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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Variants génétiques humains"
Rochu, D., H. Crespeau e J. M. Fine. "Caractérisation des variants génétiques de l'albumine humaine par focalisation isoélectrique". Revue Française de Transfusion et d'Hémobiologie 34, n. 1 (gennaio 1991): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1140-4639(05)80087-5.
Testo completoROCHU, D., J. FINE e F. PUTNAM. "Variants génétiques de l'albumine humaine : caractérisation structurale des allotypes utilisés comme références dans la classification électrophorétique". Revue Francaise de Transfusion et Immuno-hématologie 31, n. 5 (dicembre 1988): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0338-4535(88)80080-1.
Testo completoVerstegen, Ruud H. J., Iris Cohn, Mark E. Feldman, Daniel Gorman e Shinya Ito. "La pharmacothérapie en fonction des gènes chez les enfants et les adolescents qui prennent des médicaments psychoactifs". Paediatrics & Child Health 29, n. 5 (agosto 2024): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxae028.
Testo completoBROCHARD, M., K. DUHEN e D. BOICHARD. "Dossier "PhénoFinlait : Phénotypage et génotypage pour la compréhension et la maîtrise de la composition fine du lait"". INRAE Productions Animales 27, n. 4 (21 ottobre 2014): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2014.27.4.3071.
Testo completoELSEN, J. M., e J. M. AYNAUD. "Introduction au numéro hors série Encéphalopathies spongiformes transmissibles animales". INRAE Productions Animales 17, HS (19 dicembre 2004): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2004.17.hs.3613.
Testo completoSaunier, Bertrand. "Jusqu’à quel point la connaissance sur les virus de la Mpox nous éclaire-t-elle sur l’issue des épidémies humaines en cours ?" Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France 177 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3406/bavf.2024.71108.
Testo completoTesi sul tema "Variants génétiques humains"
Montalvo, Zulueta Nigreisy. "Development of federated learning models for improved genetic variant assessment in a multi-site clinical setting". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP5289.
Testo completoFederated learning (FL) is a machine learning (ML) technique that enables multiple data holders to collaboratively train a model, without raw data sharing. This approach is particularly relevant in the field of genomics, where data is often distributed across institutions, and regulatory constraints, such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), restrict data centralization. In addition to improving privacy and data security, FL allows the training of more robust ML models, by leveraging access to a larger and more diverse dataset. FL was first proposed by Google researchers in 2017 as an approach for training ML models on a federation of mobile devices coordinated by a central server. In this setup, the mobile devices contained data that was either sensitive or large in size with respect to the ML model. In their implementation, the server defined a global ML model and communicated the parameters to a subset of clients. The clients then optimized the received model by performing Stochastic Gradient Descent on local data, and sent back the local updates to the server. The server derived a new global model by aggregating the local updates through weighted averaging. This process was repeated for a predefined number of rounds or until the model converged. FL has also been adapted to cross-silo settings, where clients (typically 2-50) are organizations, such as hospitals and research institutions. The objective of this thesis is to study the effectiveness of cross-silo FL for the clinical assessment of human genetic variants. To that extent, we leveraged the public-available database ClinVar for simulating realistic multi-institutional collaborations in the assessment of coding Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs), non-coding SNVs, and copy number variants (CNVs). Concretely, we evaluated the performance of a diverse set of supervised ML models, trained in a FL manner across multiple institutions, in classifying genetic variants into pathogenic or non-pathogenic, and compared it to the centralized and individual- institution (local) model counterparts. Our results showed that FL generally achieved competitive or superior performance than the centralized model, and systematically outperformed the local models, highlighting the advantages of collaboration. In the experiments we benchmarked several FL aggregation strategies, including FedProx, FedAdagrad, FedAdam, and FedYogi, which refer to the methods used by the server to combine local updates into a new global model. Our results showed that FedProx generally provided the best performance. Furthermore, we analyzed the performance degradation of both FL and its centralized model counterpart when one institution decided not to participate in the collaborative training. We found that FL was more resilient than centralized approaches in most cases, demonstrating that FL can generalize adequately to unseen datasets with smaller training sets. To the best of our knowledge, this thesis presents the first simulated FL study for the pathogenicity classification of genetic variants. With our findings, we expect to incentive the adoption of FL for establishing secure multi-institutional collaborations in human variant interpretation
Persyn, Elodie. "Analyse d’association de variants génétiques rares dans une population démographiquement stable". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT1016/document.
