Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Tomato by-product"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Tomato by-product"
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Lucia, Padalino, Conte Amalia, Lecce Lucia, Likyova Desislava, Sicari Vincenzo, Pellicanò Teresa Maria, Poiana Marco e Nobile Matteo Alessandro Del. "Functional pasta with tomato by-product as a source of antioxidant compounds and dietary fibre". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 35, No. 1 (3 marzo 2017): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/171/2016-cjfs.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tomato peels are abundant by-products of tomato processing and therefore represent a cost of disposal and an impact on the environment. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to valorise tomato peels to enrich pasta, being these ingredients still rich in antioxidants like carotenoids that are well-known to protect against degenerative diseases. To the aim of the work, in the first step, tomato peel flour was added to wholemeal flour in different amounts until the overall quality of cooked pasta reached its acceptability threshold (tomato peel flour at 15% w/w of semolina weight). Even though the pasta enriched with tomato peels showed high levels of carotenoids and dietary fibre, lower sensory scores for elasticity, odour, and firmness were recorded than in the control. Therefore, the second step was aimed to improve the sensory quality of the 15% enriched spaghetti by means of proper addition of hydrocolloids. Final results confirmed the ability of the structuring agents to enhance adhesiveness and bulkiness of pasta, without compromising other physical and chemical properties.
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Baydelyuk, E. S. "TOMATO YIELD AT TREATMENT BY BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT". VEGETABLE CROPS OF RUSSIA, n. 2(27) (2015): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2015-2-91-93.
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Paulino, Segoviano-León Juan, Ávila-Torres Germán Adrián, Espinosa-Alonso Laura Gabriela, Valdez-Morales Maribel e Medina-Godoy Sergio. "Nutraceutical potential of flours from tomato by-product and tomato field waste". Journal of Food Science and Technology 57, n. 9 (25 giugno 2020): 3525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04585-1.
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Khiari, Besma, Marwa Moussaoui e Mejdi Jeguirim. "Tomato-Processing By-Product Combustion: Thermal and Kinetic Analyses". Materials 12, n. 4 (13 febbraio 2019): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040553.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper is part of a sustainable development approach, the aim being to develop a thermochemical energy recovery path while reducing the amount of tomato waste issued from agro-industrial units. The thermal process may contribute to an environmentally friendly management and help tomato processing industries creating new economic profitable circuits in an increasingly competitive context. The adopted approach was to follow the operating conditions needed for a complete thermal degradation through a thermal and kinetic analyses. The results of the tomato waste characterization confirmed their suitability to a thermochemical processing with high volatiles and fixed carbon and interesting high heating values comparable to sawdust biomass. We were able to isolate of the decomposition domains and extract kinetic parameters. Three kinetic models were applied; Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) simulated the best the combustion process. Calculated curves were validated by the first order (n = 1) model except for the slow heating rate of 5 °C/min which was fitted by the contracted cylinder model. The conclusions of this paper could help in optimizing the combustion process in order to achieve high energy recovery from tomato residues. Obtained kinetic data would help in the design of combustion reactors.
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Machmudah, Siti, Zakaria, Sugeng Winardi, Mitsuru Sasaki, Motonobu Goto, Nami Kusumoto e Kiro Hayakawa. "Lycopene extraction from tomato peel by-product containing tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide". Journal of Food Engineering 108, n. 2 (gennaio 2012): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.08.012.
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Eslami, Elham, Serena Carpentieri, Gianpiero Pataro e Giovanna Ferrari. "A Comprehensive Overview of Tomato Processing By-Product Valorization by Conventional Methods versus Emerging Technologies". Foods 12, n. 1 (29 dicembre 2022): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12010166.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The tomato processing industry can be considered one of the most widespread food manufacturing industries all over the world, annually generating considerable quantities of residue and determining disposal issues associated not only with the wasting of invaluable resources but also with the rise of significant environmental burdens. In this regard, previous studies have widely ascertained that tomato by-products are still rich in valuable compounds, which, once recovered, could be utilized in different industrial sectors. Currently, conventional solvent extraction is the most widely used method for the recovery of these compounds from tomato pomace. Nevertheless, several well-known drawbacks derive from this process, including the use of large quantities of solvents and the difficulties of utilizing the residual biomass. To overcome these limitations, the recent advances in extraction techniques, including the modification of the process configuration and the use of complementary novel methods to modify or destroy vegetable cells, have greatly and effectively influenced the recovery of different compounds from plant matrices. This review contributes a comprehensive overview on the valorization of tomato processing by-products with a specific focus on the use of “green technologies”, including high-pressure homogenization (HPH), pulsed electric fields (PEF), supercritical fluid (SFE-CO2), ultrasounds (UAE), and microwaves (MAE), suitable to enhancing the extractability of target compounds while reducing the solvent requirement and shortening the extraction time. The effects of conventional processes and the application of green technologies are critically analyzed, and their effectiveness on the recovery of lycopene, polyphenols, cutin, pectin, oil, and proteins from tomato residues is discussed, focusing on their strengths, drawbacks, and critical factors that contribute to maximizing the extraction yields of the target compounds. Moreover, to follow the “near zero discharge concept”, the utilization of a cascade approach to recover different valuable compounds and the exploitation of the residual biomass for biogas generation are also pointed out.
