Tesi: "Urban-To-Rural Migration"

1

Ha, Thi Kim Anh. "Spontaneous rural to urban migration and its link to rural development in Vietnam". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0028/MQ33843.pdf.

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2

Vallowe, Megan. "Exploring Identity: Rural to Urban Migration in Modernist American Fiction". OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1171.

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This thesis discusses the effects, primarily on a person’s identity, caused by rural to urban migration during the 1920s and 1930s through investigating the migrations of four literary characters—Quentin Compson, George Webber, Jefferson Abbott, and Prudence Bly—developed by three American Modernist—William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, and Dawn Powell. I first explore the population trends and movements of Americans out of rural areas to urban ones. In doing so, various sociological theories and historical events are referenced in order to better provide evidence for the reasons for this type of migration, and more importantly, in concern with this study, to illustrate common effects due to rural to urban migration that are explored in depth in subsequent chapters through the examination of the aforementioned characters. Even though the migration of people out of rural areas for more urban centers has occurred ever since the division of those two communities, the interwar years in American society is a key period to consider because of the great social and economic changes that occurred during those two decades. Additionally, it is in this era that we first see clear signs that the United States was transitioning to an urban dominated society. Each of the four characters focused on in this work undergo a rural to urban migration during their young adult years. Because each character experiences this migration in a different way, the severity of the effects of his or her migration changes too. Three of the four characters—Quentin, George, and Prudence—must cope with an identity crisis that is brought to the forefront by their rural to urban migration. Quentin experiences feelings of guilt over his opportunities versus that of his brothers. More importantly, he is unable to rectify the conflict between his perceived identity and the identity placed upon him by the urban community to which he migrates, thus influencing his suicide. George is unable to see the extreme influence that the nostalgic view of his hometown has on the way he perceives the rest of the world. Therefore, he is also unable to recognize the power of time and the inevitability of change. Each time he is forced to see the falseness of his nostalgia, a crucial portion of his identity is dismantled, throwing him into a deep depression. Prudence—due to the arrival of Jefferson, a hometown sweetheart—is forced to reconcile the rural identity she has tried for a decade to forget and the urban one she spent a decade creating. Only at the end of the novel, does she realize that her identity is actually a compilation of both her rural and urban parts. The fourth character—Jefferson Abbott—is relatively unaffected by his migration, in large part due to the stability and confidence he has in his own identity.

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3

Kudo, Yuya. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration and urban industrial performance in Sub-Saharan Africa". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9be76708-90ef-4974-9864-b2bd5f9813cf.

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This thesis consists of three independent but thematically related papers exploring the income determination process in African labour markets from spatial and sectoral perspectives. Using long-run household panel data from rural Tanzania, chapter 2 investigates the extent to which education can explain migrants' income and consumption gains. We expect that the higher return to schooling at the destination primarily drives migrants' gains, suggesting that those who cannot afford the cost of schooling cannot reap the benefits of migration. We find that education indeed plays the role, but that it does not appear to be a major factor in limiting the internal migration as a source of raising income and consumption. Exploiting data drawn from urban household panel surveys in Ghana and Tanzania, chapter 3 investigates how rural-to-urban migrants' earnings compare with those of natives in urban labour markets. The chapter attempts to identify the growth of migrants' earnings at the destination (assimilation), making a distinction between wage and self-employed migrants. We find that wage-dependent migrants would achieve higher lifetime earnings if they entered a self-employed sector from their arrival, conditional on individuals' attributes and the varying returns to those attributes across urban residents. The evidence points towards the importance of capital constraints in a decision to start a business. Using firm-level data of manufacturing and retailing from the Enterprise Surveys conducted in seven Sub-Saharan African countries, chapter 4 attempts to improve our understanding of enterprise performance in urban Africa by investigating three aspects of firms' productive structure: technology, total factor productivity (TFP), and firm size. We find that the technology is similar between sectors, that retailing firms are smaller and less capital intensive but not, on average, ones with lower TFP, and that TFP differences are primarily within sectors. All these findings might point towards the importance of factor prices in characterising the industrial structure in urban Africa.

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4

Sugur, Nadir. "Small firms in a developing economy : a social and economic case study of the OSTIM Industrial Estate at Ankara, Turkey". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/16c1b59c-bc91-42a7-88ec-2d608531331a.

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5

Shi, Lei. "The dream and the reality: rural-urban migration to Shanghai (1927–1937)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/455000.

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Desde finales del siglo XIX, la masiva emigración desde las zonas rurales convirtió a la ciudad de Shanghai en la mayor metrópoli de China y una de las mayores del mundo. Utilizando como fuentes las estadísticas oficiales publicadas por el Gobierno de Nanjing y numerosos archivos históricos e informes contemporáneos, esta tesis es una de las primeras investigaciones que se propone cuantificar la población de Shanghai y la migración interna durante la República China, y analizar las características de los inmigrantes. El resultado muestra que cerca de 4 millones de inmigrantes entraron en Shanghai entre 1850 y 1949, constituyendo casi el 80 por ciento de la población de la época. Tanto el volumen como la duración de esta masiva migración son excepcionales en la historia. La mayoría de los inmigrantes eran jóvenes, hombres y mujeres, que llegaron de las zonas rurales cercanas, principalmente de dos zonas: Subei y Jiangnan. Esta migración a Shanghai se explica por factores de expulsión del campo y factores de atracción en la ciudad. En las zonas rurales la productividad agrícola se había estancado, la tierra estaba distribuida de manera muy desigual, y la producción agrícola y no agrícola estaba cada vez más integrada en el mercado internacional después de la apertura forzada por la Guerra de Opio. Cuando surgieron ‘factores de expulsión’, como desastres naturales o crisis económicas, los campesinos tuvieron que abandonar el campo para buscar oportunidades en otros lugares. En cuanto a los factores de atracción, el rápido desarrollo del comercio, la industria y los negocios en Shanghai después de la apertura trajeron una gran prosperidad a Shanghai, y crearon gran cantidad de oportunidades de empleo. La acelerada industrialización de Shanghai después de 1920 creó una gran demanda de mano de obra en las industrias manufactureras, intensivas en trabajo, que producían especialmente para la exportación. La importancia de las redes sociales, formadas por las conexiones personales y las asociaciones de origen, explica la fuerte segmentación de inmigrantes de diferentes orígenes en el mercado de trabajo de Shangai. A partir de las estadísticas de salarios industriales (1930-1936), la tesis analiza la desigualdad del ingreso mediante el análisis de regresión, para verificar esta segmentación de lugares de origen, que se suma a las segmentaciones tradicionales de género, sector ocupacional y tipo de remuneración. La Gran Depresión tuvo un impacto diferente en la economía de China que en los países occidentales. Debido al patrón monetario de plata y a la oferta de dinero suficiente, no se produjo la devastadora crisis bancaria que existió en Occidente, y la industria siguió mostrando crecimientos positivos gracias a la inversión. La crisis provocó desempleo en algunos sectores, pero la demanda de trabajo agregada siguió creciendo y el salario real incluso aumentó ligeramente. Esta es la razón fundamental que explica la aparente paradaja de que los inmigrantes siguieran llegando a Shanghai durante la Depresión.
As a result of massive rural-urban migration, Shanghai transformed from a small coastal city into the largest metropolis in China. Using the official statistics published by the Nanjing Government, and historical archives and surveys, this research is one of the first attempts to quantify the population of Shanghai and internal migration in Republican China, and to analyse the characteristics of Shanghai’s immigrants. The research findings show that around four million migrants flocked to Shanghai between 1850 and 1949 to make up almost 80 per cent of its population. The scale and duration of the migration make Shanghai’s case an exceptional one. Most of the immigrants were young men from nearby rural areas — Subei and Jiangnan. This massive migration to Shanghai was caused by ‘push factors’ in the countryside and ‘pull factors’ in the city. In rural areas, agricultural productivity had stagnated, land holdings were unevenly distributed, and both agricultural and non-agricultural production were tied in with international markets after China’s opening up to foreign trade following The Opium War. When ‘push factors’, such as natural disasters or economic crises arose, hordes of labourers were forced to leave their villages to seek opportunities elsewhere. ‘Pull factors’ were Shanghai’s rapid development of commerce, industries and business with the growth of foreign trade and investment. This created huge numbers of jobs — especially in manufacturing — as Shanghai began industrialising in the 1930s. Labour force segmentation occurred among immigrants, largely based on their places of origin and as a result of their different personal connections and networks. Using the industrial wage statistics (1930-1936), this research uses regression analysis of income to verify this segmentation and compare it with other, traditional segmentation patterns such as those based on gender, occupations and type of workers. The Great Depression had differing impacts on China’s economy. With its silver-based currency and a sufficient money supply, China did not suffer a banking crisis. Thus, unlike in Western countries, Chinese industry received enough investment and liquidity to continue growing. Although the crisis caused evident unemployment in some sectors, overall demand for workers kept rising and real wages grew slowly. This was the key reason why net migration to Shanghai rose throughout the crisis.

