Libri: "Vascular risk factors"

7

McKinley, Michelle. B-Vitamin status and plasma homocysteine: A risk factor for vascular disease. The Author], 1999.

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Drance, Stephen M. Vascular Risk Factors and Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Update 1996. Kugler Pubns B V (Medical), 1997.

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9

Huang, Yuli, Zhen Yang, and Ji Bihl, eds. Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Related Vascular Injury and New Molecular Biomarkers. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-83250-313-3.

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10

Paoletti, Rodolfo, Alberico L. Catapano, Claude Lenfant, and Antonio M. Gotto Jr. Multiple Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease: Vascular and Organ Protection. Springer, 2012.

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11

Stewart, Robert. Vascular and mixed dementias. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0034.

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Vascular disease is the most important environmental risk factor for dementia but this research area has been hampered by inadequate outcome definitions – in particular, a diagnostic system that attempts to separate overlapping and probably interacting pathologies. There is now substantial evidence that the well-recognised risk factors for cardiovascular disease and stroke are also risk factors for dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. However, these risk factors frequently act over several decades, meaning that the chances of definitive randomised controlled trial evidence for risk-modifyi

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12

Landmesser, Ulf, and Wolfgang Koenig. From risk factors to plaque development and plaque destabilization. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0003.

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This chapter begins with a discussion of recent vascular research that has unveiled the complex interaction between exposure to risk factors and pathological changes at the vessel wall. Risk factors such as smoking or hyperlipidaemia first cause a pre-morbid phenotype with reversible dysfunction of flow-mediated vasodilation, known as endothelial dysfunction (ED). If exposure to risk factor(s) does not cease, ED develops into the first morphological vascular changes that finally lead to atherosclerosis. Cholesterol crystals have been shown to lead to pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages.

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13

Atherosclerotic vascular disease and its risk factors in non-insulin- dependent diabetics in East Finland. Dept. of Medicine, University of Kuopio, 1986.

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14

Swanson, Karen L. Neoplastic and Vascular Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0618.

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Neoplastic and vascular disorders are reviewed. Lung cancer is the most common malignancy and cause of cancer death in both men and women worldwide. The incidence of new lung cancers has continued to decrease in men and increase in women. The risk factors include cigarette smoking, other carcinogens, cocarcinogens, radon exposure, arsenic, asbestos, coal dust, chromium, vinyl chloride, chloromethyl ether, and chronic lung injury. Genetic and nutritional factors have been implicated. Among vascular disorders, pulmonary embolism is most common. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the cause of death in 5%

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15

Karamchandani, Rahul, and Nancy R. Barbas. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0021.

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Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) refers to the spectrum of cognitive disturbances that result from cerebrovascular brain injury. Cerebrovascular disease is associated with multiple underlying pathologies. Risk factors, clinical features, and treatment options overlap with those associated with Alzheimer’s disease, another common cause of cognitive decline. The complexity of vascular cognitive impairment and, notably, the interplay between clinical, pathologic, genetic, and biomarker characteristics of VCI and Alzheimer’s disease are discussed. The chapter places an emphasis on vascular cogn

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16

Beller, Jerry, and Beller Health. 16 Dementia Types, Symptoms, and Risk Factors: Alzheimer's LBD PDD DLB FTD PPA BvFTD LATE Vascular Dementia Huntington's, Etc. Independently Published, 2019.

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17

Beller, Jerry, and Beller Health. Dementia Types, Risk Factors, and Symptoms: Alzheimer's Disease Vascular Lewy Body Frontotemporal Huntington's Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Wernicke Korsakoff Dementias. Independently Published, 2019.

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18

Beller, Jerry, and Beller Health. Dementia Types, Risk Factors, and Symptoms 2019: Alzheimer's Disease , Vascular , Lewy Body , Frontotemporal , Huntington's , Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus , Wernicke Korsakoff Dementias. Independently Published, 2019.

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19

Ladner, Travis R., Nishant Ganesh Kumar, Lucy He, and J. Mocco. Neuroprotection for Vascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0019.

