Tesi sul tema "Variants génétiques humains"
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Montalvo, Zulueta Nigreisy. "Development of federated learning models for improved genetic variant assessment in a multi-site clinical setting". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP5289.
Testo completoFederated learning (FL) is a machine learning (ML) technique that enables multiple data holders to collaboratively train a model, without raw data sharing. This approach is particularly relevant in the field of genomics, where data is often distributed across institutions, and regulatory constraints, such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), restrict data centralization. In addition to improving privacy and data security, FL allows the training of more robust ML models, by leveraging access to a larger and more diverse dataset. FL was first proposed by Google researchers in 2017 as an approach for training ML models on a federation of mobile devices coordinated by a central server. In this setup, the mobile devices contained data that was either sensitive or large in size with respect to the ML model. In their implementation, the server defined a global ML model and communicated the parameters to a subset of clients. The clients then optimized the received model by performing Stochastic Gradient Descent on local data, and sent back the local updates to the server. The server derived a new global model by aggregating the local updates through weighted averaging. This process was repeated for a predefined number of rounds or until the model converged. FL has also been adapted to cross-silo settings, where clients (typically 2-50) are organizations, such as hospitals and research institutions. The objective of this thesis is to study the effectiveness of cross-silo FL for the clinical assessment of human genetic variants. To that extent, we leveraged the public-available database ClinVar for simulating realistic multi-institutional collaborations in the assessment of coding Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs), non-coding SNVs, and copy number variants (CNVs). Concretely, we evaluated the performance of a diverse set of supervised ML models, trained in a FL manner across multiple institutions, in classifying genetic variants into pathogenic or non-pathogenic, and compared it to the centralized and individual- institution (local) model counterparts. Our results showed that FL generally achieved competitive or superior performance than the centralized model, and systematically outperformed the local models, highlighting the advantages of collaboration. In the experiments we benchmarked several FL aggregation strategies, including FedProx, FedAdagrad, FedAdam, and FedYogi, which refer to the methods used by the server to combine local updates into a new global model. Our results showed that FedProx generally provided the best performance. Furthermore, we analyzed the performance degradation of both FL and its centralized model counterpart when one institution decided not to participate in the collaborative training. We found that FL was more resilient than centralized approaches in most cases, demonstrating that FL can generalize adequately to unseen datasets with smaller training sets. To the best of our knowledge, this thesis presents the first simulated FL study for the pathogenicity classification of genetic variants. With our findings, we expect to incentive the adoption of FL for establishing secure multi-institutional collaborations in human variant interpretation
Persyn, Elodie. "Analyse d’association de variants génétiques rares dans une population démographiquement stable". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT1016/document.
Testo completoGenome-wide association studies have identified many common risk alleles for a wide variety of complex diseases. However these common variants explain a very small part of the heritability. A hypothesis is the presence of rare genetic variants with stronger effects. Testing the association of those rare variants is challenging due to their low frequency in populations. Many statistical methods have been developed with the strategy to aggregate the information for a group a rare variants. This thesis aims to compare the main strategies through simulating under various genetic scenarios and the application to real sequencing data. We also developed a statistical test, called DoEstRare, which can detect clustered disease-risk variants in local genetic regions, by comparing the position distributions between cases and controls. Moreover, it has been shown that population stratification represents a confounding factor in the analysis interpretations for rare variants. With the recruitment of controls, in the context of projects such as French Exome and VACARME, it is necessary to assess the impact of a very fine geographical structure (France) for different statistical strategies. The second part of this thesis consists in estimating this impact by simulating fine-scale population structures
Veyssiere, Maëva. "Etude de la composante génétique de la Polyarthrite Rhumatoïde par séquençage d'exomes : contribution des variants rares". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLE023/document.