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6

Wu, Zhongmin. "Regional unemployment, rural-to-urban migration and the economic reforms of China". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390677.

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7

Valencia, Mestre Gabriela L. "From rural to urban studying informal settlements in Panama /". Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/446.

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8

Ou, Jinghua. "Urbanisation and rural-urban migration : evidence from Chongqing in the period 2001 to 2011". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14330/.

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Following the launch of the 'Develop the West' strategy in 2000, western China has undergone huge changes. Chongqing has been at the leading edge of this wave of development and its model of economic reform is particularly interesting and has also attracted public attention. This study aims to answer a series of unexplored questions about Chongqing's urbanisation and rural-urban migration. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 4) derives a simultaneous equation model from the standard theoretical framework of wage growth to estimate the determinants of wage growth of urban workers of various industries and the effects of openness. Data for 38 industries in Chongqing over the past 11 years is grouped into four sets of panel data in terms of different magnitudes of openness. The data shows that the increase in the demand for labourers is positively related to the wage' growth of urban workers. Openness, captured by industry's utilisation or non-utilisation of FDI, impels industrial sectors to use automation techniques more efficiently. The effect of productivity on wages in the group of industries which do utilise FDI is more than twice that of those in the group of industries which do not. Moreover, this chapter has not found enough empirical evidence to support the theory that the building of new cities benefits urban wage growth. The second empirical chapter (Chapter 5) examines the impacts of dynamic localisation and urbanisation externalities on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in three sectors at the county level between 2001 and 2008, by using panel model estimates based on a modified production function. The results show that the all-industry category localisation externalities' elasticity to productivity is significantly negative and that urbanisation externalities are insignificant. The implication is that the specialisation in Chongqing is no longer able to afford the high growth of economic development; thus, the so called 'Chongqing model' lacks sufficient economic basis. The third empirical chapter (Chapter 6) is based on an in-person survey of 102 households and l38 respondents carried out by the author in 2009. The chapter assesses the determinants of transferring behaviour of the rural-urban migrant workers by using Probit and OLS estimations. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the results. For instance, income in rural areas is crucial to migrant decision-making as to whether to accept urban hukou, and manufacturing and construction workers do not receive more wages than others. The survey results suggest that the quality of Chongqing's large urban population accumulation is still at a low level.

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9

Khashbat, Davaadorj. "Rural-urban migration under the transition to market economy and its effects on the urban transport in Mongolia". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144543.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第11871号
工博第2564号
新制||工||1358(附属図書館)
23651
UT51-2005-N705
京都大学大学院工学研究科土木システム工学専攻
(主査)教授青山吉隆, 教授谷口栄一, 助教授中川大
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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10

Miranda, Montero Juan Jaime. "The effect on cardiovascular risk factors of migration from rural to urban areas in Peru". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2008. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1878033/.

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During the 20 years of political violence in Peru starting in the late 1970’s, Ayacucho, an Andean department, was one of the most severely affected areas. Mass-migration to Lima increased largely driven by escaping from violence rather than by economic reasons. This provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of migration on health since selection biases are likely to be reduced. This study investigates differences in cardiovascular risk factors comparing three groups: i) always lived in Ayacucho (n=289); ii) migrated from Ayacucho to Lima (n=589); and, iii) always lived in Lima (n=199). A cross sectional design was used. A clear gradient of risk was seen for the majority of factors studied: body mass index (BMI), total and LDL-cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and insulin, CRP and fibrinogen, the rural group having the lowest risk, the urban group the highest. The migrant group had intermediate risk, although generally more similar to the urban than the rural group. Blood pressure did not show a clear gradient of difference between groups. The migrant group had similar systolic blood pressure (SBP) but lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) than the rural group. The urban group had higher SBP but similar DBP than rural group. In the case of lipid profile, no difference was observed between groups for HDL and triglycerides. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and estimated absolute cardiovascular risk were all higher in migrant and urban groups than in the rural sample. Within the migrant group, when classified by time since migration or age at migration, differences were observed in total cholesterol, LDL, fasting glucose and insulin resistance. The findings of this study suggest the impact of migration on cardiovascular risk is not uniform across risk factors. The study provides new insights into the increased disease risk associated with migration and urbanisation.

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Stapleton, Caroline. "The migrant network effect : an empirical analysis of rural-to-urban migration in South Africa". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13747.

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Recent empirical migration literature in South Africa suggests that access to physical and human capital, in the way of finance and education respectively, are key factors in increasing one’s probability of migrating. This paper attempts to extend this literature by directly measuring the extent to which social capital, broadly defined as one’s access to a migrant network, affects the probability of rural-to-urban migration. Using the first nationally representative panel dataset in South Africa, the National Income Dynamics Study, and defining a rural-to-urban migrant as an individual who is observed moving from a rural area in the baseline wave (2008) to an urban area by Wave 3 (2012), I estimate a standard model of migration choice with the inclusion of one’s connection to a migrant network. This connection is measured by being part of a household in the baseline wave that contains somebody with current or recent experience as a labour migrant. In line with international migration literature, the empirical results suggest that access to a migrant network increases the likelihood of becoming a migrant (by between 2-3 percentage points). These findings are robust to the inclusion of the individual’s prior migration experience and employment status. Furthermore, an extension of the core analysis to assess the impact of genetic relatedness in conjunction with the migrant network effect suggests some evidence of a household bargaining process at play. The findings in this paper therefore suggest that social capital does indeed play a role along with physical and human capital in determining who migrates in South Africa.

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12

Jagalur, Pavan Kumar. "The effect of instability in returns to agriculture on patterns of rural to urban migration in Ethiopia". Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/449777751/viewonline.

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13

Zhang, Shu Cecilia. "Rural-to-urban migration and economic restructuring in China, 1982-2000 : a case study of Guangdong province". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36760948.

