Articoli di riviste: "Water-supply – South Africa – Knysna"

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Midgley, J. J., e A. Seydack. "What determines biomass in indigenous forests? An analysis of the Knysna Forest, South Africa". Australian Journal of Botany 54, n. 8 (2006): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05139.

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We tested the widely held assumption that indigenous forests contain maximum biomass and growth rates for local resource supply. We analysed 10 years of diameter growth of trees >10 cm in diameter from 108 plots, each 0.04 ha, in the Knysna Forest, South Africa. No correlation was found between radiation index and standing mass or growth, suggesting low environmental constraints on variation in growth rates and biomass accumulation. Gross growth and mortality rates per plot were unrelated, whereas growth rates and stocking rate per plot were positively correlated. Net growth per plot was not correlated with standing stock. Mortality rates of stems are low and, therefore, residence times are long (105 years). Despite long residence times this forest is not at aboveground biomass carrying capacity, as is indicated by weak density-dependent limits to growth.

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Smakhtin, Vladimir, Peter Ashton, Allan Batchelor, Reinhard Meyer, Eric Murray, Bohuslav Barta, Norbert Bauer, Dhesigen Naidoo, Jana Olivier e Deon Terblanche. "Unconventional Water Supply Options in South Africa". Water International 26, n. 3 (settembre 2001): 314–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060108686924.

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Busari, Ola, e Barry Jackson. "Reinforcing water and sanitation sector reform in South Africa". Water Policy 8, n. 4 (1 agosto 2006): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.038.

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Some ten years ago, South Africa's newly elected government inherited huge services backlogs with respect to access to water supply and sanitation. About 15 million people were without safe water supply and over 20 million without adequate sanitation services. Since then, the country has made remarkable progress with regard to accelerating the pace of services provision and restructuring and refocusing the entire water sector. Having ensured access to an additional population of over 10 million people, South Africa is well on track to wipe out the infrastructure backlog for basic water supply by 2008, exceeding the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) target. But first, with respect to sanitation for which the national target is universal access to a functioning facility by 2010, the picture is somewhat different. Second, substantial challenges remain in addressing historical inequalities in access to both water supply and sanitation, and in sustaining service provision over the long term.

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Mwenge Kahinda, Jean-marc, Akpofure E. Taigbenu e Jean R. Boroto. "Domestic rainwater harvesting to improve water supply in rural South Africa". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 32, n. 15-18 (gennaio 2007): 1050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.007.

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Mahlasela, Pathiswa, Ayodeji Oke e Nelson Sizwe Madonsela. "Household’s Satisfaction with Water Supply in Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa". Procedia Manufacturing 43 (2020): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.133.

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Chang, Keh-Chin, Wei-Min Lin, Greg Ross e Kung-Ming Chung. "Dissemination of solar water heaters in South Africa". Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 22, n. 3 (1 agosto 2011): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2011/v22i3a3216.

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Global concern over a looming energy crisis, water scarcity and man-made climate change are driving a huge demand for clean technologies, which focus on preserving the earth’s resources. In South Africa, the economy is very energy-intensive with coal being the main national energy supply. In view of the growing depletion of fossil fuel, it is important for South Africa to adopt a more sustainable energy mix. This study examines the potential for widespread dissemination of solar water heaters (SWHs) in South Africa. Barriers and constraints to market expansion are analyzed to determine strategies for overcoming these barriers. It is found that payback period of a SWH is shorter than the life-span of the system itself, indicating that SWHs are economically viable even with low production cost of electricity and thus represent a profitable investment proposition for end users, manufacturers and distributors. However, the subsidy programs offered by the government of South Africa may not be sufficient to facilitate diffusion. This is attributed to the high initial capital cost of the system and low affordability of the majority of the South Africa population with low income. Alternative financing mechanisms are required.

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Malima, Tuwani Petrus. "The Intervention Strategies for rural water supply system in Vhembe District South Africa". Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 60, n. 2 (4 luglio 2021): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2021.01355.

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Consistent access to potable water remains a major challenge among communities in rural areas of Vhembe District Municipality (VDM). This is due to the high frequency of water supply infrastructure breakdown due to obsolete infrastructure and inadequate involvement and participation of rural communities in paying for water and maintenance which affect sustainability of water supply system in VDM. This study assesses current state of water supply, challenges and effectiveness of measures in place in order to propose intervention to improve rural water supply system in VDM. The study followed a mixed method research design, which include both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data was analysed using thematic content analysis and chi-square test. The study established that water is inconsistently supplied in VDM. As about 53.5% of the respondents received water once per week which necessitate intervention to improve the situation. All the respondents from the four local municipalities of Vhembe District were not satisfied with the quantity of water received and distance travelled to collect water. The study recommend intervention strategy which included that local management structure to be established and terms of reference agreed with communities including more water supply sources options to be added

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Nel, Nicole, Heinz Erasmus Jacobs, Carlo Loubser e Kobus (JA) Du Plessis. "Supplementary household water sources to augment potable municipal supply in South Africa". Water SA 43, n. 4 (6 novembre 2017): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v43i4.03.

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Verweij, P. E., M. van Egmond, D. J. Bac, J. G. van der Schroeff e R. P. Mouton. "Hygiene, skin infections and types of water supply in Venda, South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85, n. 5 (settembre 1991): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(91)90395-f.

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De Villiers, A. B., W. Viviers e L. A. Van Wyk. "Water availability and demand in the development regions of South Africa". Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 7, n. 2 (17 marzo 1988): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v7i2.906.

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The availability of water data in the development regions is at present insufficient. This is due to the fact that water supply and demand is calculated for the physical drainage regions (watersheds), while the development regions do not correspond with the drainage regions. The necessary calculations can accordingly presently not be made. In this paper this problem is addressed.

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Majuru, Batsirai, Paul Jagals e Paul R. Hunter. "Assessing rural small community water supply in Limpopo, South Africa: Water service benchmarks and reliability". Science of The Total Environment 435-436 (ottobre 2012): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.024.

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Schutte, C. F. "Education and training of water practitioners in South Africa: needs and programmes". Water Science and Technology 38, n. 11 (1 dicembre 1998): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0478.