Testo completoRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting about 0.3% of French population. Today, despite the identification of a major genetic factor (HLA-DRB1), and more than one hundred susceptibility factors with low to moderate effect (mainly identified by Genome-Wide association studies - GWAS), we cannot explain more than 50% of RA genetic component. Knowing that GWAS only study frequent variants (minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥ 1%) and consider that all of them are independent, we tried to identify new RA genetic factors by focusing on rare variants (single nucleotide variants (SNVs) or small insertions and deletions (InDels)) for which, to date, only few studies has been conducted. In addition, we studied gene/gene interactions (GxG) in biological pathways enriched for rare susceptible variants.To this end, we worked on two datasets obtained by exome sequencing. With the first dataset (data1), we wanted to evaluate the contribution of rare variants to RA risk into 1080 candidate genes sequenced in 240 cases et 240 controls from French population. With the second dataset (data2), our aim was to identify new genetic factors by focusing on rare variants selected from 30 individuals (including 19 affected) belonging to 9 French multiplex families. We set up in the laboratory a workflow to process the produced sequences up to the identification of variants (read alignment on human reference genome GRCh37, alignment refinement, variant identification (SNV et Indels) and quality filters).In data1, we replicated the association between RA and BTNL2 gene (p-value = 3,0E-6) and identified 3 new RA risk genes (p-value ≤ 4,0E-3), involved in the differentiation and activation of immune system cells, by combining rare to low frequency variants (burden association analysis). In data2, with a linkage – association study, we identified 3 genes - SUSD5, MNS1 and SMYD5 – presenting an aggregation of rare and frequent variants associated with RA (p-value < 0.04 with 10E6 permutations), and another gene SUPT20H in which we identified one rare variant with complete penetrance in one of the family and without phenocopy. Finally, we identified, by enrichment analysis, several biological pathways presenting an aggregation of rare variants. In one of them (focal adhesion), we extracted 9 candidate GxG interactions for which multiple genotype combinations seem to increase RA risk (p-value ≤ 5,0E-5)
Silvert, Martin. "Origines et conséquences des variants régulateurs chez l'humain". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS359.
Testo completoGene expression is the result of numerous interactions, from transcription regulation by promoters and enhancers, to several forms of post-transcriptionnal regulation. But each regulatory region is under different selective constraint. In this context, the study of the evolution of regulatory regions in human populations and their relative contribution to the variability of gene expression are vital to the understanding of the human phenotypic diversity. This thesis studies the contribution of the genetic diversity to gene regulation following to different path of investigations. I investigated the consequences of the Neanderthal introgression on diversity of regulatory regions in Eurasians populations. I identified which are the regulatory regions that which diversity is unexpectedly influenced by Neanderthal introgressed mutations, and also identified the sources of the associated selection event. I also focused on the specific case of the regulation by miRNA. Using small RNA sequencing in monocytes, either resting or immune-stimulated, of 100 individual of European ancestry and 100 individuals of African ancestry. I studied the diversity of miRNA expression within this cohort, but also how miRNA participate to the regulation of genes in an immune context
Brunetti, Ludovica. "Human cerebellar organoids and zebrafish rescue assays, two complementary approaches to better understand Joubert Syndrome pathogenesis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS204.pdf.
Testo completoJoubert syndrome (JBTS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disease characterized by developmental delay, motor disability, and mental retardation, with patients exhibiting a distinctive mid-hindbrain malformation known as the "molar tooth sign" on brain MRI. The cerebellum is primarily affected in this autosomal recessive disorder, which is genetically and clinically diverse, involving over 40 causal genes encoding cilia-related proteins. Cilia are sensory organelles present on most cell types, essential for development and homeostasis, but the mechanisms linking cilia dysfunction to JBTS neurodevelopmental defects remain largely unknown.The first aim of my thesis was to model JBTS and investigate the impact of ciliary gene dysfunction on human cerebellar development