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14

Zhang, Shu Cecilia, e 張姝. "Rural-to-urban migration and economic restructuring in China, 1982-2000: a case study of Guangdong province". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36760948.

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15

Zhao, David Xiansheng. "From dreams to reality : a case study of rural-urban migration in the Pearl River Delta". Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391535.

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16

Damane, Moeti. "The implications of rural-urban migration on employment and household income with particular reference to Lesotho". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002737.

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The research investigates the impact of internal rural - urban migration III Lesotho on household income and employment. Using data gathered from the 2002/03 household survey, the 2006 nationwide census and a questionnaire on rural - urban migration in Lesotho administered to 500 respondents in Maseru and Leribe, we estimate a logit model of the probability of employment in Lesotho in 2008 given a set of independent variables. The independent variables are respondent's work experience; years of education completed; employment status in 2004; employment status in 2008; gender; job skill level; place of residence in 2004 and a categorical variable that measures whether or not the respondent is a rural - urban migrant. The results suggest that migration and work experience have no significant impact on an individual's likelihood of being employed in the country's formal sector. Also, it was found that the higher the level of education an individual has, the less likely are their chances of employment in the country's formal sector because of the lack of formal jobs in the urban areas. Over 50% of Lesotho's workforce employed in the urban areas was discovered to work in the informal sector. The study concludes that there is a lack of jobs in Lesotho's urban formal sector that results in a thriving informal sector. The advantages of informal sector jobs to the rural - urban migrant include an increase in their standard of living as well as that of their family members left behind in the rural areas but the disadvantages include low levels of investor confidence that lead to a decrease in overall economic development and growth in the country.

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17

Rai, Tanvi. "Exploring the association between circular rural-to-urban labour migration and HIV : a study from north India". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/40131.

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Migrant workers are believed to act as a bridge population in the spread of HIV. However, migration patterns are highly variable, influenced by local historical and socio-economic contexts. In India, rural-to-urban, circular migrant workers are a priority group for HIV interventions. Their success requires an understanding of the processes influencing migrant vulnerability and how the migration-HIV relationship evolves over time. I conducted a systematic review examining the association between migration and HIV prevalence. I also analysed behavioural survey data from a study on migrant men to quantify and characterise those at greatest risk. For the case study, I carried out qualitative fieldwork in Allahabad district, an area of high rural-to-urban, circular migration and increasing HIV prevalence. I conducted interviews in two settings: clinical and rural village. I interviewed HIV-positive individuals at an HIV-treatment centre and migrant men and wives of migrants in two high out-migration villages. Published studies showed some association between circular migration and HIV, but migration was defined inconsistently across publications. According to survey data 20% of migrant men had non-spousal sexual partners at multiple locations; this was associated with self-perception of HIV risk, age and recent migrant status. The qualitative case study showed specific factors such as nature of social group and migration location affecting risk of infection. Following infection, migrant status delayed contact with HIV services, depleting household savings on private treatment for HIV-related conditions and facilitating onward transmission. After enrolment with HIV services, diminished health, a rigid ART regime and job insecurity hindered resumption of migration-based livelihoods. Increased HIV risk in migrants is due to the context of migration not mobility itself. Despite free testing and treatment services, migrant workers and their families are being diagnosed late. The risk to migrant livelihoods from HIV has strong implications for long-term ART adherence and prognoses.

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18

Dalzell, Sarah. "Bone health in Gambian women : impact and implications of rural-to-urban migration and the nutrition transition". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283609.

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Urbanisation and the associated nutrition transition have been linked with the recent rise in osteoporotic fragility fracture incidence in many countries. Predictions indicate that hip fracture incidence will increase 6-fold in Africa and Asia by 2050, partially attributed to demographic transition and population ageing. Differences in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) between rural and urban locations indicate that urban regions of high-income countries (HIC) have lower aBMD and a higher incidence of hip fracture. The few studies conducted in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) provide inconsistent results; in contrast to HIC, most have found higher aBMD in urban populations. To investigate the impact of migrating to an urban environment, detailed studies of bone phenotype and factors affecting bone health have been conducted in two groups of pre-menopausal Gambian women: urban migrant (n=58) and rural (n=81). Both groups spent their formative years in the same rural setting of Kiang West, urban women were known to have migrated to coastal districts, concentrated in Brikama and Kanifing, when aged ≥16 years. Bone phenotype (bone mineral content (BMC); bone area (BA); aBMD, and size-adjusted BMC (adjusted for height, weight and BA) of the whole-body, lumbar spine and hip) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), with further characterisation by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Data were also collected on anthropometry, body composition, food and nutrient intakes, physical activity, socio-demographic characteristics, vitamin D status, and 24hr urinary mineral outputs (Na, K, P, and Ca). Mean age and height of rural and urban migrant groups were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Urban migrant women were significantly heavier (p < 0.01). Significant differences in BMC and aBMD were found between groups at all skeletal sites, with urban women having higher BMC and aBMD; BA was not significantly different. The greatest difference in BMC was found at the lumbar spine (8.5% ± SE 3.0, p < 0.01), a meaningful difference, equivalent to 0.76 of rural SD. T- Scores were also calculated using a young adult (white, female) reference population, mean T- scores were -1.03 and -0.22, for rural and urban groups respectively. After adjusting for size, differences in whole-body and hip BMC were mostly attenuated (p > 0.05), but difference in spine BMC remained significant (6.2% ± SE 2.1, p < 0.01). These results indicate that rural-to-urban migration is associated with higher BMC; BA and height were similar, and difference in body weight could not fully account for higher BMC at the lumbar spine. Calcium intakes were low in both groups, urban migrant 294mg/d (IQR: 235 to 385) and rural 305mg/d (IQR: 222 to 420). Urban women had significantly lower intakes of potassium, magnesium and dietary fibre (p < 0.01), related to lower consumption of fruit, green leafy vegetables and groundnuts. 25-hydroxy vitamin D status was good in both groups, urban migrant 64.0 ± 14.2nmol/L and rural 68.3 ± 15.7nmol/L (M ± SD, p > 0.05). Implications for bone health of the nutrition and demographic transition, principally future fracture risk and other non-communicable diseases require further research in LMICs. ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE To my knowledge, this is the first study investigating the impact of rural-to-urban migration on bone health to be conducted in sub Saharan Africa. It is the first study of bone health and determinants of bone health in an urban population in The Gambia.

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Chidi, Segatla Charles. "An evaluation of rural-urban migration and its link to informal settlement pattern : a case study of Disteneng in Polokwane Municipality in Limpopo Province". Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/765.

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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010
Urbanization and rural-urban migration are processes that are surrounded by a great deal of controversy and pose as significant challenges in contemporary South Africa. In dealing, controlling, and managing urbanization and rural urban migration, the South African government has developed a number of policies to respond to this to these challenges such as Urban Development Framework of 1997 which aims to promote effective urban reconstruction and development, to guide development policies, strategies and actions of all stakeholders in the urban development processes and other policies that are geared towards urban development management. In this study, an effort is made to evaluate rural-urban migration and its link to informal settlement patterns at Disteneng area (Limpopo Province). The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect data. Questionnaires, formal interviews and observations were used to assemble primary data. Policies, journals, books were used to gather secondary data. The study found that there are quite number of issues that lead to rural-urban migration such as rural poverty and unemployment. It also established that policies that have been developed to control rural-urban migration and urbanization are not comprehensive enough to respond to rural-urban migration. They need to be revitalized and reviewed. The study also found out that the main reason for the backlog in services and development relate to a lack of commitment, capacity and experience of officials mandated to bring development to the study area. Recommendations of the study include community empowerment, skills development, monitoring of performance and capacity building for officials. There is a direct link between rural-urban migration and the sprawling of urban informal settlements calling for multi-pronged interventions from multiple government agencies to address the phenomenon. The Disteneng area is a melting pot which requires urgent attention.

