Articoli di riviste: "Wharton’s jelly"

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Amin, Sapna, Shripad Hebbar, Deepika Pothakamuri e Prashant Adiga. "Significance of Wharton’s jelly area in prediction of aberrant foetal growth". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, n. 7 (27 giugno 2018): 2820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20182888.

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Background: Size of the baby at the time birth determines its outcome. Low birth weight babies have their own set of problems such as respiratory distress syndrome, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, metabolic derangements and high rates of admission to intensive care units. On the other hand too large babies may cause difficulty in vaginal births, higher incidence of birth trauma including the maternal genital injuries. Both conditions are associated with higher rates of operative delivery and hence it is important to investigate parameters which could identify these foetal growth abnormalities in the antenatal period only. The objective of the present investigation was to study the relationship between foetal umbilical cord Wharton’s Jelly Area and neonatal birth weight within two weeks of deliveryMethods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India over a period of two years. Two hundred and fifty women from 34 weeks gestational age who have delivered within two weeks of estimation of Wharton’s Jelly Area by ultrasound were analysed. Wharton’s Jelly Area was measured in pregnant woman after 34 weeks of gestation at the time of third trimester scan. Scans were repeated every two weeks till the woman delivered. Measurements were done in a free loop of the umbilical cord. Regression analysis was used to correlate Wharton’s jelly quantity with the birth weight obtained after birth of the neonate.Results: There was a good correlation between Wharton’s Jelly Area and neonatal birth weight. The mean birth weight was 2247.2 gms in <than 10th centile group, 2945.1gms in 10th to 90th centile and 3552.1 gms in more than 90th centile group, demonstrating a consistent rise in mean birth weight with higher centile groups. Polynomial regression function showed good fit between Wharton’s jelly and birth weight (R² = 0.8842, p<0.001). When Wharton’s jelly area was less than 10th centile, 72% of neonates had small for gestational age (SGA).Conclusions: There is a positive association between Wharton’s Jelly Area and neonatal birth weight. Birth weight of neonate showed steady increase with increasing Wharton’s Jelly Area.

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Seo, Min-Soo, Kyung-Ku Kang, Se-Kyung Oh, Soo-Eun Sung, Kil-Soo Kim, Young-Sam Kwon e Sungho Yun. "Isolation and Characterization of Feline Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells". Veterinary Sciences 8, n. 2 (7 febbraio 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8020024.

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Wharton’s jelly is a well-known mesenchymal stem cell source in many species, including humans. However, there have been no reports confirming the presence of mesenchymal stem cells in Wharton’s jelly in cats. The purpose of this study was to isolate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the Wharton’s jelly of cats and to characterize stem cells. In this study, feline Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (fWJ-MSCs) were isolated and successfully cultured. fWJ-MSCs were maintained and the proliferative potential was measured by cumulative population doubling level (CPDL) test, scratch test, and colony forming unit (CFU) test. Stem cell marker, karyotyping and immunophenotyping analysis by flow cytometry showed that fWJ-MSCs possessed characteristic mesenchymal stem cell markers. To confirm the differentiation potential, we performed osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic induction under each differentiation condition. fWJ-MSCs has the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages, including osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. This study shows that Wharton’s jelly of cat can be a good source of mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, fWJ-MSCs may be useful for stem cell-based therapeutic applications in feline medicine.

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Gogiel, Tomasz, Edward Bańkowski e Stefan Jaworski. "Proteoglycans of Wharton’s jelly". International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 35, n. 10 (ottobre 2003): 1461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1357-2725(03)00128-6.

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Murphy, Sarah J., Nikita Deegan, Bobby D. O'Leary e Peter McParland. "Absence of Wharton’s jelly". BMJ Case Reports 13, n. 11 (novembre 2020): e237222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-237222.

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Wharton’s jelly is a specialised tissue which surrounds the vasculature within the fetal umbilical cord. We present the case of a 42-year-old woman who gave birth to a female infant via emergency caesarean section. At the time of delivery, absence of Wharton’s jelly was noted. This finding was confirmed by histological examination. Emergency caesarean section was necessitated due to a fetal bradycardia, and of note, the patient had presented twice prior to this with reduced fetal movements.

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Dhitiseith, D., e S. Honsawek. "Differential Expression of Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Umbilical Cord Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Treated with Demineralized Bone". Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (agosto 2008): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.697.

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Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotential cells capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, tenocytes, and myoblasts. Wharton’s jelly consists of stem cells that are a rich source of primitive multipotent mesenchymal cells. Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has been widely utilized as a biomaterial to promote new bone formation. We isolate and characterize umbilical cord Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem (UCMS) cells derived from Wharton’s jelly and examine the biological activity of DBM in this cell line. Osteoblast differentiation of the UCMS cells was determined using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay. To examine differential gene expression during osteogenic differentiation, total RNA was isolated from UCMS cells in the absence or presence of DBM on day7 and analyzed using osteogenesis cDNA gene array. The selected genes were verified using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. Wharton’s jelly derived cells could differentiate along an osteogenic lineage after treatment of DBM. The ALP activity assay showed that human UCMS cells could differentiate into osteogenic lineage. Gene expression of human UCMS cells treated with DBM for 7 days was analyzed by using cDNA array and RT-PCR analyses. We found that expression of RUNX2 and SMAD2 was upregulated whereas SMAD7 expression was downregulated as confirmed by RT-PCR. UCMS cells from a Wharton’s jelly of human umbilical cord could express osteogenesis genes for treatment with DBM. Wharton’s jelly from umbilical cord is a new source of mesenchymal stem cells that are readily available for application to bone tissue engineering.

