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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Toxin"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 luglio 2025

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1

McMillin, David E., Lycurgus L. Muldrow, and Shwanda J. Laggette. "Simultaneous detection of toxin A and toxin B genetic determinants of Clostridium difficile using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 1 (1992): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-013.

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A multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to simultaneously detect the presence of toxin A and toxin B genes of Clostridium difficile. A 1050-bp fragment of the toxin B gene and a 1217-bp fragment of the toxin A gene were amplified from 42 toxic strains of C. difficile; however, from 10 nontoxic strains the toxin gene fragments were not amplified; these data demonstrate that this multiplex polymerase chain reaction procedure can be used to differentiate between toxic and nontoxic strains. This sensitive and specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction for C. difficile toxins may prov

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2

Zhang, Yuchengmin, Hongchen Zhu, Tomohiro Takatani, and Osamu Arakawa. "Toxin Accumulation, Distribution, and Sources of Toxic Xanthid Crabs." Toxins 17, no. 5 (2025): 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050228.

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Several species of crabs from the Xanthidae family are recognized as dangerous marine organisms due to their potent neurotoxins, including paralytic shellfish toxin (PST), tetrodotoxin (TTX), and palytoxin (PLTX). However, the mechanisms of toxin accumulation and transport and the origin of these toxins in toxic xanthid crabs remain unknown. The identification of toxic crab species, their toxicity and toxin composition, and toxin profiles have been studied thus far. To date, more than ten species of xanthid crabs have been confirmed to possess toxins. Recently, several new studies on crabs, in

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3

Qu, Jiangqi, Liping Shen, Meng Zhao, et al. "Determination of the Role of Microcystis aeruginosa in Toxin Generation Based on Phosphoproteomic Profiles." Toxins 10, no. 7 (2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070304.

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Microcystis aeruginosa is the most common species responsible for toxic cyanobacterial blooms and is considered a significant contributor to the production of cyanotoxins, particularly the potent liver toxins called microcystins. Numerous studies investigating Microcystis spp. blooms have revealed their deleterious effects in freshwater environments. However, the available knowledge regarding the global phosphoproteomics of M. aeruginosa and their regulatory roles in toxin generation is limited. In this study, we conducted comparative phosphoproteomic profiling of non-toxic and toxin-producing

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4

Possani, L. D., B. M. Martin, I. Svendsen, G. S. Rode, and B. W. Erickson. "Scorpion toxins from Centruroides noxius and Tityus serrulatus. Primary structures and sequence comparison by metric analysis." Biochemical Journal 229, no. 3 (1985): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2290739.

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The complete primary structures of toxin II-14 from the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann and toxin gamma from the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus Lutz and Mello have been determined. Cleavage of toxin gamma after Met-6 with CNBr produced the 55-residue peptide 7-61, which maintained the four disulphide bonds but was not toxic to mice at a dose 3 times the lethal dose of native toxin gamma. Pairwise comparison by metric analysis of segment 1-50 of toxin gamma and the corresponding segments from two other South American scorpion toxins, five North American scorpion toxins, nine

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5

Roderer, Daniel, and Stefan Raunser. "Tc Toxin Complexes: Assembly, Membrane Permeation, and Protein Translocation." Annual Review of Microbiology 73, no. 1 (2019): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095531.

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Tc toxin complexes are virulence factors of many bacteria, including insect and human pathogens. Tc toxins are composed of three subunits that act together to perforate the host membrane, similar to a syringe, and translocate toxic enzymes into the host cell. The reactions of the toxic enzymes lead to deterioration and ultimately death of the cell. We review recent high-resolution structural and functional data that explain the mechanism of action of this type of bacterial toxin at an unprecedented level of molecular detail. We focus on the steps that are necessary for toxin activation and mem

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6

Archana, M. S. "Toxin yet not toxic: Botulinum toxin in dentistry." Saudi Dental Journal 28, no. 2 (2016): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2015.08.002.

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7

Blanco, Juan. "Accumulation of Dinophysis Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs." Toxins 10, no. 11 (2018): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110453.