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20

Davey, Gareth. "Identity and quality of life among Badagas in South India with reference to rural-to-urban migration and new media". Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/61850/.

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The thesis is about the experiences of Badagas living in contemporary India as they navigate a society in flux, the extent to which change permeates and influences understandings of self and life. Badagas, like others in India, have been experiencing profound changes as new ideas, products, and ways of living have become widespread. An increasing number of people are migrating to cities in search of education and employment, and technologies such as new media now influence communication and interaction. To understand these new circumstances, the primary concern of the thesis is an investigation of the identities and life quality of Badagas in South India with reference to rural-to-urban migration and new media, an important case study of the impact of India's social and economic transformation on its people, and a timely update of the antiquated picture of Badagas in the literature. At an empirical level, the thesis unpacks how Badagas understand themselves and their lives in today's India. However, it is also about changing the ways they have been understood and represented in the literature. At a theoretical level, therefore, the thesis deconstructs and redefines the meaning of 'Badaga' portrayed in the academic literature, and rebalances inequalities of representation. The thesis, then, is an empirical and theoretical investigation of the meaning of being Badaga, a critical appraisal of previous writings combined with empirical research to advance new ideas. To set the scene of the thesis, the first chapter introduces the Nilgiri and its peoples and their general depiction in the literature, and teases out some of the themes and styles which characterise writings. It also endeavours to identify what is already known about Badagas, and gaps in knowledge, to make a case for the empirical research in subsequent chapters. Chapter one highlights the numerous markers which have been used to differentiate Badagas based on the assumption in the literature that they are a distinct social group sharing a common history and culture. It also reveals the limitations of their portrayal based on the style and trends of social science in the first and latter halves of the twentieth century which reify a simple Badaga identity, an artefact which has since become a staple of the literature. Building on this introduction, chapter two reviews in further detail the diverse ways identity has been deployed in social science generally and the Nilgiri specifically, and the varied, loose, and contradictory ways the identities of Badagas have been documented. Similarly, chapter two also explores the varied meanings of quality of life and previous studies concerning Badagas. The chapter shows the majority of writings align with classical essentialist conceptualisations of fixity and rigidity, and 'the Badagas' as a category of difference has been framed in terms of homogeneity as a bounded group, isolation in a unique region, and speculations of identity change which mirror old-fashioned views of bounded undifferentiated cultures coming into contact, namely a minority group adopting the culture of the majority, as if change among Badagas is a product of the colonial experience. Similarly, regarding their quality of life, the majority of writings are concerned with imperial history and Western culture to speak for Badagas, which positions the changed way of life in the Nilgiri after the arrival of the British as important and superior to the past. Collectively, chapters one and two show previous representation of Badagas, although a rigorous and meticulous attempt at documenting their rich culture and history, is unsatisfactory in both theoretical and practical terms when it comes to understanding identity and life quality, a failure to offer terms with which to understand their complexity and diversity. The methodology of the monograph, outlined in chapter three, provides a contemporary social constructionist approach to iron out the epistemological problems discussed above. It begins with an overview of the multi-site approach of the research, designed to overcome the limitations of previous studies which regard Badagas and the Nilgiri as local and bounded in an isolated region, essentially the removal of geographical barriers to appreciate Badagas as dynamic and mobile and to capture new forms of identities in flux in multiple situations, namely rural-to-urban migration and new media, that transcend bounded spaces. The next section of the chapter introduces the thesis's theoretical orientation, symbolic interactionism, employed to examine the shared subjective experiences, meanings, and lived experiences of Badagas in contemporary India with emphasis on agency, social process, and subjective experience, a deliberate move away from previous macro-level deterministic and functionalist trends in the literature. The remaining sections of chapter three describe the operationalization of identity in the thesis, data collection from forum posts and face-to-face interviews, data analysis involving coding and thematic analysis, and ethical considerations. The thesis's methodology, then, is an interpretative group of complementary methods-multisite ethnography, symbolic interactionism, thematic analysis, and reflexivity-focused on analytically disclosing the subjective knowledge and meaning-making of Badagas, and thus providing greater flexibility in understanding their identities and quality of life. Grounded on this methodology, chapters four and five empirically investigate the identities and life quality of Badagas in two connected locations in a multi-site approach, the first online with Internet forum users, and the second in the real world with rural-to-urban migrants in Bangalore. Specifically, chapter four examines online portrayals and understandings of identity and life among Badagas in a virtual forum community, an online website with discussions in the form of posted messages, and the nature of the new type of community. It begins with a discussion of the paucity of media and visual studies of the Nilgiri and its peoples, the need for further research, and the role of media as a prime information source and facilitator of cultural change. Next is an analysis of the content of the virtual forum, a source of information about the goings-on of Badagas including their past and current circumstances which contain new material hitherto undocumented in the literature. As the first study of new media usage among Badagas, it shows they now have an online presence, a new type of Badaga social collective connected by online social interaction and notions of culture. Regarding identity, a strong sense of being Badaga was revealed in forum dialogues, as the study analysed how forum members articulated and expressed different understandings of their caste, reasserted perceptions of distinctiveness, and deployed identity strategically in activism when they constructed images of Badagas as victims of marginalization. While the findings seem to support, at least from the perspective of forum members, the reification of an overarching Badaga identity as something tangible, the forum discussions also revealed their abstractness and diversity, a heterogeneity of Badaga identities, particularly in lively debates and discussions in which images were contested, defended, and negotiated. Regarding quality of life, a negative depiction was a salient theme in forum discussions which centred on the demise and low profitability of agriculture, and there were also concerns about education and healthcare provision.

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Janiec-Grygo, Milena Urszula. "Gender And Internal Migration In Wuhan, Hubei Province, China: Rural Hometowns, Factory Work, And Urban Experiences". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003249.

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22

Majumdar, Sujit. "Enquiry into the causes and consequences of rural urban migration in West Bengal with special reference to Coochbehar District". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2022. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/5169.

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23

Kumalo, Sibongiseni. "The rural-urban interface : the ambiguous nature of informal settlements, with special reference to the Daggafontein settlement in Gauteng /". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/176/.

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Chen, Xi. "Three Essays on Labor Supply in China". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81258.