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The complexity of neurovascular disease presents a challenge to the surgical and anesthesia teams managing patients with such conditions. With open or endovascular techniques, abrupt changes in hemodynamic status and intracranial pressure are an ever-present concern throughout the perioperative period. Monitoring of neurological status, hemodynamic parameters, and intracranial pressure are important adjuncts. Targeted physiologic and pharmacological interventions are critical to ensuring safe completion of complex procedures and the prevention secondary injury. This chapter reviews common comp

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20

Selim, Magdy. Neuroprotection for General, Orthopedic, Peripheral Vascular, and ENT Surgery. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0022.

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Unlike stroke after cardiac and carotid surgery, stroke after general; orthopedic; peripheral vascular; and ear, nose, and throat surgery has not been investigated extensively. The incidence, predisposing factors, and etiological mechanisms of stroke in patients undergoing these procedures are reviewed. Recommendations to prevent, recognize, and treat stroke following these surgical procedures are provided to minimize postoperative stroke risk and its associated morbidity and disability. Although these recommendations can help to decrease the incidence of perioperative stroke, there is an unme

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21

Raggi, Paolo, and Luis D’Marco. Imaging for detection of vascular disease in chronic kidney disease patients. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0116.

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The well-known severity of cardiovascular disease in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires an accurate risk stratification of these patients in several clinical situations. Imaging has been used successfully for such purpose in the general population and it has demonstrated excellent potential among CKD patients as well. Two main forms of arterial pathology develop in patients with CKD: atherosclerosis, with accumulation of inflammatory cells, lipids, fibrous tissue and calcium in the subintimal space, and arteriosclerosis. The latter is characterized by accumulation of

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22

Moulton, Calum D., and Clive Ballard. The association between depression and cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0009.

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an established risk factor for vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, yet, the reasons are incompletely understood. To date, intervention studies targeting isolated risk factors, such as hypertension or hyperglycaemia, have proved unsuccessful. Several well-designed cohort studies have suggested that depression predicts cognitive decline in patients with T2D. However, these studies, all of later-life depression, have not fully excluded the potential for clinical overlap between depression and dementia. Mechanisms linking depression and cognitive decline may include

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23

Boers, G. H. J. Homocystinuria: A Risk Factor of Premature Vascular Disease. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 1986.

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24

Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. Young Adult with Headache and Blurred Vision. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0018.

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Traditional vascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol can contribute to stroke in young adults. In the absence of typical risk factors in a young patient, a more extensive evaluation is needed. Other, more unusual causes of stroke can include autoimmune, infectious, hematological, and toxic etiologies. Often, despite an exhaustive workup, the mechanism of stroke remains cryptogenic in younger patients.

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25

Fratiglioni, Laura, and Chengxuan Qiu. Epidemiology of dementia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0031.

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This chapter deals with the occurrence, determinants and primary prevention of dementia. Dementia is one of the major causes of functional dependence, poor quality of life, institutionalisation and mortality among elderly people. The risk of dementia increases almost exponentially with advancing age. As the population ages, dementia poses a serious threat to public health and social welfare system of our society. Accumulating evidence suggests that cardiovascular risk factors significantly contribute to the development and expression of dementia. Thus, adequate management of vascular risk fact

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26

Qiu, Chengxuan, and Laura Fratiglioni. Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199569854.003.0003.

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• Alzheimer’s disease is the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. An expert panel estimates that worldwide more than 24 million people are affected by dementia, most suffering from Alzheimer’s disease• The etiological factors other than old age and genetic susceptibility for Alzheimer’s disease remain to be determined, but current evidence strongly supports the potential role of vascular risk factors and psychosocial factors in the pathogenetic process and clinical manifestation of the dementing disorders...

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27

Kotseva, Kornelia, Neil Oldridge, and Massimo F. Piepoli. Evaluation of preventive cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0026.

