Articoli di riviste: "Vehicle leaf spring behaviour"

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Kong, Y. S., M. Z. Omar, L. B. Chua e S. Abdullah. "Explicit Nonlinear Finite Element Geometric Analysis of Parabolic Leaf Springs under Various Loads". Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/261926.

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This study describes the effects of bounce, brake, and roll behavior of a bus toward its leaf spring suspension systems. Parabolic leaf springs are designed based on vertical deflection and stress; however, loads are practically derived from various modes especially under harsh road drives or emergency braking. Parabolic leaf springs must sustain these loads without failing to ensure bus and passenger safety. In this study, the explicit nonlinear dynamic finite element (FE) method is implemented because of the complexity of experimental testing A series of load cases; namely, vertical push, wind-up, and suspension roll are introduced for the simulations. The vertical stiffness of the parabolic leaf springs is related to the vehicle load-carrying capability, whereas the wind-up stiffness is associated with vehicle braking. The roll stiffness of the parabolic leaf springs is correlated with the vehicle roll stability. To obtain a better bus performance, two new parabolic leaf spring designs are proposed and simulated. The stress level during the loadings is observed and compared with its design limit. Results indicate that the newly designed high vertical stiffness parabolic spring provides the bus a greater roll stability and a lower stress value compared with the original design. Bus safety and stability is promoted, as well as the load carrying capability.

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Karditsas, Stylianos, Georgios Savaidis e Michail Malikoutsakis. "Advanced leaf spring design and analysis with respect to vehicle kinematics and durability". International Journal of Structural Integrity 6, n. 2 (13 aprile 2015): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-11-2013-0044.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide sound understanding of the mutual interactions of the major leaf spring design parameters and their effects on both the stress behavior of the designed leaf and the steering behavior of the vehicle. Design/methodology/approach – Finite elements analyses have been performed referring to the design of a high performance monoleaf spring used for the suspension of the front axle of a serial heavy truck. Design parameters like eye type, eye lever, spring rate and arm rate difference have been parametrically examined regarding the stress performance and their influence on the wheel joint kinematics. The effect of each design parameter is exhibited both qualitatively and quantitatively. Findings – Eye lever and eye type affect significantly the wheel joint kinematics and therewith the steering behavior of the vehicle. Spring rate and arm rate difference affect solely the stress performance of the leaf spring. Practical implications – Design engineers may use the outcomes of this research as a guide to achieve optimal leaf spring design ensuring its operational strength in conjunction with accurate steering performance of the vehicle. Originality/value – The international literature contains only few, mostly qualitative data regarding the effect of single design parameters on the leaf spring and the corresponding axle kinematics. The present work contains a comprehensive and systematic study of all major leaf spring design parameters, and reveals their effect on both the stress behavior and the steering behavior of the vehicle qualitatively and quantitatively.

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Kong, Y. S., Mohammed Zaidi Omar, L. B. Chua e Shahrum Abdullah. "Suspension Parametric Analysis of Conventional Bus through Finite Element Modal Simulation". Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (ottobre 2014): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.163.

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Vehicle dynamic response of urban bus for common manoeuvres enhancing purpose has been investigated. Nowadays, increasing concerns on human driver comfort and emerging demands on suspension systems for off-road vehicles call for an effective vehicle ride dynamics model. This study devotes an analytical effort in developing a comprehensive vehicle ride dynamics simulation model. A bus simulation model which consists of two sets of different parabolic leaf springs and shock absorbers, front and rear axle, one dimensional tyres, anti-roll bars and simplified bus body with assumption the chassis is rigid has been built in finite element (FE) environment. Modal analysis is further to be performed in order to calculate the mode shapes and associated frequencies. Subsequently, suspension parameters analysis has been conducted to identify the sensitivity of every component towards the vehicle vibration behaviour. The related suspension parameters in the sensitivity analysis are parabolic leaf spring stiffness, anti-roll bars bending moment, and shock absorber damping characteristics respectively. The mode shapes and natural frequencies change due to the suspension parameters modification could be obviously visualized through finite element method. The visualization capabilities of the mode shape would provide an insight understanding of vehicle vibration behaviour in which is generally complex. The developed vehicle ride dynamics model could serve as an effective and efficient tool for predicting vehicle ride vibrations, to seek designs of primary and secondary suspensions, and to evaluate the roles of various operating conditions.

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Savaidis, Georgios, Michail Malikoutsakis e Alexander Savaidis. "FE simulation of vehicle leaf spring behavior under driving manoeuvres". International Journal of Structural Integrity 4, n. 1 (marzo 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579861311303609.

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Aized, Tauseef, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Haris Jamal, Asif Mahmood, Syed Ubaid ur Rehman e Jagjit Singh Srai. "Automotive leaf spring design and manufacturing process improvement using failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)". International Journal of Engineering Business Management 12 (1 gennaio 2020): 184797902094243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847979020942438.

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Nowadays human safety and comfort are the most considerable parameters in designing and manufacturing of a vehicle, that is why every organization ensures the quality and reliability of components used in the vehicle. Leaf spring is also a component of vehicle which plays an important role in human safety and comfort. It acts as a structural member and an integral part of suspension system. It is important to eliminate the failures in designing and manufacturing process of leaf springs because of its importance in functionality and safety of vehicle. In this research, failure mode and effects analysis has been used to analyze and reduce the risks of 42 possible failures that can occur in automotive leaf spring. It starts from determining, classifying, and analyzing all potential failures and then rating them with the help numeric scores. The four numeric scores namely severity, occurrence, detection, and Risk Priority Number (RPN) are used to find the high potential failures of semi-elliptical leaf springs. In the end, actions are recommended for RPN greater than 250, to increase quality and reliably of product.

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Abdullah, Lennie, Salvinder Singh Karam Singh, Abdul Hadi Azman, Shahrum Abdullah, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Mohd Ihsan e Yat Sheng Kong. "Fatigue life-based reliability assessment of a heavy vehicle leaf spring". International Journal of Structural Integrity 10, n. 5 (7 ottobre 2019): 726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-04-2019-0034.