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Boukid, Fatma, Elena Curti, Agoura Diantom, Eleonora Carini e Elena Vittadini. "A multilevel investigation supported by multivariate analysis for tomato product formulation". European Food Research and Technology 247, n. 9 (18 giugno 2021): 2345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03794-y.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIndustrial processing of tomato includes its cutting and mincing, thermal treatments, and the addition of ingredients, which might induce changes in physicochemical properties of the final products. In this frame, the impact of texturing/thickening [xanthan gum (X) or potato fiber (F)] on the macroscopic, mesoscopic and molecular properties of tomato double concentrate (TDC) was investigated to determine if F can efficiently substitute X, in association with small solutes (sugar and salt) and thermal treatment (cold and hot). At a macroscopic level, multivariate statistics (MANOVA) underlined that color change (ΔE) was increased by X and F addition contrary to heating and the addition of salt and sugar. MANOVA revealed that texture was greatly enhanced through the use of F over X. 1H NMR molecular mobility changes were more controlled by texturing agents (F and X) than thermal treatment and small solutes. Particularly F increased the more rigid population indicating stronger interaction with water molecules resulting in shear-thinning flow. However, adding X contributed into the increase of the dynamic and mobile populations. Therefore, F can be a valid “clean label” substitute of X in modulating tomato products properties.
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Jariyah, Lilik Suprianti, Endang Pudji W e Reda Rizal. "Economic improvement by Processing Tomato into Dried Tomato in Giripurno Village, Batu City". International Journal Of Community Service 3, n. 1 (10 dicembre 2022): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijcs.v3i1.158.
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Tomato is one of the potential agricultural products in Giripurno village, Batu City. Tomato has a delicious taste and good nutrition for health. The production of tomatoes in Batu city reach 11.750 ton in a year. However, the price of tomatoes fluctuates depending on the season. The farmers who are the tomato producers are at risk of being lost. Therefore, innovation is necessary to produce tomatoes to become one long-lasting product that can increase its value. This community service program is intended to increase the value of tomatoes by producing sweet-dried tomatoes in Giripurno Village, Batu city. The program started with an introduction to the Giripurno authorization, surveyed the potential local product, discussed with the local people, solved the problem, socialized the program to the people, trained the local people, and evaluated the program. We also granted the Giripurno authorization for one food dehydrator machine to be used by local people interested in the sweet-dried tomato business. Our program has been done for six months with the result there is an improvement in people's knowledge regarding the usage of tomatoes, the product derived from tomatoes, the way to produce sweet-dried tomatoes, and the business prospect of sweet-dried tomatoes. People also know using an appropriate technology food dehydrator to improve the sweet-dried tomato product.
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Sandei, L., C. Stingone, R. Vitelli, E. Cocconi, A. Zanotti e C. Zoni. "Processing tomato by-products re-use, secondary raw material for tomato product with new functionality". Acta Horticulturae, n. 1233 (febbraio 2019): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1233.35.
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Bourmaud, Alain, Kolja Konschak, Coralie Buffet, Méline Calatraba, Anton Loïc Rudolph, Antoine Kervoëlen, Basile Gautherot, Estelle Bonnin e Johnny Beaugrand. "A Circular Approach for the Valorization of Tomato By-Product in Biodegradable Injected Materials for Horticulture Sector". Polymers 15, n. 4 (7 febbraio 2023): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040820.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study focuses on the use of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by-product biomass from industrial plants as reinforcement for designing a range of new degradable and biobased thermoplastic materials. As a novel technique, this fully circular approach enables a promising up-cycling of tomato wastes. After an in-depth morphological study of the degree of reinforcement through SEM and dynamic analysis, mechanical characterization was carried out. Our mechanical results demonstrate that this circular approach is of interest for composite applications. Despite their moderate aspect ratio values (between 1.5 and 2), the tomato by-product-reinforced materials can mechanically compete with existing formulations; PBS-Tomato fiber, for example, exhibits mechanical performance very close to that of PP-flax, especially regarding strength (+11%) and elongation at break (+6%). According to the matrix and particle morphology, a large range of products—biobased and/or degradable, depending on the targeted application—can be designed from tomato cultivation by-products.
Tesi sul tema "Tomato by-product"
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Cesare, Maria Michela. "ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION OF TUSCAN TOMATO PEEL POLYPHENOLS IN A CELLULAR MODEL OF SARCOPENIA". Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1186467.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Tomato by-products contain a great variety of biologically active substances and might represent a significant source of natural antioxidant supplements of the human diet. The preliminary studies were carried out on two ancient Tuscan tomato peel varieties, Rosso di Pitigliano (RED) and Perina a Punta della Valtiberina (PER), obtained by growing plants in normal (-Ctr) or in drought stress conditions (-Ds) present in the Regional Bank of the Germplasm of Tuscany. The variety chosen was Rosso di Pitigliano for the best beneficial effects on vascular related dysfunction. The preliminary aim of the thesis was to create an in vitro model of sarcopenia, induced by dexamethasone using human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM). Sarcopenia is a disease that affects athletes who practice endurance physical activity. In these, an excessive exercise increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, that, if not properly balanced by the endogenous antioxidant system, can compromise the performance of the athletes. Furthermore, in controlling muscle mass an important role is played by serine/threonine kinase and a decreased activation of the Akt-mTOR pathway by sarcopenia contributes to protein synthesis reduction. The main aim of study was to evaluate the cytoprotective properties of tomato peel polyphenols from Rosso di Pitigliano, cultivated in normal or in drought stress conditions, on an in vitro model of sarcopenia.