using an organoid-based approach. I used three hiPSC lines with mutations in the JBTS causal gene RPGRIP1L, encoding a scaffold protein crucial for building functional cilia. One line was derived from a severe JBTS patient, while the other two were RPGRIP1L KOs generated via CRISPR-Cas9. By implementing a published protocol (Silva et al., 2020), I generated WT organoids that recapitulated the early cerebellar development, with a mid-hindbrain boundary signature at day 7, and a further maturation towards Granule Cell Progenitor and Purkinje Cell identities.This model revealed severe, early defects shared by JBTS patient and RPGRIP1L-KO organoids. I showed that RPGRIP1L is differentially required for cilia formation in neural organoids, with its loss causing significant ciliary defects in non-polarized progenitors, but not in polarized apical progenitors. RPGRIP1L KO and JBTS patient-derived organoids were larger and differently organized, with an expansion of early apical progenitors compared to WT controls. Bulk RNAseq analyses at various stages along the differentiation protocol identified FGF signaling as the most disrupted pathway, with many FGF ligands and downstream targets significantly upregulated in RPGRIP1L-KO and JBTS patient-derived organoids from day 14 to 21. Associated with prolonged and higher FGF signaling, neural progenitor markers (SOX and HES transcription factors) were upregulated, while neurogenic genes were strongly downregulated. Gene ontology analysis at later stages (day 21-35) corroborates these findings showing impaired neuronal differentiation, axon development and synapses formation in JBTS patient and RPGRIP1L KO organoids. Notably, markers of Purkinje Cell specification and differentiation were also downregulated in both RPGRIP1L-deficient conditions. Restoring normal FGF signaling in RPGRIP1L-KO organoids using drug treatment rescued neurogenesis and organoid size. One underlying cause of FGF hyperactivation might be the reduction by half of the GLI3 repressor amount in RPGRIP1L deficient organoids.This work highlighted, for the first time in a JBTS human model, early FGF signaling deregulation that may account for some neurological features observed in patients.The second aim of my thesis was to establish a model to assess gene variant pathogenicity and better understand genotype-phenotype correlations in JBTS. Using a zebrafish rpgrip1l mutant line with penetrant embryonic phenotypes, I demonstrated that after injecting human RPGRIP1L WT RNA into mutant eggs, the protein correctly localized at the zebrafish ciliary transition zone and rescued the mutant phenotype. Further, injecting RNA encoding various known JBTS variants showed a good correlation between variant pathogenicity and its ability to restore a normal phenotype in the zebrafish assays. These results validated zebrafish rescue assays as a valuable tool for determining the pathogenicity of numerous human variants currently classified as "variants of unknown significance" (VUS)
Moussaoui, Louardi. "Applications de la spectrométrie de masse type MALDI-TOF à la bactériologie et à la distinction de variants génétiques". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872251.
Testo completoInnocenti-Francillard, Patricia. "Infection in vivo des monocytes circulants par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 : analyse génétique et biologique d'un variant monocytotrope". Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10114.
Testo completoHecquet, Théo. "Multiscale characterization of Caenorhabditis elegans models of human cytoplasmic actin variants hints at their pathophysiological mechanisms". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ060.
Testo completoActin is a protein that self-assembles into dynamic networks essential for physiological processes. Punctual mutations in the human cytoplasmic actin coding genes ACTB and ACTG1 lead to disorders termed Non-Muscle Actinopathies (NMA). NMAs cause a broad spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. To date, a definitive genotype-to-phenotype correlation within the NMA field has yet to emerge, and the functional mechanisms underlying symptoms in patients remain elusive. To fill this gap, we used Caenorhabditis elegans. Using various techniques, we assessed the multiscale consequences of nine actin variants identified in NMA patients that we reproduced in a C. elegans’ actin coding gene. We observed a diversity of variant-specific perturbations at different scales. Overall, the severity of Human variants correlates well with that of C. elegans variants and hints at their pathophysiological mechanisms
Jabot-Hanin, Fabienne. "Recherche des facteurs génétiques contrôlant la réponse à l’infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis et le développement d’une tuberculose maladie". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB253/document.