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Purpose This study aims to determine the reliability assessment based on the predicted fatigue life of leaf spring under random strain loading. Design/methodology/approach Random loading data were extracted from three various road conditions at 200 Hz using a strain gauge for a duration of 100 s. The fatigue life was predicted using strain-life approaches of Coffin–Manson, Morrow and Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) models. Findings The leaf spring had the highest fatigue life of 1,544 cycle/block under highway data compared uphill (1,299 cycle/block) and downhill (1,008 cycle/block) data. Besides that, the statistical properties of kurtosis showed that uphill data were the highest at 3.81 resulted in the presence of high amplitude in the strain loading data. For fatigue life-based reliability assessment, the SWT model provided a narrower shape compared to the Coffin–Manson and Morrow models using the Gumbel distribution. The SWT model had the lowest mean cycle to failure of 1,250 cycle/block followed by Morrow model (1,317 cycle/block) and the Coffin–Manson model (1,429 cycle/block). The SWT model considers the mean stress effects by interpreting the strain energy density that will influence the reliability assessment. Research limitations/implications The reliability assessment based on fatigue life prediction is conducted using the Gumbel distribution to investigate the behaviour of fatigue random loading, where most previous studies had concentrated on a Weibull distribution on random data. Originality/value Thus, this study proposes that the Gumbel distribution is suitable for analysing the reliability of random loading data in assessing with the fatigue life prediction of a heavy vehicle leaf spring.

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Guo, Rong, Qin Lin Yu e Shan Qiu. "Study on the Effect of Chassis Parameters on Light-Bus Steady State Handling Based on ADAMS". Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (febbraio 2012): 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.758.

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Aiming at the oversteer trend of a light-bus prototype in the steady state circular test with full load, a virtual prototype of the vehicle was constructed by using MSC.ADAMS/CAR. The modeling methods for the components such as leaf-spring, absorber and rubber sleeve, whose dynamic characteristics appear nonlinear, are discussed. The simulation results show the vehicle exhibits the oversteer behaviour which is consistent with the subjective sensation. To solve the problem, the chassis parameters affecting steady state handling are discussed. A version regulating the roll rate distribution of front and rear suspension was put forward. After some discussion, the sensitivity analysis of the front and rear stabilizer bar stiffness, leaf spring span, front and rear eyehook location of rear suspension are performed to improve steady state handling. Sensitivity analysis results show that decreasing the leaf spring span, increasing the diameter of front stabilizer bar, decreasing the diameter of rear stabilizer bar and moving front and rear eyehook location of rear suspension can solve oversteer problem. It is expected that the above conclusions can provide good technical solutions for engineering improvement.

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Refngah, Fayyadh Nakhaie Ahmad, Shahrum Abdullah, Azman Jalar e L. B. Chua. "Microstructural Behaviour Study and FEA-Based Fatigue Simulation on Parabolic Leaf Spring". Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (gennaio 2011): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.419.

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It is compulsory to have a good fatigue life to a component that is heavily subjected to cyclic loading. One of the good examples is parabolic spring, which is one of the components in suspension system for large vehicles. It serves to absorb, store and release back the damping energy due to road irregularity, bump and holes. These activities involve a lot of camber deflection that caused by the tension and compression loads. In reality, the loading that subjected to parabolic spring is variable amplitude loading, but most of the manufacturer used constant amplitude (CA) loading for the fatigue test. The objective of this paper is to relate the simulation result with the microstructure behaviour of the leaf spring that failed due to fatigue. A full scale fatigue test was carried out until that parabolic spring meet failure. In order to investigate the fatigue life, CA signal was generated based on an actual fatigue test on the parabolic spring, and it was then analysed using the FEA-based fatigue simulation. A microstructure study was then performed for both fracture and non-fracture area. From the FEA-based simulation, it gave the prediction on damage that occurred at the critical area and also the prediction on the lowest cycle with respect to the FEA model. In the actual fatigue test, the failure was occurred at the centre part of the spring, which is at bolt join of assembly hole. The microstructure analysis showed that the grain at the fracture area indicated some different from the non-fracture area in term of size, phase and precipitation of carbon.

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Abdelkareem, Mohamed AA, Mostafa M. Makrahy, Ali M. Abd-El-Tawwab, ASA EL-Razaz, Mohamed Kamal Ahmed Ali e MM Moheyeldein. "An analytical study of the performance indices of articulated truck semi-trailer during three different cases to improve the driver comfort". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 232, n. 1 (22 maggio 2017): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419317709895.

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Heavy trucks are mostly used for international transportations, with longer highways and long driving hours contributing to corresponding increases in the driver’s fatigue that is related to accidents. Therefore, this study aims to improve the truck ride performance using multistage leaf springs and semi-active suspension for the driver seat. This analytical study describes the influence of the truck main suspensions on the performance indices analytically using MATLAB Simulink for different loading conditions in three case studies: fully laden articulated truck (case A), unladen truck (case B), and empty semi-trailer and a multistage leaf springs is considered after designing the main leaf spring stiffness based on particle swarm optimization (case C). This study exhibits a contribution based on the fact that changing the trailer cargo weight has considerable effects on the natural frequency of the vibration modes of the vehicle system, particularly for articulated carriage. Subsequently, the influence of the dynamic interaction of an articulated vehicle between the semitrailer and the tractor on its ride behavior has been investigated. The model has also predicted the effect of total trailer cargo on performance indices for 13 degrees of freedom model of a 6-axle articulated truck semi-trailer vehicle with a random road excitation. Additionally, a semi-active driver seat suspension based on skyhook strategy and seat passive suspension are compared in terms of the power spectral density and root mean square values. The results showed that the truck ride performance is improved significantly, and all the acceleration responses are suppressed dramatically when a designed multistage leaf spring suspension is considered in case C. The current analysis demonstrated that using specific and adjustable suspension parameters can positively enhance the riding behavior of the unladen vehicle. The results showed that the cab, tractor, and trailer acceleration improved by 22%, 21%, and 28%, respectively, which provides a comfort driving trip essentially for long distance traveling.