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Several species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis produce toxins that accumulate in bivalves when they feed on populations of these organisms. The accumulated toxins can lead to intoxication in consumers of the affected bivalves. The risk of intoxication depends on the amount and toxic power of accumulated toxins. In this review, current knowledge on the main processes involved in toxin accumulation were compiled, including the mechanisms and regulation of toxin acquisition, digestion, biotransformation, compartmentalization, and toxin depuration. Finally, accumulation kinetics, some mode

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8

Goulard, Céline, Sophie Langrand, Elisabeth Carniel, and Sylvie Chauvaux. "The Yersinia pestis Chromosome Encodes Active Addiction Toxins." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 14 (2010): 3669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00336-10.

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ABSTRACT Toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci consist of two genes in an operon, encoding a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin. The expression of toxin leads to cell growth arrest and sometimes bacterial death, while the antitoxin prevents the cytotoxic activity of the toxin. In this study, we show that the chromosome of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, carries 10 putative TA modules and two solitary antitoxins that belong to five different TA families (HigBA, HicAB, RelEB, Phd/Doc, and MqsRA). Two of these toxin genes (higB2 and hicA1) could not be cloned in Escherichia coli unless th

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9

Loh, Zhi Hung, Diane Ouwerkerk, Athol V. Klieve, Natasha L. Hungerford, and Mary T. Fletcher. "Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review." Toxins 12, no. 10 (2020): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100664.

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Animal feeds may contain exogenous compounds that can induce toxicity when ruminants ingest them. These toxins are secondary metabolites originating from various sources including plants, bacteria, algae and fungi. Animal feed toxins are responsible for various animal poisonings which negatively impact the livestock industry. Poisoning is more frequently reported in newly exposed, naïve ruminants while ‘experienced’ ruminants are observed to better tolerate toxin-contaminated feed. Ruminants can possess detoxification ability through rumen microorganisms with the rumen microbiome able to adapt

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10

Hanna, B. A. "Toxic shock syndrome toxin." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 254, no. 15 (1985): 2062b—2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.254.15.2062b.

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11

Hanna, Bruce A. "Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 254, no. 15 (1985): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03360150038011.

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12

Kobayashi, Kazuo. "Diverse LXG toxin and antitoxin systems specifically mediate intraspecies competition in Bacillus subtilis biofilms." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 7 (2021): e1009682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009682.

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Biofilms are multispecies communities, in which bacteria constantly compete with one another for resources and niches. Bacteria produce many antibiotics and toxins for competition. However, since biofilm cells exhibit increased tolerance to antimicrobials, their roles in biofilms remain controversial. Here, we showed that Bacillus subtilis produces multiple diverse polymorphic toxins, called LXG toxins, that contain N-terminal LXG delivery domains and diverse C-terminal toxin domains. Each B. subtilis strain possesses a distinct set of LXG toxin–antitoxin genes, the number and variation of whi

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13

ZHANG, Min. "A dataset of distribution of toxic and harmful microalgae and algal toxins in China's coastal waters during 2019–2021." China Scientific Data 9, no. 1 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.11922/11-6035.csd.2023.0117.zh.

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China's coastal waters, including the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, are rich in marine resources and of strategic importance to the nation’s economic development. However, in recent years, the problem of water safety caused by algae and algal toxins is becoming more and more serious, with the frequency and scale of harmful algal blooms are escalating in China's coastal waters. This dataset collected and organized the survey data of toxic and harmful microalgae and algal toxins in China's coastal waters from 2019 to 2021, containing 3,429 entries of micr

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14

TSIOURIS (Β.Σ. ΤΣΙΟΥΡΗΣ), V. S., I. GEORGOPOULOU (ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), and E. PETRIDOU (Ε. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΟΥ). "Update on the toxins of Clostridium perfringens and their actions." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 61, no. 3 (2017): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14892.