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This dissertation consists of three essays studying the determination and evolution of labor supply in China. The analysis especially focuses on the labor market behavior of the wage workers with urban registration (Hukou). The first chapter outlines the dissertation by briefly discussing the motivations, methods, and main findings in each of the following chapters. Chapter two examines the evolution of female labor supply in urban China. Female labor force participation rate in China has been declining rapidly over the last three decades. Using a time series of cross-sections from the Chinese Household Income Project Series (CHIPS), this chapter attempts to systematically relate the decrease in female labor force participation to the socio-economic changes happening in China during the same period, and assess their respective contributions. Adopting both linear and non-linear decomposition techniques, the results show that during 1988-1995, changes in population age distribution and family size both contribute, during 1995-2002, age effect dominates, and during 2002-2007, non-labor income effect dominates in explaining the decreasing trend in female labor force participation. Chapter three investigates the impact of social norms on married women's labor supply decision in China. Using data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) and the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we find a strong and robust positive correlation between the labor supply behavior of a married woman and the former work experience of her mother-in-law. Our estimation results indicate that being raised by a working mother influences both a man's attitude toward gender roles and his household productivity, and therefore married women whose mothers-in-law were not working are themselves significantly less likely to participate in the labor force. The last chapter evaluates the labor market consequence of rural-to-urban migration in China. Starting from the mid-1990s, there is a remarkable increase in the number of migrant workers in cities, from around 39 million in 1997 to 145 million by 2009 (Meng et al. 2013). Chapter four intends to explore how does this important economic event affect the labor market conditions of urban residents. Specifically, we estimate the possible employment and earnings displacement effects of rural-to-urban migration on urban residents by exploiting regional variation in the rural migrant share of education-experience cells. We use multiple sets of instrumental variable to address the potential endogeneity problems associated with the rural migrant ratio in a city. The estimation results are consistent with the predictions of the textbook model of a competitive labor market, indicating the inflow of rural migrants reduces the wage and labor supply of competing urban residents.
Ph. D.

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25

Akaakar, Alexandra A. "OIL DEPENDENCY AND NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY: A CASE FOR NIGERIA". OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2482.

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Food insecurity is a condition of insufficient access to quality nutritious food; it is often rooted in shocks that interrupt the food production/distribution system in an area. Amidst the capabilities of Nigeria's agricultural system, the number of households across Nigeria experiencing food shortages has increased rapidly. The main reason for this increase were price shocks. This incident highlighted a huge vulnerability in Nigeria's food system, the vulnerability to price shocks. Incidences such as poverty and conflicts magnify the frequency of food insecurity. The ability to reduce vulnerabilities while addressing existing issues in food production and supply depends on a stable economy and innovative policy. As a major oil exporter, Nigeria's economy is affected by oil price fluctuations. This paper analyses the extent of the effect and how such volatility could increase vulnerability in the food system. The analysis in this treatise examines economic and agricultural factors to identify trends that negatively affect Nigeria's current food system.. Oil prices were significant in explaining variation in food price shocks and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Food price shocks are one of the symptoms of economic downturns. Agricultural innovation, and economic policies need to be formulated to prevent such shocks in the future. Given the dependency of economic performance on oil prices, a major move would be to diversify the Nigerian economy; with adequate attention being paid to agriculture.

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Paredes, Orozco Guillermo Alberto. "Immigrant Selectivity from Rural and Urban Areas of Mexico to the United States: the Different Roles of Migrant Networks". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1416950351.

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27

Alatas, Irem. "Fragmented Yet United: Alevis". Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613545/index.pdf.

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The present thesis aims to recount the current situation of the Alevi community in the urban Turkish setting. The data were collected during eight months of ethnographic field research from February 2009 to October 2009 in a complex preferred to be called as the Dikmen Alevi Community Center, in Ankara. I present different ways adopted by various groups while explaining what Alevism is and I stress the fact that there is a certain degree of fragmentalization within the community due to such diverse descriptions. Thenceforth, I emphasize the reasons behind the existence of divergent classifications and analyze Alevis&rsquo
migration from rural to urban areas during 1970s and 1980s as it relates to the changes in the institutions. After offering an evaluation of the changes accompanying migration, I accentuate the competitive sharing of the city as a religious space between Alevis and Sunnis concentrating on Alevis&rsquo
perception of religious space and providing a comparison between Sunni and Alevi perceptions regarding the places of worship. Subsequently, I attempt to show that there is a competitive sharing relationship present within the community giving the example of Dikmen Alevi Community Center after the establishment of the Alevi Institute for Research, Documentation and Application. I conclude that this kind of a relationship and the current state of affairs are the results of the struggle to adapt to a changing environment, which in turn alters the individuals themselves.

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Luo, Shujuan. "YOUNG FEMALE MIGRANT WORKERS' LIFE SKILLS LEARNING AND PRACTICE, ITS SOURCES AND EMPOWERMENT PROPERTIES IN THEIR OWN WORDS". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1500459758354548.

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Manona, C. W. "The drift from the farms to town : a case study of migration from white-owned farms in the Eastern Cape to Grahamstown". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002651.

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The study deals with the migration of large numbers of black workers from white-owned farms in the Albany and Bathurst districts to Grahamstown. In South Africa the migration of farm residents to the towns has not yet received much attention from researchers. Instead, most migrant studies have concentrated on the migration from the 'homeland' areas and for this reason little is known about the people who have been associated with the farms in some cases for five generations. From the 1940s these farms were rapidly losing labour largely on account of the introduction of mechanization and land rationalization. At that time many farm dwellers were migrating to Grahamstown and, to same extent, Port Elizabeth. The past few decades witnessed a massive further migration from these farms and this, together with natural increase, contributed to the 53,9% increase in Graharnstown's black population in the 1970-80 decade. The study has these aims: 1. To consider the factors that have promoted the move away from the farms , especially as from the end of the Second World War. 2. To account for the overwhelming attraction of Grahamstown as a destination among those who must, or decide to, migrate. 3. To assess the mode of adaptation of those who settle in Grahamstown pennanently. Those who have been in town for several decades provide a background for the central focus of the study, the new irrmigrants who came to town a decade ago or more recently. The latter include people who migrated to town from August 1984, i.e. during a period of extra-ordinary political developments and serious unrest in Grahamstown. The study places an emphasis on the way the imnigrants themselves perceive the process. The aims of the study which have been mentioned above revolve around the impoverishment of rural inhabitants who must now work for wages with hardly any measure of autonomy over the major aspects of their lives while those who go and live in town must contend with a competitive urban economy in which economic opportunities are scarce. This is the central problem of this thesis.

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30

Zhou, Mingchao. "Étudier à la ville : intégration scolaire et construction de l'identité des enfants de travailleurs migrants d'origine paysanne (nongmingong) en Chine". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1081.

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Cette thèse se propose d'étudier les effets d'une politique scolaire spécifique destinée aux enfants de travailleurs migrants ruraux - les « enfants de nongmingong » - faisant l'objet d'une catégorisation et d'une sectorisation dans des écoles spécifiques à cause du système d'enregistrement de la résidence (hukou) en Chine au niveau local. Le « problème de l'éducation des enfants de nongmingong» est en réalité le produit d'un processus d'objectivation de cette catégorie d'élèves, non seulement par la construction institutionnelle fondée sur une logique particulariste mais aussi par la légitimation savante des recherches académiques chinoises teintées d'une vision misérabiliste. Nous mettons les enfants au centre de la focale de recherche et tentons de cerner les effets de la ségrégation scolaire sur la construction de l'identité sociale des enfants et de leurs parents. Fondée sur une enquête ethnographique dans une école semi-privée destinée à l'accueil de ces enfants dans la ville de Hangzhou entre 2010 et 2012, cette recherche met au jour tant les modalités de la mise en oeuvre de la catégorie au sein de l'école par la direction et par les enseignants issus des classes moyennes urbaines, que les formes de résistance et de négociation ou de remise de soi des parents d'élèves face à l'institution scolaire. De même les enfants ne sont pas passifs face à ces injonctions et à ces processus d'imprégnation et d'inculcation d'éléments contradictoires (normes, valeurs, savoir-faire et savoir-être) par les univers familial et scolaire. Ils mettent en oeuvre différentes formes de conciliation pour se forger une identité personnelle
This thesis aims to study the effects of a specific school policy for children of rural migrant workers - the « children of nongmingong » - subject to categorization and segmentation in a specific school because of registration system of the residence (hukou) in China. The « problem of the education of children nongmingong » is actually the product of a process of objectification of this category of students, not only by the institutional construction based on a particularistic logic but also by scholarly research Chinese academic tinged who legitimates the concept and provides a pessimistic vision.We put children at the center of the focus of research and we are trying to identify the effects of school segregation on the construction of the social identity of children and of their parents. Based on an ethnographic study in a semi-private school for children of nongmingong in Hangzhou City between 2010 and 2012, this research reveals both the modalities of implementation of the category within the school by management and by teachers from the urban middle classes, and the forms of resistance and negotiation of parents in front of the school system.Children are not passive in this process. They face these injunctions and adapt to this situation of impregnation and inculcation of conflicting elements (norms, values, knowledge and skills) of the family and school universe. They implement various forms of conciliation to form their own identity

