Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Toxin"

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Toxin"

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McMillin, David E., Lycurgus L. Muldrow, and Shwanda J. Laggette. "Simultaneous detection of toxin A and toxin B genetic determinants of Clostridium difficile using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 1 (1992): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-013.

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A multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to simultaneously detect the presence of toxin A and toxin B genes of Clostridium difficile. A 1050-bp fragment of the toxin B gene and a 1217-bp fragment of the toxin A gene were amplified from 42 toxic strains of C. difficile; however, from 10 nontoxic strains the toxin gene fragments were not amplified; these data demonstrate that this multiplex polymerase chain reaction procedure can be used to differentiate between toxic and nontoxic strains. This sensitive and specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction for C. difficile toxins may prov
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Zhang, Yuchengmin, Hongchen Zhu, Tomohiro Takatani, and Osamu Arakawa. "Toxin Accumulation, Distribution, and Sources of Toxic Xanthid Crabs." Toxins 17, no. 5 (2025): 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050228.

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Several species of crabs from the Xanthidae family are recognized as dangerous marine organisms due to their potent neurotoxins, including paralytic shellfish toxin (PST), tetrodotoxin (TTX), and palytoxin (PLTX). However, the mechanisms of toxin accumulation and transport and the origin of these toxins in toxic xanthid crabs remain unknown. The identification of toxic crab species, their toxicity and toxin composition, and toxin profiles have been studied thus far. To date, more than ten species of xanthid crabs have been confirmed to possess toxins. Recently, several new studies on crabs, in
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Qu, Jiangqi, Liping Shen, Meng Zhao, et al. "Determination of the Role of Microcystis aeruginosa in Toxin Generation Based on Phosphoproteomic Profiles." Toxins 10, no. 7 (2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070304.

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Microcystis aeruginosa is the most common species responsible for toxic cyanobacterial blooms and is considered a significant contributor to the production of cyanotoxins, particularly the potent liver toxins called microcystins. Numerous studies investigating Microcystis spp. blooms have revealed their deleterious effects in freshwater environments. However, the available knowledge regarding the global phosphoproteomics of M. aeruginosa and their regulatory roles in toxin generation is limited. In this study, we conducted comparative phosphoproteomic profiling of non-toxic and toxin-producing
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Possani, L. D., B. M. Martin, I. Svendsen, G. S. Rode, and B. W. Erickson. "Scorpion toxins from Centruroides noxius and Tityus serrulatus. Primary structures and sequence comparison by metric analysis." Biochemical Journal 229, no. 3 (1985): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2290739.

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The complete primary structures of toxin II-14 from the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann and toxin gamma from the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus Lutz and Mello have been determined. Cleavage of toxin gamma after Met-6 with CNBr produced the 55-residue peptide 7-61, which maintained the four disulphide bonds but was not toxic to mice at a dose 3 times the lethal dose of native toxin gamma. Pairwise comparison by metric analysis of segment 1-50 of toxin gamma and the corresponding segments from two other South American scorpion toxins, five North American scorpion toxins, nine
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Roderer, Daniel, and Stefan Raunser. "Tc Toxin Complexes: Assembly, Membrane Permeation, and Protein Translocation." Annual Review of Microbiology 73, no. 1 (2019): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095531.

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Tc toxin complexes are virulence factors of many bacteria, including insect and human pathogens. Tc toxins are composed of three subunits that act together to perforate the host membrane, similar to a syringe, and translocate toxic enzymes into the host cell. The reactions of the toxic enzymes lead to deterioration and ultimately death of the cell. We review recent high-resolution structural and functional data that explain the mechanism of action of this type of bacterial toxin at an unprecedented level of molecular detail. We focus on the steps that are necessary for toxin activation and mem
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Archana, M. S. "Toxin yet not toxic: Botulinum toxin in dentistry." Saudi Dental Journal 28, no. 2 (2016): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2015.08.002.

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Blanco, Juan. "Accumulation of Dinophysis Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs." Toxins 10, no. 11 (2018): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110453.