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The Joint European Societies guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention define lifestyle and risk factor targets for patients with coronary or other atherosclerotic disease and people at high risk of developing CVD. However, several surveys in Europe and the United States showed inadequate lifestyle and risk factor management and under-use of prophylactic drug therapies in primary and secondary CVD prevention. Various professional associations have developed core components, standards, and outcome measures to evaluate quality of care and provide guidelines for identifying opportunit

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Kotseva, Kornelia, Neil Oldridge, and Massimo F. Piepoli. Evaluation of preventive cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0026_update_001.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Joint European Societies guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention define lifestyle and risk factor targets for patients with coronary or other atherosclerotic disease and people at high risk of developing CVD. However, several surveys in Europe and the United States showed inadequate lifestyle and risk factor management and under-use of prophylactic drug therapies in primary and secondary CVD prevention. Various professional associations have developed core components, standards, and outcome measures to evaluate quality of care and provide guidelines for identifying opportunit

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29

Speer, Thimoteus, and Danilo Fliser. Abnormal endothelial vasomotor and secretory function. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0113.

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The endothelium plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular integrity and function. Nitric oxide produced by endothelial cells is a key player, inducing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibition of vascular inflammation, and prevention of coagulatory activation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by deterioration of different protective endothelial properties, collectively described as endothelial dysfunction. Several factors such as methylarginines, modified lipoproteins, and other substances that accumulate may be involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial dy

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30

Qiu, Chengxuan, and Laura Fratiglioni. Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779803.003.0003.

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This chapter provides a brief overview concerning the global epidemic, risk and protective factors, and possible intervention strategies of Alzheimer’s disease, the most common type of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease, which is projected to reach global epidemic level in three to four decades, already has a huge economic and societal impact. Epidemiologic research has provided sufficient evidence supporting that lifestyle or cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged and older adults play a critical role in the onset and progression of late-life dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, whereas active en

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31

Fromm, Annette. Vascular aetiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0004.

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Vascular aetiology of young ischaemic stroke covers a broad spectrum of causes. It includes the risk factor-mediated causes considered more common among the elderly on one hand, and a large number of rather rare disorders and conditions typical for younger ages on the other hand. This chapter is focused on atherosclerotic aetiology and comorbidity, small vessel disease and arterial dissection, which account for a majority of young ischaemic strokes worldwide, are treatable, and need to be considered as overall or contributing causes early during investigation. Specific and rare causes of young

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32

Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. Seeing Jellyfish. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0021.

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Migraine may mimic stroke, but acute migraine can also be a (rare) cause of stroke, particularly in the posterior circulation. This risk is particularly high in patients who experience migraine aura, or in those who are smokers or who take oral contraceptives. Because this is a diagnosis of exclusion, other etiologies of stroke need to be investigated. Although there are no high-level clinical trial data, it is advised to control vascular risk factors and avoid medications that can potentially induce vasoconstriction in patients with migraine-related stroke.

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33

Badimon, Lina, and Gemma Vilahur. Atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0040.

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Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of heart disease. The continuous exposure to cardiovascular risk factors induces endothelial activation/dysfunction which enhances the permeability of the endothelial layer and the expression of cytokines/chemokines and adhesion molecules. This results in the accumulation of lipids (low-density lipoprotein particles) in the extracellular matrix and the triggering of an inflammatory response. Accumulated low-density lipoprotein particles suffer modifications and become pro-atherogenic, enhancing leucocyte recruitment and further transmigration across

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34

Pruthi, Rajiv K. Coagulation (Hemostasis and Thrombosis). Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0295.

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The coagulation system has 2 essential functions: to maintain hemostasis and to prevent and limit thrombosis. The procoagulant component of the hemostatic system prevents and controls hemorrhage. Vascular injury results in activation of hemostasis, which consists of vasospasm, platelet plug formation (platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation), and fibrin clot formation (by activation of coagulation factors in the procoagulant system). The anticoagulant system prevents excessive formation of blood clots, and the fibrinolytic system breaks down and remodels blood clots. Quantitative abnorm

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35

Morris, Rhiain. Psychological management of coronary heart disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0123.

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Both anxiety and depression have been found to increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) and lead to exacerbation of cardiac symptoms, with the latter subsequently impacting recovery/rehabilitation (e.g. leading to an increased number of readmissions to hospital, and an increased mortality risk following myocardial infarction (MI)). This may be due to pathophysiologic effects, such as vascular inflammation and autonomic dysfunction, and poor lifestyle/behavioural patterns, including non-attendance at cardiac rehabilitation classes; and/or poor treatment adherence. Psychosoci

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36

Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Renal vascular disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0171.