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Hussain, K., W. Stein e A. J. Day. "Modelling Commercial Vehicle Handling and Rolling Stability". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 219, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2005): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146441905x48707.

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This paper presents a multi-degrees-of-freedom non-linear multibody dynamic model of a three-axle heavy commercial vehicle tractor unit, comprising a subchassis, front and rear leaf spring suspensions, steering system, and ten wheels/tyres, with a semi-trailer comprising two axles and eight wheels/tyres. The investigation is mainly concerned with the rollover stability of the articulated vehicle. The models incorporate all sources of compliance, stiffness, and damping, all with non-linear characteristics, and are constructed and simulated using automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems formulation. A constant radius turn test and a single lane change test (according to the ISO Standard) are simulated. The constant radius turn test shows the understeer behaviour of the vehicle, and the single lane change manoeuvre was conducted to show the transient behaviour of the vehicle. Non-stable roll and yaw behaviour of the vehicle is predicted at test speeds >90 km/h. Rollover stability of the vehicle is also investigated using a constant radius turn test with increasing speed. The articulated laden vehicle model predicted increased understeer behaviour, due to higher load acting on the wheels of the middle and rear axles of the tractor and the influence of the semi-trailer, as shown by the reduced yaw rate and the steering angle variation during the constant radius turn. The rollover test predicted a critical lateral acceleration value where complete rollover occurs. Unstable behaviour of the articulated vehicle is also predicted in the single lane change manoeuvre.

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Knight, Jason, Simon Fels, Benjamin Beazley, George Haritos e Andrew Lewis. "Fluid–Structure Interaction of Symmetrical and Cambered Spring-Mounted Wings Using Various Spring Preloads and Pivot Point Locations". Applied Mechanics 2, n. 3 (27 agosto 2021): 591–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech2030034.

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The fluid–structure interaction of a pivoting rigid wing connected to a spring and subjected to freestream airflow in a wind tunnel is presented. Fluid–structure interactions can, on the one hand, lead to undesirable aerodynamic behaviour or, in extreme cases, to structural failure. On the other hand, improved aerodynamic performance can be achieved if a controlled application within certain limitations is provided. One application is the reduction of drag of road vehicles at higher speeds on a straight, while maintaining downforce at lower speeds during cornering. Conversely, another application concerns increased downforce at higher windspeeds, enhancing vehicle stability. In our wind tunnel experiments, the angle of incidence of the spring-mounted wing is either increased or decreased depending on the pivot point location and spring torque. Starting from a specified initial angle, the aerodynamic forces overcome a pre-set spring preload at incrementally increased freestream velocity. Reynolds numbers at a range of Re = 3 × 104 up to Re = 1.37 × 105 are considered. The application of a symmetrical NACA 0012 and a cambered NACA 6412 airfoil are tested in the wind tunnel and compared. For both airfoils mounted ahead of the aerodynamic centre, stable results were achieved for angles above 15 and below 12 degrees for the symmetrical airfoil, and above 25 and between 10 and −2 degrees for the cambered airfoil. Unsteady motions were observed around the stall region for both airfoils with all spring torque settings and also below −2 degrees for the cambered airfoil. Stable results were also found outside of the stall region when both airfoils were mounted behind the aerodynamic centre, although the velocity ranges were much smaller and highly dependent on the pivot point location. An analysis is reported concerning how changing the spring torque settings at each pivot point location effects performance. The differences in performance between the symmetrical and cambered profiles are then presented. Finally, an evaluation of the systems’ effects was conducted with conclusions, future improvements, and potential applications.

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Lu, Yong Jie, Shao Hua Li, Cui Yan Wang e Shuang Yan Li. "Research on Test and Parameter Identification for Nonlinear Stiffness Characteristics of Leaf Spring". Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (dicembre 2012): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.460.

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The leaf spring is a key component of heavy vehicle suspension. The stiffness characteristic has an important influence on vehicle ride comfort and road friendliness. Firstly, the structural features and working principle of leaf spring are introduced. Secondly the detail testing scheme of the leaf spring is proposed and the stiffness characteristics are tested through cascaded loading and unloading. The tested results show that the leaf spring has the typical features of non-linearity and hysteresis. In order to satisfy the vehicle dynamics simulation, the Fancher model is chosen to describe leaf spring nonlinear characteristics. Finally, the LSM (Least Squares Method) is utilized to identify five parameters of Fancher model based on experiment results.

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Meng, Xian Yun, Zhi Bao Wang e Wei Gao. "New Material Research and Application for Few Piece Leaf Spring of Heavy Vehicles". Advanced Materials Research 1015 (agosto 2014): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.679.

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To solve the heavy vehicle leaf spring material issues, developed heavy vehicle leaf spring with a new material. This article focuses on technical solutions and new materials, materials testing trial and material properties, structure and toughening mechanism of tissue material analysis, leaf spring using new materials bench and road tests. The test results show that the new material with high strength, high ductility and excellent manufacturability. And fewer leaf spring meet material requirements, such as the high stress, high-performance and high reliability fatigue. The development of leaf spring using new materials has high fatigue properties, and it uses for liberation series replacement truck leaf spring.

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Jung, Won Seok, Dong Ho Bae, Gee Wook Song, Jung Seob Hyun e Bum Shin Kim. "Fatigue Design of Leaf Spring Using Artificial Neural Network". Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (dicembre 2006): 1083–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1083.