Testo completoTuberculosis remains a major public health concern, with approximately 10.4 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths due to the disease in 2015 according to WHO. While an estimated one third of the world population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, only about 10% of infected individuals go on to develop a clinical disease. Among them, half will declare the disease in the 2 years following infection, which is generally considered as primary tuberculosis. The other patients will develop the disease more distant in time of primary infection, sometimes several tens of years latter; these are classical pulmonary forms in adults. In humans, the role of genetic factors have been demonstrated in the development of active tuberculosis, in pulmonary forms as in disseminated forms in childhood, et also in the control of M.tuberculosis infection. Nevertheless, most of these genetic factors remain to identify. The first aim of my PhD was to identify genetic factors controlling in vitro interferon-gamma production phenotypes (IGRA) after exposure to M.tuberculosis in a sample of 590 subjects who were in contact with a proven tuberculous patient in Val-de-Marne, Paris suburbs, and in a second time, to try to replicate the findings in a south African familial sample where the tuberculosis is highly endemic. For this purpose, I first performed genome-wide genetic linkage analysis for several quantitative IGRA phenotypes. They led to identify 2 major loci (p<10-4) replicated in South-Africa and linked to the interferon-gamma production induced by live BCG for the first one, and for the second one, by the specific part of the ESAT6 antigen of M.tuberculosis (absent from most of environmental mycobacteria and from BCG), independently of intrinsic ability to respond to mycobacteria. The second step was an association study in the identified linkage regions. A variant associated to the specific ESAT6 phenotype was found (p<10-5), which was significantly contributing to the linkage peak (p<0.001) and previously reported as eQTL of ZXDC gene. The second objective of my PhD was the identification of rare genetic variants underlying the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in infected individuals. To this end, I compared exome data from 120 tuberculous patients and 136 infected individuals without any clinical symptoms. All of them were from Morocco. This study resulted in the lighting of BTNL2 gene, very closed to the HLA region, in which around 10% of patients had a rare loss of function variant whereas the controls didn’t have any
Tranchant, Thibaud. "Variants A189V et N680S du récepteur humain de l'hormone folliculo-stimulante (FSH) : caractérisation fonctionnelle et implications cliniques". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3307.
Testo completoFSH is a hormone which is centrally involved in reproduction. For this reason, FSH is extensively used in in vitro fertilization (IVF) to recruit and lead a pool of follicle to ovulation. FSH acts on its cognate receptor (FSHR) which activates signaling pathways through the canonical G-protein pathways as well as through β-arrestin-dependent transduction mechanisms. In vitro studies of a mutant and of variants of the FSHR identified in patients allowed us to highlight different mechanisms leading to bias in the signaling pathways triggered by this receptor. These genetic alterations, by modifying the equilibrium that exists between the different signaling pathways activated by the FSHR, lead to clinical consequences. In parallel, we have carried out a clinical study centered on the N680S polymorphism of the FSHR. Our results confirm and extend previous studies from the literature while correlating the results we obtained in vitro with the functional consequences of the N680S polymorphism of the FSHR. Together, our results open new avenues for developing new strategies in IVF
Brengel-Pesce, Carine. "Virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) et atteinte du système nerveux central : analyse génétique et biologique de variants viraux dérivés de patients atteints d'encéphalite à VIH-1". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10048.
Testo completoAder, Flavie. "Identification de variants du gène FLNC dans les cardiomyopathies humaines et modélisations fonctionnelles chez la drosophile et dans des pseudo-tissus cardiaques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS371.
Testo completoVariants of FLNC gene have been implicated in the development of cardiomyopathies (CM), however the pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. This work involved the genetic characterization of a clinical cohort and then the development of a cell model and a Drosophila model to confirm the pathogenicity of missense variants and to assess the functional consequences of FLNC mutants. The study of 1150 patients with CM found the prevalence of FLNC gene to be between 1 and 8%. In addition, the truncating variants were preferentially associated with dilated CMs (DCM) with an increased rhythmic risk, and the missense variants (regionalized in the ROD2 of the protein) with hypertrophic CMs (MHC). In Drosophila, loss of function of the ortholog of FLNC gene (RNA interference) showed cardiac dilation and a decrease of the fractionnal shortening in adults, associated with disorganization of the sarcomeres and the actin network. The 3 selected missense variants, identified in MHCs, and introduced by CRISPR / Cas9 in Drosophila did not show any significant functional or histological effect. Study of lines producting a truncated protein revealed that the C-terminal domain of filamine was not required for heart function in Drosophila. A CRISPR / Cas9 edited hiPSC clone carrying a homozygous deletion of the exon 42 splice site that results in exon phase skiping was differentiated into cardiomyocytes. The amplified cardiomyocytes formed beating cardiac pseudo-tissues, and their analysis showed a change in rhythmic phenotype corresponding to DCM patients pattern. In conclusion, this work made it possible to show the importance of the FLNC gene in the development of CM and to develop 2 new complementary models to study the mechanisms of pathogenicity and develop targeted therapies
Nguyen, Hai Le. "HIV-1 minority variants associated with drug resistance to reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors and genetic barrier for the development of resistance to integrase inhibitors". Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077051.