Testo completoGenome-wide association studies have identified many common risk alleles for a wide variety of complex diseases. However these common variants explain a very small part of the heritability. A hypothesis is the presence of rare genetic variants with stronger effects. Testing the association of those rare variants is challenging due to their low frequency in populations. Many statistical methods have been developed with the strategy to aggregate the information for a group a rare variants. This thesis aims to compare the main strategies through simulating under various genetic scenarios and the application to real sequencing data. We also developed a statistical test, called DoEstRare, which can detect clustered disease-risk variants in local genetic regions, by comparing the position distributions between cases and controls. Moreover, it has been shown that population stratification represents a confounding factor in the analysis interpretations for rare variants. With the recruitment of controls, in the context of projects such as French Exome and VACARME, it is necessary to assess the impact of a very fine geographical structure (France) for different statistical strategies. The second part of this thesis consists in estimating this impact by simulating fine-scale population structures
Veyssiere, Maëva. "Etude de la composante génétique de la Polyarthrite Rhumatoïde par séquençage d'exomes : contribution des variants rares". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLE023/document.
Testo completoRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting about 0.3% of French population. Today, despite the identification of a major genetic factor (HLA-DRB1), and more than one hundred susceptibility factors with low to moderate effect (mainly identified by Genome-Wide association studies - GWAS), we cannot explain more than 50% of RA genetic component. Knowing that GWAS only study frequent variants (minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥ 1%) and consider that all of them are independent, we tried to identify new RA genetic factors by focusing on rare variants (single nucleotide variants (SNVs) or small insertions and deletions (InDels)) for which, to date, only few studies has been conducted. In addition, we studied gene/gene interactions (GxG) in biological pathways enriched for rare susceptible variants.To this end, we worked on two datasets obtained by exome sequencing. With the first dataset (data1), we wanted to evaluate the contribution of rare variants to RA risk into 1080 candidate genes sequenced in 240 cases et 240 controls from French population. With the second dataset (data2), our aim was to identify new genetic factors by focusing on rare variants selected from 30 individuals (including 19 affected) belonging to 9 French multiplex families. We set up in the laboratory a workflow to process the produced sequences up to the identification of variants (read alignment on human reference genome GRCh37, alignment refinement, variant identification (SNV et Indels) and quality filters).In data1, we replicated the association between RA and BTNL2 gene (p-value = 3,0E-6) and identified 3 new RA risk genes (p-value ≤ 4,0E-3), involved in the differentiation and activation of immune system cells, by combining rare to low frequency variants (burden association analysis). In data2, with a linkage – association study, we identified 3 genes - SUSD5, MNS1 and SMYD5 – presenting an aggregation of rare and frequent variants associated with RA (p-value < 0.04 with 10E6 permutations), and another gene SUPT20H in which we identified one rare variant with complete penetrance in one of the family and without phenocopy. Finally, we identified, by enrichment analysis, several biological pathways presenting an aggregation of rare variants. In one of them (focal adhesion), we extracted 9 candidate GxG interactions for which multiple genotype combinations seem to increase RA risk (p-value ≤ 5,0E-5)
Silvert, Martin. "Origines et conséquences des variants régulateurs chez l'humain". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS359.
Testo completoGene expression is the result of numerous interactions, from transcription regulation by promoters and enhancers, to several forms of post-transcriptionnal regulation. But each regulatory region is under different selective constraint. In this context, the study of the evolution of regulatory regions in human populations and their relative contribution to the variability of gene expression are vital to the understanding of the human phenotypic diversity. This thesis studies the contribution of the genetic diversity to gene regulation following to different path of investigations. I investigated the consequences of the Neanderthal introgression on diversity of regulatory regions in Eurasians populations. I identified which are the regulatory regions that which diversity is unexpectedly influenced by Neanderthal introgressed mutations, and also identified the sources of the associated selection event. I also focused on the specific case of the regulation by miRNA. Using small RNA sequencing in monocytes, either resting or immune-stimulated, of 100 individual of European ancestry and 100 individuals of African ancestry. I studied the diversity of miRNA expression within this cohort, but also how miRNA participate to the regulation of genes in an immune context
Brunetti, Ludovica. "Human cerebellar organoids and zebrafish rescue assays, two complementary approaches to better understand Joubert Syndrome pathogenesis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS204.pdf.