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The vehicle suspension system is directly influenced to ride and handling. Therefore, the major components of the vehicle suspension system should have enough fatigue strength during its lifetime to protect passenger from the traffic accident. Spring is one of the major suspension part of vehicle. Thus, in this paper, a fatigue design method for leaf spring was proposed. At first, numerical stress analysis for leaf spring assembly was performed. On the base of the analysis results, fatigue strength of leaf spring was assessed. And next, after studying numerically on geometrical parameters of leaf spring assembly, an economical prediction method of fatigue design criterion for leaf spring assembly using the theory of artificial neural network was developed and certified its usefulness. Without performing a lot of additional fatigue test for a long time, fatigue design criterion for a new leaf spring assembly having different geometry can be predicted on the base of the already obtained fatigue data.

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Hsieh, Tso Sheng, Shien Kuei Liaw, Chia Hao Lin, Li Ren Tasi e Chia Chin Chiang. "A Study on FBG Vehicle Loading Sensing System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (dicembre 2013): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.687.

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This study considered the application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) to a composite material leaf spring as a vehicle loading sensing system. The loading of the vehicle by the leaf spring was calculated by the period change of the fiber grating caused by deformation of the composite material leaf spring under loading. From the experiment results, a good linear relationship between loading and Bragg wavelength shift for light. The R-squared value for the linear regression reached 0.99. The loading sensitivity is about 0.267 nm/N.

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Sohn, Il Seon, Dong Ho Bae, Won Seok Jung e S. J. Park. "Fatigue Design of Leaf Spring Based on Proving Ground". Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (aprile 2004): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.1295.

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The suspension system of vehicle is directly influenced to ride and handling. Therefore, suspension part should have enough endurance during its lifetime to protect passenger. Spring is one of major suspension part of vehicle. Thus, in this paper, a fatigue design method for leaf spring based on proving ground response was proposed. At first, stress and displacement of leaf spring are measured through the proving ground test. And next, the maximum load acting on leaf spring assembly under driving condition was defined from the road load response. On the base of these results, fatigue tests for leaf spring assembly and 3-point bending fatigue tests for material of leaf spring were carried out. From the above, the maximum load-fatigue life relation of leaf spring material and assembly was defined, and 3-point bending test result has good agreement with leaf spring assembly fatigue test result. Thus, it is expect that economical fatigue design criterion for leaf spring assembly can be determined from fatigue data of simple smooth specimen by 3 point bending fatigue tests.

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Vandana Jain , Trapti Sharma, Vandana Jain ,. Trapti Sharma. "Analysis of Leaf Spring Conditions for Heavy Duty Vehicle". International Journal of Automobile Engineering Research and Development 3, n. 1 (2013): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijauerdmar201312.

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A. P, Ghodake. "Analysis of Steel and Composite Leaf Spring for Vehicle". IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 5, n. 4 (2013): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-0546876.

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Nayak, Smaranika, Jatin Sadarang, Isham Panigrahi, Ramesh Kumar Nayak e Manisha Maurya. "Optimization of composite leaf spring for reduced weight and improved noise, vibration, and harshness in an electric vehicle". Noise & Vibration Worldwide 51, n. 7-9 (28 maggio 2020): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957456520923319.

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In automobiles suspension system, laminated springs are widely used for the absorption of shock and vibration. These laminated springs account for approximately 10%–20% of the unsprung weight of the vehicle. It has been found that composite material is used to reduce the weight of the vehicle in order to obtain better efficiency. Therefore, in the current research work, composite material is used for the fabrication of laminated spring. Among the various types of glass fiber available, the C-glass fiber has been widely used due to its better corrosion resistant property. Commercial software package ANSYS is used to optimize the composite-laminated spring. The optimized leaf spring is then fabricated by the hand layup method. It was found that the spring with composite graduated leaf resulted in 40% reduction in weight than the spring with steel graduated leaf. Similarly, the stress concentration and deformation values are reduced by 76.39% and 50% in comparison with those of steel graduated leaf. The composite-laminated spring showed better damping property and also resulted in less transmission of force to the chassis of the vehicle. The noise induced by the composite-laminated spring is also reduced in comparison with steel graduated leaf. Finally, a composite-laminated spring is found to be lighter in weight and with better noise, vibration, and harshness in comparison with steel graduated leaf. Thus, it is found to be best suited for an electric vehicle.

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Fakhraei, J., H. M. Khanlo, M. Ghayour e Kh Faramarzi. "The Influence of Road Bumps Characteristics on the Chaotic Vibration of a Nonlinear Full-Vehicle Model with Driver". International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 26, n. 09 (agosto 2016): 1650151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127416501510.

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In this paper, the chaotic behavior of a ground vehicle system with driver subjected to road disturbances is studied and the relationship between the nonlinear vibration of the vehicle and ride comfort is evaluated. The vehicle system is modeled as fully nonlinear with seven degrees of freedom and an additional degree of freedom for driver (8-DOF). The excitation force is the road irregularities that are assumed as road speed control bumps. The sinusoidal, consecutive half-sine and dented-rectangular waveforms are considered to simulate the road speed control bumps. The nonlinearities of the system are due to the nonlinear springs and dampers that are used in the suspension system and tires. The governing differential equations are extracted under Newton–Euler laws and solved via numerical methods. The chaotic behaviors were studied in more detail with special techniques such as bifurcation diagrams, phase plane portrait, Poincaré map and Lyapunov exponents. The ride comfort was evaluated as the RMS value of the vertical displacement of the vehicle body and driver. Firstly, the effect of amplitude (height) and frequency (vehicle’s speed) of these speed control bumps on chaotic vibrations of vehicle are studied. The obtained results show that various forms of vibrations, such as periodic, subharmonic and chaotic vibrations, can be detected in the system behavior with the change of the height and frequency of speed control bumps and present different types of strange attractors in the vehicle with and without driver. Then, the influence of nonlinear vibration on ride comfort and the relationship between chaotic vibrations of the vehicle and driving comfort are investigated. The results of analyzing the RMS diagrams reveal that the chaotic behaviors can directly affect the driving comfort and lead to the driver’s comfort being reduced. The obtained results can be used in the design of vehicle and road bumps pavement.