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South Africa is facing severe water supply and water quality problems as a result of its limited water resources and other complicating factors. Adequately educated and trained water practitioners are needed to address these problems to ensure economic prosperity and a reasonable standard of living for all South Africans. Training and education needs are analysed in this paper and available programmes and initiatives to deliver the water practitioners needed are discussed. The main areas where training and education is needed include education at community level to educate local water committee members and community support personnel; training of technical staff to operate and maintain water treatment and supply schemes; and education of high-level scientists and engineers to develop new technologies, to improve performance, design and management of processes, plant and projects.

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Ncube, Mthokozisi, e Maxwell N. Pawandiwa. "Water safety planning and implementation: lessons from South Africa". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, n. 4 (2 luglio 2013): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.209.

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Water Safety Planning is an innovative way of attaining high quality of water service provision through embracing a risk-based approach to service provision. This paper describes the water safety planning journey of Ugu District Municipality, which manages 19 formal water supply systems. The municipality adopted the Pareto 20/80 rule of targeting 20% of the areas with 80% impact in the first iteration of the WSP by targeting the systems with the greatest impact while incorporating system knowledge from all other systems and the use of an extensive hazards database. The efforts received national recognition and built teams with improved understanding of the business resulting in improved water quality management. Operationalization of the plan was the most difficult task as it requires institutionalizing best practice amidst challenges that include limited funding, lack of support from critical stakeholders, staff shortages and attrition. A dedicated champion who will be an advocate for change management, proactive stakeholder engagement and senior management commitment with corresponding financial resources, are seen as prerequisites for success. Undeniable, progressive regulations and policies set the tone and foundation and are, in most instances, the drivers for water safety.

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Pamla, Avela, Gladman Thondhlana e Sheunesu Ruwanza. "Persistent Droughts and Water Scarcity: Households’ Perceptions and Practices in Makhanda, South Africa". Land 10, n. 6 (4 giugno 2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060593.

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Households in many cities worldwide consume substantial amounts of water, but increasing aridity will result in serious water supply challenges in the future. In South Africa, droughts are now a common phenomenon, with severe implications on water supply for urban households. Developing interventions to minimise the impacts of drought requires understanding of users’ perceptions of water scarcity, water use practices, and participation in water conservation practices. Using household surveys across different income groups (low, medium, and high) in Makhanda, South Africa, this study investigates households’ perceptions of water scarcity, water use, and conservation practices as a basis for designing pathways for sustainable water use practices. Results indicate that a substantial proportion of households were aware of water scarcity and attributed it to poor municipal planning rather than drought and wasteful use practices. Households reported good water use behaviour, but wasteful practices (e.g., regular flushing of toilets) were evident. Gender, age, education, and environmental awareness influenced water use practices, but the relationships were generally weak. Households participated in water conservation measures but felt the local municipal authority lagged in addressing water supply challenges. The implications of the study are discussed.

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Rietveld, L. C., J. Haarhoff e P. Jagals. "A tool for technical assessment of rural water supply systems in South Africa". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 34, n. 1-2 (gennaio 2009): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.12.001.

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Sparks, Debbie, Amos Madhlopa, Samantha Keen, Mascha Moorlach, Anthony Dane, Pieter Krog e Thuli Dlamini. "Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa". Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, n. 4 (19 dicembre 2014): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i4a2241.

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South Africa is an arid country, where water supply is often obtained from a distant source. There is increasing pressure on the limited water resources due to economic and population growth, with a concomitant increase in the energy requirement for water production. This problem will be exacerbated by the onset of climate change. Recently, there have been concerns about negative impacts arising from the exploitation of energy resources. In particular, the burning of fossil fuels is significantly contributing to climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. In addition, fossil fuels are being depleted, and contributing to decreased energy security. As a result of this, the international community has initiated various interventions, including the transformation of policy and regulatory instruments, to promote sustainable energy. With this in mind, South Africa is making policy and regulatory shifts in line with international developments. Renewable energy is being promoted as one way of achieving sustainable energy provision in the country. However, some issues require scrutiny in order to understand the water footprint of renewable energy production. Due to the large gap that exists between water supply and demand, trade-offs in water allocation amongst different users are critical. In this vein, the main objective of this study was to investigate and review renewable energy choices and water requirements in South Africa. Data were acquired through a combination of a desktop study and expert interviews. Water withdrawal and consumption levels at a given stage of energy production were investigated. Most of the data was collected from secondary sources. Results show that there is limited data on all aspects of water usage in the production chain of energy, accounting in part for the significant variations in the values of water intensity that are reported in the literature. It is vital to take into account all aspects of the energy life cycle to enable isolation of stages where significant amounts of water are used. It is found that conventional fuels (nuclear and fossil fuels) withdraw significant quantities of water over the life-cycle of energy production, especially for thermoelectric power plants operated with a wet-cooling system. The quality of water is also adversely affected in some stages of energy production from these fuels. On the other hand, solar photovoltaic and wind energy exhibit the lowest demand for water, and could perhaps be considered the most viable renewable options in terms of water withdrawal and consumption.

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Msibi, Sunset S., e Gerrit Kornelius. "Potential for domestic biogas as household energy supply in South Africa". Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, n. 2 (23 giugno 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i2a1754.

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Biogas is a clean and renewable form of energy accessible to low-income households through anaerobic digestion of readily available organic waste. The objectives of this desktop study were to investigate the feasibility of biogas use for substitution of presently used solid fuels in rural and peri-urban households, the subsequent health co-benefits, and the constraints to adoption of domestic biogas technology in South Africa. The energy demand of low-income South African households for cooking with fuelwood was found to be 27 MJ/day and the total energy demand 68 MJ/day. This is equivalent to 2 500 L/day/household of biogas for cooking and 6 250 L/day/household of biogas for complete substitution of conventional domestic fuels. Complete substitution of fuelwood used for cooking and household fuelwood use with biogas can result in the avoidance of 43% and 85.4% respectively of total disability adjusted life-years lost (702 790) and mortalities (22 365) from indoor smoke as a consequence of solid fuel use. Approximately 625 000 households in South Africa can potentially benefit from bio-digester fed with cattle and pig waste, on the basis of livestock numbers. It is infeasible to operate a domestic bio-digester fed solely with human waste, chicken waste and food waste because of insufficient feedstock. Non-sewered households with access to on- and off-site water supply generate sufficient greywater for feeding a domestic bio-digester for cooking purposes. This is, therefore, recommended over the use of drinking water.