Methods: The antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content (TPC) were measured. The identification of bioactive compounds of several tomato peel was performed by HPLC. HUVEC were pre-treated with different TPC of RED-Ctr or RED-Ds, then stressed with H2O2. Cell viability, ROS production and CAT, SOD and GPx activities were evaluated. Permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED across excised rat intestine was also studied. The phenol content of both peel extracts was investigated by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) analyses coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS). Morphological sarcopenia induction and treatment with tomato peels extracts were performed. The effector’s expression was evaluated by Real-Time PCR reactions after setting the optimal reaction conditions. Myotubes-differentiated were examined for the expression of Myosin heavy chain-2 (MYH2), Troponin T type 1 (TNNT) and Myogenin (MYOG). Furthermore, Protein kinase B (AKT1) and Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) mRNA expression was evaluated. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were performed.
Results: RED-Ds tomato peel extract possessed higher TPC than compared to RED-Ctr (361.32 ± 7.204 mg vs. 152.46 ± 1.568 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight). All extracts were non-cytotoxic. Two hours pre-treatment with 5 μg GAE/mL from RED-Ctr or RED-Ds showed protection from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and significantly reduced ROS production raising SOD and CAT activity (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 vs. H2O2, respectively). The permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED-Ctr or RED-Ds across excised rat intestine was high with non-significant difference between the two RED types (41.9 ± 9.6% vs. 26.6 ± 7.8%).
Phenolic acids increase in the stressed tomato peel extract, while flavonoids decrease. Data shows a protective effect of 5μg GAE/ml TPC of Red DS extract on the sarcopenia. FOXO1 mRNA expression was significantly increased when cells treated with Dexa, but this expression was significantly decreased in Red Ds+Dexa (p <0.0001 vs control). AKT1 mRNA expression was increased in myotubes pre-treated with Red Ds and Dexa (p <0.0001 vs control). Myosin heavy chain 2 (MYH2), troponin T (TNNT1), miogenin (MYOG), were express in myotubes differentiated (p<0.001 vs Control). DEXA significantly reduces the antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD compared with untreated cells (p < 0.0001), but RED-Ds increased SOD activity. Conclusions: The final results show that the tomato peel extract of Rosso di Pitigliano, grown in conditions of drought stress, represents a good source of bioactive molecules, which protects the endothelium from oxidative stress even at low concentrations. Furthermore, the polyphenols from tomato peel show a cytoprotective effect in the in vitro model of sarcopenia without the use of vehicles for absorption.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Tomato by-product"
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Wit, Pia de, e Sinéad Twomey. "How toMake Good Dough: Revitalizing your Product Portfolio by Understanding Consumer Needs". In Market Research Best Practice, 527–38. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119208815.ch24.
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Dushchak (Benderska), Olha, e Tetiana Levkivska. "SECONDARY PRODUCTS OF TOMATO PROCESSING IN THE TECHNOLOGIES OF FOOD PRODUCTS". In Development of scientific, technological and innovation space in Ukraine and EU countries. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-151-0-33.
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The chapter is devoted scientific substantiation by use secondary tomato resources. The theoretical and practical aspects by use tomatoes technical maturity and seeds in the justification for absract improved technology tomato raw include speciations and technological properties. Propose use recycling tomatoes for food semi-processed food, namely, the tomato seeds. The features chemical composition of tomato seeds are established. The use of secondary raw materials formed in the production of tomato products as a source of biologically active substances with their subsequent use in food technology is proposed. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the biological value of tomato seeds. It has been found that tomato seeds have a high nutritional and biological value due to the high concentration of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Accordingly, this value complies with modern recommendations on healthy diet for the population. Also, tomato seeds are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, macro- and micronutrient elements, vitamin E, and fiber. However, its nutritional value is substantially reduced by natural biologically active anti-alimentary substances, namely proteinase inhibitors. A first experimental is antinutrients tomato seeds. А number of trypsin inhibitors of tomato seeds use micronating processing, a significant reduction has been achieved. The use of hydrothermal and micronization treatment of tomato seeds to reduce the activity of trypsin inhibitors is proposed. Hydrothermal treatment for 40 min at a water temperature of 90..100°C reduced trypsin inhibitory activity by 1..3% from baseline. Thus, when you stand micronating processing maturity during 60 s reducing trypsin inhibitors is about 34 % and for biological maturity is 28.8%. It was found that technology tomato seeds processing allows to obtain a biologically valuable product, which is mainly represented by lipid up to 40%, as well as significant content of protein substances, carbohydrates and fibre. The purpose of this paper is the study of chemical composition and biological value of secondary tomato resources, namely tomato seeds, as well as researching the possibility of its application in food technology. It is also concerned with determination of quantitative and qualitative composition of anti-nutrients of tomato seeds and selection of ways to decrease the activity of anti-nutrients of tomato seeds.