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Jadhao, Kiran K., e Rajendra S. Dalu. "Size Optimization of Composite Leaf Spring for Light Commercial Vehicle". International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 51, n. 1 (25 settembre 2017): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v51p202.

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Bujoreanu, Carmen, Răzvan Monoranu, Cristel Ştirbu e Dumitru Olaru. "Some Dynamic Behaviour Aspects Related to a Vehicle Suspension". Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (novembre 2015): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.1049.

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Some of the aspects of the vehicle suspension limiting performances from stress and vibrations point of view have been explored in this study. The vehicle is modeled as two DOF system and the suspension is considered a passive one. 3D CATIA model was built for both the spring and spring-damper ensemble, neglecting the tire influence. This can reasonably covers the studies of geometries and forces (bending or tensile stress), masses and stiffnesses (meaning vibration profiles). The theoretical analysis on the vibration behaviour of the spring-damper ensemble, regarded as the vehicle suspension, suggests a convenient operation regime at low frequencies below 15 Hz, if the damper piston displacement is limited.

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Bose, V. Chandra, V. Rajasimman, R. Gokul Prabu e K. Har Govind. "Design and Manufacturing of Leaf and Coil Suspension". International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, n. 9 (17 settembre 2020): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.291.

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The suspension system of an automobile separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks and vibration due to irregularities of the road surface and to maintain contact with the surface thereby providing traction and control. Leaf spring is the preferred type of suspension system in almost all light and heavy commercial and transport vehicles. Leaf spring used in many vehicles due to having some main characteristics which are economical construction, uniformly distributed load, simple assembly in the vehicle and forgiving on use in rough terrain. In this paper we would like to take a look on the leaf spring, its design parameters and analysis. The paper is based on material selection, designing, experimental testing and load analysis etc.

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Supriyanto, Agung, e Muhammad Vendy hermawan. "Simulasi Numerik Penambahan Slot Per Daun Terhadap Kekuatan Statik Kendaraan Niaga". Jurnal Surya Teknika 7, n. 2 (20 dicembre 2020): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jst.v7i2.2289.

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Commercial vehicles are a mode of transportation that plays an important role of the nation economy, so it is necessary to pay attention to their effectiveness and efficiency factors. Commercial vehicles have high effectiveness if they are able to send as many goods as possible, but the durability of vehicle components must be considered. One way to increase vehicle load capacity is by adding more slots leaf spring. This study aims to determine the effect of adding slot of leaf spring to the static strength of the rear suspension of Mitsubishi FE 71 110 Ps. This study discusses the static strength of three types of leaf spring arrangement, they are original leaf spring arrangement, the addition of a 700mm spring slot and an additional 1000 mm spring slot. The research was conducted by creating 3-dimensional design drawings and simulating static analysis using SolidWork software. The data sought are the stress and strain values for each variation. The result is the maximum stress value of the original leaf spring arrangement of 14.58 x107 N / m2, an additional slot of 700 mm 21.80 x107 N / m2, and an additional slot of 1,000 mm 24.93 x107 N / m2.

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Zhao, Leilei, Yunshan Zhang, Yuewei Yu, Changcheng Zhou, Xiaohan Li e Hongyan Li. "Truck Handling Stability Simulation and Comparison of Taper-Leaf and Multi-Leaf Spring Suspensions with the Same Vertical Stiffness". Applied Sciences 10, n. 4 (14 febbraio 2020): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041293.

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The lightweight design of trucks is of great importance to enhance the load capacity and reduce the production cost. As a result, the taper-leaf spring will gradually replace the multi-leaf spring to become the main elastic element of the suspension for trucks. To reveal the changes of the handling stability after the replacement, the simulations and comparison of the taper-leaf and the multi-leaf spring suspensions with the same vertical stiffness for trucks were conducted. Firstly, to ensure the same comfort of the truck before and after the replacement, an analytical method of replacing the multi-leaf spring with the taper-leaf spring was proposed. Secondly, the effectiveness of the method was verified by the stiffness tests based on a case study. Thirdly, the dynamic models of the taper-leaf spring and the multi-leaf spring with the same vertical stiffness are established and validated, respectively. Based on this, the dynamic models of the truck before and after the replacement were established and verified by the steady static circular test, respectively. Lastly, the handling stability indexes for the truck were compared by the simulations of the drift test, the ramp steer test, and the step steer test. The results show that the yaw rate of the truck almost does not change, the steering wheel moment decreases, the vehicle roll angle obviously increases, and the vehicle side slip angle slightly increases after the replacement. Thus, the truck with the taper-leaf spring suspension has better steering portability, however, its handling stability performs worse.

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26

Sohn, Il Seon, Dong Ho Bae, Won Seok Jung e Won Wook Jung. "Fatigue Design Criterion of LCV Leaf Spring Based on Road Load Response Analysis". Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (novembre 2005): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.322.

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Suspension system of light commercial vehicle (LCV) has enough endurance to protect passenger and freight. Leaf spring is major part of LCV suspension system. Thus, fatigue strength evaluation of leaf spring based on road load response was carried out. At first, the strain of leaf spring was measured on the city mode driving condition and proving ground driving condition. And , the damage analysis of road load response was carried out. After that, fatigue test of leaf spring was also carried out. Based on ε-N life relation, fatigue life of leaf spring was evaluated at Belgian mode, city mode and drawing test specification called the 3 steps test mode. Next, it is compared the design life of leaf spring and evaluated fatigue life by the 3steps test mode. From the above, new target of Belgian mode and city mode was proposed to gratify design specification of leaf spring. It is expect that the proposed target can be satisfied leaf spring fatigue endurance at specific road condition.

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27

Thorat, Vaishnavi S. "Design, Manufacturing and Analysis of Composite Leaf Spring". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, n. VI (25 giugno 2021): 2656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35514.