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Clostridia appeared as a distinct class, approximately 2.7 billion years ago, before the initial formation of oxygen. Clostridium perfringens is widely distributed throughout the environment due to its ability to form spores. Furthermore, it is a member of intestinal microbiota in animals and human. In 2002, the complete genome of C perfringens strain 13 was published. Genomic analysis has revealed that C. perfringens lacks the genetic machinery to produce 13 essential amino acids and it obtains these in vivo via the action of its toxins. Toxins of C perfringens can be divided into major, mino

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15

Yusof, Tengku Nadiah, Mohd Rafatullah, Rohaslinda Mohamad, Norli Ismail, Zarina Zainuddin, and Japareng Lalung. "Cyanobacteria Characteristics and Methods for Isolation and Accurate Identification of Cyanotoxins: A Review Article." Avicenna Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 4, no. 1 (2017): 10051. http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ajehe.10051.

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Cyanobacteria are bacteria found in different ecosystems, such as lakes and rocks. These bacteria, capable of photosynthesis, are important sources of oxygen. However, some cyanobacterial strains can produce toxins, which are harmful to humans and animals. Therefore, collection of epidemiological and surveillance data on cyanobacterial toxins in the environment is vital to ensure a low risk of exposure to toxins in other organisms. For presentation of accurate data on environmental cyanobacterial toxins, it is essential to understand their characteristics, including taxonomy, toxin proteins, a

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16

de Melo, Janaina Viana, Gareth Wyn Jones, Colin Berry, et al. "Cytopathological Effects of Bacillus sphaericus Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa Toxin on Binary Toxin-Susceptible and -Resistant Culex quinquefasciatus Larvae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 14 (2009): 4782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00811-09.

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ABSTRACT The Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa mosquitocidal two-component toxin was recently characterized from Bacillus sphaericus strain IAB59 and is uniquely composed of a three-domain Cry protein toxin (Cry48Aa) and a binary (Bin) toxin-like protein (Cry49Aa). Its mode of action has not been elucidated, but a remarkable feature of this protein is the high toxicity against species from the Culex complex, besides its capacity to overcome Culex resistance to the Bin toxin, the major insecticidal factor in B. sphaericus-based larvicides. The goal of this work was to investigate the ultrastructural effects of C

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17

Andres, John Kristoffer, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Jennifer Mary Maister, et al. "Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Uptake, Assimilation, Depuration, and Transformation in the Southeast Asian Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna viridis)." Toxins 11, no. 8 (2019): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080468.

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Bivalve molluscs represent an important food source within the Philippines, but the health of seafood consumers is compromised through the accumulation of harmful algal toxins in edible shellfish tissues. In order to assess the dynamics of toxin risk in shellfish, this study investigated the uptake, depuration, assimilation, and analogue changes of paralytic shellfish toxins in Perna viridis. Tank experiments were conducted where mussels were fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Water and shellfish were sampled over a six day period to determine toxin concentrations in the sh

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18

Mesterhazy, Akos, Denes Szieberth, Eva Tóth Toldine, et al. "Updating the Methodology of Identifying Maize Hybrids Resistant to Ear Rot Pathogens and Their Toxins—Artificial Inoculation Tests for Kernel Resistance to Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 3 (2022): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8030293.

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Resistance to toxigenic fungi and their toxins in maize is a highly important research topic, as mean global losses are estimated at about 10% of the yield. Resistance and toxin data of the hybrids are mostly not given, so farmers are not informed about the food safety risks of their grown hybrids. According to the findings aflatoxin regularly occurs at preharvest in Hungary and possibly other countries in the region can be jeopardized. We tested, with an improved methodology (two isolates, three pathogens, and a toxin control), 18 commercial hybrids (2017–2020) for kernel resistance (%), and

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19

Nonin-Lecomte, Sylvie, Laurence Fermon, Brice Felden, and Marie-Laure Pinel-Marie. "Bacterial Type I Toxins: Folding and Membrane Interactions." Toxins 13, no. 7 (2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070490.

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Bacterial type I toxin-antitoxin systems are two-component genetic modules that encode a stable toxic protein whose ectopic overexpression can lead to growth arrest or cell death, and an unstable RNA antitoxin that inhibits toxin translation during growth. These systems are widely spread among bacterial species. Type I antitoxins are cis- or trans-encoded antisense small RNAs that interact with toxin-encoding mRNAs by pairing, thereby inhibiting toxin mRNA translation and/or inducing its degradation. Under environmental stress conditions, the up-regulation of the toxin and/or the antitoxin deg

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20

McCormick, Susan P., Neil P. J. Price, and Cletus P. Kurtzman. "Glucosylation and Other Biotransformations of T-2 Toxin by Yeasts of the Trichomonascus Clade." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 24 (2012): 8694–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02391-12.