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Adu-Dapaah, Hans, Michael Kwabena Osei, Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah, Stella Owusu Nketia, Augustine Antwi-Boasiako, Osuman Alimatu Sadia, Peter Ofori Amoako e Richard Agyare. "Perspective Chapter: Accelerating Demand-Led Tomato Breeding for Emerging Markets in Africa". In Tomato - From Cultivation to Processing Technology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106737.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tomato production in Africa has increased due to increased population, rising consumer demands for nutritious and healthy food and potential use of improved technologies. Demand-led’ plant breeding puts producers and consumers at the heart of research and development involving stakeholders even before the research starts. These ‘stakeholders’ are not only farmers but key actors along the tomato value chain. They influence how the tomato is traded as: fresh food and processing product. This chapter focuses on different approaches to fast-track tomato breeding so as to contribute to the transformation of African agriculture by enabling small scale farmers to compete in local and regional markets, by increasing the availability and adoption of high performing tomato varieties that meet market demands. It further outlines development of varieties that meet farmer needs, consumer preferences, and market demand in Africa. These new varieties are designed to meet client needs by connecting plant breeders with crop value chains, seed distribution organizations, and encouraging enterprise and entrepreneurship in transforming agriculture in Africa. Lastly, it outlines the prospects and challenges associated with demand-led breeding of tomato and offers suggestions to increase food security in Africa.
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Truffault, V., e E. Legast. "Advances in soilless cultivation of tomatoes and other fruit vegetables". In Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science, 345–80. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0076.16.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fruit vegetables are a rich nutritive source for the human diet and highly appreciated for their taste. Tomato, sweet pepper or cucumber crops have specific growth requirements linked to their physiology and their architecture (plant bearing fruits). Soilless culture system (SCS) are characterized by high performance, product quality and profitability for growers and solves agronomical issues such as input use efficiencies and out-of-season production. Recent advances in soilless cultivation of fruit vegetables are reviewed in this chapter: from climate and nutrients requirements to ‘speaking plant’-based approaches and establishment of fruit quality.
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Taber, Douglass F. "Other Methods for C–C Ring Construction: Pinolinone (Bach), Agelastatin A (Batey), Panaginsene (Lee), Salvileucalin D, Salvileucalin C (Ding), ent-Codeine (Hudlicky), Walsucochin B (Xie/Shi)". In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0081.
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Thorsten Bach of the Technische Universität München used (Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 3353) the chiral medium-mediated photochemical 2+2 cycloaddition that he developed to prepare 3 by combining 1 with 2. Oxidative cleavage led to (−)-pinolinone 4. Robert A. Batey of the University of Toronto rearranged (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 10862) furfural 5 in the presence of 6 to give the enone 7. Acylation followed by intramolecular conjugate addition delivered agelastatin A 8. Hee-Yoon Lee of KAIST prepared (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 2466) the tosylhydrazone Na salt 9 from citronellal. Thermolysis led, via a dialkyl diazo intermediate, to the tricyclic 10. Direct comparison of synthetic material with the natural product panaginsene 11 enabled the assignment of the relative configuration of the pendant methyl group. Hanfeng Ding of Zhejiang University eliminated (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 3376) HBr from 12 to give, after rearrangement, the cycloheptadiene salvileucalin D 13. Irradiation converted 13 to the cyclobutene salvileucalin C 14. In a recent chapter of his continuing work on the morphine alkaloids, Tomas Hudlicky of Brock University described (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2014, 356, 333) the intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition of the nitrone derived from 15 to give 16. This was readily carried on to ent-codeine 17. Xingang Xie and Xuegong She of Lanzhou University used (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 1996) Shi epoxidation and Itsuno–Corey reduction to prepare 18 in enantiomerically-pure form. Cationic cyclization converted 18 to 19, that was oxidized to (−)-walsucochin B 20.
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Kaell, Hillary. "Interlude". In Christian Globalism at Home, 187–95. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691201467.003.0009.
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Following two sides of a sponsorship story, this interlude experiments with a narrative approach to further highlight the irresolution and silences that constitute global relations. It should be read alongside chapters 6 and 7, both of which raise questions about what it’s like to keep in touch and lose touch during sponsorship. The interlude is based on interviews with individuals I have called Carol and Rizal in 2017 and 2018, respectively. My conversation with Carol lasted nearly three hours and was supplemented by her written recollections and follow-up emails. I contacted Rizal on Facebook and we were in touch for a few months before conducting a phone interview with the help of Kristel Kabigting, a colleague at my university who graciously offered to translate. Carmen Tomas, a Manila-based contractor with whom I have worked many times, transcribed and translated Rizal’s responses into English. I underline phrases that are directly from the transcripts for both interviews (changing first person to third). The rest is paraphrased, with small details added for narrative flow. The final product is thus a result of its creation as I stitched together a patchwork of overlapping voices. Rizal’s story is undoubtedly colored by mistranslations and emotions (“I was nervous,” he said at the end, “This is the longest I ever spoke to someone from another country”). Carol’s bore traces of her own multiple retellings, including a version she wrote in 2015 that I mention in the timeline below....