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Reynders, Cornelius Chris, Harmony Musiyarira e Prvoslav Marjanovic. "The Value of Decentralisation in Wastewater Management: Gauteng Province Case Study, South Africa". Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 1, n. 2 (21 luglio 2012): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v1i2.14.

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In a semi-arid water scarce country like South Africa, the efficient use of limited water resources and measures to extend the service value of these resources is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. The conventional supply-sided management approach to water supply causes increased wastewater generation with accompanied increased pollution loads requiring higher levels of mitigation environmental pollution. Where disposal of wastewater treatment effluent takes place in rivers and natural water bodies, the lack of adequate natural compensating capacity of such water bodies typically result in severe ecological damage of the aquatic environment. With a shift of emphasis to a sustainable demand side management approach (as opposed to a supply side one), the avoidance of water wastage and high wastewater generation represents both resource conservation and environmental protection friendly approaches and contribute to overall sustainability. The integrated nature of water supply and wastewater management systems require an approach that considers these systems holistically. A new paradigm for water management is therefore needed to ensure that the issues of waste disposal and pollution are dealt with in a sustainable manner taking into account the emerging objectives of modern society for resource conservation and environmental protection.A balance therefore has to be found between the uses of additional fresh water resources as a means of satisfying en ever increasing water demand on the one hand and alternative unconventional resource exploration and employment, without the risk of depletion of natural available fresh water resource flow, irreversible harm to the environment and social and economic constraints.This paper explores wastewater and grey water reuse as unconventional resources in a qualitative manner within this balancing equation. It further proposes a methodology for deriving monetary indicator values for wastewater reuse by internalising negative environmental impacts. This is achieved through application of Lagrangian optimisation of the treatment plant production function (output distance function) for deriving marginal prices of contaminant removal and resulting avoided pollution.

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Lefrançois, Simon, Philippe Doyon-Poulin, Louis Gosselin e Marcel Lacroix. "OPTIMIZATION OF ICEBERG TOWING VELOCITY FOR WATER SUPPLY". Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 32, n. 3-4 (settembre 2008): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2008-0036.

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A mathematical model for determining the optimum towing velocity of tabular icebergs is presented. The optimization problem is formulated in terms of a benefit function that takes into account the ice mass delivered and the total fuel consumption for the tow. Results indicate that the optimum towing velocity is mainly affected by the water-to-fuel cost ratio. It is shown that towing icebergs from Antarctica to South Africa is a profitable way of supplying fresh-water provided that the towing velocity is optimized with the proposed method.

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Ndiritu, J. G., S. McCarthy e N. Tshirangwana. "Probabilistic assessment of the rainwater harvesting potential of schools in South Africa". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (16 settembre 2014): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-435-2014.

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Abstract. In comparison to other sources of water supply, rainwater harvesting (RWH) has the typical advantages of being cheaper and easier to operate and maintain. This study aimed at assessing the hydrologic rainwater harvesting potential of rural schools in South Africa by obtaining RWH storage capacity (level of supply) reliability relationships of representative schools. Thirty-two schools located in three rural areas that have varied rainfall characteristics were selected for the analysis. For each school, a daily time-step behaviour analysis of the rainwater harvesting system with a specified storage was carried out for a period of 101 years (over which rainfall data was available) and the number of days that the school’s daily water demand was met in each year obtained. Using the Weibull plotting position formula, the expected number of days that the demand can be met per year was then obtained for 85, 90 and 95 % reliability. For the two summer rainfall regions where a large proportion of rain falls during school holidays, the expected number of days of supply per year improved up to a storage capacity of 25 m3. For the winter rainfall region where the rainfall periods and school learning times have more co-incidence, a tank volume of 5 m3 obtained similar supply levels as larger capacities. At 90 % reliability, the supply levels for different schools in the summer rainfall area with a mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 800–1000 mm/year ranged from 60 to 120 days per year, while the summer rainfall region with a lower MAP (500–600 mm) gave supply levels ranging from 40 to 70 days per year. The winter rainfall area had a MAP of 500–600 mm and obtained supply levels ranging from 60 to 80 days at 90 % reliability.

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Rall, Martin, e Jamie de Jager. "Greater expectations. Technology choices for community-managed water supply in the new South Africa". Waterlines 15, n. 3 (gennaio 1997): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1997.009.

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le Roux, Betsie, Michael van der Laan, Teunis Vahrmeijer, John Annandale e Keith Bristow. "Water Footprints of Vegetable Crop Wastage along the Supply Chain in Gauteng, South Africa". Water 10, n. 5 (24 aprile 2018): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10050539.

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Genthe, B., N. Strauss, J. Seager, C. Vundule, F. Maforah e R. Kfir. "The effect of type of water supply on water quality in a developing community in South Africa". Water Science and Technology 35, n. 11-12 (1 giugno 1997): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0706.

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Efforts to provide water to developing communities in South Africa have resulted in various types of water supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between the type of water supply and the quality of water used. Source (communal taps, private outdoor and indoor taps) and point-of-use water samples were examined for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and faecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages. Ten percent of samples were also analysed for enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Approximately 320 households were included in a case-control study. In addition, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Both studies examined the relationship between different types of water facilities and diarrhoea among pre-school children. The source water was of good microbial quality, but water quality was found to have deteriorated significantly after handling and storage in both case and control households, exceeding drinking water quality guideline values by 1-6 orders of magnitude. Coliphage counts were low for all water samples tested. Enteric viruses and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Giardia cysts were detected on one occasion in case and control in-house samples. Comparisons of whether in-house water, after handling and storage, complied with water quality guideline values demonstrated households using communal taps to have significantly poorer quality than households using private outdoor or indoor taps for HPC and E. coli (χ2 = 14.9, P = 0.001; χ2 = 6.6, P = 0.04 respectively). A similar trend (although not statistically significant) was observed for the other microbial indicators. The cross-sectional study demonstrated an apparent decrease in health risk associated with private outdoor taps in comparison to communal taps. This study suggests that a private outdoor tap is the minimum level of water supply in order to ensure the supply of safe water to developing communities.