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Now-a-days it is necessary to conserve natural resources, economize energy and weight reduction. Weight reduction of vehicle has become the main issue in Automobile Industries. It can be achieved by introduction of better material, design optimization and better manufacturing process. The Automobile Industry has interest for replacement of Steel Leaf Spring with Composite Leaf Spring. Composite Material has High Strength and Stiffness to Weight Ratio. The Objective is to compare the Stresses, Deformation, Elastic Strain and Weight of Composite Leaf Spring with that of Steel Leaf Spring. The Material Selected is Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer is used against Conventional Steel. The Leaf Spring was modelled in CATIA and analysis done in ANSYS Software.

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28

Raguraman, D., B. Dhanalakshmi, V. Dhinakaran e R. Ravinder. "Design and Performance Analysis of Multi-Leaf Spring Using Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic-Metal Matrix Composite". Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, n. 8 (1 agosto 2020): 3694–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9263.

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Abstract (sommario):

Car segments have an expanding rivalry in the market and it will in general create development in the current items by either succeed with another or altered propelled material items. A suspension framework is one of the most intriguing push territories on vehicle structure. This task effort is worried about the plan and investigation of mechanical portrayal of leaf springs that are in effect despite everything utilized generally in cars as suspension segments. Car makers have the due significance on enhancement for the mileage of the vehicle which thusly on a structure perspective the weight decrease is the most concerned one. There by the strength-weight proportion idea has been created and composite material is executed. The utilization of composite leaf spring rather than ordinary steel leaf spring is favored for the examination due to its high solidarity to weight proportion. It is made convincing to decrease the weight of the leaf spring without relinquishing the solidness and burden conveying limit of the spring by the usage of composite materials. The target of this task work is the plan and examination of the exhibition qualities of Glass Fiber Reinforced plastic (GFRP) with iron powder as a composite leaf spring and correlation with traditional leaf spring. The composite example is created utilizing hand layup technique. Exploratory work have been completed an all Universal Testing Machine for the composite and ordinary steel leaf spring and approved with the ANSYS investigation. The investigation results are connected so near test.

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29

Huang, Hui Rong, Yi Jie Zhu, Jia Yuan Guo e Hao Zhang. "The Reliability Analysis of Leaf Spring Based on PDS". Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (ottobre 2011): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.509.

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Abstract: A model of leaf spring composed with ten spring laminations is established by the language of APDL. The model is loaded with pre-stress, static stress and Grade B Road stress, then the results is calculated. Finally, applying the PDS unit of ANSYS, the reliability of leaf spring is worked out. As an important hanging form in the vehicle, the leaf spring is widely used in auto, besides the reliability of a car mostly depends on it. So, it is necessary to deeply study its designing method and reliability[1,2].

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30

Mahanthi, D. Lydia, e C. Venkata Siva Murali. "Design and analysis of composite Leaf Spring for light Weight Vehicle". International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 4, n. 3 (2017): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.4.3.23.

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31

JPawar, Atul. "Weight Optimization of Mono Leaf Spring Used for Light Passenger Vehicle". International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 3, n. 3 (2015): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150340.

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32

Sugiyama, Hiroyuki, Ahmed A. Shabana, Mohamed A. Omar e Wei-Yi Loh. "Development of nonlinear elastic leaf spring model for multibody vehicle systems". Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 195, n. 50-51 (ottobre 2006): 6925–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2005.02.032.

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33

Al-Thairy, Haitham A. B., e Y. C. Wang. "Behaviour and Design of Steel Columns Subjected to Vehicle Impact". Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (giugno 2014): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.193.

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Abstract (sommario):

The main objective of this study is to develop a simplified analytical approach to predict the critical velocity of vehicle impact on steel columns. This method utilizes the energy balance principle with a quasi-static approximation of the steel column response. Results of ABAQUS numerical simulations of the dynamic impact response of axially loaded steel columns under vehicle impact are used to validate the proposed method. To account for the effect of vehicle impact, a simplified numerical vehicle model has been adopted using a spring-mass system with a bilinear spring load-deformation relationship. The validation results show good agreement between the analytical method results and the numerical results with the analytical results tending to be on the safe side.

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34

Zhang, Si Qi, Tian Xia Zhang e Shu Wen Zhou. "Study on Semi-Active Control for Leaf Spring Suspension Based on Virtual Prototyping". Advanced Materials Research 118-120 (giugno 2010): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.118-120.733.

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Abstract (sommario):

Conventional leaf spring suspension in heavy duty trucks can afford large carry capacity and better handling stability ability but less ride performance. In this paper a semi-active control was embed to the leaf spring suspension. The dynamics model of semi-active leaf spring suspension was built and analyzed. A full function heavy duty tractor using virtual prototyping was built and assembled in dynamics simulation software. A bumpy road test was performed to verify the performance of the proposed semi-active suspension. The results show that the semi-active leaf spring suspension proposed in this paper can improve the ride performance of the heavy duty trucks. The occupants in the vehicle cab will feel more comfortable.

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35

Husaini, N. Ali, R. Riantoni, T. E. Putra e H. Husin. "Study of leaf spring fracture behavior used in the suspension systems in the diesel truck vehicles". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 541 (3 luglio 2019): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/541/1/012046.

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36

Rajesh, S., e G. B. Bhaskar. "Response of Composite Leaf Springs to Low Velocity Impact Loading". Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (luglio 2014): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.47.

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Abstract (sommario):

Leaf springs are the traditional suspension elements, occupying a vital position in the automobile industry. This paper deals us the replacement of existing steel leaf spring by composite leaf spring. The dimensions of existing middle steel leaf spring of commercial vehicle (Tata ace mini truck) were taken and fabricated using a specially designed die. Single leaf of the suspension springs, each made up composite with bidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), bidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and hybrid glass-carbon fiber reinforced plastic (G-CFRP), was fabricated by hand layup process. It is to be mentioned here that the cross sectional area of the composite spring same as the metallic spring. A low velocity impact test rig was fabricated in the laboratory with loading set up. The composite leaf springs were tested with the low velocity impact test rig. By using the low velocity impact test rig, the deflection due to various drop height were measured.