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ABSTRACTTrichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid toxins produced byFusariumspecies. Since these mycotoxins are very stable, there is interest in microbial transformations that can remove toxins from contaminated grain or cereal products. Twenty-three yeast species assigned to theTrichomonascusclade (Saccharomycotina, Ascomycota), including fourTrichomonascusspecies and 19 anamorphic species presently classified inBlastobotrys, were tested for their ability to convert the trichothecene T-2 toxin to less-toxic products. These species gave three types of biotransformations: acetylation to 3-acetyl T-2

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21

Gacesa, Ranko, David J. Barlow, and Paul F. Long. "Machine learning can differentiate venom toxins from other proteins having non-toxic physiological functions." PeerJ Computer Science 2 (October 10, 2016): e90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.90.

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Ascribing function to sequence in the absence of biological data is an ongoing challenge in bioinformatics. Differentiating the toxins of venomous animals from homologues having other physiological functions is particularly problematic as there are no universally accepted methods by which to attribute toxin function using sequence data alone. Bioinformatics tools that do exist are difficult to implement for researchers with little bioinformatics training. Here we announce a machine learning tool called ‘ToxClassifier’ that enables simple and consistent discrimination of toxins from non-toxin s

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22

Alam, Md Zahidul, and Rajat Madan. "Clostridioides difficile Toxins: Host Cell Interactions and Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis." Toxins 16, no. 6 (2024): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16060241.

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Clostridioides difficile, a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, is the leading cause of hospital-acquired antibiotic-associated diarrhea worldwide. The severity of C. difficile infection (CDI) varies, ranging from mild diarrhea to life-threatening conditions such as pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. Central to the pathogenesis of the infection are toxins produced by C. difficile, with toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) as the main virulence factors. Additionally, some strains produce a third toxin known as C. difficile transferase (CDT). Toxins damage the colonic epithelium, initiati

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23

JAMES, K. J., B. CAREY, J. O'HALLORAN, F. N. A. M. van PELT, and Z. ŠKRABÁKOVÁ. "Shellfish toxicity: human health implications of marine algal toxins." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 7 (2010): 927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810000853.

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SUMMARYFive major human toxic syndromes caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated by algal toxins are presented. The increased risks to humans of shellfish toxicity from the prevalence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) may be a consequence of large-scale ecological changes from anthropogenic activities, especially increased eutrophication, marine transport and aquaculture, and global climate change. Improvements in toxin detection methods and increased toxin surveillance programmes are positive developments in limiting human exposure to shellfish toxins.

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Mantzouki, Evanthia, Miquel Lürling, Jutta Fastner, et al. "Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins." Toxins 10, no. 4 (2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040156.

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Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and tempe

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Wu, Jing, Yu Zhou, Zhihang Yuan, et al. "Autophagy and Apoptosis Interact to Modulate T-2 Toxin-Induced Toxicity in Liver Cells." Toxins 11, no. 1 (2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010045.

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T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin generated by Fusarium species which has been shown to be highly toxic to human and animals. T-2 toxin induces apoptosis in various tissues/organs. Apoptosis and autophagy are two closely interconnected processes, which are important for maintaining physiological homeostasis as well as pathogenesis. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that T-2 toxins induce autophagy in human liver cells (L02). We demonstrated that T-2 toxin induce acidic vesicular organelles formation, concomitant with the alterations in p62/SQSTM1 and LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-

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Thomas, Damien, Olivier Dauwalder, Virginie Brun та ін. "Staphylococcus aureus Superantigens Elicit Redundant and Extensive Human Vβ Patterns". Infection and Immunity 77, № 5 (2009): 2043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01388-08.