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Hoy, L., e S. Stelli. "Water conservation education as a tool to empower water users to reduce water use". Water Supply 16, n. 1 (19 agosto 2015): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.073.

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There is a finite supply of global fresh water available for human consumption, which is in great demand from both humans and the environment. As technology and populations increase, so do the demands and pressure on this limited resource. Demand far too often outstrips supply, requiring authorities to impose restrictions on water use. Recent research undertaken by Rand Water, in the Rand Water supply area (in and around Gauteng, South Africa) points to the desire from end users to be empowered with knowledge to make their own decisions on water use reduction, rather than to have authoritative restrictions imposed on them. This observation indicates the importance of water conservation education and awareness campaigns to facilitate the reduction in water consumption by consumers, and suggests that education is a priority in the implementation of water conservation strategies.

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Gabru, N. "SOME COMMENTS ON WATER RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 8, n. 1 (10 luglio 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2005/v8i1a2831.

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Human life, as with all animal and plant life on the planet, is dependant upon fresh water. Water is not only needed to grow food, generate power and run industries, but it is also needed as a basic part of human life. Human dependency upon water is evident through history, which illustrates that human settlements have been closely linked to the availability and supply of fresh water. Access to the limited water resources in South Africa has been historically dominated by those with access to land and economic power, as a result of which the majority of South Africans have struggled to secure the right to water. Apartheid era legislation governing water did not discriminate directly on the grounds of race, but the racial imbalance in ownership of land resulted in the disproportionate denial to black people of the right to water. Beyond racial categorisations, the rural and poor urban populations were traditionally especially vulnerable in terms of the access to the right. The enactment of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, brought the South African legal system into a new era, by including a bill of fundamental human rights (Bill of Rights). The Bill of Rights makes provision for limited socio-economic rights. Besides making provision for these human rights, the Constitution also makes provision for the establishment of state institutions supporting constitutional democracy. The Constitution has been in operation since May 1996. At this stage, it is important to take stock and measure the success of the implementation of these socio-economic rights. This assessment is important in more ways than one, especially in the light of the fact that many lawyers argued strongly against 1/2the inclusion of the second and third generation of human rights in a Bill of Rights. The argument was that these rights are not enforceable in a court of law and that they would create unnecessary expectations of food, shelter, health, water and the like; and that a clear distinction should be made between first generation and other rights, as well as the relationship of these rights to one another. It should be noted that there are many lawyers and non-lawyers who maintained that in order to confront poverty, brought about by the legacy of apartheid, the socio-economic rights should be included in a Bill of Rights. The inclusion of section 27 of the 1996 Constitution has granted each South African the right to have access to sufficient food and water and has resulted in the rare opportunity for South Africa to reform its water laws completely. It has resulted in the enactment of the Water Services Act 108 of 1997 and the National Water Act 36 of 1998.In this paper the difference between first and second generation rights will be discussed. The justiciability of socio-economic rights also warrants an explanation before the constitutional implications related to water are briefly examined. Then the right to water in international and comparative law will be discussed, followed by a consideration of the South African approach to water and finally, a few concluding remarks will be made.

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Hope, R. A., e G. D. Garrod. "Household preferences to water policy interventions in rural South Africa". Water Policy 6, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2004): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0032.

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Water policy is often designed and implemented without negotiation with or participation from the intended beneficiaries. This is often the case in the implementation of global water policy initiatives that aim to benefit rural households in the developing world. Evidence of water policy responding to the locally defined preferences of the rural majority without improved water services is weak. Significant efforts have made to unpack quantity, quality and source attributes of domestic water supply to the least well-served populations in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. This effort has been limited to evaluating individual attributes in relation to health, productivity and usage criteria rather than a ‘user evaluation’ of these attributes together. The advantage of the latter approach is that trade-offs between attributes can be estimated to provide parameters for each attribute and marginal rates of substitution between attributes. A choice experiment in rural South Africa examines the preferences of households to changes in domestic water sources, water quantity, water quality, stream-flow failure and productive uses of domestic water. Trade-offs in rural household domestic water preferences estimate welfare coefficients that provide a ‘user evaluation’ of water policy interventions. The findings provide defensible estimates of the magnitude and direction of the utility gain/loss from water attributes that allows a more evidenced-based understanding of rural households' preferences to water policy interventions.

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Gomo, Modreck, Yolanda Kotzé e Danie Vermeulen. "Large diameter hand-dug wells in South Africa". Water Policy 21, n. 1 (5 dicembre 2018): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.278.

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Abstract Despite technical advances, traditional large diameter hand-dug wells remain very important in remote and rural communities as a method for gaining access to groundwater for drinking, domestic and agricultural activities. This paper explores and discusses large diameter hand-dug wells in South Africa, with regard to their utilisation, research and development, and the legislative and policy framework guiding their development and use. While large diameter hand-dug wells have featured in national legislative and policy frameworks, and in early technical guidelines, in recent years the subject has not received much attention. There is also little evidence to suggest that large diameter hand-dug wells receive any attention in typical academic and research curriculums. While South Africa's national vision is to provide improved water supply schemes in rural areas under which clean drinking water can be accessed via communal water taps, it is clear that in some rural communities household large diameter hand-dug wells still remain the most feasible and convenient way to provide water, not only for drinking but also for agricultural activities – a key form of livelihood support contributing to poverty reduction. Large diameter hand-dug wells still need attention in the policy arena to improve technical guidance to optimise the development, utilisation and management of these wells.

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Clifford-Holmes, Jai K., Carolyn G. Palmer, Chris J. de Wet e Jill H. Slinger. "Operational manifestations of institutional dysfunction in post-apartheid South Africa". Water Policy 18, n. 4 (29 gennaio 2016): 998–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.211.