Testo completoMinority HIV-1 drug resistance bas not been studied in Thailand. Two groups of patients, whose conventional genotyping results showed no drug resistance-associated mutations, were investigated: 104 homosexual men recently infected with HIV-1, naive to antiretroviral treatment and 22 first-line NNRTI-based failures. Pyrosequencing assay was developed to detect and quantify minority Y181C and M184V variants from the patients' plasma samples. 1/104 (0. 96%) and 3/101 (3%) samples were found harboring Y181C and M184V in the group of homosexual men. In patients with first-line treatment failure, one harbored minority Ml84V mutants (4. 5%). Thus, due to such a low prevalence, minority drug résistance test may not be cost-effective for implementing in Thailand. The mechanism of raltegravir (RAL)-resistant evolutions has not been completely elucidated. Because of the emergence of RAL résistance usually initiated with the N155H mutant, we assessed the role of minority N155H-mutated variants in circulating RNA and archived DNA in 5 heavily treated patients experiencing RAL failure and harboring 3 different résistance profiles. No minority N155H-mutated variant was found by allele specific PCR (AS-PCR) in both plasma and whole blood samples collected at baseline and after RAL withdrawal in ail 5 patients. During RAL failure, the mutation N155H was detected at different levels in 3 patients displaying the N155H pathway and gradually declined when the double mutant Q148H+G140S was selected in one patient. In two patients with the Q148H résistance pathway, no N155H variant was identified by AS-PCR in both viral RNA and DNA. The N155H mutants might not play a role in determining different résistance profiles. The genetic barrier, defined by the accumulative number of drug-associated mutations required for the virus to escape drug-selective pressure, is a crucial factor in the development of drug résistance. There are limited data on subtype CRJF01_AE, a predominant isolate in Southeast Asia. The genetic barrier for the evolution of integrase inhibitors (INIs) including RAL, elvitegravir (EVG), and dolutegravir (DTG) résistance was compared between HIV-1 subtypes B and CRF01_AE by analyzing of 66 substitutions associated with INI résistance at 41 amino acid positions in 144 nucleotide sequences (109 HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE and 35 HIV-1 subtype B) of IN gene derived from INI-naïve patients. Most studied amino acid positions including ail corresponding to RAL and EVG primary mutations show a high degree of conservation, indicating the same genetic barrier between subtypes CRF01_AE and B. Nevertheless, different genetic barriers were observed in two mutations described to be associated with DTG résistance (L101I, A124T) and other five RAL and EVG secondary mutations (V72I, T125K, G140C/S, V201I), which could have an impact on the development of résistance to RAL, EVG, and DTG
Le, Guennec Kilan. "Variants rares et analyse d'exomes : application à la maladie d'Alzheimer du sujet jeune". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR148/document.
Testo completoNext-generation sequencing allows studying and analyzing the genetic component part of complexdiseases mediated by rare variants. However, their interpretation represents a major challenge.Indeed, the sequencing of thousands of exomes and genomes revealed the human polymorphismcomplexity and in particular the overrepresentation of rare variants. Despite the development ofsoftwares and variant databases, the prioritization of rare variants remains arduous. My thesis subject was focused on the involvement of rare variants in Alzheimer's disease (AD). From a genetic point of view, AD is caused, in most cases, by a multifactorial determinism, but a minority of cases are autosomal dominant early-onset forms (ADEOAD). The characterization of mutations in the PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP genes as a cause of these Mendelian forms of AD led to the formulationof the amyloid cascade hypothesis, stating that the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is triggering the pathophysiological process. In order to detect new genetic risk factors involved in AD, we performed an association study using exome sequencing data from 522 cases with early-onset Alzheimer Disease and 584 controls. The first analyzes focused on single nucleotide variants and short insertions / deletions, and revealed an enrichment in cases of variants that are predicted to be deleterious in the ABCA7 genes. We then then focused on copy number variations (CNVs). The lack of recurrence at the gene-level incited us to work on a gene list. By focusing on the amyloidogenic hypothesis, we built a list of 342 genes involved in the metabolism and toxicity of the Aβ peptide. Thanks to this strategy, we found an enrichment of rare CNVs intersecting this Aβ network in cases.The main result of this CNV study was the identification of a duplication of the 17q21.31 locus in 5patients with a neurodegenerative disease similar to Alzheimer's disease. These patients have aclinical diagnosis of AD, as well as biomarkers and metabolic imaging consistent with an ADneurodegeneration. However, amyloid imaging and neuropathological analysis did not reveal anyamyloid pathology, and were therefore pointing to a pure tauopathy. This CNV study also revealed a partial deletion of the PSEN1 gene, overlapping exons 9 and 10, for which we performed functional studies. We demonstrated that the mutant protein enhanced the production of longer amyloid peptides, the latter being major mediators of Aβ neurotoxicity
Trepo, Eric. "Role of genetic factors in the progression of fibrosis in alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis C". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209659.