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ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus can produce a wide variety of exotoxins, including toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), staphylococcal enterotoxins, and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins. These toxins share superantigenic activity. To investigate the β chain (Vβ) specificities of each of these toxins, TSST-1 and all known S. aureus enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like toxins were produced as recombinant proteins and tested for their ability to induce the selective in vitro expansion of human T cells bearing particular Vβ T-cell receptors (TCR). Although redundancies were observed between th

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Krishnan, Vidisha, Barbara Domanska, Alicia Elhigazi, Fatai Afolabi, Michelle J. West, and Neil Crickmore. "The human cancer cell active toxin Cry41Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis acts like its insecticidal counterparts." Biochemical Journal 474, no. 10 (2017): 1591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20170122.

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Understanding how certain protein toxins from the normally insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) target human cell lines has implications for both the risk assessment of products containing these toxins and potentially for cancer therapy. This understanding requires knowledge of whether the human cell active toxins work by the same mechanism as their insecticidal counterparts or by alternative ones. The Bt Cry41Aa (also known as Parasporin3) toxin is structurally related to the toxins synthesised by commercially produced transgenic insect-resistant plants, with the notable excepti

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Saenz, Jose B., Teresa A. Doggett, and David B. Haslam. "Identification and Characterization of Small Molecules That Inhibit Intracellular Toxin Transport." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 9 (2007): 4552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00442-07.

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ABSTRACT Shiga toxin (Stx), cholera toxin (Ctx), and the plant toxin ricin are among several toxins that reach their intracellular destinations via a complex route. Following endocytosis, these toxins travel in a retrograde direction through the endosomal system to the trans-Golgi network, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There the toxins are transported across the ER membrane to the cytosol, where they carry out their toxic effects. Transport via the ER from the cell surface to the cytosol is apparently unique to pathogenic toxins, raising the possibility that various stages i

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Sivonen, Kaarina. "Cyanobacterial toxins and toxin production." Phycologia 35, sup6 (1996): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-35-6s-12.1.

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Tse, Sirius Pui-kam, Fred Wang-fat Lee, Daniel Yun-lam Mak, et al. "Production of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) in Toxic Alexandrium catenella is Intertwined with Photosynthesis and Energy Production." Toxins 12, no. 8 (2020): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080477.

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To investigate the mechanism for the production of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) in toxic dinoflagellates, with a 2D-gel based approach, we had made two sets of proteomic comparisons: (a) between a toxic Alexandrium catenella (AC-T) and a phylogenetically closely related non-toxic strain (AC-N), (b) between toxic AC-T grown in a medium with 10% normal amount of phosphate (AC-T-10%P) known to induce higher toxicity and AC-T grown in normal medium. We found that photosynthesis and energy production related proteins were up-regulated in AC-T when compared to AC-N. However, the same group of pr

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Singh, Sunita, and Prachi Lad. "Assay of Bacillus cereus Emetic toxin produced in orange squash." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2021.001753.

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The contamination of squash by B. cereus, an enterotoxin producer, was found to range between 7.5×104 and 1.8×104 CFU/g in orange squash (during storage), that is hazardous. Orange squash is widely produced and consumed in India, but has a low rating of 3 on the scale of 10 (on feedback), mostly due to high sugars, not preferred these days. It can be preserved for >9 months due to added sugars and preservatives. During processing squash, if juice is not quickly cooled and/or squash is kept for long at temperatures <48 °C after processing, it can be a source of food poisoning. Reason, a l

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Singh, Sunita, and Prachi Lad. "Assay of Bacillus cereus Emetic toxin produced in orange squash." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2021.001753.

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Abstract (sommario):

The contamination of squash by B. cereus, an enterotoxin producer, was found to range between 7.5×104 and 1.8×104 CFU/g in orange squash (during storage), that is hazardous. Orange squash is widely produced and consumed in India, but has a low rating of 3 on the scale of 10 (on feedback), mostly due to high sugars, not preferred these days. It can be preserved for >9 months due to added sugars and preservatives. During processing squash, if juice is not quickly cooled and/or squash is kept for long at temperatures <48 °C after processing, it can be a source of food poisoning. Reason, a l

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Mueller, Elizabeth A., Joseph A. Merriman та Patrick M. Schlievert. "Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, not α-toxin, mediated Bundaberg fatalities". Microbiology 161, № 12 (2015): 2361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000196.

