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Tesi sul tema "Women criminal justice personnel"
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1
Londono, Patricia. "Women, human rights and criminal justice". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a732023d-2de0-40cd-b132-9caa0df73135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis aims to contribute to the development of arguments that better incorporate women into the existing human rights paradigm. The human rights analysis is developed in relation to two substantive areas: sexual violence and female prisoners' rights. The first chapter questions whether the current human rights paradigm can address women's human rights claims, or if this discourse should be abandoned altogether. It sets out a number of feminist theories, showing how they evolved, analysing their strengths and weaknesses, and assessing them against the subject matter of the thesis. The strength of the human rights paradigm is examined with reference to the criticisms of liberal legal theory: the dependence on notions of negative freedom; the separation of public and private spheres of life; the emphasis on the neutrality and rationality of the liberal individual; and the focus on formal equality. The manner in which the substantive law of rape is dealt with in human rights jurisprudence is analysed. The potential for human rights jurisprudence to affect the Sexual Offences Act 2003 is considered, particularly in relation to the new definition of consent. A new procedural framework for the handling of rape cases is developed. By drawing on the work of Alexy, it is argued that notions of rights within ECHR jurisprudence ought to be more subjective, enabling complainants to raise human rights claims in the context of criminal trials. A framework for the reconciliation of positive duties owed to defendant and complainant under the Convention is proposed. Similarly, the thesis analyses the substantive case law in relation to prisoners' rights, and its potential for addressing the rights of female prisoners. Finally, it is argued that ECHR jurisprudence needs to be developed further to address the substance of proportionate sentences, as opposed simply to the procedural aspects of sentencing decisions.
2
Agozino, Onwubiko. "Black women and the criminal justice system". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26357.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate that victimisation is not punishment. Although this thesis statement sounds simplistic enough, there is a need to demonstrate its validity because the theory and practice of punishment focus exclusively on 'the punishment of offenders' as if anyone who is 'punished' is necessarily an offender. A review of the philosophy and theory of punishment reveals that the punishment of the innocent is conceptualised as a logical impossibility or contradiction because punishment is conventionally construed to presuppose an offence. The present dissertation argues that the punishment of the innocent is not always a mistake or a miscarriage of justice but also an inherent feature of the adversarial nature of criminal justice which assumes formal equality between parties who are substantively unequal in class, race and gender relations. This dissertation is guided by the assumption that the more central punishment is to any theory or practice of criminal justice the greater the tendency for that theory or practice to conceal or truncate relatively autonomous issues that are routinely packaged, with, and thereby colonised by, the conceptual empire of punishment. The historical materialist theory of the articulation of race, class and gender relations is applied here to show how poor black women in particular, poor black people and poor women in general, are uniquely vulnerable to victimization-as-punishment and victimization-in-punishment and how they struggle against these. The former refers to the 'punishment' of innocent people sometimes because they are close to targeted individuals and sometimes because they are framed and made to appear guilty. The latter refers to punishment which is unusual or out of proportion in relation to the nature of the offence. The concept of colonialism is employed in this thesis to underscore the close links between the law-and-order politics of today and the imperial traditions of the past and to emphasise the colonisation of relatively autonomous institutions and processes by the criminal justice system.
3
Bolton, Angela. "'Last resort?' : women prisoners, community and penal policy; a community prison system for women: exploring the issues". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314337.
Testo completo
4
Newton, Kathryn. "African American Women's Perceptions of and Experiences with Mandated Substance Abuse Treatment: Implications for Counselors". unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04242008-014909/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Brian J. Dew, committee chair; Kris Varjas, Barbara Gormley, Catherine Cadenhead, Leslie Jackson, committee members. Electronic text (169 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 7, 2008. Includes bibliographical references.
5
Lima, Giovanna C. "When Women Kill". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2385.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The media is one of the strongest influences on how society views the criminal justice system and all actors therein. This is especially true for offenders of violent crime. Notably, women who kill are rare. However, when women do murder someone, the media tends to over expose them and portray them in different ways. The current study is intended to examine how the media portrays women murderers. In particular, this research is focused on how fictional and true crime programs portray female killers. Do they portray them in a positive or negative light? Do they portray them realistically? Are true crime shows more realistic than fictional crime shows? Each of these questions was explored and it was found that true crime programs, even though not wholly realistic, do portray women much more realistically than fictional shows. It is important to study these portrayals in order to understand how women killers are portrayed, how society views and interprets these particular criminals, and what are the steps necessary in order to prevent and change the way media process this crime.
6
Chronis, Steven A. "An analysis of the need for a fitness component to be included in the curriculum in the Criminal Justice Program at Chippewa Valley Technical College". Online version, 2009. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2009/2009chroniss.pdf.