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Świstowska, Małgorzata, Paulina Gil-Kulik, Arkadiusz Krzyżanowski, Tomasz Bielecki, Marcin Czop, Anna Kwaśniewska e Janusz Kocki. "Potential Effect of SOX2 on the Cell Cycle of Wharton’s Jelly Stem Cells (WJSCs)". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (2 giugno 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5084689.

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The connective tissue of the umbilical cord contains stem cells called Wharton’s jelly cells. These cells express core transcription factors (NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2). The protein product of the SOX2 gene controls the cell cycle by interacting with cyclin D (directly and indirectly) and cycle inhibitors—p21 and p27, as well as two E2f3 protein isoforms. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of SOX2 on the cell cycle of stem cells of Wharton’s jelly. The material for the study was the stem cells of Wharton’s jelly isolated from 20 umbilical cords collected during childbirth. The stem cells collected were subjected to cytometric analysis, cell culture, and RNA isolation. cDNA was the starting material for the analysis of gene expression: SOX2, CCND1, CDK4, and CDKN1B. The studies indicate a high proliferative potential of the Wharton’s jelly stem cells and the inhibitory effect of SOX2 on the expression of the CCND1 and CDK4 gene.

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Rajasekharan, Sreekumar, UmesanKannanvilakom Govindapillai, Manju Madhavan C., Suja R. S., Swapna T e Sajeena Narayanan Chitradevi. "To Estimate the Importance of Wharton’s Jelly in the Growth of the Foetus – A Light Microscopic Study". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, n. 35 (30 agosto 2021): 3024–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/617.

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BACKGROUND Human umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein with their tunica intima and tunica media layers. The role of tunica adventitia is fulfilled by Wharton’s jelly, a mucoid connective tissue. The function of Wharton’s jelly is to prevent the vessels from compression and torsion which is essential for foetal development. The purpose of the study was to estimate the importance of Wharton’s jelly in the growth of the foetus. METHODS Umbilical cord tissue collected from each case was immediately put in 10 % formalin for fixation. Slides were then stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. These slides were then read under light microscopy and measurements were taken using a photomicrograph. Wharton’s jelly area was calculated by subtracting the total vessel area from the umbilical cord area. RESULTS The histological measurements of umbilical vessels include the external diameter, lumen diameter, wall thickness, thickness of tunica intima and tunica media, and the area. The mean area of the umbilical cord was 35.73 ±23.04 mm2 (Mean ± SD) and the mean area of the Wharton’s jelly was 29.74 ± 19.26 mm2. There was a significant difference in the external diameter and wall thickness of the umbilical artery. Analyses showed that there was a significantly (P < 0.01) increased external diameter and wall thickness of umbilical artery in normal cases, compared to single umbilical artery cases. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant positive correlation between the gestational age and the external diameter of the umbilical cord. There was a significant difference in the external diameter of the umbilical cord between SUA cases (4.45 mm) and the other foetuses with normal umbilical cord (6.53 mm). There was a significantly increased external diameter, lumen diameter, wall thickness and area of umbilical vein in normal cases, compared to single umbilical artery cases. There was a significantly increased area of umbilical cord and area of Wharton’s jelly in normal umbilical cord foetuses than foetuses with a single umbilical artery. KEY WORDS Foetus, Umbilical Cord, Wharton’s Jelly, Umbilical Artery, Umbilical Vein, Light Microscopy

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Stocco, Elena, Silvia Barbon, Daniele Dalzoppo, Silvano Lora, Leonardo Sartore, Marcella Folin, Pier Paolo Parnigotto e Claudio Grandi. "Tailored PVA/ECM Scaffolds for Cartilage Regeneration". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/762189.

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Articular cartilage lesions are a particular challenge for regenerative medicine due to cartilage low self-ability repair in case of damage. Hence, a significant goal of musculoskeletal tissue engineering is the development of suitable structures in virtue of their matrix composition and biomechanical properties. The objective of our study was to designin vitroa supporting structure for autologous chondrocyte growth. We realized a biohybrid composite scaffold combining a novel and nonspecific extracellular matrix (ECM), which is decellularized Wharton’s jelly ECM, with the biomechanical properties of the synthetic hydrogel polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Wharton’s jelly ECM was tested for its ability in promoting scaffold colonization by chondrocytes and compared with polyvinyl alcohol itself and the more specific decellularized cartilage matrix. Our preliminary evidences highlighted the chance of using Wharton’s jelly ECM in combination with PVA hydrogels as an innovative and easily available scaffold for cartilage restoration.

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Behera, Shashi Shankar, Shashi Shankar Behera e Prafulla Kumar Chinara. "EVALUATION OF FETAL WEIGHT SONOGRAPHICALLY USING AREA OF WHARTON’S JELLY AND MORPHOLOGY OF UMBILICAL CORD". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, n. 10 (1 settembre 2017): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20037.

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Objective: To establish a sonographic relationship between Area of Wharton’s Jelly (AWJ) and umbilical cord morphometry with the birth weight of the fetus in low-risk pregnancies from 13 to 40 weeks.Methods: A total of 800 singleton pregnant females were subjected for routine sonographic evaluation. The umbilical cord length, diameter, and AWJ were determined. The gestational age and fetal weight were determined using usual fetal parameters. Umbilical cord morphometry along with Area of Wharton Jelly can be utilized as other parameters to increase the accuracy of fetal weight.Results: In our study, the umbilical cord diameter at birth showed statistically significant positive correlation with birth weight (R=0.167; p<0.001). Umbilical cord length, diameter, and Area of Wharton Jelly showed statistically significant positive correlation with birth weight (p<0.001).Conclusion: Using statistical analysis, a positive correlation was established between estimated fetal weight and fetal age with umbilical cord morphometry and AWJ.