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37

Chang, F., e Z.-H. Lu. "Dynamic model of an air spring and integration into a vehicle dynamics model". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2008): 1813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto867.

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Abstract (sommario):

It is worthwhile to design a more accurate dynamic model for air springs, to investigate the dynamic behaviour of an air spring suspension, and to analyse and guide the design of vehicles with air spring suspensions. In this study, a dynamic model of air spring was established, considering the heat transfer process of the air springs. Two different types of air spring were tested, and the experimental results verified the effectiveness of the air spring model compared with the traditional model. The key factors affecting the computation accuracy were studied and checked by comparing the results of the experiments and simulations. The new dynamic model of the air spring was integrated into the full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model, in order to investigate the air suspension behaviour and vehicle dynamics characteristics. The co-simulation method using ADAMS and MATLAB/Simulink was applied to integration of the air spring model with the full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model.

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38

Kumar, Neeraj. "Weight Optimization of Leaf Spring for Automotive Vehicle using Finite Element Modeling". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, n. 11 (30 novembre 2020): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.32179.

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39

Shenhua, Yang, Kou Shuqing e Deng Chunping. "Research and application of precision roll-forging taper-leaf spring of vehicle". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 65, n. 1-3 (marzo 1997): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(96)02414-4.

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40

Nataraj, M., e S. Thillikkani. "Failure analysis of leaf spring suspension system for heavy load truck vehicle". International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems 1, n. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2019.10021567.

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41

Nataraj, M., e S. Thillikkani. "Failure analysis of leaf spring suspension system for heavy load truck vehicle". International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems 27, n. 1/2 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2020.104413.

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42

Hoyle, J. "Bump steer effects in a 10 ton truck with a leaf-spring suspension". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, n. 9 (1 settembre 2007): 1051–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto180.

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Abstract (sommario):

A 10 t truck with a leaf-spring suspension and beam axles was known to have suffered an incident during normal road operation that was believed to have been related to the phenomenon of bump steer. Experimental investigations using a four-post rig established that the vehicle was particularly excited while traversing, at approximately 25 m/s, a sinusoidal undulating road profile that had a wavelength of approximately 12 m. Bump steer was evident under these conditions, and the excited frequency of approximately 2.4 Hz raised the possibility that driver reaction times (a lag of approximately 0.2 s) could have compounded the problem when trying to counter the effect of the bump steer. A handling model of the vehicle has been used to investigate the bump steer effects. A three-degree-of-freedom handling model of the vehicle was created that included a non-linear tyre model, which was able to simulate the differing cornering stiffness effects created by varying tyre loads, friction limits, and slip angles. A driver model was created that made use of lateral displacement and intended vehicle-path return rate feedback loops (effectively proportional and differential feedback) but incorporated a neuromuscular lag element and steer rate and steer angle limiting functions. Simulations of violent high-speed double-lane-change manoeuvres enabled the driver's return rate and lateral displacement feedback gains to be benchmarked for these conditions. Further simulations using these feedback gains showed that, when coupled with the bump steer of the vehicle at an excitation frequency of 2.4 Hz, a typical neuromuscular lag of 0.2 s created an approximately 150° out-of-phase response from the driver that resulted in an unstable oscillatory handling system. If the neuromuscular lag was reduced to near-zero, the system remained stable in spite of the high feedback gains. Alternatively, reducing the driver's feedback gains by 50 per cent also resulted in a stable system, in spite of the neuromuscular lag, thereby demonstrating that the correct response to the bump steer effects was not to respond to them. Actual vehicle trials conducted under controlled conditions at various road locations (including the incident location) and other test centres demonstrated that this was indeed the correct response should bump steer be encountered.

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43

Rohman, Khoirur, Rika Dwi Hidayatul Qoryah, Aris Zainul Muttaqin e Santoso Mulyadi. "ANALISIS PENGARUH TEBAL PLAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MEKANIK PEGAS DAUN PADA PROTOTIPE MOBIL FISH CAR UNEJ (FCU) MUDSKIP". Jurnal Teknosains 10, n. 2 (5 agosto 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/teknosains.62656.

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Abstract (sommario):

Fish Car Unej (FCU) Mudskip is a car designed with a rural terrain system, especially for fishing transportation. FCU Mudskip uses leaf spring suspension at the rear to support the weight of the vehicle, that is leaning towards the rear. The load of the vehicle is inclined to the rear due to the car carrying system in the form of fish and water. This conveying system can cause leaf spring failure. Therefore, this study aims to determine the value of stress, strain and cycle on leaf springs. Ansys 18.1 software was used to obtain stress, strain, and leaf spring cycle values with a thickness of 7 mm, 10 mm, and 13 mm. The value of stress on leaf springs with thickness 7 is 124,31 x 106 N/m2; thickness 10 mm is 74,92 x 106 N/m2; thickness 13 mm is 48,08 x 106N/m2; the value of strain on leaf springs with a thickness of 7 mm is 0,00075; a thickness of 10 mm is 0,00045; a thickness of 13 mm is 0,00029; Acceptable cycles of leaf springs are 7 mm thick is 69206 cycles, 10 mm is 77833 cycles, and 13 mm thick is 93054 cycles. Leaf springs with a thickness of 13 mm are the most optimal leaf springs because they can receive the most cycles of 93054 cycles, according to the function of leaf springs as vibration dampers.

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44

Knorre, Michael, e Robert Brandt. "An Approach for the Systematic Development of Progressive Light Weight Spring Element Concepts in Vehicle Constructions". Key Engineering Materials 742 (luglio 2017): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.745.