Testo completo
7
Quadrelli, Carol A. "Aberrance, agency and social constructions of women offenders". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15849/1/Carol_Quadrelli_Thesis.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Traditionally offending women are framed through essentialist discourses of pathologisation and the family. Hence, good women are constructed as passive, compliant, vulnerable to victimisation, and nurturers. Offending women are constructed within criminal justice processes as disordered, physiologically and psychologically flawed. Censure or sympathy dispensed to women within the system is contingent on a number of key factors: the type of offence, the category of women involved, and the way in which women interact and negotiate the discourses used to construct their aberrance. The focus of this thesis is offending women and how they are socially constructed through legal and penal discourses within the court and the prison. However this thesis rejects the essentialist framework which positions women as passive recipients of an omnipotent patriarchal criminal justice system and thus having no agency. Nor is this thesis about creating a new entity to encompass all offending women. Instead an anti- essentialist approach is adopted that allows the body, power, and women's agency to be theorised. This approach provides a more complex and detailed account of women's aberrance that acknowledges the diverse range of women, their experiences and negotiations of criminal justice processes. The combination of real women's lived experiences and an alternative theoretical framework provides a very different perspective in which to understand female offending.
8
Quadrelli, Carol A. "Aberrance, Agency and Social Constructions of Women Offenders". Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15849/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Traditionally offending women are framed through essentialist discourses of pathologisation and the family. Hence, good women are constructed as passive, compliant, vulnerable to victimisation, and nurturers. Offending women are constructed within criminal justice processes as disordered, physiologically and psychologically flawed. Censure or sympathy dispensed to women within the system is contingent on a number of key factors: the type of offence, the category of women involved, and the way in which women interact and negotiate the discourses used to construct their aberrance.
The focus of this thesis is offending women and how they are socially constructed through legal and penal discourses within the court and the prison. However this thesis rejects the essentialist framework which positions women as passive recipients of an omnipotent patriarchal criminal justice system and thus having no agency. Nor is this thesis about creating a new entity to encompass all offending women. Instead an anti- essentialist approach is adopted that allows the body, power, and women's agency to be theorised. This approach provides a more complex and detailed account of women's aberrance that acknowledges the diverse range of women, their experiences and negotiations of criminal justice processes. The combination of real women's lived experiences and an alternative theoretical framework provides a very different perspective in which to understand female offending.
9
Light, Bailie. "The Effects of Sexual Victimization on College Women". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3513.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis analyzed the effects of sexual victimization among college women. Previous research has found that victimization has several negative effects. This thesis was designed to add to this literature by addressing how sexual victimization effects both behavior and academic performance. Results indicated that there was a significant relationship between sexual victimization and behavior changes, the type of victimization experienced had a different impact on the victim based on the type of victimization they experienced, and that academic performance was significantly affected by sexual victimization.
10
Czaika, Gabrielle. "The social construction of female criminality : women, mental health, and the criminal justice system". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64030.pdf.
Testo completo
11
Whiteley, Kathryn Madonna. "Women as victims and offenders : incarcerated for murder in the Australian criminal justice system". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59597/1/Kathryn_Whiteley_Thesis.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study was undertaken in an effort to contribute to the limited knowledge of women who commit murder. Women account for approximately 10% of the total Australian homicides and according to Mouzos (2000), 20% of these female perpetrated homicides result in murder convictions. In her extensive study of female homicide offending in England, Brookman (2005) asserts that nearly two thirds of the victims of women who kill are intimates, to include violent partners and their own children. The other third of the victims consist largely of acquaintances and to lesser degree strangers (Brookman, 2005).
This study strives to introduce further knowledge regarding women convicted of murder; the smaller subgroup of female homicide offenders of which less is known. It is comprised of women who killed intimates and non-intimates to include acquaintances. The study engages the narratives of seven women, all of whom were convicted of murder and serving lengthy sentences at the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre, a medium and maximum security prison that is located on the outskirts of Melbourne, Australia.
The seven women fall largely outside of the characteristics of female homicide offenders as revealed in the studies from Australia’s National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP, 2007), from Canada by Hoffmann, Lavigne, and Dickie (1998) and research from the United States by Scott and Davies (2002). In this study there were no Indigenous women represented. Only one of the women had a previous criminal charge. The women were older on average than the prevailing demographics from western nations. Two of the women had substance abuse and co-occurring mental illness, which reflects a significant lower rate than the literature suggests.
This study expands the current understanding of the phenomenon of women who murder. It communicates the narratives of seven women charged and convicted of murder as they attempt to understand their lives and identities. It moves the dialogue beyond the preponderance of feminist criminological research that examines motive and the relationship the woman has with her victim to the social discourses which dominate in her identity formation. This research found that in their attempt to create a favourable identity the women needed to engage with the master script of normative femininity through the feminisation of victimisation, motherhood and domesticity.
12
Nancarrow, Heather. "In search of justice in domestic and family violence". Click here to download PDF file, 2003. http://www.noviolence.com.au/public/archivednews/insearchofjustice.pdf.