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Callahan, J. E., A. Herman, J. W. Kappler, and P. Marrack. "Stimulation of B10.BR T cells with superantigenic staphylococcal toxins." Journal of Immunology 144, no. 7 (1990): 2473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.144.7.2473.

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Abstract The Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are known to be potent T cell activators, stimulating cell proliferation and lymphokine production. Two additional S. aureus proteins, exfoliating toxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin, share these properties. Recently these molecules have been termed "super-antigens" because of their ability to bind to class II MHC molecules and thus form ligands that interact with TCR in an unconventional manner. In this paper we show that each toxin stimulates mouse T cells bearing receptors that include particular V beta regions, almost regardless of the other

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Blennerhassett, Ryann A., Kim Bell-Anderson, Richard Shine, and Gregory P. Brown. "The cost of chemical defence: the impact of toxin depletion on growth and behaviour of cane toads ( Rhinella marina )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1902 (2019): 20190867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0867.

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Many animals capable of deploying chemical defences are reluctant to use them, suggesting that synthesis of toxins imposes a substantial cost. Typically, such costs have been quantified by measuring the elevation in metabolic rate induced by toxin depletion (i.e. during replenishment of toxin stores). More generally, we might expect that toxin depletion will induce shifts in a broad suite of fitness-relevant traits. In cane toads ( Rhinella marina ), toxic compounds that protect against predators and pathogens are stored in large parotoid (shoulder) glands. We used correlational and experiment

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Sánchez, Kristel F., Naomi Huntley, Meghan A. Duffy, and Mark D. Hunter. "Toxins or medicines? Phytoplankton diets mediate host and parasite fitness in a freshwater system." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1894 (2019): 20182231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2231.

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Abstract (sommario):

Diets must satisfy the everyday metabolic requirements of organisms and can also serve as medicines to combat disease. Currently, the medicinal role of diets is much better understood in terrestrial than in aquatic ecosystems. This is surprising because phytoplankton species synthesize secondary metabolites with known antimicrobial properties. Here, we investigated the medicinal properties of phytoplankton (including toxin-producing cyanobacteria) against parasites of the dominant freshwater herbivore, Daphnia. We fed Daphnia dentifera on green algae and toxic cyanobacteria diets known to vary

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Wagner, Nicole D., Felicia S. Osburn, Jingyu Wang, et al. "Biological Stoichiometry Regulates Toxin Production in Microcystis aeruginosa (UTEX 2385)." Toxins 11, no. 10 (2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100601.

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Abstract (sommario):

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in magnitude, frequency, and duration globally. Even though a limited number of phytoplankton species can be toxic, they are becoming one of the greatest water quality threats to public health and ecosystems due to their intrinsic toxicity to humans and the numerous interacting factors that undermine HAB forecasting. Here, we show that the carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry of a common toxic phytoplankton species, Microcystis, regulates toxin quotas during blooms through a tradeoff between primary and secondary metabolism. Populations wi

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38

Mollick, J. A., M. Chintagumpala, R. G. Cook, and R. R. Rich. "Staphylococcal exotoxin activation of T cells. Role of exotoxin-MHC class II binding affinity and class II isotype." Journal of Immunology 146, no. 2 (1991): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.146.2.463.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 bind directly to class II molecules of the MHC and stimulate T cells based predominantly on the V beta segment used by the TCR. We investigated the relationship between the class II binding affinities of four of these exotoxins, SEA, SEB, SEC1, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and their T cell signaling capabilities. Although the toxins stimulated T cells at concentrations that ranged over more than two orders of magnitude, their affinities for class II (DR1) differed by less than sixfold. The affinities of the toxins p

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39

Hashem Shehab, Zina, Sana MH Al-Shimmary, and Shatha Thanoon Ahmed. "Staphylococcus Aureus Toxins and its Pathogenesis: A Review." Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 26, no. 4 (2023): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/anjs.26.4.07.