Testo completoLes travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont permis de montrer que :
1) Le CRS avait la capacité de prédire la progression de la fibrose chez des patients caucasiens ayant une HCC dans 2 cohortes européennes indépendantes.
2) Par ailleurs, dans la MAF, nous avons répliqué chez des patients caucasiens l’association entre le SNP rs738409 dans le gène PNPLA3 et la cirrhose. Nous avons également montré pour la première fois, que l’expression de PNPLA3 était significativement diminuée chez les patients avec une fibrose plus avancée. De plus, nous avons observé dans 2 cohortes européennes que rs738409 était également associé à la prévalence du CHC.
3) Enfin, nous avons également mis en évidence l’impact de ce même SNP sur la stéatose hépatique et la fibrose dans l’HCC sans toutefois qu’il influence la réponse à la thérapie antivirale dans 3 cohortes caucasiennes indépendantes.
Ainsi de manière remarquable, un même SNP (rs738409) apparait associé à des lésions hépatiques sévères dans les trois pathologies hépatiques chroniques les plus fréquentes (la MAF, l’HCC et la NAFLD). Ceci suggère des voies pathogéniques communes de la fibrogénèse hépatique. Par ailleurs, ces travaux soulignent indirectement que les GWAS ont la capacité d’ouvrir de nouvelles voies physiopathologiques et d’identifier de nouveaux variants, gènes ou région génétiques capables de constituer de nouveaux biomarqueurs et cibles thérapeutiques dans l’HCC et la MAF.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Mazan, Sylvie. "Structure et organisation des gènes codant pour l'ARN nucléolaire U3 chez la souris". Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30081.
Testo completoHovhannisyan, Yeranuhi. "Modélisation cardiaque des myopathies myofibrillaires à l'aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites pour explorer la pathogenèse cardiaque Polyacrylamide Hydrogels with Rigidity-Independent Surface Chemistry Show Limited Long-Term Maintenance of Pluripotency of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Soft Substrates Modéliser la myopathie myofibrillaire pour élucider la pathogenèse cardiaque Synemin-related skeletal and cardiac myopathies: an overview of pathogenic variants Desmin prevents muscle wasting, exaggerated weakness and fragility, and fatigue in dystrophic mdx mouse Effects of the selective inhibition of proteasome caspase-like activity by CLi a derivative of nor-cerpegin in dystrophic mdx mice". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS095.