Testo completo
13
Flemke, Kimberly Renee. "Women's Experiences of Rage towards their Intimate Partners: Diverse Voices within the Criminal Justice System". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26422.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A multi-method study investigating incarcerated women’ s experiences of rage towards their intimate partners was conducted. The sample was drawn from a Philadelphia prisonâ s recovery unit for women. Phenomenological and feminist critical theory perspectives guided the study; these combined approaches captured the essence of rage, while also offering a critical analysis for understanding complexities involved in the cultivation of rage. Three primary forms of data collection methods were used: (a) the Aggression Questionnaire, which was completed by 60 inmates; (b) a Demographic Worksheet, which was completed by 46 inmates and used to screen for subsequent interviews; and (c) in-depth interviews, which was completed by 37 women. Focus groups were used to debrief participants at the completion of the study. Results indicated rage as a distinct experience from anger. Past sources of emotional pain, embedded within shame and trauma, were revealed as fueling current actions of rage. Links between womenâ s social location, their experiences of rage, and their involvement within the criminal justice system were revealed.Ph. D.
14
Borrey, Anne. "Ol kalabus meri a study of female prisoners in Papua New Guinea /". Boroko, Papua New Guinea : Papua New Guinea Law Reform Commission, 1992. http://books.google.com/books?id=SpXaAAAAMAAJ.
Testo completo
15
Venegas, Maria Guadalupe. "Self-perceptions of women who kill". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1141.
Testo completo
16
O'Brien, Melanie. "National and international criminal jurisdiction over United Nations peacekeeping personnel for gender-based crimes against women". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11492/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis seeks to determine the most effective jurisdiction for criminal accountability for UN peacekeeping personnel who engage in sexual exploitation and abuse of women, and other conduct amounting to violence against women. As criminalisation is sought as the appropriate method of prevention and punishment of such conduct, it is first examined why criminalisation is necessary. The impact of sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) on women in the territories in which peace operations are located is detailed as harms in the form of violations of the rights of these women. Alternatives to criminal sanctions are then considered, in particular the actions of the UN towards prevention and prohibition of SEA. While such regulations are necessary, they are ultimately inadequate in preventing and punishing SEA. Included is an assessment of the Draft Convention on Criminal Accountability of UN Officials and Experts on Mission, the adoption of which would support criminalisation. However, the UN itself is unable to exercise criminal jurisdiction, and thus it is essential to examine which jurisdictions would be most effective in undertaking criminal prosecution of peacekeeping personnel. The choice between national jurisdictions and international criminal justice is debated. Which jurisdiction offers a more effectual forum for ensuring accountability? What potential impediments exist and how can such hindrances can be overcome? This thesis argues that gender-based crimes by UN peacekeepers should be criminalised, and that, while the International Criminal Court should not be discounted as a potential forum for prosecuting perpetrators, domestic prosecutions are far more likely and far more effective.
17
Dhar, Dubey Rajendra. "Role of police in the protection of women`s right: a study under the Indian criminal justice system with special reference of state of West Bengal". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1300.
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18
Gour, Geraldine Anne. "Law enforcement organizational culture: A comprehensive study of sworn vs. non-sworn personnel in relation to attrition caused by non-sworn personnel career ceilings". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1943.
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19
Carline, Anna. "Women who kill their abusive partners : an analysis of queer theory, social justice and the criminal law". Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3551.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis examines the criminal law's treatment of women who kill their abusive partners through a theoretical framework developed from queer theory and social justice. More specifically, in relation to queer theory, the thesis considers the work ofJudith Butler and her notions of gender as performativity, cultural intelligibility, materialisation and resignification. The model of social justice used is drawn from the work of Iris Marion Young. One particular aspect of her model of social justice is considered to be pertinent: cultural imperialism. Cultural imperialism maintains that an injustice in the form of domination and oppression is committed when inferior social groups are constructed from the outside by the dominant social group and where their particular characteristics are rendered 'Other'.The thesis applies the work of these two authors to a number of criminal cases in order to analyse the following issues: the construction of a woman's identity by the legal system; the existence of differences between women - particularly racial, cultural and ethnic differences - and the possibility of achieving justice within the existing criminal law. The thesis scrutinises Court of Appeal judgments and provides a close reading of two cases: Zoora Shah, who remains convicted for murder, and Diana Butler, who was, on retrial, convicted for manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility.I argue that the murder/manslaughter and custody/probation distinctions are linked to the unintelligible/intelligible gender distinction. I further argue that in those cases in which a manslaughter conviction is achieved, the result can be seen to be both at once just and unjust. Whereas it may be 'legally just' when compared to cases involving men who have killed their partners, it is also 'socially unjust' due to the cultural imperialistic manner in which a woman's identity is constructed. Furthermore, the thesis highlights that, in addition to prevailing gender scripts to which women must conform, there also exists racial regulatory scripts which impact upon the construction of a woman's identity and her perceived cultural intelligibility. Attention is also paid to the instability of meaning which is considered to provide an opportunity for subversive transformation.In the conclusion the thesis forwards an overview of a proposed defence, which is based upon a reformulation of the battered woman syndrome and the defence of duress. This defence is considered to offer a more socially just outcome for womenwho kill.