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Stefańska, Katarzyna, Katarzyna Ożegowska, Greg Hutchings, Małgorzata Popis, Lisa Moncrieff, Claudia Dompe, Krzysztof Janowicz et al. "Human Wharton’s Jelly—Cellular Specificity, Stemness Potency, Animal Models, and Current Application in Human Clinical Trials". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, n. 4 (12 aprile 2020): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041102.

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Stem cell therapies offer a great promise for regenerative and reconstructive medicine, due to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Although embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, their utilization involves embryo destruction and is ethically controversial. Therefore, adult tissues that have emerged as an alternative source of stem cells and perinatal tissues, such as the umbilical cord, appear to be particularly attractive. Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous connective tissue contained in the umbilical cord, is abundant in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that express CD105, CD73, CD90, Oct-4, Sox-2, and Nanog among others, and have the ability to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and other lineages. Moreover, Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) do not express MHC-II and exhibit immunomodulatory properties, which makes them a good alternative for allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantations in cellular therapies. Therefore, umbilical cord, especially Wharton’s jelly, is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells.

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Cole, Jennifer, e Fidan Israfil-Bayli. "Wharton’s jelly: The significance of absence". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 36, n. 4 (13 gennaio 2016): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1094041.

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Sobolewski, Krzysztof, Edward Bańkowski, Lech Chyczewski e Stefan Jaworski. "Collagen and Glycosaminoglycans of Wharton’s Jelly". Neonatology 71, n. 1 (1997): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000244392.

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Trivedi, Swati, Lata Ratanoo, Shivani Purohit e Prasoon Rastogi. "Absence of Wharton’s jelly: an association with feto-maternal morbidity". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, n. 3 (27 febbraio 2020): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20200926.

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Umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein connecting fetus to the placenta and is responsible for blood flow between the two. It is surrounded by Wharton’s jelly which is a gelatinous substance and functions as adventitia layer of umbilical vessels, thereby providing insulation and protection to the umbilical cord. Umbilical cord abnormalities are associated with poor perinatal outcomes. Very few cases of absent Wharton’s jelly are reported in literature. Ours might be the 8th one in which we did a lower segment caesarean section for meconium stained liquor but the baby died after 12 hours.

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Sidhom, Elga, Māra Pilmane e Ilze Kreicberga. "Molecular events in the Wharton’s jelly and blood vessels of human umbilical cord". Papers on Anthropology 26, n. 2 (18 settembre 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2017.26.2.12.

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The umbilical cord is seen as the main junction between the developing embryo or fetus and placenta. We studied the antimicrobial response, the presence of undifferentiated cells and TGF-α, as well as tissue degeneration and compensatory remodelling processes in the cells of human umbilical cord.Seven umbilical cord tissue samples obtained during premature and full term births were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by immunohistochemistry for human beta defensin 2 (hBD-2), hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), nestin and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). The intensity of staining was graded semiquantitatively.Antimicrobial response was more prominent in the Wharton’s jelly – we found numerous hBD-2-containing cells, while hBD-2 positive cells in the walls of arteries and vein varied from moderate to abundance. Numerous cells in the Wharton’s jelly contained CD34, while in the walls of blood vessels few to moderate stained positive for CD34. MMP-2, TIMP-2 and nestin positive cells were found in all the tissue samples and varied from numerous in the walls of blood vessels to abundance in the Wharton’s jelly and the inflammation region. The abundance of TGF-α-containing cells was found in Wharton’s jelly and moderate to numerous cells of blood vessels contained TGF-α.Conclusions: The human umbilical cord possesses antimicrobial activity and shows the presence of undifferentiated cells. The striking distribution and the expression of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and nestin suggest their role in the very effective and extensive tissue degeneration and compensatory remodelling processes. TGF-α seems to be an important growth factor for extra-embryonic tissue development.

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Afroze, Khizer Hussain, Lakshmiprabha Subash e Anand S. H. "Antenatal sonographic assessment of cross sectional area of umbilical cord components and its reference value in normal pregnancy". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, n. 10 (26 settembre 2018): 3924. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20183851.

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Background: Measuring the cross-sectional area of umbilical components in normal pregnant women helps in assessing the fetal abnormalities. Very few literatures were available on evaluation of reference values of cross sectional areas of umbilical cord components. The present study was conducted with the aim to determine the normal reference values of cross sectional areas of umbilical arteries, umbilical vein and Wharton’s jelly and to correlate them with the gestational age of the fetus.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 300 normal pregnant women at the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumakuru, Karnataka to assess the reference range of cross sectional areas of umbilical cord arteries, umbilical vein and Wharton’s jelly at different gestational age of the fetus to analyze their growth.Results: A statistically significant correlation was observed between cross sectional areas of umbilical artery and vein and gestational age before and after 34 weeks (p=0.005 and 0.006 respectively) but no significant correlation was noticed with the cross-sectional area of Wharton’s jelly (p=0.088).Conclusions: Cross sectional area measurements of umbilical cord components can be considered as important tools for estimation of fetal growth.

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Taghizadeh, R. R., K. J. Cetrulo e C. L. Cetrulo. "Wharton’s Jelly stem cells: Future clinical applications". Placenta 32 (ottobre 2011): S311—S315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2011.06.010.

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Małkowski, Andrzej, Krzysztof Sobolewski, Stefan Jaworski e Edward Bańkowski. "TGF-β binding in human Wharton’s jelly". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 311, n. 1-2 (24 gennaio 2008): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-008-9704-x.

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Tsymbaliuk, V., O. Velychko, O. Pichkur, S. Verbovska, L. Pichkur e N. Shuvalova. "Effects of human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells and Interleukin-10 on behavioural responses of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis". Cell and Organ Transplantology 3, n. 1 (31 maggio 2015): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22494/cot.v3i1.19.