Testo completoMyofibrillar Myopathy is a slowly progressive neuromuscular disease characterized by severe muscular disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoded cytoskeletal proteins. One of the genes described in connection with the development of MFM is DES. Mutations in the desmin gene lead to skeletal and cardiac muscles myopathies. However, the cardiac pathological consequences caused by them remain poorly understood. My objective is to create an in vitro human stem cell model of MFM to specifically investigate the role of patient-specific mutations in desmin on cardiac lineage development and function. To achieve that objective, in collaboration with Drs. Behin and K. Wahbi and Phenocell, we generate patient-specific iPSC from peripheral blood cells of the patient suffering severel form of desmin-deficient cardiomyopathy. The generated iPSC lines carrying DES gene mutations enable a powerful examination of the role of desmin mutation on cardiomyocyte specification and function. Bioenergetic, structural, and contractile function will be assessed in a single cell. In conclusion, it should be noted that desmin mutations lead to a disorganization of sarcomere structures in cardiomyocytes and to a perturbation of mitochondrial protein expression. This leads to a distortion of functions in the mitochondria. These data facilitate the understanding of the molecular pathway underlying the development of desmin-related myopathy. And the system we have created could also allow us to better evaluate the correlation between the desmin genotype and phenotype in terms of effect on the heart
Cavallin, Mara. "Physiopathologie moléculaire et cellulaire des anomalies du développement du cortex cérébral : le syndrome d'Aicardi WDR81 mutations cause extreme microcephaly and impair mitotic progression in human fibroblasts and Drosophila neural stem cells TLE1, a key player in neurogenesis, a new candidate gene for autosomal recessive postnatal microcephaly Mutations in TBR1 gene leads to cortical malformations and intellectual disability Aicardi syndrome: Exome, genome and RNA-sequencing of a large cohort of 19 patients failed to detect the genetic cause Recurrent RTTN mutation leading to severe microcephaly, polymicrogyria and growth restriction Recurrent KIF2A mutations are responsible for classic lissencephaly Recurrent KIF5C mutation leading to frontal pachygyria without microcephaly Rare ACTG1 variants in fetal microlissencephaly De novo TUBB2B mutation causes fetal akinesia deformation sequence with microlissencephaly: An unusual presentation of tubulinopathy A novel recurrent LIS1 splice site mutation in classic lissencephaly Further refinement of COL4A1 and COL4A2 related cortical malformations Prenatal and postnatal presentations of corpus callosum agenesis with polymicrogyria caused By EGP5 mutation Delineating FOXG1 syndrome from congenital microcephaly to hyperkinetic encephalopathy Delineating FOXG1 syndrome: From congenital microcephaly to hyperkinetic encephalopathy". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2213&f=18201.
Testo completoMalformations of cortical development (MCD) are a major cause of intellectual disability and drug-resistant epilepsy. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has considerably improved the identification of the molecular basis of non-syndromic MCD. However, certain forms, including complex MCD, remain unexplained. My PhD project aimed to improve the understanding of complex MCD using two disorders: Microlissencephaly (MLIS) and Aicardi Syndrome (AIC), the latter associating brain and eye malformations and only reported in girls. Trio Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) performed in 16 MLIS families allowed me to identify and functionally characterize a new MLIS gene, WDR81, in which mutations lead to cell cycle alteration. Moreover, using the same strategy, I was able to identify a pathogenic homozygous variant in TLE1 in a patient from consanguineous family with a postnatal microcephaly, suggestive of a FOXG1-like presentation. Interestingly, TLE1 is a major partner of FOXG1, a gene involved in maintaining the balance between progenitor proliferation and differentiation. In parallel, my work allowed me to redefine the phenotypic spectrum associated with RTTN, EPG5, COL4A1 and COL4A2, TBR1, KIF5C, KIF2A and FOXG1. The second part of my PhD program was aimed at identifying the genetic basis of AIC in an international cohort of 19 patients. After excluding a skewed X chromosome inactivation and the presence of chromosomal rearrangements, I performed WES in trios. The analysis of the data from WES did not allow me to identify any recurrent variants. I therefore tested a new approach combining Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) on fibroblast cells. I identified a number of deregulated transcripts implicated in brain and eye development. I compared the results of this analysis with the WGS analysis in order to find variants in these candidate genes. In conclusion, these studies have improved the knowledge of the molecular basis of complex MCD, such as TLE1 in postnatal microcephaly, and revealed the pathogenic mechanisms such as WDR81 in cell cycle progression and EPG5 in endosomes and autophagy. My work has also generated a collection of NGS data (WES, WGS and RNA-Seq) that will be shared in an international consortium to develop new analytical strategies, in particular for the non-coding DNA regions. This novel strategy provides opportunities to improve understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in brain and eye development
Nédélec, Yohann. "Impact des variants génétiques sur la réponse immunitaire des populations humaines". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20243.
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