20
Harvey, Edward S. "Development of an associate of sciences degree option program: Administration of justice with occupational concentrations". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/723.
Testo completo
21
Corpas, Pedro. "Stress and Coping Abilities of SWAT Personnel in a Metropolitan Area of Florida". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5065.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For decades, stress has been scientifically studied and found to have effects on the law enforcement community. Furthermore, scholars have thoroughly studied the correlation between stress and the law enforcement occupation which has been proven to affect their well-being. Although there is currently ample literature on stress and police officers, to date there has been little research on factors associated with stress and SWAT police officers. Using Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive theory of stress and coping as the foundation, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how SWAT police officers cope with stress while on duty and off duty and the factors that cause them stress. Participants included 5 retired police officers who were members of a SWAT team. Moustakas' framework design of phenomenological study assisted in identifying common themes that emerged from participant interviews. Study findings indicate that the primary stressor to SWAT officers was responding to high-risk missions or operations and that law enforcement agencies generally fail to provide the resources needed to cope with stress. In addition, the main coping resources used by tactical officers were self-initiated activities such as exercise, spending time with family, and hobbies (e.g., hunting, fishing, camping, hiking, and sports entertainment). The results of this study encourage positive social change by advancing recommendations to law enforcement leadership to develop coping resources for tactical officers that are specific to their unique needs. The study also increases awareness and knowledge of the coping resources that SWAT officers need and advocating for new programs and trainings aimed at reducing stress for them, which may prevent officer burnout and improve public safety response.
22
Murch, Patrick Frank. "Development of a curriculum for a 24-hour introduction to criminal justice course". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1773.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This project analyzed the materials and training currently being taught in a 8 hour history and principles of law enforcement course at the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department Training Academy, in conjunction with San Bernardino Valley College.
23
Maglinger, Lee. "A Modified Therapeutic Community: Reducing Violence in a Medium Security Prison". TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/295.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study explores the impact a modified therapeutic community has on institutional disorder. Treatment programs are normally evaluated by their ability to prevent recidivism and relapse. This study examines the efficacy of a modified therapeutic community in reducing the number and severity of write-ups of its clients in a medium security male prison. The study describes research findings regarding the relationship between the write-ups of clients in a modified therapeutic community compared with the write-ups of inmates in a non-treatment unit. To carry out this study, the author reviewed the write-up records from the treatment program and a non-treatment unit for the period of March 2001 through October 2005. The results of this study indicated that the write-ups of the modified therapeutic community clients, as a whole, were less severe as compared to the general population clients residing in a similar dorm. They were also proportionally less specifically violent. The implication of this research for corrections administration was also discussed.
24
Seal, Elisabeth Claire. "Women, murder and the construction of gender in the criminal justice system of England and Wales, 1957-1962". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443277.
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25
White, Nadine. "Women, Domestic Violence Service Providers, and Knowledge of Technology-Related Abuse". ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6703.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many victims of domestic violence face continued exposure to abuse through technology because intimate partners may use technology as weapon against them. Some domestic violence service professionals lack necessary information or training to educate victims. The impact on victims has not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to assess the impact on women when domestic violence service providers do not provide current information about technology-related abuse to promote safety when providing service to victims. The conceptual framework was the Duluth model of power and control and the feminist perspective on intimate partner violence. The primary research question centered on the impact of domestic violence service providers' knowledge of trending issues with technology-facilitated violence on victims after they seek assistance. Another research question concerned the role that the victim's level of education plays in making protective decisions when using technology. The analytical procedures included taking notes, developing codes, and identifying themes. A conclusion was that domestic violence service providers are not consistently soliciting information on technology-facilitated abuse at the point of service and that some victims are continuing to experience technology-facilitated abuse and subsequent emotional and psychological trauma. Additionally, a woman's level of education is not associated with following proper safety protocols when using technology. Implications for social change include consistent legislation by policy makers and improved dissemination of information about technology-facilitated abuse by governments, courts, law enforcement, and advocacy groups.
26
O'Quinn, Steven Matthew. "The Effects of Higher Education on Police Officers' Attitudes toward Personnel Issues, Public Relations and Crime Fighting". [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0402101-170202/restricted/oquinn0420b.pdf.