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On the rat model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), as analogue of multiple sclerosis of human, we studied the effect of Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells and interleukin-10 on the functional parameters of the CNS.Materials and methods. EAE was induced with spinal cord homogenate of rats with complete Freund’s adjuvant. MSCs were isolated by the explants technique from Wharton’s jelly of the human umbilical cord and cultured up to two passages. Recombinant IL-10 was administered intravenously on the day 10 after induction of EAE and subocipitally on the day 17 at a dose of 0.2 mg per animal. Cell transplantation performed subocipitally on the day 17 at a dose of 106 cells per animal. Behavioral reactions studied in the “open field” test three times: on the day 12, 15 and 24 after the induction of EAE.Results. Induced EAE results in significant changes in adaptive behavior of rats on the 12th day as suppression of orienting-exploratory and activation of emotional activity. The application of MSCs and IL-10 has normalized the rates of cognitive activities (orienting-exploratory activity) and emotional sphere (the level of fear, anxiety).Conclusion. Combined treatment of induced EAE in rats with interleukin-10 and human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells is effective at correction of behavioral responses of animals.

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Kulkarni, M. L., Prakash S. Matadh, C. Ashok, N. Pradeep, T. Avinash e Akhil M. Kulkarni. "Absence of Wharton’s jelly around the umbilical arteries". Indian Journal of Pediatrics 74, n. 8 (agosto 2007): 787–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-007-0142-7.

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Jang, Jun Ho, Hyun Woo Lee, Young-Woo Eom, Seok Yun Kang, Joon Seong Park, Jin Hyuk Choi e Hugh C. Kim. "Usefulness of Wharton’s Jelly, Cord Blood, and Adipose Tissue as Alternative Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Blood 108, n. 11 (16 novembre 2006): 4250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.4250.4250.

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Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a highly promising source of adult stem cells for purposes of cell therapy and tissue repair in the field of regenerative medicine. Although the most studied and accessible source of MSC is the bone marrow, the clinical use of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) has presented problems, including pain, morbidity, and low cell number upon harvest. For those reasons, we isolated, cultured, and characterized MSCs from a number of tissues; including wharton’s jelly, cord blood, and adipose tissues that were discarded routinely in the past, and evaluated the usefulness of these MSCs compared to BMSCs. Proliferation ability of Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs), Cord blood-derived MSCs (CB-MSCs), or adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs) was lost at passage 8–10 (22–27 population doubling), passage 7–10, or passage 7–12 (45–50 population doubling), respectively. WJ-MSCs, CB-MSCs, and ASCs expressed CD73, CD90, and CD105, CD90, CD105, and CD166, and CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD166, respectively, were absent for CD14, CD31, and CD45, and differentiated into osteoblast, adipocyte, and chondrogenic lineages under appropriate culture condition. In this study, like BMSCs, WJ-MSCs, CB-MSCs, and ASCs expressed similar cell surface antigens, were able to differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, and possessed highly proliferation potential. Therefore, MSCs isolated from wharton’s jelly, cord blood, and adipose tissue may become useful alternative sources of MSCs to cell therapy and tissue repair in the field of regenerative medicine.

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Lina, Yani, e Andi Wijaya. "Novel Sources of Fetal Stem Cells for Future Regenerative Medicine". Indonesian Biomedical Journal 4, n. 1 (1 aprile 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v4i1.155.

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BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stromal cells are multipotent cells considered to be of great promise for use in regenerative medicine. However, the cell dose may be a critical factor in many clinical conditions and the yield resulting from the ex vivo expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow may be insufficient. Thus, alternative sources of mesenchymal stromal cells need to be explored.CONTENT: There are multiple extra-embryonic tissues emerging during gestation including umbilical cord blood (UCB), amniotic fluid (AF), Wharton’s jelly, the amniotic membrane and the placenta, which are all discarded following birth. Fetal stem cells from these sources actually represent a new class of stem cells developmentally and operationally located between the state of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells, sharing and exhibiting features of pluripotency and multipotency, without necessarily implying that they can generate every type of tissue.SUMMARY: Fetal stem cells have been recently isolated from several tissues (amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, Wharton’s jelly, amnion and placenta). They are derived either from the fetus proper or from the supportive extra-embryonic structures. They represent ideal sources for regenerative medicine since they are easily accessible, exhibit high proliferation rates, do not form teratomas and present no ethical reservations like embryonic stem cells (ESC). Their functional features indicate that they actually represent intermediates between ESC and adult stem cells.KEYWORDS: mesenchymal stem cells, fetal stem cells, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, placenta, wharton’s jelly

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Gil-Kulik, Paulina, Piotr Chomik, Arkadiusz Krzyżanowski, Elżbieta Radzikowska-Büchner, Ryszard Maciejewski, Anna Kwaśniewska, Mansur Rahnama e Janusz Kocki. "Influence of the Type of Delivery, Use of Oxytocin, and Maternal Age on POU5F1 Gene Expression in Stem Cells Derived from Wharton’s Jelly within the Umbilical Cord". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (14 dicembre 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1027106.

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The paper presents an evaluation of the POU5F1 gene expression in mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton’s jelly within the umbilical cord, collected from 36 patients during labor. The study is the first one to show that the expression of POU5F1 in mesenchymal stem cells has been dependent on maternal age, birth order, route of delivery, and use of oxytocin. Our research proves that the POU5F1 gene expression in mesenchymal stem cells decreases with each subsequent pregnancy and delivery. Wharton’s jelly stem cells obtained from younger women and during their first delivery, as well as patients treated with oxytocin, show higher POU5F1 gene expression when compared with the subsequent deliveries. This leads to a conclusion that they are characterized by a lower level of differentiation, which in turn results in their greater plasticity and greater proliferative potential. Probably, they are also clinically more useful.