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Renal vascular disease typically occurs with progressive narrowing of the main renal artery or smaller arterial vessels. Often, both patterns of disease coexist and result in ‘ischaemic nephropathy’ with damage to renal tissue. Much less commonly, inflammatory vasculitis can affect small or medium vessels. Ninety per cent of renal vascular disease is caused by atherosclerosis. Patients with renal vascular disease have an increased risk of cardiovascular death from associated cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease. Less than 10% of renal vascular disease is caused by fibromuscular dysplasia

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37

Ferro, José M., and Ana Catarina Fonseca. Secondary prevention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0015.

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There are no specific guidelines regarding secondary stroke prevention in young adult stroke patients. Recommendations for secondary prevention are mainly extrapolated from data obtained from older individuals, because young adults were excluded or under-represented in most secondary stroke prevention clinical trials. Secondary stroke prevention includes (a) screening and control of vascular risk factors, that is, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, atrial fibrillation, hormonal contraception, infections, trauma, physical inactivity, obesity, poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol, and

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38

Guzik, Tomasz J., and Rhian M. Touyz. Vascular pathophysiology of hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0019.

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Hypertension is a multifactorial disease, in which vascular dysfunction plays a prominent role. It occurs in over 30% of adults worldwide and an additional 30% are at high risk of developing the disease. Vascular pathology is both a cause of the disease and a key manifestation of hypertension-associated target-organ damage. It leads to clinical symptoms and is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease. All layers of the vascular wall and the endothelium are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Pathogenetic mechanisms, whereby vascular damage contributes to hypertension, are linked

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39

Hayhow, Bradleigh, and Sergio Starkstein. Biological Effects of Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the bidirectional relationship between depression and stroke. It is now clearly established that depression is a significant risk factor for stroke, and vice-versa. We review the main biological and demographic factors underlying the association between stroke and depression, the predicted mortality, the mechanism of post-stroke depression, and recent findings on its pharmacological prevention. We conclude by stressing the need for developing effective strategies to manage the burden of illness associated with these interacting conditions. As with the cardiovascular syste

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40

Barnard, Matthew, and Nicola Jones. Intensive care management after cardiothoracic surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0368.

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Management of the post-cardiothoracic surgical patient follows general principles of intensive care, but incorporates certain unique considerations. In cardiac surgical patients peri-operative ischaemia, arrhythmias and ventricular dysfunction mandate specific monitoring requirements, and individual pharmacological and mechanical support. Suspicion of myocardial ischaemia should not only lead to pharmacological treatment, but also consideration of urgent angiography to exclude coronary graft occlusion. Ventricular dysfunction may be pre-existing or attributable to intra-operative myocardial ‘s

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41

Delcourt, Candice, and Craig Anderson. Epidemiology of stroke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0234.

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Approximately 20 million strokes occur in the world each year and over one-quarter of these are fatal. This makes stroke the second most common cause of death, after ischaemic heart disease, and strokes are responsible for 6 million deaths (almost 10% of all deaths) annually. Stroke has major consequences in terms of residual physical disability, depression, dementia, epilepsy, and carer burden. Moreover, around 20% of survivors experience a further stroke or serious vascular event within a few years of the index event. The economic and societal costs of stroke are enormous. With ongoing demog

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42

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Screening for kidney disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0353.

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Renal disease is common and, with routine reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rates, impairment of renal function is increasingly being recognized. As renal impairment is usually asymptomatic until very advanced, chronic kidney disease (CKD) guidelines have been developed to improve the identification and screening of at-risk populations. Target groups include patients with vascular risk factors (e.g. diabetes mellitus and hypertension); patients with certain multisystem diseases which can cause renal impairment; patients with urological conditions; patients on nephrotoxic medication;

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43

Banerjee, Amitava, and Kaleab Asrress. Screening for cardiovascular disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0351.