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27
Hart-Johnson, Avon. "Symbolic Imprisonment, Grief, and Coping Theory: African American Women With Incarcerated Mates". ScholarWorks, 2011. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1183.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
African American men have been incarcerated at unprecedented rates in the United States over the past 30 years. This study explored how African American females experience adverse psychosocial responses to separation from an incarcerated mate. The purpose of this qualitative grounded theory (GT) study was to construct a theory to explain their responses to separation and loss. Given the paucity of literature on this topic, helping professionals may not understand this problem or know how to support these women. Disenfranchised grief and the dual process model of bereavement were used as a theoretical lens for this study. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews conducted with 20 African American women over the age of 18, from the Washington D.C. metropolitan area, and who had incarcerated mates. Systematic data analysis revealed that women in the sample experienced grief similar to losing a loved one through death. They also were found to engage in prolonged states of social isolation, emulating their mate's state of incarceration. As a result of this study, a grounded theory of symbolic imprisonment, grief, and coping (SIG-C) was developed to answer this study's research questions and explain how loss occurs on psychological, social, symbolic, and physical levels. The findings from this study may promote positive social change by informing the human services research community of SIG-C and assisting helping professionals with a basis for context-specific support for affected women to contribute to their well-being during their mate's incarceration.
28
Steward, Mable Merrybell. "The level of awareness of the criminal justice personnel in Cobb County, and Dekalb County Georgia's juvenile justice system regarding mental retardation and the mentally handicapped juvenile offender". DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1990. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1786.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study investigated the awareness and understanding of justice personnel in Cobb County and Dekalb county of the Georgia Juvenile Justice System, regarding mental retardation and the mentally handicapped juvenile offender.The survey method was employed as the primary data gathering technique.The primary instrument used to collect the data was the Survey of Juvenile Justice Personnel Regarding Mental Retardation and the Mentally Handicapped Offender.The results of this investigation indicate that while juvenile justice personnel may have some understanding of mental retardation and the mentally handicapped juvenile offender,they are confused and uncertain about how to deal with this population in a professional manner.
29
Ehlke, Sarah. "The Impact of Hyperfemininity on Explicit and Implicit Blame Assignment and Police Reporting of Alcohol Facilitated Rape in a Sample of College Women". Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4478.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rape remains a significant problem in the U.S., with the majority of victims reporting a drug-or-alcohol facilitated rape (DAFR) or incapacitated rape (IR). Many DAFR/IR victims do not acknowledge the incident as a rape, and are therefore are the least likely to report or disclose the assault. Rape scripts theory is one theory that could be used to explain why DAFR/IR victims are more likely than other victims to not acknowledge the incident. In addition, individuals are more likely to blame the victim of a DAFR/IR rape. Furthermore, DAFR/IR victims experience more self-blame for the incident. Taken together, when alcohol is involved in a rape, the victim is viewed as more responsible for the assault. The majority of studies that examine blame for a sexual assault rely on explicit self-report methods. However, implicit beliefs may be more accurate in measuring unbiased beliefs that individuals hold. Implicit attitudes are commonly measured using an Implicit Association Task (IAT). Moreover, hyperfemininity (HF) is a personality characteristic that may influence blame for a sexual assault. Women higher in HF value relationships with men and are willing to use their sexuality as a means to maintain the relationships. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that women higher in HF who read a scenario of a rape involving alcohol will be more likely to implicitly blame the victim.
A sample of undergraduate college women completed a battery of questionnaires, read a written scenario depicting a rape in which the victim and perpetrator consumed either alcohol or soda, and completed an IAT. The IAT instructed participants to correctly categorize two sets of stimuli. The stimuli used for the IAT were words that described the victim (innocent-related words) and perpetrator (guilt-related words) of the scenario, and pictures of alcohol and soda. Faster reaction times of categorization indicated a stronger IAT effect; that is, more blame towards the victim of an alcohol involved assault. Results indicated that HF did not influence the relationship between written scenario condition and implicit blame for the rape.
Because Women who have not been sexually victimized may hold strong rape myth acceptance and thus may assign more blame to the victim of a sexual assault (Mason et al., 2004), an exploratory analysis was conducted to determine if sexual victimization history impacted the relationship between rape myth acceptance and implicit blame for a sexual assault. Results showed that women without a history of sexual victimization may hold certain rape myths, but implicitly believe that alcohol can be associated with guilt or blame towards the perpetrator of a rape. Additionally, women with a history of SV who hold certain rape myths may be less likely to blame the perpetrator of a rape when alcohol is involved. Detailed results of the present study, policy and public health implications, and future directions are discussed.
30
Meyer, Doreen M. (Doreen Mae) Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "A prison of their own; the contradictions behind Canada's prison for women". Ottawa, 1992.
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31
Lindinger-Sternart, Sylvia. "A Career-Counseling Needs Assessment of Mothers in the Criminal Justice System: A Test of Levinson's Theory". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1398693815.