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Szydlak, Renata, Marcin Majka, Małgorzata Lekka, Marta Kot e Piotr Laidler. "AFM-based Analysis of Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n. 18 (5 settembre 2019): 4351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184351.

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Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can be used in regenerative medicine. However, to reach the high therapeutic efficacy of WJ-MSCs, it is necessary to obtain a large amount of MSCs, which requires their extensive in vitro culturing. Numerous studies have shown that in vitro expansion of MSCs can lead to changes in cell behavior; cells lose their ability to proliferate, differentiate and migrate. One of the important measures of cells’ migration potential is their elasticity, determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and quantified by Young’s modulus. This work describes the elasticity of WJ-MSCs during in vitro cultivation. To identify the properties that enable transmigration, the deformability of WJ-MSCs that were able to migrate across the endothelial monolayer or Matrigel was analyzed by AFM. We showed that WJ-MSCs displayed differences in deformability during in vitro cultivation. This phenomenon seems to be strongly correlated with the organization of F-actin and reflects the changes characteristic for stem cell maturation. Furthermore, the results confirm the relationship between the deformability of WJ-MSCs and their migration potential and suggest the use of Young’s modulus as one of the measures of competency of MSCs with respect to their possible use in therapy.

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Gil-Kulik, Paulina, Małgorzata Świstowska, Adrianna Kondracka, Piotr Chomik, Arkadiusz Krzyżanowski, Anna Kwaśniewska, Mansur Rahnama e Janusz Kocki. "Increased Expression of BIRC2, BIRC3, and BIRC5 from the IAP Family in Mesenchymal Stem Cells of the Umbilical Cord Wharton’s Jelly (WJSC) in Younger Women Giving Birth Naturally". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (8 aprile 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9084730.

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The knowledge of factors affecting the viability as well as proliferation and therapeutic potential of perinatal stem cells is of great importance for the decisions concerning their collection, multiplication, and storing. The aim of this work is to evaluate the expression of the BIRC2, BIRC3, and BIRC5 genes at the level of transcription in mesenchymal stem cells derived from the umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly. The study examined the relationship between the expression level of the studied genes and selected biophysical parameters of umbilical blood: pH, pCO2, pO2, and cHCO3. Moreover, the relationship between the pregnant age, the type of delivery (natural delivery or cesarean section), and the level of expression of the BIRC2, BIRC3, and BIRC5 genes was assessed. The research was carried out on mesenchymal stem cells derived from the umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly (WJSC) taken from 55 women immediately after delivery. Expression of the examined genes was assessed with the qPCR method using commercially available reagent kits. On the basis of the conducted research, it was demonstrated that WJSCs collected from younger women giving birth naturally, and in the acidic environment of the umbilical cord blood, are characterized by a higher expression of the BIRC2, BIRC3, and BIRC5 genes. It was shown that the expression of the BIRC2 and BIRC3 genes in Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells declines with the mother’s age. Our research suggests that stem cells collected from younger women giving birth naturally can be more resistant to apoptosis and show a more stem cell-like character, which can increase their therapeutic potential and clinical utility, but this conclusion needs to be approved in the next studies.

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Yoon, Jong Hyun, Eun Youn Roh, Sue Shin, Nam Hee Jung, Eun Young Song, Ju Young Chang, Byoung Jae Kim e Hye Won Jeon. "Comparison of Explant-Derived and Enzymatic Digestion-Derived MSCs and the Growth Factors from Wharton’s Jelly". BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/428726.

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Wharton’s jelly is not only one of the most promising tissue sources for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) but also a source of natural growth factors. To prove that we can get both natural growth factors and MSCs from Wharton’s jelly, we compared cellular characteristics and the level of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from samples using the explant culture method to those derived from the traditional enzymatic culture method. The levels of bFGF were27.0±11.7 ng/g on day 3,15.6±11.1 ng/g on day 6, and decreased to2.6±1.2 ng/g on day 14. The total amount of bFGF released was55.0±25.6 ng/g on explant culture. Compared with the traditional enzymatic digestion method, the explant culture method showed a tendency to release higher levels of bFGF in supernatant media for the first week of culture, and the higher cellular yield at passage 0 (4.89±3.2×105/g versus1.75±2.2×105/g,P=0.01). In addition, the genes related to mitosis were upregulated in the explant-derived MSCs.

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TOKTAROVA, O. A., D. A. ISHMAEVA e Ya E. HERMAN. "Combined pathology of the umbilical cord as a cause of perinatal losses". Practical medicine 19, n. 2 (2021): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2021-2-87-91.

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The article presents a clinical case of the antenatal death of a fetus due to a combined umbilical cord pathology prenatally diagnosed with ultrasound: the absence of Wharton’s jelly, thin umbilical cord and the only artery of the umbilical cord. Stages of prenatal care using the methods of visual examination of the fetus are described.

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Hajazimian, Saba, Masoud Maleki, Shahla Danaei Mehrabad e Alireza Isazadeh. "Human Wharton’s jelly stem cells inhibit endometriosis through apoptosis induction". Reproduction 159, n. 5 (maggio 2020): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-19-0597.

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Endometriosis is a relatively benign disease characterized by endometrial tumors and uterus stroma. Apoptosis suppression is one of the most important pathological processes of endometriosis. Recently, several studies reported that human Wharton’s jelly stem cells (hWJSCs) can inhibit growth and proliferation of various cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hWJSCs conditioned medium (hWJSC-CM) and cell-free lysate (hWJSC-CL) on endometriosis cells in vitro. In the present study, effects of different concentrations of hWJSC-CM and hWJSC-CL on viability and proliferation, morphological alterations, colony formation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of endometriosis cells were evaluated. Our results showed that hWJSC-CM and hWJSC-CL decrease viability and proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion, as well as increase morphological alterations and apoptosis of endometriosis cells, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Decreased migration and invasion of treated endometriosis cells with hWJSC-CM and hWJSC-CL may be due to decrease of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression. Moreover, induction of apoptosis in treated endometriosis cells can be due to regulation of apoptosis-related genes expression, including BAX, BCL-2, SMAC, and SURVIVIN. The results of the present study suggest that hWJSC-CM and hWJSC-CL can inhibit endometriosis cells at a mild-to-moderate level through various physiological mechanisms. However, further studies on animal models are necessary to achieve more accurate results.