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Abstract (sommario):

Staphylococcus aureusis a grave community-acquired and nosocomial pathogen related to elevated levels of morbidity and mortality and produces a high number of toxins and other virulence agents. So, our review focuses on how S. aureusbegins, colonizes, and causes the infection and uponthe main determinants involved. This bacterium toxins included different types like (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta) Hemolysins, Leukotoxins, Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEs), Exfoliate Toxins (ETs) ,Toxic-Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST)and Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems.. Studying the determinants of staphylococcal vir

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40

Bogati, Bikash, Selene F. H. Shore, Thomas D. Nipper, Oana Stoiculescu, and Elizabeth M. Fozo. "Charged Amino Acids Contribute to ZorO Toxicity." Toxins 15, no. 1 (2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010032.

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Abstract (sommario):

Chromosomally encoded toxin-antitoxin systems have been increasingly identified and characterized across bacterial species over the past two decades. Overproduction of the toxin gene results in cell growth stasis or death for the producing cell, but co-expression of its antitoxin can repress the toxic effects. For the subcategory of type I toxin-antitoxin systems, many of the described toxin genes encode a small, hydrophobic protein with several charged residues distributed across the sequence of the toxic protein. Though these charged residues are hypothesized to be critical for the toxic eff

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Roderer, Daniel, Oliver Hofnagel, Roland Benz, and Stefan Raunser. "Structure of a Tc holotoxin pore provides insights into the translocation mechanism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 46 (2019): 23083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909821116.

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Abstract (sommario):

Tc toxins are modular toxin systems of insect and human pathogenic bacteria. They are composed of a 1.4-MDa pentameric membrane translocator (TcA) and a 250-kDa cocoon (TcB and TcC) encapsulating the 30-kDa toxic enzyme (C terminus of TcC). Binding of Tc toxins to target cells and a pH shift trigger the conformational transition from the soluble prepore state to the membrane-embedded pore. Subsequently, the toxic enzyme is translocated and released into the cytoplasm. A high-resolution structure of a holotoxin embedded in membranes is missing, leaving open the question of whether TcB-TcC has a

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42

Thi, Thu Hoai Pham, Ha Tran Thi, and Thuy Truong Thi. "Study on Aflatoxin Toxins in Vietnam." International Journal of Case Studies (ISSN Online 2305-509X) 09, no. 04 (2020): 57–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4905878.

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Abstract (sommario):

The paper conducts analytical analysis of the theoretical basis of aflatoxin toxins from the origin, aflatoxinproducing species, reproductive species, chemical activity and mechanisms of toxic effects. aflatoxin element. Based on that theory, we conduct a situation analysis in Vietnam with special conditions on environment and climate. We analyzed this toxin on a number of species such as Chicken Duck and mechanism of action on humans. Finally, we offer solutions to control and prevent this toxin.

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Contreras, Andrea M., Islay D. Marsden, and Murray H. G. Munro. "Effects of short-term exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins on clearance rates and toxin uptake in five species of New Zealand bivalve." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 2 (2012): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11173.

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Abstract (sommario):

Algal blooms produced by toxic dinoflagellates have increased worldwide, resulting in economic losses to aquaculture and fisheries. Bivalve species differ in their ability to feed on toxin-producing dinoflagellates and this could result in differences in toxin accumulation among species. In New Zealand, the effects of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins on the physiology of bivalve molluscs are relatively unknown. We hypothesised that the feeding responses of five New Zealand bivalve species exposed to PSP-toxic dinoflagellates would be species-specific, affecting their accumulation of

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Pitchenin, Leticia Camara, Laila Natasha Santos Brandão, Janaina Marcela Assunção Rosa, et al. "Occurrence of toxin genes in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from diseased dogs and other domestic and wild species." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 11, no. 12 (2018): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.8261.

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Abstract (sommario):

Introduction: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is coagulase-positive species of the Staphylococcus intermedius group. It is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infection in various parts of the body and has a zoonotic potential. Although studies on the pathogenicity and epidemiology of S. pseudintermedius are limited, it is known that this bacterium has several virulence factors, including toxins. These toxins can be classified into three main groups: pyrogenic toxins with superantigenic properties such as toxic shock syndrome toxin and staphylococcal enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, and

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45

Jarraud, Sophie, Grégoire Cozon, François Vandenesch, Michèle Bes, Jerome Etienne, and Gerard Lina. "Involvement of Enterotoxins G and I in Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome and Staphylococcal Scarlet Fever." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 8 (1999): 2446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.8.2446-2449.1999.