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32
Bebawy, Nadia A. "The Combined Effects of Criminal Justice Intervention on Domestic Violence: A Re-Analysis of the Minneapolis Intervention Project". [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0702103-233910/unrestricted/BebawyN07172003f.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0702103-233910. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
33
Erisman, Sally. "Killing Women: A Critical Study of Gender Equality in the U.S. Criminal Justice System Regarding the Most Severe Form of Punishment". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23044.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
About 1 in 10 murders in the United States are committed by a woman. Meanwhile, only about 1 in 50 death row inmates are women. This initially suggests that women are favored in capital cases. There have been two predominant viewpoints attempting to explain the statistical imbalance: on the one hand there is Rapaport’s theory of gender-related crime in relation to existing legal directives on what warrants a capital sentence; and on the other hand is Streib’s theory of chivalry, that women are receiving lenient treatment in capital cases because they are women. This study has examined both theories, and tested their validity, by analyzing statistics and other material supporting or opposing their respective claims. The entire study has been carried out through a feminist theoretical perspective, questioning how “gender” plays an active part in capital cases, and relating committed crime to the victim, subsequently finding that even though Rapaport and Streib advance different theories, neither theory supports a claim that favoritism is incorrect.
34
Hickman, Laura J. "An Assessment of the Impact of Intimate Victim-Offender Relationship on Sentencing in Serious Assault Cases". PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5059.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is generally agreed that a criminal justice system reflects the values of the society within which it exists. The presence of patriarchal social values will likely affect the response of the criminal justice system to intimate violence. While the perpetration of violence against another is a violation of an important social norm, patriarchal values may function to discount the seriousness of such an act, if the violence is perpetrated by a man against his girlfriend or wife. This discount of seriousness may lead to less severe punishment for men who assault their intimates than to men who assault nonintimates. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that men who are convicted of committing serious assaults against female intimates receive more lenient punishment than men who are convicted of committing serious assault against nonintimates. Punishment was defined as sentencing outcomes, i. e. type and length of sentence. The sentences of offenders convicted of felony assaults as the major offense and subject to sentencing guidelines in Oregon in 1993 were examined. Chi-square tests were used to compare the sentence types of intimate and nonintimate violence offenders. Two-tailed !-tests and multiple linear regression were used to examine the relationship between victim-offender relationship and length of sentence. It appears that the presence of Oregon's sentencing guidelines, rather than victim-offender relationship, had the greatest effect upon the severity of punishment. This finding suggests that the guidelines may be responsible for minimizing the impact of patriarchal values on sentencing decisions in serious assault cases.
35
Dorworth, Vicky E. "Learning about the criminal justice protagonists: a content analysis of gender messages in the crime film genre". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27987.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Various forms of popular culture serve to educate and socialize as well as influence human behavior. In a discipline such as criminal justice, little is known by the general public about the individuals involved with the system: the law enforcer, the victim, and the offender. Therefore, the construction of reality for most is likely to come from media representation.
A content analysis was used as a method to systematically evaluate crime films over a period of 20 years to investigate what gender messages were apparent in the genre. A sample of 42 crime films was drawn beginning in 1972 through 1992. The main and supporting characters were analyzed to determine if gender differences existed in regard to occupational representation, victimization, and offending. Focus was on occupational representation. The data was compared to the official data to ascertain whether the gender representations in the films reflected the official data. Trends over the 20 year period were analyzed to determine if the portrayal of women and men over the years reflected the changes experienced in the criminal justice system.
The research provided an understanding of the content of this form of popular culture. Males were more likely included in the films than females. This is consistent with the reality of male domination in the field of criminal justice and with past research which indicated that women were often excluded from films. Computed Chi-square tests indicated that significant relationships existed between sex and evidence of the police personality; sex and character appearance in casual, uniform, and seductive attire; sex and use of all types of force; sex and use of expert and coercive power; and sex and aggression as a style of conflict resolution. T Tests revealed that there were sex differences in character appearance in uniform and seductive attire, use of aggression as a style of conflict resolution, commission of crime, and commission of nonviolent crime.
The films closely represented the official data in regard to male and female violent offenders with a small overrepresentation of female violence and an equally small underrepresentation of male violence. Women were underrepresented as property offenders and men were overrepresented. In terms of victimization, women were overrepresented as victims of violent crime and property crime.
Over the two decades, women were consistently absent when compared to the number of men casted in the films; were consistently underrepresented as law enforcers, with the exception of two, three year intervals; and were most often casted as wives or girlfriends of law enforcers except in one, three year interval. Men were most likely to be seen as law enforcers in every interval, again consistent with the male domination seen in the law enforcement field. Sexism Level I films, indicating extreme sexism, was found to be at least in 67% of all films for each three interval except from 1984 to 1986.Ed. D.