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Savelyev, Yuri V., Galyna O. Iutynska, Lyudmyla P. Robota, Liudmyla O. Biliavska, Tamara V. Travinska, Olexandra M. Brykova e Vladyslav I. Lytviakov. "Biologically active polymeric materials based on water polyurethane dispersions as the agent for increase of agricultural plants productivity". In NEW FUNCTIONAL SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 210–25. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.444.210.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Biologically active polymeric materials (BAPM) with prolonged activity have been created on the basis of ecologically safe, economically expedient water xanthan (XA)- and castor (CO)/xanthan-comprising ionomer polyurethanes (IPU) which are aggregatively stable, capable of water dilution, with the size of micelles 250-270 nm and water absorption up to 220%. IPUs of amorphous-crystalline structure (Xa- and CO/Xa-comprising) are characterized by increased degradability as compared to amorphous (CO- comprising) IPUs. After the 12 months of incubation the weight loss of IPU / CO12 / Xa20 due to the synergistic effect of the components is 71%, while the additive contribution of the components and their total content are equaled 43.6%, 32.0%, respectively. Changing the polyether nature and/or introduction of Xa into the IPU structure allow to reduce of adhesive effects from 1.43 to 0.20 MPa, sufficient for "sticking" of BAPM on the plant surface and to reduce the surface tension, and for formation of a non-monolithic film on plant surface, and, thus, will not interfere with the activity of the plant photosynthetic apparatus. 170 BAPM with prolonged action was obtained by chemical and physical immobilization into the IPU macrochain of the domestic polyfunctional biological product Averkom-N. After pre-sowing treatment of seeds of grain and vegetable crops with BAPM, their growth-stimulating activity was established: an increase in biomass up to 60% compared to 40% after treatment with Averkom-N; an increase of: tomatoes productivity (24%), average weight of fruits (30%), and a decrease of: plants’ damage by diseases in 5-8 times and the level of nitrates in comparison with Averkom-N. BAPM increase the productivity of agrophytocenoses, the resistibility of agricultural crops to abiotic and biotic stresses, yield, improve the quality of products, and improve the ecological state of the environment.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Tomato by-product"
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Pardaev, Khusniddin, Shavkat Hasanov, Shukrullo Muratov e Fotima Saydullaeva. "Assessment of economic relations between actors of the tomato production chain". In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.005.
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This article is aimed at analysing the economic interrelation between actors in the tomato production chain in Uzbekistan and find ways to increase the smallholders’ income. We used a PROBIT model to determine the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors on the choice of a small trading partner. The customers that come to the smallholders’ house to purchase the product are regarded as an exogenous factor. More attention needs to be paid to increasing value-added in the food chain in Uzbekistan and improving economic relations between its actors. The factor obtained as an instrumental variable is assessed as having a positive and high impact on the choice of smallholder intermediate trade partner. In other words, an increase in the level of acquaintances of intermediaries with smallholders will increase economic cooperation by 1.2 times, an increase in family income from agriculture by 19% and an increase in smallholder activity in the mahalle by 15.7%. It is estimated that the increase in the number of respondents’ livestock per unit, foreign experience per year and the level of use of credits per unit will increase economic cooperation with direct consumers by 34.4, 13.4 and 28.5%, respectively. It also provides guidelines for tomato farmers to reduce transaction costs and risks and increase their profitability.
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Nugroho, Amin, e Indro Sumantri. "Biogas production of tomato sauce wastewater by batch anaerobic digestion". In PROCEEDINGS OF 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL PROCESS AND PRODUCT ENGINEERING (ICCPPE) 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5140902.
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Skwarek, Patrycja, e Małgorzata Karwowska. "Tomato by-products as innovative additives for meat products". In 1st International PhD Student’s Conference at the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland: ENVIRONMENT – PLANT – ANIMAL – PRODUCT. Publishing House of The University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/icdsupl1.t031.
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Nicasio Marco, Juan José. "Las figuras de calidad agroalimentaria diferenciadas como herramientas para un desarrollo rural sostenible." In I CONGRÉS DE LA TOMACA VALENCIANA: LA TOMACA VALENCIANA DEL PERELLÓ. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/tomaval2017.2017.6395.
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The current situation of the agri-food sector leads us to the need to sharpen the ingenuity to find tools that allow consumers to identify our products in the market. A fundamental tool for achieving this objective is the use of differentiated agri-food quality figures. Given the plurality of figures on the market, it's very important to know how to identify which of them is the one that best fits our product, and the image that we want that they have of the same one. With this purpose it is important to delimit what are the main characteristics of each of them, or at least of the most important ones, as well as to identify which can be the main problems with which we can find when opting for a concrete formula. In any case, whatever the formula adopted, success is not always guaranteed, so it is more than advisable to go step by step. Initiate the process through the constitution of a collective mark or guarantee as a previous experience to make the leap towards more ambitious horizons such as a protected geographical indication or protected designation of origin.