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31

Atabay, Piril H. "Belonging to the city rural migrants in modernizing Chicago and Istanbul /". Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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32

Mahoney, Elizabeth D. "Return Migration: A Study of College Graduates Returning to Rural U.S. Homes". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MahoneyED2009.pdf.

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33

Bjerén, Gunilla. "Migration to Shashemene ethnicity, gender and occupation in urban Ethiopia /". Uppsala, Sweden : Stockholm, Sweden : Scandinavian Institute of African Studies ; Distributed by Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15167804.html.

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34

Alcalde, Sorolla Raimundo. "From El Campo to Santiago| Mapuche Rural-Urban Migrations in Chile". Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1599970.

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This thesis is a study about Mapuche rural-urban, indigenous migration in Chile and how Mapuche have experienced their individual and familial migratory processes. Previous studies on Mapuche migration have taken a macro approach to examine this phenomenon and have concentrated on the experiences of migrants after their migration has taken place. This thesis, adding a new perspective to the current body of knowledge, studies the migration of Mapuche beginning with the inception of the process and continues through to trace their settlement in Santiago. With this, the study analyzes the character of Mapuche migration, examining the reasons and expectations behind this migration as well as how this process has been initiated and sustained through time. In addition to this, the study focuses on the social and cultural consequences that stem from Mapuche migrating and settling in Santiago, and pays special attention to the role that kin networks have in this process. This thesis, then, analyzes the particular characteristics of Mapuche rural-urban migration and considers the significance of individual agency in constructing different migratory paths by examining individual migration stories. In this thesis, I also examine the different mechanisms that Mapuche in Santiago have put in place to grapple with the social and cultural challenges behind their migration to and settlement in the city.

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35

Kang, Dae Hoon. "L’île utopique ou le paradoxe de la migration néo-rurale : l'île de Jeju (Corée du Sud)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025EHES0040.

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Entre 2010 et 2020, environ 100000 Sud-Coréens de la péninsule ont migré vers l'île de Jeju en quête d'une vie « alternative ». Plus de la moitié de cette population est composée de jeunes dans la trentaine et la quarantaine. Ma thèse vise à résoudre un paradoxe que représente cette migration néo-rurale. Entreprise comme une volonté de contester le mode de vie urbain dans le pays, lui-même considéré comme compétitif, matérialiste et désolidarisant, comment comprendre qu’elle participe à son tour à l'expansion de cette même manière de vivre sur l'île de Jeju ?En se basant sur quinze mois d'enquête ethnographique sur l'île depuis 2016, cette étude aborde trois questions principales : pourquoi migrer ? Comment entreprendre une nouvelle vie sur l’île de Jeju ? Quelles sont les conséquences de cette migration sur la communauté locale ? Je propose d’abord le concept de « pseudo-effervescence sans collectif » pour cerner la détresse qui a conduit au départ des migrants. Ensuite, en retraçant leur transformation de chercheurs à marchands d'alternatives après leur installation sur l’île, je montre que la démarche des migrants, le mouvement des start-up et du « local lifestyle », ainsi que les politiques de développement de l’État, s’articulent autour d’un point commun : l’entrepreneurialité. Enfin, cette étude s’intéresse, d’une part, à la résistance des locaux contre le développement néolibéral de l’île à travers la politique du patrimoine et, d’autre part, au comportement de nunch’i des migrants qui révèle leur fatigue et leur défiance vis-à-vis d’autrui.Cette étude éclaire plusieurs aspects du néolibéralisme déchaîné dans le contexte sud-coréen, en passant par les souffrances au travail, la promotion de l’entrepreneurialité comme nouveau principe de vivre, l’émergence d’une nouvelle ruralité planifiée par l’État, ainsi que la prolifération de la violence symbolique et de la défiance mutuelle dans la vie sociale
In the 2010s, approximately 100,000 South Koreans migrated from the peninsula to Jeju Island in search of “alternative” lifestyle. More than half of this population consists of young adults in their thirties and forties. This study explores the paradox arising from this urban-to-rural migration: initiated as a challenge to the urban way of life in the country, considered competitive, materialistic, and lacking in solidarity, how does it ultimately contribute to the expansion of the same lifestyle on Jeju? Based on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork on Jeju since 2016, this study addresses three key questions: Why do they migrate? How do they start a new life on the island? And what consequences does this migration have for local communities? First, I propose the concept of “pseudo-effervescence without group” to capture the distress that led to their departure. Second, by tracing the transformation of migrants from seekers to sellers of alternatives, I reveal how their new paths converge with the start-up culture, local lifestyle movements, and state-driven local development policies, all of which are rooted in the entrepreneuriality. Finally, I examine the resistance of locals to neoliberal development through kinship and politics of cultural heritage, and highlight the migrants’ nunchi behavior, which reflects their fatigue and distrust of others.This study sheds light on several aspects of neoliberalism unleashed in South Korea, including sufferings at work, promotion of entrepreneurship as a new life principle, emerging new rurality planned by the state, proliferation of symbolic violence and mutual distrust in social life

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36

Winter, Anne. "Migrants and urban change : newcomers to Antwerp, 1760-1860 /". London : Pickering & Chatto, 2009. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00219689.pdf.

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Thaweesit, Suchada. "From village to factory "girl" : shifting narratives on gender and sexuality in Thailand /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6461.

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38

Bowen, Dawn Suzanne. "Forward to a farm, the back-to-the-land movement as a relief initiative in Saskatchewan during the Great Depression". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0008/NQ27817.pdf.

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39

Montgomery, Mary Elizabeth. "Hired to be daughters : domestic service among ordinary Moroccans". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:06f23e4f-095b-4136-884c-72a45cc2c363.

