place. Globally, Vietnam is a contemporary outlier in education, having achieved rapid gains in enrolment and strong learning outcomes at relatively low levels of income. This paper proposes that beyond such felicitous conditions as economic growth and social historical and cultural elements that valorize education, Vietnam’s distinctive combination of Leninist political commitments to education and high levels of societal engagement in the education system often works to enhance accountability within the system in ways that contribute to the system’s coherence around learning; reflecting the sense and reality that Vietnam is a country in which education is a first national priority. Importantly, these alleged elements exist alongside other features that significantly undermine the system’s coherence and performance around learning. These include, among others, the system’s incoherent patterns of decentralization, the commercialization and commodification of schooling and learning, and corresponding patterns of systemic inequality. Taken together, these features of education in Vietnam underscore how the coherence of accountability relations that shape learning outcomes are contingent on the manner in which national and local systems are embedded within their broader social environments while also raising intriguing ideas for efforts to understand the conditions under which education systems’ performance with respect to learning can be promoted, supported, and sustained.

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Inter-American Development Bank Group Climate Change Action Plan 2021-2025. Inter-American Development Bank, marzo 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003153.

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The Climate Change Action Plan describes the IDB Groups progress since 2016 to support the regions need for low-carbon and climate-resilient development finance and its plan to raise climate ambition continuously in the region. The Second Update to the Institutional Strategy specifies that cross cutting issues, including climate change, continue to hamper development and that the IDB Group will renew its commitment to address them. The climate-finance goal set in the Bahamas Resolution has been extended through its inclusion in the IDB Group Corporate Results Framework 2020- 2023 (CRF 20202023).5 At the same time, all MDBs have committed to complement tracking of their financial contributions to climate action with a new approach focused on the consistency of their support with long-term decarbonization and climate resilience efforts. To this end, MDBs have outlined a common approach to support countries to deliver on their commitments under the PA. There has also been increasing recognition of the need to measure the results of the IDB Groups climate action and the complexity it entails.

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RESEARCH PRIORITIES: Western Balkans Snapshot. RESOLVE Network, ottobre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/rp2020.1.wb.

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Amidst the evolving threat of violent extremism (VE) worldwide, the Western Balkans face substantial challenges to social cohesion and stability. As elsewhere, narratives of religious, far right, and nationalist militancy resonate with vulnerable youth populations in Western Balkan countries where a history of ethnic, religious, and civil strife created a situation vulnerable to terrorist recruitment at home and abroad. Individuals who traveled to fight alongside violent extremist organizations abroad are returning to their home countries following the territorial losses of extremist groups in Syria and Iraq. At the same time, ethno-nationalist extremism continues to gain traction and expand across the region. While some of these topics have received increased attention in the current body of literature, others remain under-researched. Existing research topics also require more field research and deeper conceptual foundation. The resulting gaps in our collective understanding point to the need for further research on evolving social and VE dynamics in the Western Balkans. More rigorous and grounded research, in this regard, can help inform and improve efforts to prevent and counter violent extremism (P/CVE) in the region. In 2019, the RESOLVE Network convened local and international experts to discuss research gaps and develop a preliminary list of research priorities for P/CVE moving forward in the Western Balkans. The topics identified in this Research Priorities Snapshot reflect their collective expertise, in-depth understanding, and commitment to continued analysis of VE trends and dynamics in the region.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.

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