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Several species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis produce toxins that accumulate in bivalves when they feed on populations of these organisms. The accumulated toxins can lead to intoxication in consumers of the affected bivalves. The risk of intoxication depends on the amount and toxic power of accumulated toxins. In this review, current knowledge on the main processes involved in toxin accumulation were compiled, including the mechanisms and regulation of toxin acquisition, digestion, biotransformation, compartmentalization, and toxin depuration. Finally, accumulation kinetics, some mode
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Goulard, Céline, Sophie Langrand, Elisabeth Carniel, and Sylvie Chauvaux. "The Yersinia pestis Chromosome Encodes Active Addiction Toxins." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 14 (2010): 3669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00336-10.

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ABSTRACT Toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci consist of two genes in an operon, encoding a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin. The expression of toxin leads to cell growth arrest and sometimes bacterial death, while the antitoxin prevents the cytotoxic activity of the toxin. In this study, we show that the chromosome of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, carries 10 putative TA modules and two solitary antitoxins that belong to five different TA families (HigBA, HicAB, RelEB, Phd/Doc, and MqsRA). Two of these toxin genes (higB2 and hicA1) could not be cloned in Escherichia coli unless th
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Loh, Zhi Hung, Diane Ouwerkerk, Athol V. Klieve, Natasha L. Hungerford, and Mary T. Fletcher. "Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review." Toxins 12, no. 10 (2020): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100664.

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Animal feeds may contain exogenous compounds that can induce toxicity when ruminants ingest them. These toxins are secondary metabolites originating from various sources including plants, bacteria, algae and fungi. Animal feed toxins are responsible for various animal poisonings which negatively impact the livestock industry. Poisoning is more frequently reported in newly exposed, naïve ruminants while ‘experienced’ ruminants are observed to better tolerate toxin-contaminated feed. Ruminants can possess detoxification ability through rumen microorganisms with the rumen microbiome able to adapt
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Hanna, B. A. "Toxic shock syndrome toxin." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 254, no. 15 (1985): 2062b—2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.254.15.2062b.

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Tesi sul tema "Toxin"

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Javid-Khojasteh, Vahideh. "Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 : detection of the toxin, anti-toxin antibodies and producer organisms in a paediatric burns unit." Thesis, University of Salford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365993.

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Guttenberg, Gregor [Verfasser], and Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Jung. "Clostridiale Glukosylierende Toxine: Untersuchungen zur Autoprozessierung von Clostridium sordellii Letalem Toxin und Clostridium novyi alpha-Toxin sowie funktionelle Charakterisierung von Clostridium perfringens TpeL-Toxin." Freiburg : Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1123467994/34.

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Maldonado-Arocho, Francisco J. "Characterization of host-pathogen interaction of two bacterial toxins anthrax edema toxin and Escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1973060671&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Fernandes, da Costa Sérgio Paulo. "Molecular and structural characterisation of epsilon toxin and necrotic enteritis toxin B : two pore-forming toxins from Clostridium perfringens." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14608.

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Epsilon toxin (Etx) and necrotic enteritis toxin B (NetB) are two pore-forming toxins produced by C. perfringens. While Etx has been shown to be the key virulence factor for enterotoxemia in goats and sheep, NetB has been associated with the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis (NE), a gastro-intestinal disease causing economic damage to the poultry industry worldwide. The crystal structure of Etx H149A (an Etx variant with 6x reduced toxicity relative to wild type toxin) was solved to 2.4 Å and showed that the H149A mutation in domain III does not affect organization of the receptor bindi
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Hovey, Bianca T. "Cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin : structural studies of assembly and design of active A-subunit constructs /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9263.

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Edwards-Jones, Valerie. "Toxic shock syndrome toxin production in relation to burned patients." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244871.

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Kuk, Chiu Ying. "Anthrax Lethal Toxin Is a Tumor Hemorragic Toxin." Thesis, Van Andel Research Institute, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10973827.

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<p> Blood supply is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. However, current anti-angiogenic therapy is not as effective as predicted, thus a better understanding of the tumor angiogenic process and new anti-angiogenic agent are urgently required. Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) has an anti-angiogenic effect on tumors. Tumors treated with LeTx are smaller, paler, and have lower mean vessel density compared to control treated tumors. Most interestingly, compared to current anti-angiogenic treatment, LeTx does not cause normalization of tumor vessels. Instead, tumors treated with LeTx have massive
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Pellino, Christine A. "Characterization of Shiga Toxin Potency and Assembly." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1418909563.