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Romanowicz, Lech, e Edward Bańkowski. "Altered Sphingolipid Composition in Wharton’s Jelly of Pre-Eclamptic Newborns". Pathobiology 77, n. 2 (2010): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000278289.

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Vieira Paladino, Fernanda, Juliana de Moraes Rodrigues, Aline da Silva e Anna Carla Goldberg. "The Immunomodulatory Potential of Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells". Stem Cells International 2019 (11 giugno 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3548917.

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The benefits attributed to mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) in cell therapy applications are mainly attributed to the secretion of factors, which exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and stimulate angiogenesis. Despite the desirable features such as high proliferation levels, multipotency, and immune response regulation, there are important variables that must be considered. Although presenting similar morphological aspects, MSC collected from different tissues can form heterogeneous cellular populations and, therefore, manifest functional differences. Thus, the source of MSC should be a factor to be considered in the development of novel therapies. The following text presents an updated review of recent research outcomes related to Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (WJ-MSC), harvested from umbilical cords and considered novel and potential candidates for the development of cell-based approaches. This text highlights information on how WJ-MSC affect immune responses in comparison with other sources of MSC.

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Cetrulo, C. "26. Wharton’s Jelly stem cells: Isolation, extraction and preliminary characterization". Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 11, n. 11 (novembre 2005): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.08.024.

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Merlo, Barbara, Gabriella Teti, Eleonora Mazzotti, Laura Ingrà, Viviana Salvatore, Marina Buzzi, Giorgia Cerqueni et al. "Wharton’s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Comparing Human and Horse". Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 14, n. 4 (5 marzo 2018): 574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-018-9803-3.

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Vennila, Rosy, Raja Sundari M. Sundaram, Sakthivel Selvaraj, Prasanna Srinivasan, Surajit Pathak, Secunda Rupert e Surendran Rajagopal. "Effect of Human Platelet Lysate in Differentiation of Wharton’s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells". Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 19, n. 8 (11 novembre 2019): 1177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530319666190226165910.

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Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly preferred in clinical therapy for repair and regeneration of diseased tissues for their multipotent properties. Conventionally, MSCs have been cultured in media supplemented with animal derived serum, however, it is ideal to expand MSCs in media containing supplements of human origin for clinical therapy. Currently, a number of human derived products are being studied as an alternative to animal sources. Amongst these, platelet lysate (PL) has gained interest in the culture of MSCs without affecting their phenotypic property. Objective: In this study, we used various concentration of PL (2.5, 5, 7.5 & 10%) in the growth medium of MSCs to identify the least concentration of PL that could be an effective alternative to animal products. Methods: MSCs were isolated from Wharton’s Jelly by using explant method and expanded in various concentration of PL supplemented medium against the standard FBS containing medium. WJ-MSCs were characterised as per the minimal criteria proposed by International Society for Cell therapy (ISCT), Proliferation study by BrdU assay, gene expression study by qRT-PCR, sterility test for bacteria, Mycoplasma by PCR and endotoxin detection by LAL assay. Results: Whartons jelly derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) cultured using standard medium supplemented with various concentration of PL exhibited enhanced proliferation and differentiation potential, unaltered immunophenotypic property and genetic stability when compared with the commercial medium containing 10% FBS. Conclusion: The least concentration of PL for an ideal expansion of MSCs was found to be 2.5% and was comparable to FBS.

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Kim, Young Eun, Se In Sung, Yun Sil Chang, So Yoon Ahn, Dong Kyung Sung e Won Soon Park. "Thrombin Preconditioning Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Wharton’s Jelly–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Severe Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n. 10 (20 maggio 2019): 2477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102477.

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We investigated whether thrombin preconditioning of human Wharton’s jelly–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improves paracrine potency and thus the therapeutic efficacy of naïve MSCs against severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Thrombin preconditioning significantly enhances the neuroprotective anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-cytotoxic effects of naïve MSCs against oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) of cortical neurons in vitro. Severe HIE was induced in vivo using unilateral carotid artery ligation and hypoxia for 2 h and confirmed using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involving >40% of ipsilateral hemisphere at postnatal day (P) 7 in newborn rats. Delayed intraventricular transplantation of 1 × 105 thrombin preconditioned but not naïve MSCs at 24 h after hypothermia significantly enhanced observed anti-inflammatory, anti-astroglial, and anti-apoptotic effects and the ensuing brain infarction; behavioral tests, such as cylinder rearing and negative geotaxis tests, were conducted at P42. In summary, thrombin preconditioning of human Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs significantly boosted the neuroprotective effects of naïve MSCs against OGD in vitro by enhancing their anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-cytotoxic effects, and significantly attenuated the severe HIE-induced brain infarction and improved behavioral function tests in vivo by maximizing their paracrine anti-inflammatory, anti-astroglial, and anti-apoptotic effects.

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Xiao, Tongguang, Weimin Guo, Mingxue Chen, Chunxiang Hao, Shuang Gao, Jingxiang Huang, Zhiguo Yuan et al. "Fabrication and In Vitro Study of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Scaffold Derived from Wharton’s Jelly Extracellular Matrix". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5839071.