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At the centre of the water law reform process initiated by the first democratic government of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) lay the challenge of transforming away from apartheid water injustices. Reform culminated in the promulgation of new legislation, regarded internationally as ambitious and forward-thinking legislation reflective of the broad aims of integrated water resource management (IWRM). However, implementation of this legislation has been challenging. This paper analyses institutional dysfunction in water management in the Sundays River Valley Municipality (Eastern Cape Province, RSA). A transdisciplinary approach is taken in addressing the failure of national law and policy to enable the delivery of effective water services in post-apartheid RSA. A case study is used to explore interventions to promote effective water supply, locating these interventions and policies within the legislative structures and frameworks governing the water sector. We suggest that fine-grained institutional analysis together with learning from persistent iterative, adaptive practice, with principled goals intact, offers a pragmatic and achievable alternative to grand-scale policy change.

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Ferentinou, Maria, Wojciech Witkowski, Ryszard Hejmanowski, Hennie Grobler e Agnieszka Malinowska. "Detection of sinkhole occurrence, experiences from South Africa". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 382 (22 aprile 2020): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-77-2020.

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Abstract. Sinkholes are alarming and dangerous events, they have a worldwide occurrence, and are imposing a potential risk to urban communities and the widely developed built environment. Losses due to catastrophic sinkhole collapse, foundation, pavement and structural repairs, occur more often, due to the increased pressure to develop even on sinkhole prone land, and the aging of existing water supply infrastructure in the majority of cities. Remote sensing earth observation methods have proved to be valuable tools during the last two decades in long-term sinkhole hazard assessment. Satellite air borne and ground earth observation methods have primarily facilitated the wide detection of continuous displacement on the earth's crust. National sinkholes catalogues are necessary for town planers decision makers, and government authorities. In many instances the ground collapse is the result of water ingress from old poorly maintained leaking pipelines, or extensive dewatering activities. In the current study a comprehensive review of the current literature is presented in order to show experiences from South Africa and present recent mapping using PSInSAR methodology in Centurion South Africa.

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Hove, Jennifer, Lucia D'Ambruoso, Denny Mabetha, Maria van der Merwe, Peter Byass, Kathleen Kahn, Sonto Khosa, Sophie Witter e Rhian Twine. "‘Water is life’: developing community participation for clean water in rural South Africa". BMJ Global Health 4, n. 3 (giugno 2019): e001377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001377.

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BackgroundSouth Africa is a semiarid country where 5 million people, mainly in rural areas, lack access to water. Despite legislative and policy commitments to the right to water, cooperative governance and public participation, many authorities lack the means to engage with and respond to community needs. The objectives were to develop local knowledge on health priorities in a rural province as part of a programme developing community evidence for policy and planning.MethodsWe engaged 24 participants across three villages in the Agincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance System and codesigned the study. This paper reports on lack of clean, safe water, which was nominated in one village (n=8 participants) and in which women of reproductive age were nominated as a group whose voices are excluded from attention to the issue. On this basis, additional participants were recruited (n=8). We then held a series of consensus-building workshops to develop accounts of the problem and actions to address it using Photovoice to document lived realities. Thematic analysis of narrative and visual data was performed.ResultsRepeated and prolonged periods when piped water is unavailable were reported, as was unreliable infrastructure, inadequate service delivery, empty reservoirs and poor supply exacerbated by droughts. Interconnected social, behavioural and health impacts were documented combined with lack of understanding, cooperation and trust between communities and authorities. There was unanimity among participants for taps in houses as an overarching goal and strategies to build an evidence base for planning and advocacy were developed.ConclusionIn this setting, there is willingness among community stakeholders to improve water security and there are existing community assemblies to support this. Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance Systems provide important opportunities to routinely connect communities to resource management and service delivery. Developing learning platforms with government and non-government organisations may offer a means to enable more effective public participation in decentralised water governance.

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Ashton, P. J., F. C. van Zyl e R. G. Heath. "Water quality management in the Crocodile River catchment, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa". Water Science and Technology 32, n. 5-6 (1 settembre 1995): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0603.

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The Crocodile River catchment lies in an area which currently has one of the highest rates of sustained economic growth in South Africa and supports a diverse array of land uses. Water quality management is vital to resource management strategies for the catchment. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to display specific catchment characteristics and land uses, supplemented with integrative overlays depicting land-use impacts on surface water resources and the consequences of management actions on downstream water quality. The water quality requirements of each water user group were integrated to optimise the selection of rational management solutions for particular water quality problems. Time-series water quality data and cause-effect relationships were used to evaluate different water supply scenarios. The GIS facilitated the collation, processing and interpretation of the enormous quantity of spatially orientated information required for integrated catchment management.

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Friedrich, E., S. Pillay e C. A. Buckley. "Carbon footprint analysis for increasing water supply and sanitation in South Africa: a case study". Journal of Cleaner Production 17, n. 1 (gennaio 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.03.004.

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Olivier, Jana. "Fog harvesting: An alternative source of water supply on the West Coast of South Africa". GeoJournal 61, n. 2 (2004): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-004-2889-y.

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Cullis, James D. S., Nicholas J. Walker, Fadiel Ahjum e Diego Juan Rodriguez. "Modelling the water energy nexus: should variability in water supply impact on decision making for future energy supply options?" Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 376 (1 febbraio 2018): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-376-3-2018.