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This thesis explores why shaʿbī (roughly, ‘ordinary’) Moroccans so often talk about their domestic workers as daughters, what this means for workers and employers, and how this is changing as community gives way to market. It brings together ethnographic study of urban shaʿbī society, of unmarried rural women who work as domestics, and of the communities from which the latter migrate. Drawing on anthropological discussions of kinship and fosterage, the thesis examines the fading tradition of ‘bringing up’ in which, according to a moral economy, a ‘known’ rural girl could properly be placed in the homes of wealthier Moroccans until marriage. This is giving way to new arrangements in which ‘unknown’ workers are paid a wage and may not stay long, but in which the ethics of charity, religious reward and gratitude still inform expectations from both sides. Geared to play out among neighbours, or at least well-known clients, over a lifetime, these ethics are being disrupted by the easy-come-easy-go of strangers. The thesis contributes to some fundamental concerns of economic anthropology: the atomisation of market exchange, the growing importance of physical marketplaces, and the meanings encoded in a monetary wage versus payment in kind. By putting together perspectives from domestics’ leisure time and life back home, it also questions the relationship between the commodification of labour and individualism. Finally, the thesis discusses a draft law which, if enforced, would mean employing domestics no longer made sense for shaʿbī Moroccans, state intervention respresenting a move away from local forms of empowerment and community. At a broader level, the thesis is concerned with households as internally hierarchical units linked together through exchange to make up society and explores the gendered dimension of household economy in a wider world. This, of course, reaches beyond Morocco, and parallels are suggested with English domestic service.

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40

Boyles, Julie. "Women's Actions and Reactions to Male Migration: A Case Study of Women in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, Mexico". PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/659.

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Using a mixed methods, interdisciplinary case study approach, this research project explores the benefits, risks, and challenges of male migration for women who reside in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, Mexico. In a unique approach in the field of migration studies, this project considers not only women whose husbands have migrated--absent husbands--but also the impact of male migration on women whose husbands have returned as well as women whose husbands have never left--anchored husbands. Women with returned husbands and even women with anchored husbands feel the threat, worry, and fear that male migration could, at an unknown point in the future, fragment their family. This case study approach looks at how women's work responses are differentiated by husbands' migration status, by age, and by husband's control over women's activities. Women with absent husbands tend be income-producing women as well as women ages 35 to 50 far more than women 35 and under and 50 and over. With motherhood as a cultured priority of rural Mexican women, women's income-producing opportunities are primarily limited to options within the home or in venues that can accommodate their children until the children enter school. Although this case study showed little or no connection between male migration and educational attainment, substantial policy-worthy findings suggest that the lack of value that residents of San Juan Guelavía place on the local public high school curriculum negatively impacts educational attainment of children beyond middle school. Women's traditional and cultural emphasis of marriage for their daughters as well as their reluctance to expose daughters to the negative influences of the city sway the decisions that women make for their daughters.

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41

Stockwell, Ryan J. "Growing A Modern Agrarian Myth: The American Agriculture Movement, Identity, And The Call To Save The Family Farm". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?miami1050951369.

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42

Lee, George Chak Man Christopher. "What are the barriers to building a trusted police service in China and India? : a comparative study". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284635.

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This thesis attempts to identify what the barriers to building a trusted police service in China and India are through answering the questions: How has economic modernisation impacted upon policing? To what extent are the two police forces trusted by its citizens? Do the police carry out their duties in a fair and unbiased fashion? What do police corruption/malpractices look like and why does it persist? And what are the influencing factors in decision-making at the moments-of-truth? There is very limited research into the Chinese Police generally and even less on factors affecting organisational culture, practices, and decision making. There is no comparative study between the Chinese and Indian Police. This thesis found that the Chinese Police are held in higher esteem than the Indian Police by their respective citizenry. Both the Chinese and Indian police use stereotypes and are biased against certain section of society in the way they carry out their duties and that corruption and malpractices are tolerated and engrained in its culture but is subtler in China than in India. However, one surprised finding is that India is more at risk of the rule by man than China, even though India is said to be the world's largest democracy grounded on the principles of the rule of law.

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43

Xue, Sen. "Related issues to rural-to-urban migration in china". Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149658.

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Over the past two decades, China has witnessed unprecedented rural-to-urban migration. This thesis includes three self-contained empirical chapters, which are related to rural-to-urban migration in China. Migrants are vulnerable to mental health problems, so it is important to understand the factors that can mitigate their mental stress. Chapter 2 investigates the relationship between the social networks and mental health of Chinese rural-to-urban migrants. The empirical analysis is based on a unique migrant survey from the Rural-to-Urban Migration in China (RUMIC) project, which includes the most up-to-date information about Chinese rural migrants. Using OLS and fixed effect models, I find that larger networks are correlated with better mental health. I use the instrumental variable approach to mitigate endogeneity bias. Both IV and fixed effect IV estimates indicate that social networks significantly help reduce mental health problems. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that the effect is larger for migrants with smaller social networks or with limited access to social welfare. In addition, females benefit more from their social networks than males. Migrants are socially segregated and discriminated against in their destination cities in China. Chapter 3 uses a large representative survey to investigate whether interpersonal contact between urban locals and migrants could improve urban locals' attitudes towards migrants. The OLS estimates show that having previous contact experience with migrants is positively and significantly correlated with urban locals' willingness to interact with migrants. I adopt Lewbel (2012)'s heteroskedasticity identification approach to mitigate endogeneity bias between contact and attitudes. The estimates indicate that having previous contact experience with migrants could significantly improve willingness to engage in non-intimate interactions, but has no significant effect on willingness to engage in intimate interactions. The migrant household survey of the Rural-to-Urban Migration in China Project is the largest longitudinal survey documenting the city life of rural migrants in China. The survey has been widely used in migration studies. However, a large proportion of respondents have left the survey sample, because migrants tend to be very mobile. Chapter 4 studies whether attrition is random, and the extent to which attrition biases estimated results of the first six waves of the survey. The empirical analysis suggests that there are systematic differences between the non-attritors and attritors. The non-attritors tend to be socio-economically better off, enjoy larger income gains from migration, be more willing to stay in cities and are more likely to be self-employed than the attritors. This chapter finds that there is likely to be some attrition bias and that the non-attritor sample is unrepresentative of the general migrant population at the time of follow-up surveys. Nevertheless, the examples shown in this chapter suggest that, in some cases, attrition bias and sample (un)representativeness could have only limited impact on the regression coefficients of the individual-level variables which are most relevant to research and policy interests.

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Lin, Li-Cheng, e 林立程. "A Dynamic Analysis of Rural-to-Urban Migration". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75025918367602195076.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
經濟學研究所
99
The process of urbanization plays an important role in the economic growth of a country. Urbanization stands for the phenomenon that large number of population moving to the urban area, along with the situations causing economic growth, such as economies of scale and agglomeration effects. Urbanization is a dynamic process, and even in the developed countries it is still an ongoing phenomenon. However, previous literature often focuses on discussing the reasons why households choose to migrate to urban, and the difference of labor wages between urban and rural areas, overlooking the fact that urbanization is a dynamic and continuous process. Based on Harris and Todaro (1970), this paper develops a general equilibrium model with two-sector, two-period overlapping generations. In this model, we endogenize fertility choice and the decision-making of children’s education, in order to discuss the reasons for urbanization and to describe the dynamic process of migration toward urban area. The process of urbanization results in the exclusion effect of rates of natural and social increase. In addition, the model built in this paper can help ana;yze the effects of other polices.

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Henry, Emily Laura. "Rural-urban migration as a response to vulnerability in rural Cambodia". 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/719.

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Zhang, Dandan. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration and its consequences in urban China". Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150212.

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"Health impacts of rural-to-urban migration among young adults in thailand". Tulane University, 2013.

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48

Robson, James P. "The impact of rural to urban migration on forest commons in Oaxaca, Mexico". 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4348.