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The scaffold is a key element in cartilage tissue engineering. The components of Wharton’s jelly are similar to those of articular cartilage and it also contains some chondrogenic growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor I and transforming growth factor-β. We fabricated a tissue-engineered cartilage scaffold derived from Wharton’s jelly extracellular matrix (WJECM) and compared it with a scaffold derived from articular cartilage ECM (ACECM) using freeze-drying. The results demonstrated that both WJECM and ACECM scaffolds possessed favorable pore sizes and porosities; moreover, they showed good water uptake ratios and compressive moduli. Histological staining confirmed that the WJECM and ACECM scaffolds contained similar ECM. Moreover, both scaffolds showed good cellular adherence, bioactivity, and biocompatibility. MTT and DNA content assessments confirmed that the ACECM scaffold tended to be more beneficial for improving cell proliferation than the WJECM scaffold. However, RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the WJECM scaffold was more favorable to enhance cellular chondrogenesis than the ACECM scaffold, showing more collagen II and aggrecan mRNA expression. These results were confirmed indirectly by glycosaminoglycan and collagen content assessments and partially confirmed by histology and immunofluorescent staining. In conclusion, these results suggest that a WJECM scaffold may be favorable for future cartilage tissue engineering.

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Liu, Shuyun, Yanhui Jia, Mei Yuan, Weimin Guo, Jingxiang Huang, Bin Zhao, Jiang Peng, Wenjing Xu, Shibi Lu e Quanyi Guo. "Repair of Osteochondral Defects Using Human Umbilical Cord Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rabbit Model". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8760383.

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Umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell (WJMSC) is a new-found mesenchymal stem cell in recent years with multiple lineage potential. Due to its abundant resources, no damage procurement, and lower immunogenicity than other adult MSCs, WJMSC promises to be a good xenogenous cell candidate for tissue engineering. This in vivo pilot study explored the use of human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs) containing a tissue engineering construct xenotransplant in rabbits to repair full-thickness cartilage defects in the femoral patellar groove. We observed orderly spatial-temporal remodeling of hWJMSCs into cartilage tissues during repair over 16 months, with characteristic architectural features, including a hyaline-like neocartilage layer with good surface regularity, complete integration with adjacent host cartilage, and regenerated subchondral bone. No immune rejection was detected when xenograft hWJMSCs were implanted into rabbit cartilage defects. The repair results using hWJMSCs were superior to those of chondrogenically induced hWJMSCs after assessing gross appearance and histological grading scores. These preliminary results suggest that using novel undifferentiated hWJMSCs as seed cells might be a better approach than using transforming growth factor-β-induced differentiated hWJMSCs for in vivo tissue engineering treatment of cartilage defects. hWJMSC allografts may be promising for clinical applications.

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Ariyati, Nora, Kusworini Kusworini, Nurdiana Nurdiana e Yohanes Widodo Wirohadidjojo. "Low Degree Hyaluronic Acid Crosslinking Inducing the Release of TGF-Β1 in Conditioned Medium of Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Stem Cells". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, n. 10 (14 maggio 2019): 1572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.307.

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BACKGROUND: Presently, the application of stem cells and their paracrine effect for anti-ageing therapy has commenced. Wharton's jelly-derived stem cell conditioned medium (WJSCs-CM) is renowned for increasing proliferation, migrate ageing skin fibroblasts and increase consumption of extracellular transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). With more than 85% of frequently used dermal filler procedures are hyaluronic acid fillers (HA), a mixture of both with optimal HA crosslinking degree has not yet been identified. AIM: This study aimed to determine the discrepancies in the results of various HA crosslinking degree in WJSCs-CM concerning various levels of growth factors (GF). METHODS: Conditioned medium was obtained from mesenchymal stem cells Wharton’s jelly of the newborn umbilical cord with caesarean section procedure, fabricated with hypoxia method (HCM). HA was obtained from preparations on the market with crosslinking degrees of 3%, 4%, and 10%. GF levels were measured using sandwich ELISA method based on the protocol provided by anti-TGF-β1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) antibody producers (Cloud-Clone Corp®, Texas, USA). RESULTS: Low degree HA crosslinking (3% and 4%) elevated TGF-β1 release in WJSCs-CM. HA crosslinking did not provoke increased levels of PDGF and bFGF in WJSCs-CM, both at low and higher degrees. CONCLUSION: Low degree HA crosslinking induced the increase of TGF-β1 release in WJSCs-CM.

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Shaikh, Arika. "Development of Defined Culture Conditions for Human Wharton’s Jelly Stem Cells". Arsenal: The Undergraduate Research Journal of Augusta University 3, n. 2 (4 maggio 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21633/issn.2380.5064/s.2020.03.02.40.

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Bharathiraja, Chinnapandi, Raman Sukirtha, Muthukalingan Krishnan e Shanmugam Achiraman. "Interaction of Wharton’s Jelly Derived Fetal Mesenchymal Cells with Tumor Cells". Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 9, n. 6 (7 maggio 2014): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888x09666140507153248.

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Jaimes-Parra, Boris Damian. "Microscopic evaluation of transdifferentiation of Wharton’s jelly stem cells to urothelium". ACTUALIDAD MEDICA 99, n. 793 (31 dicembre 2014): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15568/am.2014.793.or03.

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Rachakatla, Raja Shekar, e Deryl Troyer. "Wharton’s jelly stromal cells as potential delivery vehicles for cancer therapeutics". Future Oncology 5, n. 8 (ottobre 2009): 1237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon.09.99.

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Kiran, Hakan, Gurkan Kiran e Yonca Kanber. "Pseudocyst of the umbilical cord with mucoid degeneration of Wharton’s jelly". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 111, n. 1 (novembre 2003): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-2115(03)00120-9.