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Abstract. Many countries, like South Africa, Australia, India, China and the United States, are highly dependent on coal fired power stations for energy generation. These power stations require significant amounts of water, particularly when fitted with technology to reduce pollution and climate change impacts. As water resources come under stress it is important that spatial variability in water availability is taken into consideration for future energy planning particularly with regards to motivating for a switch from coal fired power stations to renewable technologies. This is particularly true in developing countries where there is a need for increased power production and associated increasing water demands for energy. Typically future energy supply options are modelled using a least cost optimization model such as TIMES that considers water supply as an input cost, but is generally constant for all technologies. Different energy technologies are located in different regions of the country with different levels of water availability and associated infrastructure development and supply costs. In this study we develop marginal cost curves for future water supply options in different regions of a country where different energy technologies are planned for development. These water supply cost curves are then used in an expanded version of the South Africa TIMES model called SATIM-W that explicitly models the water-energy nexus by taking into account the regional nature of water supply availability associated with different energy supply technologies. The results show a significant difference in the optimal future energy mix and in particular an increase in renewables and a demand for dry-cooling technologies that would not have been the case if the regional variability of water availability had not been taken into account. Choices in energy policy, such as the introduction of a carbon tax, will also significantly impact on future water resources, placing additional water demands in some regions and making water available for other users in other regions with a declining future energy demand. This study presents a methodology for modelling the water-energy nexus that could be used to inform the sustainable development planning process in the water and energy sectors for both developed and developing countries.

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Madigele, Patricia Kefilwe. "The Economics of Institutions, Equity, Efficiency and Effectiveness: The Case of Water Distribution in Lower Sundays River Valley, South Africa". Environment and Natural Resources Research 7, n. 2 (31 maggio 2017): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v7n2p98.

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Water supply disruptions are prevalent in various parts of South Africa. The Lower Sundays River Valley is not an exception. However, there is currently no physical shortage of water in the catchment. This study defines institutional arrangements and dynamics in the water sector in South Africa, using the Lower Sunday River Water Users Association as the case study. Key informant interviews reveal that relevant stakeholders are not adequately represented in management committees. Such institutional arrangement vacuums can lead to a failure of the water institutions in the catchment to provide water resources effectively.

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Ndlovu, M. S., M. Demlie e M. Butler. "Hydrogeological setting and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Durban Metropolitan District, eastern South Africa". South African Journal of Geology 122, n. 3 (1 settembre 2019): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0026.

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Abstract Population and economic growth within the Durban Metropolitan region in eastern South Africa have increased the demand for water supply. Though the region’s water supply comes mainly from surface water sources, the ever-increasing demand means that all available water supply sources including groundwater will be looked at, particularly in the peri-urban areas. However, the state of the groundwater resource in the region is poorly understood. This study aims to contribute towards improved understanding of the state of groundwater resources in the Metropolitan District through an integrated hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental isotope investigations. Results of the hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characterization identified at least five hydrostratigraphic units of varying hydraulic and hydrochemical characteristics: the weathered and fractured basement aquifers of the Mapumulo Group, Oribi Gorge, Mzimlilo and Mkhomazi Suites characterized by average borehole yield and transmissivity (T) of 1.2 l/s, and 3.9 m2/day, respectively, and hydrochemical facies of Ca-Mg-HCO3;the fractured Natal Group sandstone characterised by average borehole yield and hydraulic conductivity (K) of 5.6 l/s and 2.8 m/day, respectively and with Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl dominant water type;the fractured aquifers of the Dwyka Group diamictite and tillite characterized by average borehole yield of 0.4 l/s, transmissivity of 1.3 m2/day and Na-Cl-HCO3 dominant water type;the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group characterized by average borehole yield of 2.5 l/s, T of 4.9 m2/day, K values 0.17 m/day, and Na-Cl-HCO3 water type. The Pietermaritzburg Formation of the Ecca Group is characterized by a shale lithology with very low borehole yields and average transmissivity of 0.28 m2/d with Na-Ca-Cl dominant water type. It is considered as an aquiclude than an aquifer;the intergranular aquifer of the Maputaland Group which comprises the Bluff, Berea type sands and harbour beds (recent alluvium and estuarine deposits). These units collectively have average borehole yield of 14.8 l/s, transmissivity of up to 406 m2/day and a mainly Na-Cl-HCO3 hydrochemical signature. The region receives mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 935 mm/yr of which an estimated 6.6% recharges the various aquifers. Environmental isotope data (2H, 18O and 3H) indicated that groundwater is recharged from modern precipitation. High concentrations of tritium, as high as 92 T.U., measured around landfill sites, indicates groundwater contamination from leachate leakage posing a risk to human and environmental health.

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Lin, Johnson, e Atheesha Singh. "Detection of human enteric viruses in Umgeni River, Durban, South Africa". Journal of Water and Health 13, n. 4 (29 aprile 2015): 1098–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.238.

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The prevalence of adenovirus (AdV), rotaviruses (RV) and enteroviruses (EV) in Umgeni River waters of Durban, South Africa was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively during April 2011 to January 2012 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nested PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR), as well as nested integrated cell culture PCR (nested ICC-PCR). The phylogenetic analysis of the adenovirus and enterovirus amplicons was also performed. The nested PCR results effectively detected the presence of AdV and EV in all water samples. The results of qPCR demonstrated that higher populations of EV and of AdV were widely found in the Umgeni River. Rotavirus could only be detected in the upper Umgeni River, mainly during drier seasons. Nested ICC-PCR further confirmed the presence of infectious AdV and EV particles in 100% of water samples using various cell lines. The present study identifies potential viral hazards of Umgeni River water for domestic water supply and recreational activities.