Testo completoJoubert syndrome (JBTS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disease characterized by developmental delay, motor disability, and mental retardation, with patients exhibiting a distinctive mid-hindbrain malformation known as the "molar tooth sign" on brain MRI. The cerebellum is primarily affected in this autosomal recessive disorder, which is genetically and clinically diverse, involving over 40 causal genes encoding cilia-related proteins. Cilia are sensory organelles present on most cell types, essential for development and homeostasis, but the mechanisms linking cilia dysfunction to JBTS neurodevelopmental defects remain largely unknown.The first aim of my thesis was to model JBTS and investigate the impact of ciliary gene dysfunction on human cerebellar development using an organoid-based approach. I used three hiPSC lines with mutations in the JBTS causal gene RPGRIP1L, encoding a scaffold protein crucial for building functional cilia. One line was derived from a severe JBTS patient, while the other two were RPGRIP1L KOs generated via CRISPR-Cas9. By implementing a published protocol (Silva et al., 2020), I generated WT organoids that recapitulated the early cerebellar development, with a mid-hindbrain boundary signature at day 7, and a further maturation towards Granule Cell Progenitor and Purkinje Cell identities.This model revealed severe, early defects shared by JBTS patient and RPGRIP1L-KO organoids. I showed that RPGRIP1L is differentially required for cilia formation in neural organoids, with its loss causing significant ciliary defects in non-polarized progenitors, but not in polarized apical progenitors. RPGRIP1L KO and JBTS patient-derived organoids were larger and differently organized, with an expansion of early apical progenitors compared to WT controls. Bulk RNAseq analyses at various stages along the differentiation protocol identified FGF signaling as the most disrupted pathway, with many FGF ligands and downstream targets significantly upregulated in RPGRIP1L-KO and JBTS patient-derived organoids from day 14 to 21. Associated with prolonged and higher FGF signaling, neural progenitor markers (SOX and HES transcription factors) were upregulated, while neurogenic genes were strongly downregulated. Gene ontology analysis at later stages (day 21-35) corroborates these findings showing impaired neuronal differentiation, axon development and synapses formation in JBTS patient and RPGRIP1L KO organoids. Notably, markers of Purkinje Cell specification and differentiation were also downregulated in both RPGRIP1L-deficient conditions. Restoring normal FGF signaling in RPGRIP1L-KO organoids using drug treatment rescued neurogenesis and organoid size. One underlying cause of FGF hyperactivation might be the reduction by half of the GLI3 repressor amount in RPGRIP1L deficient organoids.This work highlighted, for the first time in a JBTS human model, early FGF signaling deregulation that may account for some neurological features observed in patients.The second aim of my thesis was to establish a model to assess gene variant pathogenicity and better understand genotype-phenotype correlations in JBTS. Using a zebrafish rpgrip1l mutant line with penetrant embryonic phenotypes, I demonstrated that after injecting human RPGRIP1L WT RNA into mutant eggs, the protein correctly localized at the zebrafish ciliary transition zone and rescued the mutant phenotype. Further, injecting RNA encoding various known JBTS variants showed a good correlation between variant pathogenicity and its ability to restore a normal phenotype in the zebrafish assays. These results validated zebrafish rescue assays as a valuable tool for determining the pathogenicity of numerous human variants currently classified as "variants of unknown significance" (VUS)
Moussaoui, Louardi. "Applications de la spectrométrie de masse type MALDI-TOF à la bactériologie et à la distinction de variants génétiques". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872251.
Testo completoInnocenti-Francillard, Patricia. "Infection in vivo des monocytes circulants par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 : analyse génétique et biologique d'un variant monocytotrope". Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10114.
Testo completoHecquet, Théo. "Multiscale characterization of Caenorhabditis elegans models of human cytoplasmic actin variants hints at their pathophysiological mechanisms". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ060.
Testo completoActin is a protein that self-assembles into dynamic networks essential for physiological processes. Punctual mutations in the human cytoplasmic actin coding genes ACTB and ACTG1 lead to disorders termed Non-Muscle Actinopathies (NMA). NMAs cause a broad spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. To date, a definitive genotype-to-phenotype correlation within the NMA field has yet to emerge, and the functional mechanisms underlying symptoms in patients remain elusive. To fill this gap, we used Caenorhabditis elegans. Using various techniques, we assessed the multiscale consequences of nine actin variants identified in NMA patients that we reproduced in a C. elegans’ actin coding gene. We observed a diversity of variant-specific perturbations at different scales. Overall, the severity of Human variants correlates well with that of C. elegans variants and hints at their pathophysiological mechanisms
Jabot-Hanin, Fabienne. "Recherche des facteurs génétiques contrôlant la réponse à l’infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis et le développement d’une tuberculose maladie". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB253/document.