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Penha, Marcelo De Luca. "Detecção dos genes das toxinas alfa, beta e épsilon de Clostridium perfringens isolados a partir de amostras clínicas de bovinos pela reação em cadeia da polimerase." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-06072005-101119/.

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O Clostridium perfringens é um microrganismo anaeróbio que está presente no solo e no trato intestinal dos mamíferos. Provoca intoxicação alimentar nos seres humanos, doenças enterotoxêmicas nos animais domésticos e gangrena gasosa em ambos os grupos. O C. perfringens é classificado em cinco tipos (A, B, C, D e E) mediante a produção de quatro toxinas principais (alfa, beta, épsilon e iota). Neste trabalho foi possível padronizar a técnica de PCR para detectar a presença dos genes cpa, cpb e etx a partir de culturas de C. perfringens. A sensibilidade analítica da técnica de PCR a partir de cul
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Rosten, Patricia Melanie. "The role of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26527.

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Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), an exoprotein produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus, is implicated in the pathogenesis of menstrual TSS. However, its role in nonmenstrual TSS is less certain. In order to study the pathogenetic role of TSST-1 in TSS, three approaches were taken: a) to develop an ELISA for detection of TSST-1 in biologic fluids in order to verify TSST-1 production in vivo in TSS patients, b) to quantitate TSST-1 specific antibodies in the serum of TSS patients and controls to determine whether such antibodies are protective, and c) to attempt to identify other
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Libri sul tema "Toxin"

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L, Simpson Lance, ed. Botulinum neurotoxin and tetanus toxin. Academic Press, 1989.

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Robin, Cook. Toxin. Putnam, 1998.

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Robin, Cook. Toxin. Berkley Books, 1999.

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Robin, Cook. Toxin. BCA, 1998.

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Robin, Cook. Toxin. Berkley Books, 1999.

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Robin, Cook. Toxin. G.K. Hall, 1998.

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7

F, Brin Mitchell, Jankovic Joseph, and Hallett Mark, eds. Scientific and therapeutic aspects of botulinum toxic. Lippincott William & Wilkins, 2002.

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8

Ronald, Sekura, Moss Joel, Vaughan Martha 1926-, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute., and Pertussis Toxin Conference (1984 : National Institutes of Health), eds. Pertussis toxin. Academic Press, 1985.

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NIH Consensus Development Conference on Clinical Use of Botulinum Toxin (1990 Bethesda, Md.). Botulinum toxin. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Office of Medical Applications of Research, 1990.

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B, Sommer, and Sattler G. 1955-, eds. Botulinum toxin in aesthetic medicine. Blackwell-Wissenschaft-Verlag, 2001.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Toxin"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Toxin." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10623.

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Gressner, A. M., and O. A. Gressner. "Toxin." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_3072.

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Gressner, A. M., and O. A. Gressner. "Toxin." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_3072-1.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Toxin." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14984.

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Ohlendorf, Douglas H., David T. Mitchell, G. Sridhar Prasad, R. Radhakrishnan, Cathleen A. Earhart, and Patrick M. Schlievert. "Structure of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1." In Protein Toxin Structure. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22352-9_11.

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Oeltmann, Thomas N., and Ronald G. Wiley. "Hormone, lectin and toxin-toxin conjugates." In Immunotoxins. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1083-9_16.

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Rzany, Berthold, and Alexander Nast. "Botulinum Toxin." In Evidence-Based Procedural Dermatology. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09424-3_19.

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Yarwood, Jeremy M., and Patrick M. Schlievert. "Toxin Production." In Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis. Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46848-4_6.

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el Bayâ, Ali, Ruth Linnemann, Lars von Olleschik-Elbheim, and M. Alexander Schmidt. "Pertussis Toxin." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8632-0_9.

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Hexsel, Doris M., Mariana Soirefmann, and Camile L. Hexsel. "Botulinum Toxin." In Dermatologic Surgery. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118412633.ch34.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Toxin"

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Merchant, Fatima A., and Mehmet Toner. "Spatial and Dynamic Characterization of the Interaction of Staphylococcus Aureus Alpha-Toxin With Cell Membranes." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1305.