36
Allen, Denise Smith. "Keeping the Children: Nonviolent Women Offenders in Two Michigan Residential Programs". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3425.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Seventy-five percent of women offenders confined to prison, jails, or residential treatment programs are custodial parents of minor children at the time of their separation. Little is known, though, about how prosocial networks are used to address the effects of separation from children. Using Bui and Morash's conceptualization of the theory of gendered pathways, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to better understand, from the perspective of incarcerated women, the experience of using prosocial networks to cope with the effects of separation. Data were collected through interviews with 10 mothers from 2 residential treatment programs in Michigan. Interview data were inductively coded, then subjected to a thematic analysis procedure. A key finding of this study was that women experience remorse, embarrassment, helplessness, and a sense of failure with respect to providing adequate care for their children and rely on their mothers or other female family members as the primary prosocial influence. Findings also suggest that Child Protective Services (CPS) is viewed by participants as intrusive and outside the prosocial network, yet significant to family reunification and permanency planning for children. Implications for positive social change include recommendations to criminal justice policymakers and Child Protective Services to consider provisions for supportive services for gender-specific programs that build on the influence of other, prosocial, female family members and promote a clear pathway to permanency planning for families, particularly where minor children are involved.
37
Kane, Emma. ""I Just Signed Your Death Warrant": A Content Analysis of News Media Coverage of Violent Crimes Against Women in the #MeToo Era". Thesis, Boston College, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:109157.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis advisor: Alyssa GoldmanThis study analyzes the narratives that emerged in the news media’s coverage of violent crimes against women during the #MeToo Movement. Additionally, it seeks to uncover if and how news media crime coverage differed based on the race of defendants. I conduct a content analysis of the news media coverage of the criminal cases State of Michigan v. Lawrence Gerard Nassar and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. William Henry Cosby, Jr. during the #MeToo Movement. I find that news media coverage of violent crimes against women typically exhibits an inverse relationship in which supportive portrayals of victims predict unsupportive portrayals of defendants, and vice versa. I also find some evidence to suggest that Black male defendants receive more lenient news media coverage than white male defendants. The results of this study demonstrate the power of social movements in influencing criminal justice outcomes and the news media’s role in shaping public opinion on criminal cases
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2021
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Sociology
38
Mitchell, Jessica Nicole. "The Role of Social Support in the Disclosure and Recovery Process of Rape Victims". Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5837.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Women disproportionately account for a majority of all completed and attempted rape victimizations each year in the U.S. relative to men. Female college students, in particular, have been noted as a group with the highest risk for rape. Rape among women not only has a substantial public health impact, but has been linked to a number of individual mental health and substance use problems. Despite the fact that service utilization (formal help-seeking with a counselor, mental health professional, rape crisis center, and police reporting) has been shown to deter negative sequelae of rape, few victims of rape receive assistance from a victim service agency or report the incident to police; and among college student victims, this rate is even lower. Instead, rape victims are more likely to disclose the event and seek help from an informal source, such as a family member, spouse/romantic partner, friend, or acquaintance. Traditionally seen to have a positive impact on victim's mental health, informal social support may play a different role in rape victims with high levels of alcohol involvement or among those who have experienced an alcohol-involved rape.
Current measures of social support fail to examine the factors that prompt victims to utilize their social support system and the role that alcohol use may play in victim's disclosure and recovery process. The current study explored the idea that social support may act as a barrier to help-seeking behavior, particularly formal treatment, among victims with alcohol involvement. This study had three primary aims: (a) to identify constructs related to the decision-making process to disclose a rape to an informal social support, (b) to understand victim and victim supporters' perceptions of social support and the impact of these perceptions on rape victims' post-rape mental health, and (c) to determine the role that alcohol plays in the disclosure process. To achieve these aims, the study used a mixed method approach (utilizing data from in-depth, semi-structured (face-to-face) qualitative interviews correlated with quantitative survey data) with a sample of college students (N=46) who were categorized into two groups: female college students who had experienced a rape in their lifetime (Victims; N=16) and college students who had had a rape disclosed to them (Supporters; N=30). The use of thick description provided Victims and Supporters a voice that could not be heard through existing quantitative measures. Qualitative data unveiled the fact that the perceptions surrounding social support during disclosure of a rape are often very different between Supporters and Victims. Victims themselves more often report feeling uncomfortable or guilty because of their own acceptance of rape myths, which appears to hinder them from further help-seeking. However, Victims appear to be prompted to disclose to an informal social support when they feel they are ready to talk and are provided a comfortable environment, but both Victims and Supporters feel that Supporters are unprepared to provide sufficient aid and the support provided during the disclosure may be inadequate. Despite the feelings that professional help would be beneficial, Victims are often stalled by complicating factors during the assault or their individual characteristics, such as alcohol involvement. Recent efforts on educating the general public on rape myths were evident during the interviews, but these beliefs still remain in students' feelings surrounding rape and utilizing mental health services.
39
DuBose, Robert K. "Continuum of coercion : staff sexual misconduct in juvenile justice departments, programs and facilities in Texas /". View online, 2007. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/crijtad/2.