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This thesis investigates the impact of rural to urban migration on long-standing commons regimes in the Sierra Norte (northern highlands) of Oaxaca – the most biologically and culturally diverse state in Mexico. Since the second half of the twentieth century, local communities have been engaged with regional, national and international markets for wage labour, with many losing a significant percentage of their resident populations. The study shows how demographic and cultural change is impacting the two social institutions – cargos and tequios – that underpin the highly autonomous form of governance the region is famed for. The loss of able-bodied men and women has meant that these customary systems are struggling to remain operational. In response, a number of far-reaching changes have been introduced, including institutional adaptations and the forging of strong translocal ties that show potential for reducing the vulnerability of affected communities. However, while migration was temporary or circular for much of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, thus helping to maintain a balance between subsistence production and market engagement, a form of semi-permanent or permanent migration has come to dominate over the past decade and a half. This critical yet poorly recognised shift in migration dynamics has seen new and increased pressures emerge, and served to reduce the effectiveness of adaptive strategies at the community level. Within this context, the implications for commons theory are discussed, with two alternate frameworks (rational choice vs. moral economy) utilised to explain why institutions may persist, transform or fail in the face of change. In addition, a layer of complexity is added to the body of work examining the consequences of rural depopulation on Mexican forest landscapes and associated biological diversity. The study questions the assumption that rural to urban migration necessarily stimulates ecosystem recovery and enhances biodiversity conservation at a landscape scale. In fact, because of abandonment of a mosaic of use, the net effect may be an overall loss of biodiversity. From a policy perspective, the principal contributions of the study are especially pertinent at a time when funding agencies and government programs show belated interest in the consequences of out-migration for environmental management, resource use and rural livelihoods in tropical country settings.

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Wisana, Dewa Gede Karma. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration, labour market and economic development in Indonesia". Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155793.

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This thesis explores three topics on migration, labor market and development economics. Chapter 2 provide analysis on the impacts of rural-urban migration on expenditure patterns. Using two waves of data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2000 and 2007, this study applies household demand analysis to examine rural households' expenditure patterns. A system of expenditure equations is estimated jointly using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimation. Three key findings emerge. First, migration has a statistically significant effect on reshaping Indonesian rural households' expenditure on food and non-food goods, and particularly on utility and transportation, durable goods, and education. Second, households with migrants spend more at the margin on meat and vegetables compared with households without migrants. Third, households with migrants spend more at the margin on housing as compared with households without migrants. Chapter 3 attempts to investigate the effect on Indonesia men's health of having left school during the economic crisis 1997-2000. Two empirical patterns motivate this research. First, leaving school during an economic crisis appears to have persistent and negative career effects on workers. Second, labour market trends and health outcomes are correlated. A quasi-experiment using provincial unemployment rate at time of leaving school and the economic crisis period conducted to identify persistent health effects. Five health-risk criteria are examined: mental health, lung capacity, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and smoking. Using data from the IFLS 2000 and 2007, this study applies a standard health production function to model health as a function of leaving school during economic crisis. Three key findings emerge. First, labour market conditions and school-leavers' health are negatively correlated. Second, men who left school during the 1997-2000 economic crisis have had worse mental health outcomes than men who left school before the economic crisis. Third, men who left school during the economic crisis display higher-risk health-related behaviour than their pre-crisis school leaving counterparts. Additional analysis suggests that the health effects may partially operate through labour market outcomes. The results suggest that men who leave school during economic downturn may have experience persistent poor labour market experiences with poor health as a result. Finally, Chapter 4 attempt to answer the question on what types of households are vulnerable to consumption changes when they are hit by natural disasters? This question is investigated using two-period data obtained in rural Indonesia, in 2000 and 2007 in relation to floods and earthquakes. Empirical results show that the sensitivity of consumption changes to idiosyncratic or aggregate shocks differs across households, depending on the characteristics of the households. The estimation shows significant negative effects of these disasters on households' consumption. The results also found that several factors play a significant role in explaining rural households' response to disaster shocks in terms of consumption changes. These factors include the number of household members, the household head's education level, the number of dependent household members, participation in non-farm business and land size owned or cultivated.

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Mumu, Shirin J. "The effect of rural-to-urban migration on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladesh". Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:53542.

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Background/Aim: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been emerging as an important public health problem in Bangladesh. The underlying cause of this epidemic is the increase in life expectancy accompanied by demographic transition and changing lifestyles as a result of urbanization. Bangladesh has been experiencing rapid urbanization for the past several decades, which is mostly driven by migration from rural area. Hence, it is vital to more fully understand the effect of rural-to-urban migration on CVD risk factors. Methods: A secondary data analysis on nationally representative Urban Health Survey (UHS) data collected in Bangladesh followed by an empirical sibling-pair comparative study were conducted to identify the effect of migration on CVD risk factors, and the role of socioeconomic status (SES) and the impact of acculturation indicators on CVD risk. In the UHS study 27,792 participants were included in the analyses of whom 14,167 (M: 7278; W: 6889) were urban residents and 13,625 (M: 6413; W: 7212) were rural-to-urban migrants. The sibling-pair comparative study was conducted on 164 males migrated from Pirganj rural areas to Dhaka City and had been residing in Dhaka permanently for at least one year, and their rural siblings (total N =328). Participants were undergone interview particularly on diet, physical activity and other behavioural risk factors; measurement on anthropometric and blood pressure; and biochemical analysis of blood for blood glucose level and lipid profile. Besides, three validity studies on physical activity and dietary tools were conducted on 162 healthy participants of both genders aged 18-60 years from rural (n=97) and urban (n=65) areas to be used in sibling study as well as future CVD risk factors surveillance in Bangladesh. Results: In the UHS study, the risk profile of migrant was lower than the risk profile of the urban group for most of the CVD risk factors (overweight and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, smoking) except bidi smoking and mental health disorder, which were higher in rural-to-urban migrants. The risk profile of CVD differed in men and women and women migrants were more vulnerable than any other groups in terms of metabolic risk factors and mental health disorders. Using the rural group as baseline, the sibling-pair comparative study demonstrates that the risk profile of migrant group was higher in all CVD risk factors. Migration was associated with an increased physical inactivity and reduced fruits and vegetable and poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in migrants, as compared with rural siblings, and this likely contributed to the higher levels of body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness and lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) in migrants. The findings of both studies suggest that CVD risk factors increase with time spent in urban area, though the pattern and magnitude of these changes were not uniform and varied across risk factors and gender. In the UHS study, consistent increasing pattern of risk was observed with longer duration of urban stay in migrant men for obesity (OR=1.67), smoking (OR=1.67) and alcohol intake (OR=2.86). Among women, those with a longer period living in an urban area had 74% and 35% higher odds of being classified as overweight and obese, and with mental health disorder, respectively. In the sibling-pair comparative study, the strongest effects were seen with increasing duration of urban stay for the three primary outcome measures: low HDL (OR=6.53), inadequate fruit and vegetable intake (OR=4.83) and physical inactivity (OR=3.63). The UHS study demonstrated that the proportion of CVD risk factors among migrants were also varied by urban place of residence. Hypertension as well as overweight and obesity were more prevalent in non-slum than slum, whereas mental health disorder, cigarette and bidi smoking were higher in slum and District Municipalities than non-slum. In the validity study, physical activity and dietary tools showed acceptable validity and therefore were used in the sibling study. Conclusion: The overall findings of this thesis suggests that migration from rural to urban area is a risk for CVD. This risk increase with time spent in urban area due to acculturation and varied by urban place of residence. The studies give new insights into the increased CVD risk related with migration and urbanization in Bangladesh.

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