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Abstract (sommario):

We investigated the involvement of the recently described staphylococcal enterotoxins G and I in toxic shock syndrome. We reexamined Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with menstrual and nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome (nine cases) or staphylococcal scarlet fever (three cases). These strains were selected because they produced none of the toxins known to be involved in these syndromes (toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 and enterotoxins A, B, C, and D), enterotoxin E or H, or exfoliative toxin A or B, despite the fact that superantigenic toxins were detected in a CD69-specific fl

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46

Rourke, Wade A., and Cory J. Murphy. "Animal-Free Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Testing—The Canadian Perspective to Improved Health Protection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 2 (2014): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sgerourke.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The performance characteristics of AOAC Official Method 2011.02 (the PCOX method) asa replacement for the AOAC mouse bioassay procedure have been well defined by validation studies, but these data do not communicate the complete story. Thecontext provided by analyzing 9000 regulatory monitoring samples over 3 years demonstrates not only the reduction in animal use but also the increase in foodsafety that has been realized using a chemistry-based method. Detection of lower toxin levels provided early warning to enable directed sampling as toxin levels increased. The toxin profile infor

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47

van Gils, Jan A., Matthijs van der Geest, Jutta Leyrer, et al. "Toxin constraint explains diet choice, survival and population dynamics in a molluscivore shorebird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1763 (2013): 20130861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0861.

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Abstract (sommario):

Recent insights suggest that predators should include (mildly) toxic prey when non-toxic food is scarce. However, the assumption that toxic prey is energetically as profitable as non-toxic prey misses the possibility that non-toxic prey have other ways to avoid being eaten, such as the formation of an indigestible armature. In that case, predators face a trade-off between avoiding toxins and minimizing indigestible ballast intake. Here, we report on the trophic interactions between a shorebird (red knot, Calidris canutus canutus ) and its two main bivalve prey, one being mildly toxic but easil

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48

Upadhyay, R. K., R. K. Naji, and N. Kumari. "Dynamical Complexity in Some Ecological Models: Effects of Toxin Production by Phytoplankton." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 12, no. 1 (2007): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/na.2007.12.1.14726.

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Abstract (sommario):

We investigate dynamical complexities in two types of chaotic tri-trophic aquatic food-chain model systems representing a real situation in the marine environment. Phytoplankton produce chemical substances known as toxins to reduce grazing pressure by zooplankton [1]. The role of toxin producing phytoplankton (TPP) on the chaotic behavior in these food chain systems is investigated. Holling type I, II, and III functional response forms are considered to study the interference between phytoplankton and zooplankton populations in the presence of toxic chemical. Our study shows that chaotic dynam

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49

Rotaru, Lilia. "Environmental toxic factors and clinical pattern of Parkinson’s disease." Moldovan Medical Journal 64, no. 4 (2021): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52418/moldovan-med-j.64-4.21.13.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) – the most common neuro-degenerative movement disorder – is considered a result of a multifactorial pathogenic process modulated by cumulative and interactive effects of genes and exposures. An environmental exposure could enhance or create dopaminergic neurons vulnerability and increase PD risk. The purpose of the study was to find if excessive exposure to toxic environmental factors may influence clinical pattern of PD. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 111 patients diagnosed with PD, study group being defined as PD exposed to toxins (33 pa

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50

Courçon, Marie, Cédric Badiou, Mathilde Louwagie, et al. "Targeted Proteomics Analysis of Staphylococcal Superantigenic Toxins in Menstrual Fluid from Women with Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome (mTSS)." Toxins 14, no. 12 (2022): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120886.

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Abstract (sommario):

Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) is a rare life-threatening febrile illness that occurs in women using intravaginal menstrual protection. It is caused by toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) produced by Staphylococcus aureus, triggering a sudden onset of rash and hypotension, subsequently leading to multiple organ failure. Detecting TSST-1 and S. aureus virulence factors in menstrual fluid could accelerate the diagnosis and improve therapeutic management of mTSS. However, menstrual fluid is a highly complex matrix, making detection of bacterial toxins challenging. Here, we present a mass

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