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Kosasih, E. A., M. Rafdi e Firdaus. "Experimental investigation of vitamin C yield of tomatoes and vitamin C essence by spray drying and dehumidifying the drying air: Product quality and energy consumption". In ADVANCED MATERIALS: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Advanced Materials (IWAM-2017). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5049990.
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Farkas, Daniel F., e Joseph A. Kapp. "Recent Advances in High Pressure Food Processing Equipment and Equipment Requirements to Meet New Process Needs". In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1157.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Foods preserved by high pressure processes (HPP) are sold in Japan, the United States, and Europe. HPP technology is used to pasteurize low acid solid and liquid foods such as oysters, hams, and guacamole and to extend refrigerated shelf-life. HPP technology can commercially sterilize liquid and solid acid products such as fruit juices, salsa, and cut tomatoes. Product sales have reached millions of pounds per year. New processes have been developed to sterilize low acid foods using a combination of heat and pressure. Foods at temperatures of 90 to 1000C can be compressed to 600 to 700 MPa for one or more cycles and thus heated uniformly by compression heating in the range of 111 to 121 0C. Decompression brings the product back to its starting temperature for final cooling. This application provides a high-temperature-short-time sterilization process for low acid foods and thus preserves fresh product quality. Commercial HPP foods require rapid cycling of equipment and maximum use of the pressure vessel volume. These requirements have been met in commercial, semi-continuous, liquid food treatment systems. A single 25 liter pressure vessel can cycle 15 times per hour with a three minute product hold at a pressure of 580 MPa. This vessel operating 5000 hours per year can treat over four million pounds of liquid food. Batch equipment designed to cycle over 12 times per hour with a three minute product hold at 680 MPa is under construction. All units manufactured for the HPP treatment of foods use stainless steel contacting parts, potable water as the compression fluid, and are designed to have a safe cycle life of over 100,000 cycles at 580 MPa. Equipment used for the HPP treatment of food must have an up-time in excess of 90% and must be capable of repair and maintenance by food process line technicians. Ease of access and ease of seal and wear part replacement is required. Equipment must meet cleaning and sanitation requirements of the FDA and the USDA if used to treat meat containing products. Pressure chamber volume use in batch systems must be optimized. Even one additional package per cycle at 12 cycles per hour and 5000 hours per year can yield 60,000 additional packages. High cycle rates require automatic package handling systems for loading packages into carriers and for loading and unloading carriers at the pressure vessel. The operation of high pressure food processing equipment must integrate with a specified food packaging and package handling system as it is desirable to have the high pressure processing system as an integral part of the total food processing and packaging system.
7
Schaposnik, Viviana, Cecilia Giusso e Andrea Ulacia. "Autopistas y situaciones intersticiales urbanas: el valor del análisis-diagnóstico previo como instrumento de gestión e intervención". In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7567.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introducción: La consolidación del desarrollo urbano es asociada a la movilidad, en mayor medida si se trata de AUTOPISTAS. Involucrando lógicas propias y autónomas, resultan funcionales exclusivamente a sus fines: contener y conducir de modo eficiente el flujo vehicular, partiendo de imponer sus también propios condicionamientos espaciales -estructuras de soporte, intercambiadores, organizadores bajo, sobre y a nivel, puentes, túneles, pantallas visuales, entre otros-. Queda afectado entonces el sector del territorio sobre el que descienden, por una secuencia dominantemente lineal de distintas categorías de impactos, vinculados además al nivel de consolidación urbana.
Como producto de la interacción entre Fijos y Flujos -TERRITORIO/ AUTOPISTAS-, es que surgen las Situaciones Intersticiales urbanas, encaradas aquí desde un origen investigativo en donde el Intersticio fue entendido como diferencia entre entidades territoriales anteriores y nuevas superpuestas, redundante en hibridación material o funcional de respectivas condiciones originales, y abordado como producto de acciones y relaciones sociales, temporales y espaciales. Este espacio intersticial, fue considerado entonces información ineludible al abordar operaciones sobre áreas urbanas en correlato con flujos de movilidad autopistas.
Objetivos: Se pretende generar un corpus de inferencias conducente a la elaboración de futuros diagnósticos, pautas y estrategias, a fin de “mitigar” los impactos afectantes e irresueltos que producen la sumatoria de situaciones intersticiales y remanentes espaciales, para ser eficientemente incorporados como variables a tomar en cuenta en los estudios del territorio en tanto urbano.
Metodología: Los datos emergen de la aplicación de un instrumento de lectura e interpretación sistémica que atiende a la complejidad del tejido urbano y la superposición de estratos físicos y fenomenológicos: Herramienta Intersticio, en situaciones intersticiales “bajo autopista” en un recorte de Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires/ RMBA – Argentina.