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Abstract Genetically engineered pore-forming proteins such as the H5 mutant of the staphylococcal aureus α-toxin, have been specially designed to achieve controlled and reversible plasma membrane permeabilization. Hence, quantitative information regarding the dynamics of poration is critical for designing applications employing α-toxins for the permeabilization of cell membranes. We have employed immunofluorescence imaging techniques in conjunction with viability assays to elucidate the spatial and temporal interactions of α-toxin with living cells. This information would aid in the design and
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Dichtelmuller, H., and W. Stephan. "IN VIVO AND IN VITRO NEUTRALIZATION OF BACTERIAL TOXINES BY IGM ENRICHED AND CONVENTIONAL I. V. IMMUNOGLOBULINS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644255.

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Severe septic phenomena are caused bybacterial toxins. We therefore investigated the neutralization of toxins derived from Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudcmonas aeruginosa by different i.v. irtmunoglobulin preparations using hemolysis inhibition tests and mouse protection tests. The efficacy of conventional i.v. immunoglobulin containing preparations were compared with an IgM enriched i.v. immunoglobulin (Pentaglobin).For hemolysis inhibition tests sterile filtered supernatant of Staphylococcusaureus was prepared and given to human erythrocytes. When IgM enriched immunoglobulin was added, toxi
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Taylor, Graham, Donald Leo, and Andy Sarles. "Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin/A Insertion Using an Encapsulated Interface Bilayer." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-8101.

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Many signaling mechanisms in living cells occur at biological boundaries via cell surface receptors and membrane proteins embedded in lipid bilayers. The coordination of actions of sensory and motor neurons in the nervous system represents one example of many that heavily depends on lipid membrane bound receptor mediated signaling. As a result, chemical and biological toxins that disrupt these neural signals can have severe physiological effects, including paralysis and death. Botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) is a proteolytic toxin that inserts through vesicle membranes and cleaves membran
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Kelly, Dan, Xuedong Song, Daniel K. Frayer, et al. "Integrated optical toxin sensor." In Photonics East '99, edited by Mahmoud Fallahi and Basil I. Swanson. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.372899.

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Menking, Darrell E., Jonathon M. Heitz, Nabil A. Anis, and Roy G. Thompson. "Antibody-based bacterial toxin detection." In Optical Tools for Manufacturing and Advanced Automation, edited by Robert A. Lieberman. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.170668.

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Bachran, Christopher, Suzanne Abdelazim, Radka Hasikova, Shihui Liu, and Stephen H. Leppla. "Abstract 5601: Efficient tumor therapy by anthrax toxin fusion proteins that contain cytolethal distending toxin B." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-5601.

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Ghosh, H., and C. RoyChaudhuri. "Nanocrystalline Porous silicon for sensitive toxin detection." In 2012 Sixth International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsenst.2012.6461765.

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Fan, Z. Hugh, Q. Mei, R. Khnouf, and S. Jin. "Microfluidic protein synthesis array for toxin detection." In TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensor.2009.5285971.

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Couture, O., M. Tanter, E. Dransart, S. Dehay, and L. Johannes. "Targeting microbubbles with Shiga-Toxin B-subunit." In 2009 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2009.5441692.

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Wittendorp, Paul, Catarina Moreirinha, Mariana Raposo, et al. "Microfluidic electronic tongue for marine toxin detection." In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isoen61239.2024.10556210.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Toxin"

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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, Boaz Shaanan, et al. Interacting Domains of Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins and their Sodium Channel Binding Sites: Structure, Cooperative Interactions with Agrochemicals, and Application. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585190.bard.

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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection may combine chemical and biological insecticides, particularly due to the risks to the environment and livestock arising from the massive use of non-selective chemicals. Thus, there is a need for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and non-toxic to warm-blooded animals. Therefore, integration of these substances into insect pest control strategies is of major importance. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity
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Mevarech, Moshe, Jeremy Bruenn, and Yigal Koltin. Virus Encoded Toxin of the Corn Smut Ustilago Maydis - Isolation of Receptors and Mapping Functional Domains. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613022.bard.