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Screening involves testing asymptomatic individuals who have risk factors, or individuals who are in the early stages of a disease, in order to decide whether further investigation, clinical intervention, or treatment is warranted. Therefore, screening is classically a primary prevention strategy which aims to capture disease early in its course, but it can also involve secondary prevention in individuals with established disease. In the words of Geoffrey Rose, screening is a ‘population’ strategy. Examples of screening programmes are blood pressure monitoring in primary care to screen for hyp

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44

Vlachopoulos, Charalambos, and Nikolaos Ioakeimidis. Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease. Edited by Charalambos Vlachopoulos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0245.

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Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to obtain or maintain a penile erection to support satisfactory sexual performance. It is considered an early manifestation of generalized vascular disease and recognized as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk both acutely and chronically by predicting all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, coronary events, stroke, and peripheral artery disease in men with and without known coronary artery disease. The link between ED and cardiovascular disease might reside in the interaction between androgen level, chronic inflammation, and c

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45

Madl, Ulrike. Pathophysiology of glucose control. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0258.

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Hyperglycaemia is a frequent phenomenon in critically-ill patients, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycaemia results in cellular glucose overload and toxic adverse effects of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, especially in tissues with insulin-independent glucose uptake, and acute hyperglycaemia can exert a variety of negative effects. It is the main side effect of intensive insulin therapy. Both severe and moderate hypoglycaemia are independent risk factors of mortality in critically-ill patients. Prolonged hypoglycaemia induces neuronal damage, but may also h

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Noori, Muna, and Catherine Nelson-Piercy. Pathophysiology and management of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0366.

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Pre-eclampsia is a multisystem disorder of pregnancy, characterized by the gestational onset of hypertension and proteinuria, which presents as part of a spectrum of disease with potentially serious consequences for both mother and foetus. Pre-eclampsia is a syndrome with multiple aetiologies, which has made it difficult to develop adequate screening tests and treatments. Pre-eclampsia is likely to develop only in vulnerable women with a mix of genetic susceptibility, vascular, metabolic, and inflammatory dysfunction. A number of prepregnancy risk factors for pre-eclampsia have been identified

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Connolly, Susan, and Margaret E. Cupples. Community-based prevention centres. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0025.

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The need for a new approach to cardiovascular disease prevention, both secondary and primary, that is different from traditional health service provision through hospital cardiac rehabilitation services and general practice is evident. The targets set in the cardiovascular prevention guidelines for modifiable cardiovascular risk factors-smoking, diet and physical activity, weight and its distribution, blood pressure, lipids, and diabetes-are not being adequately achieved for either coronary or other vascular patients or for those at high multifactorial risk of developing CVD. There is also evi

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Chapman, Rachel, and Stefano Sabato. Massive Transfusion in a Child. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0020.

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Massive transfusion in a child is likely to occur in cases of trauma or during surgeries that are at risk for severe blood loss such as liver transplantation and craniofacial procedures. It may also occur when least expected, if inadvertent injury to a vascular structure occurs during surgery. Ability to enlist assistance with administration of the various blood products required and also with checking frequent laboratory results will facilitate the process. Knowledge of the different factors that rapidly become depleted as well as lab values that need to be closely monitored is necessary to a

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Tatlisumak, Turgut, and Lars Thomassen, eds. Ischaemic Stroke in the Young. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.001.0001.

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Stroke in the young is different, complex, and challenging. This book delivers a comprehensive review of the different aspects of young ischaemic stroke. Incidence, risk factors, and aetiology differ notably from those seen in the elderly. There is an increased prevalence of traditional risk factors already at a young age, but the book also focuses on special risk factors in young stroke patients. In many young stroke patients, aetiology remains unclear. The book outlines an extensive diagnostic workup and a stroke subtype classification adapted for young strokes. Gender differences are preval

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50

Metzner, Julia I., and Deepak Sharma. Venous Air Embolism. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0025.

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Venous air embolism (VAE) is typically the entrainment of air from the surgical field into the vascular system producing adverse systemic effects based on the severity of embolism. Historically, VAE has most often been associated with sitting position craniotomies. However, there is now a clear recognition of the potential risk of this complication during craniotomy in any position, albeit with lesser incidence and severity. VAE can also occur during cervical spine surgery in the sitting position, although less often. While in many circumstances VAE may be subclinical and even undetected, it h

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Libri sul tema "Vascular risk factors"

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