Conclusiones: Conclusiones genéricas producto del análisis, evidencian que el Flujo Autopista-AU corta/secciona a la CIUDAD, aceptado como hecho consumado su implantación y descenso en aras de la conectividad del territorio. Los DETERMINANTES ESPACIALES (modulación, soporte, senda-techo entre otros) condicionan las apropiaciones de manera tal que sea cual fuere el carácter del ámbito de inserción, contexto y autopista establecen un vínculo que–rozando en algunos casos la indiferencia-, no incita a contexto y autopista establecen un vínculo que–rozando en algunos casos la indiferencia-, no incita a “pleitos” urbanos verificables… Una adecuación (voluntaria?) que no evita que programa y usos predominantes, incidan desde este status quo en la dinámica del sitio… Aunque en muchos casos no difieran de los propios del sector de pertenencia, domina el conflicto en el escenario y su función de uso, situación que no ocurre cuando el mismo uso tiene una pertenencia al tejido urbano de la ciudad: es que la Autopista deja en su abajo, una suerte de confusión entre lo público y lo privado, que sumada a la
incidencia de estructura de soporte y plano superior límite, hacen que se produzcan siempre indefiniciones y/o conflictos -problemas propios de las infraestructuras en el territorio cuando no poseen
diagnósticos desde la gestión de pertenencia-.
Afrontar específicamente la evaluación de las condiciones de habitabilidad de las situaciones intersticiales estudiadas y/o la determinación de casos pasibles de una optimización -reconfiguración de la situación
presente-, conducen a reconocer la necesidad de una proyección del “sobre” y “bajo” autopista de manera conjunta.
Sumado a lo anterior, se confirma como necesaria la planificación previa de los intersticios “bajo autopista”, apoyada en el estudio realizado en esta investigación, desde una potencialidad espacial
latente y mal aprovechada, así como desde la anarquía evidente que los distintos usos-programas encontrados en esos espacios de muestra, en general con calidad urbana degradada. El ineludible vínculo entre el desarrollo urbano y la movilidad, deberá contar con instrumentos propios que contemplen estos espacios, no como remanente de una intervención, sino de manera sostenible, compatible con la
preservación y mejora del medioambiente natural y urbano, contribuyendo por las actividades que induce, directa e indirectamente en la formación de capital social. Introduction: Urban consolidation development is associated to motility, in great part if is referred to HIGHWAYS. Involving own and autonomy logics, they results functionality exclusively to its purpose: to content and conduce in an efficient way vehicular fluxes, starting from impose its own spatial conditions -
support structures, organizing under and upper level of bridges panels, tunnels, visuals screens, and so on-. The territorial sector where it happens this descending is affected because of a domineerig lineal
sequence of different categories of impacts entailed besides to urban consolidation level.
As a product of interaction between Fix and Fluxes -TERRITORY/ HIHGWAYS-, is that appears urban Interstitials Situations, faced here from an investigative origin where Interstice was understood as the
difference between previous territorial entities and new ones superposed, redounding in material or functional hybridization of respective original conditions, and boarded as a product of social, and spatial
actions and relations. So, this interstitial space, was considered unavoidable information when boarding operations over urban areas in relation with motility fluxes highways.
Objectives: The research, presently in development pretends to fix regulations and strategies appointing to a systematically formulation of typological patterns taking in account interstitially space, unavoidable
information to face actions over urban areas in relation with motility high-way fluxes and appropriation in the under high-way.
Methodologies: Is based in data emerging from the application of a reading and systemic interpretation instrument appointing to the complexity of urban tissue and the superposition of physics and phenomenological layers, -Interstitial Tool-, in interstitials situations “under highway” in a fragment of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region / RMBA – Argentina. By other way, digital descriptions are used as the best choice for representing all this process –still unfinished-, by the application of digital methods to board
the understanding of the mentioned urban problematic.
Conclusions: Generic conclusions as result of the analysis, put in evidence that the motility high-way fluxes cuts/sections the CITY, accepted its implantation and descent as a consummated fact in account of
territorial connectivity. SPATIAL DETERMINING (modulation, support, way-cover between others), conditions appropriations in that way, that it doesn’t matter character of the insertion contour; context and highway establishes a nexus; an urban adequation (voluntary or involuntary) that cannot avoid that programs and uses doesn’t fall into a sort of accepted status quo, even if in much cases have no difference from proper uses of the insertion area; conflict takes possession of the scene and its uses, all that because the highway leaves in its “under” a sort of confusion between public and privat activities,
adding to this, the incidence of the supporting structure and upper plane that conduces always to not resulted conditions and/or conflicts proper from this kind of infrastructures over territories when there isn’t governmental diagnostics and actions-.
The evaluation of specific conditions of habitability of the interstitial situations mentioned, must be boarded to be changed, as well as those cases apt to be optimized, producing a reconfiguration of present
situation. There is a responsibility about a simultaneous design of the upper and under highways. The unavoidable bond between urban development and motility must depend on, own instruments that overview those spaces , not as remnants of another intervention but in a sustainability way, compatible with preservation and an natural and urban ambient improvement, contributing to all that makes direct or indirectly to construct the social capital of urban areas.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Tomato by-product"
1
Fridman, Eyal, e Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.