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Liau, L. L., B. H. I. Ruszymah, M. H. Ng e J. X. Law. "Characteristics and clinical applications of Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells". Current Research in Translational Medicine 68, n. 1 (gennaio 2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retram.2019.09.001.

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Kamolz, Lars-Peter, Maike Keck e Cornelia Kasper. "Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells promote wound healing and tissue regeneration". Stem Cell Research & Therapy 5, n. 3 (2014): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/scrt451.

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Babaee, Abdolreza, Seyed Noureddin Nematollahi-Mahani, Samereh Dehghani-Soltani, Mohammad Shojaei e Massood Ezzatabadipour. "Photobiomodulation and gametogenic potential of human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 514, n. 1 (giugno 2019): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.059.

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He, Haiping, Tokiko Nagamura-Inoue, Atsuko Takahashi, Yuka Mori, Yuki Yamamoto, Takahisa Shimazu, Hajime Tsunoda e Arinobu Tojo. "Immunosuppressive properties of Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro". International Journal of Hematology 102, n. 3 (31 luglio 2015): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12185-015-1844-7.

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Kalyuzhnaya, L. I., V. E. Chernov, A. S. Frumkina, S. V. Chebotarev, D. A. Zemlyanoy, D. V. Tovpeko e A. V. Kosulin. "Fabrication of human Wharton’s jelly extra cellular matrix for tissue engineering". Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 22, n. 1 (15 dicembre 2020): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma25980.

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The development of tissue engineering is based on the use of the extracellular matrix as a construct to which cells migrate and attach for proliferation, differentiation, and long-term functioning. The preparation of the matrix is one of the most important tasks, since it must be non-immunogenic, have optimal mechanical properties, contain cell adhesion molecules and growth factors and degrade at the predicted time. The search for biomaterial for the manufacture of the matrix is limited by a number of circumstances. Tissue-specific for the matrix intravital biomaterial is limited, cadaveric is not acceptable due to age-related changes or diseases that reduce the regenerative capacity of tissues; synthetic materials lack cell adhesion molecules or are not degraded. The umbilical cord is an accessible homologous biomaterial of non- embryonic origin, preserving the features of the embryonic phenotype. The optimal method of decellularization of the Warton jelly of the human umbilical cord in the manufacture of a full-component cell-free matrix is substantiated. Umbilical cord decellularization was carried out using a detergent method with a 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution for 24 hours. The quality of the decellularization was evaluated microscopically by staining with fluorescent dye and quantification of nucleic acids. The gentle method used to remove cells from the Warton jelly tissue meets the existing criteria for the effectiveness of decellularization, since only single cells and a small amount of deoxyribonucleic acid remain in the processed biomaterial. The technique does not provide centrifugation at high speeds, in which glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are lost from the matrix, the enzymatic action that destroys fibrillar collagen structures, and non-physiological conditions of decellularization. The therapeutic success of tissue-engineering structures based on the extracellular matrix will depend not only on the bioactivity of the umbilical cord, but also on the safety of the composition, structure and mechanical characteristics of the matrix. Due to the availability and non-invasiveness of receiving from healthy young donors, provisional organs are an excellent source of homologous biomaterial for matrix production.

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Kassem, Dina H., e Mohamed M. Kamal. "Wharton’s Jelly MSCs: Potential Weapon to Sharpen for Our Battle against DM". Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 31, n. 4 (aprile 2020): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2020.01.001.

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Talebi, Mehdi, Hojjatollah Nozad Charoudeh, Ali Akbar Movassaghpour Akbari, Behzad Baradaran e Tohid Kazemi. "Acellular Wharton’s Jelly, Potentials in T-Cell Subtypes Differentiation, Activation and Proliferation". Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 10, n. 4 (9 agosto 2020): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/apb.2020.074.

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Purpose : Because of different potentials of T-cell subtypes in T-cell based cellular immunotherapy approaches such as CAR-T cell therapies; Regarding the high cost of the serum-free specific culture media, having distinct control on T-cell subset activation, expansion and differentiation seem crucial in T-cell expansion step of cell preparation methods. By the way, there was no clear data about the effect of acellular Wharton’s Jelly (AWJ) on T-cells expansion, activation or differentiation status. So, we have launched to study the effect of AWJ on T-cell’s immunobiological properties. Methods: CD3+ T-cells were isolated from healthy bone marrow allogeneic donors, sorted by FACS method and cultured on either routine phyto-hemagglutinin complemented and different concentrations of AWJ, lag phase and doubling time of the cells calculated from cell growth curve. After 3, 7 and 14-days T-cell subtypes cell markers and cell activity related genes expression rate have been evaluated by flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods respectively. Results: AWJ in a 1:1 ratio compared with contemporary lymphocyte culture media showed significant activating and proliferative capacities. The introduced condition has not affected the frequency of CD4+ subpopulation of T-cells, but significantly increased even CD8+ cells and immune-activator genes in T-cells. The regulatory and memory subsets of T-cells in this study have not affected significantly. Conclusion: the study results revealed that AWJ can be utilized as a supportive substance to increase the memory properties of the T-cells, gives control to design a selective medium for expanding and differentiating memory T-cells, relatively.

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Mallis, Panagiotis, Dimitra Boulari, Panagiota Chachlaki, Catherine Stavropoulos Giokas e Efstathios Michalopoulos. "Vitrified Wharton’s jelly tissue as a biomaterial for multiple tissue engineering applications". Gynecological Endocrinology 36, n. 2 (25 giugno 2019): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2019.1632831.

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Buyl, Karolien, Joery De Kock, Mehdi Najar, Laurence Lagneaux, Steven Branson, Vera Rogiers e Tamara Vanhaecke. "Characterization of hepatic markers in human Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells". Toxicology in Vitro 28, n. 1 (febbraio 2014): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.014.

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