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Jankielsohn, Roy, e Rami Zahrawi Haj-Younes. "Ideology based incapacity on hydropolitics in South Africa Sudáfrica: an ontological assessment". Relaciones Internacionales, n. 45 (31 ottobre 2020): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2020.45.013.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of hydropolitics in South Africa. The country remains one of the driest countries in the world with a below average rainfall of 450 mm per annum. The country’s economic hub in the Gauteng province is largely dependent on water from the neighbouring Kingdom of Lesotho. On a geopolitical level the country also shares various water sources with neighbouring states. This is especially relevant due to the dependence on South Africa, as the regional hegemon, for access to markets and income. However, large areas of South Africa experience extreme water scarcity due to a combination of factors that include climate change related drought, urbanisation and government-related water management failures. In many local government municipalities across the country the lack of government capacity to supply water resources and manage waste water have reached crisis proportions. Many towns and communities across South Africa have been left with unreliable access to sustainable water resources. This is mainly due to a combination of corruption, poor management and the lack of institutional capacity at local government level. The institutional incapacity of government is a result of the governing party African National Congress’ ideological approach to government, combined with political factionalism, which has stripped the civil service of expertise and led to the exodus of skilled individuals from both government and the country. The government’s implementation of the communist ? based Leninist democratic centralism, commonly known as a cadre deployment strategy, has resulted in large scale state capture and corruption that has had a devastating impact on the delivery of basic services such as water. Hydropolitical civil unrest has increased to an extent that, in instances such as the Majakeng and Maluti-a-Phofung municipalities, unrest became extremely violent and disrupted businesses and well as state education and health facilities. This article is an ontological investigation into the hydropolitical impact of, and ideological reasons for, state incapacity to manage water resources and deliver safe and sustainable supply of water to the population. While reference will be made to the general situation in the country, the Majakeng and Maluti-a-Phofung municipalities will be used as a case studies for the impact of water insecurity on political stability. On the other hand, the City of Cape Town’s ability to manage water scarcity and avert a drought related “day zero” scenario is used as an example of what can be achieved through sound management. The article will combine ideological considerations with theoretical explanations of ideology and state failure within a hydropolitical context in order to explain the current water crisis at local government level in South Africa and the threat that this poses to the political order in the country. Being a regional hegemon, any political disruptions in South Africa also threaten the geopolitical stability of the entire Southern African region. There remains a great deal of scope for future geopolitical co-operation around water within the Southern African Development Community that can secure a sustainable sources of future water supplies for South Africa and generate further income for the country’s neighbours. The article evaluates the current water situation in the country, explains the water related geopolitical considerations that the country has to take into account, investigates the ideological basis for government policy and institutional strategy and the impact that this has on the capacity of the state to deliver sustainable and reliable water access to local communities, and then evaluates some case studies that include both failures and a success story. This assessment includes various sources of literature that supply a theoretical conceptual basis for terms such as hydropolitics and ideology. These academic concepts provide the basis for the practical considerations that are an integral part of the ideologically ? based hydropolitical ontological assessment. The article concludes with some broad recommendations on how the country could mitigate some of the hydropolitical challenges that it faces.

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Pryor, M. J., E. P. Jacobs, J. P. Botes e V. L. Pillay. "A low pressure ultrafiltration membrane system for potable water supply to developing communities in South Africa". Desalination 119, n. 1-3 (settembre 1998): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(98)00126-x.

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Eberhard, R., e AJR Quick. "Water supply and sanitation in urban South Africa: Getting it right during the transition and beyond". Development Southern Africa 12, n. 6 (dicembre 1995): 883–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359508439864.

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Olivier, David W., e Yongxin Xu. "Making effective use of groundwater to avoid another water supply crisis in Cape Town, South Africa". Hydrogeology Journal 27, n. 3 (17 dicembre 2018): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1893-0.

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Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes. "Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity". International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, n. 5 (28 agosto 2020): 587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-04-2020-0033.

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Purpose The study explored the impacts of climate change on water resources, and the community-based adaptation practices adopted to ensure water security in a rural community in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The participatory approach was used to allow community members to share their challenges of water scarcity, and the measures they have developed to cope with inconsistent water supply. Findings The study results show that the community obtains water for household consumption from the reticulation system supplied by Mutale River and the community borehole. These resources are negatively impacted by drought, change in the frequency and distribution of rainfall, and increased temperature patterns. The water levels in the river and borehole have declined, resulting in unsustainable water supply. The community-based adaptation practices facilitated by the water committee include observance of restrictions and regulations on the water resources use. Others involve securing water from neighbouring resources. Originality/value This type of community-based action in response to climate change could be used as part of rural water management strategies under climate change.

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Heil, Ethan, Duncan Nengwenani, Audrey Raedani, Veronica Gutierrez, Gadisi Nthambeleni, Khuthalani Mathoma, Rachel Brown-Glazner e Robert Swap. "Student-led, Community Driven Improvement of the Drinking Supply in a Rural Village in South Africa." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 5, n. 1 (10 maggio 2010): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v5i1.2230.

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This paper presents the extension of a sustainable water purification project conducted by engineering students from the University of Venda in South Africa and the University of Virginia in the United States. Through collaboration with faculty at both universities and a community in rural South Africa, the student team facilitated the repair of a water filtration system installed the previous year. While the team had the specific goal to repair the system, they entered into this commitment with an open-ended approach to problem solving that drew heavily on community engagement and participation. The following paper describes the technical details of the project and the process by which the community was enabled to take the lead in the assessment, design and implementation of a sustainable repair to their water filtration system.

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Nthunya, Lebea, Sebabatso Maifadi, Bhekie Mamba, Arne Verliefde e Sabelo Mhlanga. "Spectroscopic Determination of Water Salinity in Brackish Surface Water in Nandoni Dam, at Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa". Water 10, n. 8 (27 luglio 2018): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10080990.

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The problem of limited water supply in the Vhembe District (Limpopo Province, South Africa) is exacerbated by a preponderance of dissolved salts, which cause disagreeable taste and odour in the water as reported by the communities using this water for drinking. The water treatment plant that supplies the treated water to the communities in the District sources this raw water from the Nandoni Dam at the Luvuvhu river catchment. There are no scientific studies that have been reported in the literature that focused on determining the levels of water salinity from various water sources in the municipalities of the District. Water samples from various sites across the Nandoni Dam, a primary source of domestic water supply in the region, were collected through each season over a period of twelve months in order to ascertain the concentrations of dissolved salts in the dam. Onsite analyses of the water samples were conducted using the YSI ProDSS multimeter, while the laboratory water analyses were conducted using the spectroquant and atomic absorption spectrometers. Although salinity tests seem to indicate that the water sampled across most of the Nandoni Dam is brackish during all seasons of the year with the highest being 750 mg/L, water samples from the dam mid-outlet and the treatment plant are slightly below the World Health Organization (WHO) brackish water bracket of 500 mg/L with unfavourable taste for drinking. Results from this study indicate that the water sourced from the Nandoni Dam is not suitable for human consumption and therefore requires integrated water resource management, as well as robust and cost-effective water desalination treatment.