2
Lifschitz, Eliezer, e Elliot Meyerowitz. The Relations between Cell Division and Cell Type Specification in Floral and Vegetative Meristems of Tomato and Arabidopsis. United States Department of Agriculture, febbraio 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613032.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Meristems were the central issue of our project. Genes that are required for cell division, cell elongation, cell proliferation and cell fate were studied in the tomato system. The analysis of the dUTPase and threonine deaminase genes, along with the dissection of their regulatory regions is completed, while that of the RNR2 and PPO genes is at an advanced stage. All these genes were isolated in our laboratory. In addition, 8 different MADS box genes were studied in transgenic plants and their genetic relevances discovered. We have also shown that a given MADS box gene can modify the polarity of cell division without affecting the fate of the organ. In vivo interaction between two MADS box genes was demonstrated and the functional dependency of the tomato agamous gene on the TM5 gene product established. We have exploited the Knotted1 meristematic gene in conjunction with tomato leaf meristematic genes to show that simple and compound leaves and, for that matter, sepals and compound leaves, are formed by two different developmental programs. In this context we have also isolated and characterized the tomato Knotted1 gene (TKnl) and studied its expression pattern. A new program in which eight different meristematic genes in tomato will be studied emerged as a result of these studies. In essence, we have shown that it is possible to study and manipulate plant developmental systems using reverse genetic techniques and have provided a wealth of new molecular tools to interested colleagues working with tomato. Similarly, genes responsible for cell division, cell proliferation and cell fate were studied in Arabidopsis floral meristems. Among these genes are the TSO1, TSO2, HANABA TARANU and UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS genes, each affecting in its own way the number of pattern of cell divisions, and cell fate, in developing Arabodopsis flowers. In addition, new methods have been established for the assessment of the function of regulatory gene action in the different clonal layers of developing floral meristems.
3
Hefetz, Abraham, e Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, ottobre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
4
Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov e Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
5
Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson e Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
6
Lichter, Amnon, Gopi K. Podila e Maria R. Davis. Identification of Genetic Determinants that Facilitate Development of B. cinerea at Low Temperature and its Postharvest Pathogenicity. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592641.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Botrytis cinerea is the postharvest pathogen of many agricultural produce with table grapes, strawberries and tomatoes as major targets. The high efficiency with which B. cinerea causes disease on these produce during storage is attributed in part due to its exceptional ability to develop at very low temperature. Our major goal was to understand the genetic determinants which enable it to develop at low temperature. The specific research objectives were: 1. Identify expression pattern of genes in a coldenriched cDNA library. 2. Identify B. cinerea orthologs of cold-induced genes 3. Profile protein expression and secretion at low temperature on strawberry and grape supplemented media. 4. Test novel methods for the functional analysis of coldresponsive genes. Objective 1 was modified during the research because a microarray platform became available and it allowed us to probe the whole set of candidate genes according to the sequence of 2 strains of the fungus, BO5.10 and T4. The results of this experiment allowed us to validate some of our earlier observations which referred to genes which were the product of a SSH suppression-subtraction library. Before the microarray became available during 2008 we also analyzed the expression of 15 orthologs of cold-induced genes and some of these results were also validated by the microarray experiment. One of our goals was also to perform functional analysis of cold-induced genes. This goal was hampered for 3 years because current methodology for transformation with ‘protoplasts’ failed to deliver knockouts of bacteriordopsin-like (bR) gene which was our primary target for functional analysis. Consequently, we developed 2 alternative transformation platforms, one which involves an air-gun based technique and another which involves DNA injection into sclerotia. Both techniques show great promise and have been validated using different constructs. This contribution is likely to serve the scientific community in the near future. Using these technologies we generated gene knockout constructs of 2 genes and have tested there effect on survival of the fungus at low temperature. With reference to the bR genes our results show that it has a significant effect on mycelial growth of the B. cinerea and the mutants have retarded development at extreme conditions of ionic stress, osmotic stress and low temperature. Another gene of unknown function, HP1 is still under analysis. An ortholog of the yeast cold-induced gene, CCH1 which encodes a calcium tunnel and was shown to be cold-induced in B. cinerea was recently cloned and used to complement yeast mutants and rescue them from cold-sensitivity. One of the significant findings of the microarray study involves a T2 ribonuclease which was validated to be cold-induced by qPCR analysis. This and other genes will serve for future studies. In the frame of the study we also screened a population of 631 natural B. cinerea isolates for development at low temperature and have identified several strains with much higher and lower capacity to develop at low temperature. These strains are likely to be used in the future as candidates for further functional analysis. The major conclusions from the above research point to specific targets of cold-induced genes which are likely to play a role in cold tolerance. One of the most significant observations from the microarray study is that low temperature does not induce ‘general stress response in B. cinerea, which is in agreement to its exceptional capacity to develop at low temperature. Due to the tragic murder of the Co-PI Maria R. Davis and GopiPodila on Feb. 2010 it is impossible to deliver their contribution to the research. The information of the PI is that they failed to deliver objective 4 and none of the information which relates to objective 3 has been delivered to the PI before the murder or in a visit to U. Alabama during June, 2010. Therefore, this report is based solely on the IS data.