Testo completoTuberculosis remains a major public health concern, with approximately 10.4 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths due to the disease in 2015 according to WHO. While an estimated one third of the world population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, only about 10% of infected individuals go on to develop a clinical disease. Among them, half will declare the disease in the 2 years following infection, which is generally considered as primary tuberculosis. The other patients will develop the disease more distant in time of primary infection, sometimes several tens of years latter; these are classical pulmonary forms in adults. In humans, the role of genetic factors have been demonstrated in the development of active tuberculosis, in pulmonary forms as in disseminated forms in childhood, et also in the control of M.tuberculosis infection. Nevertheless, most of these genetic factors remain to identify. The first aim of my PhD was to identify genetic factors controlling in vitro interferon-gamma production phenotypes (IGRA) after exposure to M.tuberculosis in a sample of 590 subjects who were in contact with a proven tuberculous patient in Val-de-Marne, Paris suburbs, and in a second time, to try to replicate the findings in a south African familial sample where the tuberculosis is highly endemic. For this purpose, I first performed genome-wide genetic linkage analysis for several quantitative IGRA phenotypes. They led to identify 2 major loci (p<10-4) replicated in South-Africa and linked to the interferon-gamma production induced by live BCG for the first one, and for the second one, by the specific part of the ESAT6 antigen of M.tuberculosis (absent from most of environmental mycobacteria and from BCG), independently of intrinsic ability to respond to mycobacteria. The second step was an association study in the identified linkage regions. A variant associated to the specific ESAT6 phenotype was found (p<10-5), which was significantly contributing to the linkage peak (p<0.001) and previously reported as eQTL of ZXDC gene. The second objective of my PhD was the identification of rare genetic variants underlying the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in infected individuals. To this end, I compared exome data from 120 tuberculous patients and 136 infected individuals without any clinical symptoms. All of them were from Morocco. This study resulted in the lighting of BTNL2 gene, very closed to the HLA region, in which around 10% of patients had a rare loss of function variant whereas the controls didn’t have any
Tranchant, Thibaud. "Variants A189V et N680S du récepteur humain de l'hormone folliculo-stimulante (FSH) : caractérisation fonctionnelle et implications cliniques". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3307.
Testo completoFSH is a hormone which is centrally involved in reproduction. For this reason, FSH is extensively used in in vitro fertilization (IVF) to recruit and lead a pool of follicle to ovulation. FSH acts on its cognate receptor (FSHR) which activates signaling pathways through the canonical G-protein pathways as well as through β-arrestin-dependent transduction mechanisms. In vitro studies of a mutant and of variants of the FSHR identified in patients allowed us to highlight different mechanisms leading to bias in the signaling pathways triggered by this receptor. These genetic alterations, by modifying the equilibrium that exists between the different signaling pathways activated by the FSHR, lead to clinical consequences. In parallel, we have carried out a clinical study centered on the N680S polymorphism of the FSHR. Our results confirm and extend previous studies from the literature while correlating the results we obtained in vitro with the functional consequences of the N680S polymorphism of the FSHR. Together, our results open new avenues for developing new strategies in IVF
Libri sul tema "Variants génétiques humains"
author, Thompson Simon G., a cura di. Mendelian randomization: Methods for using genetic variants in causal estimation. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
Cerca il testo completoBurgess, Stephen, e Simon G. Thompson. Mendelian Randomization: Methods for Causal Inference Using Genetic Variants. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
Cerca il testo completoBurgess, Stephen, e Simon G. Thompson. Mendelian Randomization: Methods for Causal Inference Using Genetic Variants. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
Cerca il testo completoBurgess, Stephen, e Simon G. Thompson. Mendelian Randomization: Methods for Using Genetic Variants in Causal Estimation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
Cerca il testo completoMendelian Randomization: Methods for Causal Inference Using Genetic Variants. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
Cerca il testo completoMendelian Randomization: Methods for Using Genetic Variants in Causal Estimation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
Cerca il testo completo