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Abstract (sommario):

Commercial vehicles are mostly equipped with pneumatic spring elements which lead to a perfect height levelling and spring rate adjustment under different loading conditions. However, pneumatic springs are not common in light commercial vehicles where passive spring elements, e.g. single- and multi-leaf springs, are still be used. Since those vehicles are covering a wide range of different loads the spring elements frequently exhibit a progressive spring characteristic, i.e. the spring rate is adjusted under deflection as soon as the load is increased. The need for light weight design also relates to light commercial vehicle so that glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) has become a suitable substitute for high strength steel. Furthermore GFRP allows for innovative as well as functionally and technologically improved constructional solutions of progressive spring elements, e.g. the single-leaf spring approach by Schürmann et al [1].However, the above mentioned solution is sometimes rather solitaire and no systematic approach for its genesis exits. Hence, this contribution shows an approach for a more systematic development of progressive light weight spring element concepts in vehicle construction. Different approaches of implementing a progressive spring rate characteristic are presented in the introduction. A simple analytical model of a bending beam considering a variety of boundary conditions has been set up to discuss the effect of bearing stiffness on the spring rate.The model serves as a basis for a kind of toolbox for a more systematic approach for the development of the desired progressive spring elements. It allows to identify and to select a balanced concept for a progressive light weight spring element which also considers the application of the appropriate spring material at any specific part of the construction.

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45

Oztoprak, Nahit, Mehmet Deniz Gunes, Metin Tanoglu, Engin Aktas, Oguz Ozgur Egilmez, Ciler Senocak e Gediz Kulac. "Developing polymer composite-based leaf spring systems for automotive industry". Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, n. 6 (27 novembre 2018): 1167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2016-0335.

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AbstractComposite-based mono-leaf spring systems were designed and manufactured to replace existing mono-leaf metal leaf spring in a light commercial vehicle. In this study, experimentally obtained mechanical properties of different fiber-reinforced polymer materials are presented first, followed by the description of the finite element analytical model created in Abaqus 6.12-1 (Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp., RI, US) using the obtained properties. The results from the finite element analysis are presented next and compared with actual size experimental tests conducted on manufactured prototypes. The results demonstrated that the reinforcement type and orientation dramatically influenced the spring rate. The prototypes showed significant weight reduction of about 80% with improved mechanical properties. The hybrid composite systems can be utilized for composite-based leaf springs with considerable mechanical performance.

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46

Bhatt, Chirag D., Mukesh Nadarajan, R.Balaji, Isukapalli rohith e Ashish Selokar. "Leaf spring model for heavy load vehicle using solid works and ANSYS analysis". Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020): 4764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.360.

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47

Zhang, Jie, Gaoyuan Zou, Nong Zhang, Minyi Zheng, Bangji Zhang e Liqin Zhang. "Dynamic analysis of a vehicle with leaf spring based on the hysteresis model". International Journal of Vehicle Performance 4, n. 3 (2018): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvp.2018.095309.

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48

Zhang, Liqin, Bangji Zhang, Minyi Zheng, Jie Zhang, Nong Zhang e Gaoyuan Zou. "Dynamic analysis of a vehicle with leaf spring based on the hysteresis model". International Journal of Vehicle Performance 4, n. 3 (2018): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvp.2018.10016501.

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49

Husaini, Rizqi Handayani Liza, Ali Nurdin e Sadrawi Muammar. "Failure Analysis of a Fractured Leaf Spring as the Suspension System Applied on the Dump Truck". Key Engineering Materials 892 (13 luglio 2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.892.89.

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Abstract (sommario):

A spring is a component which is designed to have relatively low stiffness compared to normal rigid rods, thereby making it possible to accept certain forces that are charged. A leaf spring is an important suspension component for heavy vehicles, as a failure of the leaf spring can cause severe if not fatal accidents. This study aims to investigate the factors that cause leaf spring failure in the form of a 125 PS dump truck vehicle suspension system. The method employed incorporated experimental and finite element analyses. The experimental work included visual observations, observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), hardness testing, and microstructure testing. Leaf spring modelling was conducted using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software, and the finite element analysis (FEA) was performed using Siemens ™ FEMAP V12.0.1 application software to calculate the maximum stress and strain that occurred near the crack tip of the leaf spring. The results from the analysis indicated that the cause of the fracture that occurred in leaf spring No. 3 was due to a defect discovered on the surface of the leaf spring. Based on the observations of the fracture surface, it is revealed that the cause of failure was due to the cyclic load experienced by the components during operation which caused crack propagation beginning from micro-cracks until reaching a significant dimension to cause a final fracture. In addition, the overload imposed on the leaf springs also caused maximum stress on the springs to increase, thus accelerating the failure of the leaf springs. Further results also showed that the value of the stress intensity factor, KI = 29.15 MPa.m1/2 was greater than the value of fracture toughness, KIC = 23 MPa.m1/2 of the spring material.

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50

Shi, Wen-ku, Cheng Liu, Zhi-yong Chen, Wei He e Qing-hua Zu. "Efficient Method for Calculating the Composite Stiffness of Parabolic Leaf Springs with Variable Stiffness for Vehicle Rear Suspension". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5169018.

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Abstract (sommario):

The composite stiffness of parabolic leaf springs with variable stiffness is difficult to calculate using traditional integral equations. Numerical integration or FEA may be used but will require computer-aided software and long calculation times. An efficient method for calculating the composite stiffness of parabolic leaf springs with variable stiffness is developed and evaluated to reduce the complexity of calculation and shorten the calculation time. A simplified model for double-leaf springs with variable stiffness is built, and a composite stiffness calculation method for the model is derived using displacement superposition and material deformation continuity. The proposed method can be applied on triple-leaf and multileaf springs. The accuracy of the calculation method is verified by the rig test and FEA analysis. Finally, several parameters that should be considered during the design process of springs are discussed. The rig test and FEA analytical results indicate that the calculated results are acceptable. The proposed method can provide guidance for the design and production of parabolic leaf springs with variable stiffness. The composite stiffness of the leaf spring can be calculated quickly and accurately when the basic parameters of the leaf spring are known.

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