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Ustilago maydis is a fungal pathogen of maize. Some strains of U. maydis encode secreted polypeptide toxins capable of killing other susceptible strains of U. maydis. Resistance to the toxins is conferred by recessive nuclear genes. The toxins are encoded by genomic segments of resident double-strande RNA viruses. The best characterized toxin, KP6, is composed of two polypeptides, a and b, which are not covalently linked. It is encoded by P6M2 dsRNA, which has been cloned, sequenced and expressed in a variety of systems. In this study we have shown that the toxin acts on the membranes of sensi
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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael Adams, and Eliahu Zlotkin. Insect Specific Alpha Neurotoxins from Scorpion Venoms: Mode of Action and Structure-Function Relationships. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613029.bard.

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This study was motivated by the need to develop new means and approaches to the design of future, environmentally-safe, insecticides. Utilization of anti-insect selective toxins from scorpion venoms and clarification of the molecular basis for their specificity, are a major focus in this project and may have an applicative value. Our study concentrated on the highly insecticidal toxin, LqhaIT, and was devoted to: (I) Characterization of the neuropharmacological and electrophysiological features of this toxin. (II) Establishment of a genetic system for studying structure/activity relationships
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Wisniewski, Michael, Samir Droby, John Norelli, Dov Prusky, and Vera Hershkovitz. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of postharvest decay resistance in Malus sieversii and the identification of pathogenicity effectors in Penicillium expansum. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597928.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Use of Lqh2 mutants (produced at TAU) and rNav1.2a mutants (produced at the US side) for identifying receptor site-3: Based on the fact that binding of scorpion alpha-toxins is voltage-dependent, which suggests toxin binding at the mobile voltage-sensing region, we analyzed which of the toxin bioactive domains (Core-domain or NC-domain) interacts with the DIV Gating-module of rNav1.2a. This analysis was based on the assumption that the dissociation of toxin mutants upon depolarization would vary from that of the unmodified toxin should the substitutions affect a site of interaction with the ch
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5

Gordon, Dalia, Ke Dong, and Michael Gurevitz. Unexpected Specificity of a Sea Anemone Small Toxin for Insect Na-channels and its Synergic Effects with Various Insecticidal Ligands: A New Model to Mimic. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697114.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Motivated by the high risks to the environment and human health imposed by the current overuse of chemical insecticides we offer an alternative approach for the design of highly active insect-selective compounds that will be based on the ability of natural toxins to differentiate between insect and mammalian targets. We wish to unravel the interacting surfaces of insect selective toxins with their receptor sites on voltage-gated sodium channels. In this proposal we put forward two recent observations that may expedite the development of a new generation of insect killers that mimic the highly
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6

Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, and Boaz Shaanan. Structural Elements and Neuropharmacological Features Involved in the Insecticidal Properties of an Alpha Scorpion Neurotoxin: A Multidisciplinary Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7573061.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Integrated pest management in modern crop protection requires the use of chemical or biological insecticides in many instances. Nontheless, the use non-selective chemical insecticides poses risks to the environment and livestock and consequently urgent need exists for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and not toxic to wam-blooded animals. Therefore, mobilization of these substances into insect pest targets is of major interest. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selec
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7

Trammel, Harold L. Development of a Toxin Knowledge System. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb152646.

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8

Leppla, Stephen H. Production and Purification of Anthrax Toxin. Defense Technical Information Center, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada170131.

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9

Iandolo, John J., and Stephen K. Chapes. Anti-Idiotype Probes for Toxin Detection. Defense Technical Information Center, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada242099.

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10

Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall, and Dalia Gordon. Learning from Nature How to Design Anti-insect Selective Pesticides - Clarification of the Interacting Face between Insecticidal Toxins and their Na-channel Receptors. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697101.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Structural details on the interacting faces of toxins and sodium channels (Navs), and particularly identification of elements that confer specificity for insects, are difficult to approach and require suitable experimental systems. Therefore, natural toxins capable of differential recognition of insect and mammalian Navs are valuable leads for design of selective compounds in insect control. We have characterized several scorpion toxins that vary in preference for insect and mammalian Navs, and identified residues important for their action. However, despite many efforts worldwide, only little
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