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Matikinca, Phikolomzi, Gina Ziervogel e Johan P. Enqvist. "Drought response impacts on household water use practices in Cape Town, South Africa". Water Policy 22, n. 3 (16 maggio 2020): 483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.169.

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Abstract Cape Town recently endured a record-breaking drought which nearly ended in disaster for the city's water supply. Municipal authorities introduced several measures to curb water demand using both monetary and other incentives, but little is known about how effective these measures were at encouraging people to save water. Previous literature shows no consensus as to which types of measures are most effective for managing residential water demand. Using information obtained through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 20 individuals living in houses where they paid their water bills, this study provides insights on how respondents interpreted and responded to these mechanisms. Results show that price mechanisms were considered to be ineffective and did not encourage people to save water in their households. Non-price mechanisms were seen as having more impact on respondents, encouraging water conservation behaviour; especially when it comes to household indoor water use activities related to hygiene. While previous studies primarily provide quantitative data to measure the effectiveness of water demand management strategies, this paper adds a qualitative understanding of how and why households' water use practices change in response to these measures.

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Makaya, Eugine, Melanie Rohse, Rosie Day, Coleen Vogel, Lyla Mehta, Lindsey McEwen, Sally Rangecroft e Anne F. Van Loon. "Water governance challenges in rural South Africa: exploring institutional coordination in drought management". Water Policy 22, n. 4 (16 maggio 2020): 519–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.234.

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Abstract Droughts have severe direct impacts on the livelihoods of rural populations. Thus, the management of water for communal agriculture and water supply should be well coordinated to enhance drought resilience. Notwithstanding the interrelations among water management institutions in South Africa, there are complexities in the way these institutions work together, both in preparation for, and during drought times. In this article, we examine the governance of water resources in South Africa with a view to understanding institutional coordination in drought management at different operational scales. Using a qualitative approach, the roles and relationships between water actors at the local and regional level were analyzed for their adequacy in building local level drought resilience in a village in the Limpopo province, South Africa. Key informant interviews conducted revealed operational drought management challenges that emanate from communication barriers, coordination inconsistences, and undefined, unclear actor roles and responsibilities during disasters. The top-down approach to disaster management, while of some value, currently constrains the effectiveness of the local-level institutions implementing local drought risk reduction efforts. Achieving more successful water and drought governance endeavors could be enhanced by greater and wider engagement with community-based actors and water management institutions.

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Ndiritu, John, Adesola Ilemobade e Paulo Kagoda. "Guidelines for rainwater harvesting system design and assessment for the city of Johannesburg, South Africa". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 379 (5 giugno 2018): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-409-2018.

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Abstract. As water demand increases rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are increasingly being installed for water supply but comprehensive hydrologic design guidelines for RWH do not exist in many parts of the world. The objective of this study was to develop guidelines for the hydrologic design and assessment of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa. The data for developing the guidelines were mainly obtained from multiple daily simulations of potential RWH systems in the city. The simulations used daily rainfall from 8 stations and demands based on the probable non-potable uses of RWH systems – toilet flushing, air conditioning and irrigation. The guidelines were confined to systems that would typically fill up in the wet season and empty towards the end of the dry season of the same year. Therefore, supply-to-demand ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 were applied. Two generalized design charts of dimensionless relationships were developed. One relates the yield ratio with supply-to-demand ratio and reliability while the other relates the yield ratio with the storage-to-demand ratio and reliability. Reliability was defined as the probability of exceedance of annual yield in order to incorporate the large inter-annual variability of rainfall experienced in the region. The analyses and design of an example RWH system is used to illustrate the application of the design charts.

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Bischoff-Mattson, Zachary, Gillian Maree, Coleen Vogel, Amanda Lynch, David Olivier e Deon Terblanche. "Shape of a water crisis: practitioner perspectives on urban water scarcity and ‘Day Zero’ in South Africa". Water Policy 22, n. 2 (27 marzo 2020): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.233.

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Abstract The interruption of essential water services in Cape Town, foreshadowed as ‘Day Zero,’ is one of several recent examples of urban water scarcity connected to the language of urgent climate change. Johannesburg, with its larger and growing population and deeply enmeshed water and power infrastructures, is currently regarded as one drought away from disaster. As a result, the lessons to be learned from Cape Town are under active debate in South Africa. We used Q method to examine the structure of perspectives on urban water scarcity among South African water management practitioners. Our results illustrate distinct viewpoints differentiated by focus on corruption and politics, supply and demand systems, and social justice concerns as well as a distinct cohort of pragmatic optimists. Our analysis underscores the significance of public trust and institutional effectiveness, regardless of otherwise sound policy or infrastructure tools. As practitioners explicitly connect domains of competency to solvable and critical problems, integrated systems approaches will require deliberate interventions. Furthermore, urban water crises exacerbate and are exacerbated by existing experiences of racial and economic inequality, but this effect is masked by focus on demand management of average per capita water consumption and characterization of water scarcity as ‘the new normal.’

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Pinto, Francisco Silva, Alain Michel Tchadie, Susana Neto e Shahbaz Khan. "Contributing to water security through water tariffs: some guidelines for implementation mechanisms". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, n. 4 (23 agosto 2018): 730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.015.

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Abstract The reform of water pricing practices and tariff mechanisms plays an important role in improving water supply services. However, setting tariff policies is a process that is rife with controversy. The current urban development rhythm and consequent challenges, in several developing cities, requires an urgent review and the establishment of an increasingly more ‘integrated’ management system with a suitable water tariff policy to promote water security. Many lessons can be learned from the successes and failures of water pricing policies in other countries and world regions, taking into account the context, status and development of the water supply sector. In this paper, several case studies are assessed throughout different countries or regions (South Africa, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, and Europe) to provide key information able to support successful policy ‘transfer routes’. Based on those lessons, key policy recommendations are summarized to pave the way towards water security, particularly in rapidly growing urban centres that suffer already from water stress.

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Njoko, Sinenhlanhla, e Maxwell Mudhara. "Determinant of farmers’ ability to pay for improved irrigation water supply in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". Water SA 43, n. 2 (21 aprile 2017): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v43i2.07.

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