Testo completo
40
Cermak, Bonni. "In the interest of justice : legal narratives of sex, gender, race and rape in twentieth century Los Angeles, 1920-1960 /". view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3164075.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-204). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
41
Dixon, Dorenda Karen. "Family Continuity and Multiple Incarcerations Among African American Women". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2350.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Scholars have studied incarceration among women in the United States of America for more than a decade, but few studies have explored the influence of repeated incarcerations among African American women and their family relationships. The research question for this study examined how African American women describe the effects of multiple incarcerations on family trust relationships and their ability to reintegrate into the family system and society. This multiple case study was conducted in Chicago, Illinois, and drew a sample of 4 African American women released from prison with histories of multiple incarcerations. The study explored their perspectives through a series of semistructured, in-depth interviews. Data consisted of narrative interview transcripts and artifacts collected and analyzed using a framework of feminist theory and critical criminology. Findings from the analysis indicated these African American women experienced profound and long-term devastation to relationships with family and friends following periods of multiple incarcerations. Repeated periods of imprisonment negatively altered their perceptions of themselves and reduced their social engagement with others. Results of repeated incarcerations included (a) broken trust with loved ones; (b) resentment, anger, and blame; and (c) permanent damage to social and family networks. This study contributes to social change by increasing understanding of the repercussions and effects of multiple incarcerations on African American women and family continuity, and the study offers insight into guiding program development to help families rebuild and stabilize.
42
Bwiza, Dignité Kangoboka. "Post-conflict gender-justice: access of women survivors of gender-based violence to the judicial system: a case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)". Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3303.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Magister Legum - LLMDuring armed conflicts, women experience more abuses than their male counterpart. Besides, the disruption of national security systems resulting form the social and political troubles, exposes women to more violation of their human rights in the postconflict setting. During the last decade, the international community has employed noteworthy efforts to protect women from the effects of armed conflicts, and to ensure the prosecution of violators of women’s rights in post-conflict situations. This included inter alia, the adoption of binding treaties calling for protection of women against sexual and gender based violence(GBV), and the creation of an international Criminal Court and International tribunals to prosecute persons for the most serious crimes of international concern, including sexual and gender violence. During the armed conflict that occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between 1996 and 2003, a significant number of GBV acts were committed against women. Reports and statistical data from humanitarian organisations working in the DRC indicated an increase of GBV acts against women after the official cessation of the conflict. Moreover, reports indicated the emergence of GBV acts against women in areas that did not witness such acts during the conflict. The research paper interrogates, from a criminal justice angle, the response given to GBV acts perpetrated against women in the post-conflict setting. Furthermore, the research questions the access of women to justice and interrogates the challenges bedevilling this access at the national and international level. In addition, the research formulates recommendations aimed at enhancing the access of women survivor of GBV to justice, and for an effective prosecution of perpetrators of such acts.
43
Kaiser-Derrick, Elspeth. "Listening to what the criminal justice system hears and the stories it tells : judicial sentencing discourses about the victimization and criminalization of Aboriginal women". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43725.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Criminalized Aboriginal women continue to be overrepresented in Canadian prisons. Research demonstrates they often have extensive experiences of victimization. This thesis explores how judges navigate these issues on sentencing, primarily by examining discourses about victimization in selected judgments. This author identified and reviewed 91 decisions sentencing Aboriginal women offenders, focusing those dealing with conditional sentences where possible. This author uses the feminist theory of the victimization-criminalization continuum to inform her thesis.
Parliament attempted to respond to the overincarceration of Aboriginal peoples in 1996 with the enactment of amendments to the sentencing regime: s. 718.2(e) requires judges to consider alternatives to imprisonment for Aboriginal offenders where appropriate, and s. 742.1 offers one such alternative through the conditional sentence order. In R. v. Gladue, the Supreme Court of Canada directed how judges are to engage in the sentencing analysis for Aboriginal offenders. In 2012, the Court offered further clarification on this direction in R. v. Ipeelee. This is the context for this thesis.
The histories of victimization of criminalized Aboriginal women being sentenced generally overlap with factors that comprise the Gladue analysis, and are interrelated. However, this author suggests that the focuses of the victimization-criminalization continuum and the Gladue analysis differ: the victimization-criminalization continuum most directly focuses on gendered vulnerabilities and reactions to victimization, whereas the Gladue analysis most directly focuses on reverberations of colonization (and how that should impact sentencing). This author uses various judgments to examine the overlap between these analyses, highlighting decisions that successfully integrate gendered understandings of victimization histories within the Gladue analysis, and those demonstrating more decontextualized reasoning.
This author then discusses how judicial discourses about victimization intersect with discourses about rehabilitation and treatment. This author suggests associated problems that appear at this intersection – particularly where imprisonment is regarded as a place of healing (despite documented deleterious effects of incarceration).
Finally, this author argues that recent incursions into the conditional sentencing regime through amendments to the Criminal Code that restrict its availability (first through the passage of Bill C-9 and then Bill C-10) are problematic for criminalized Aboriginal women who may otherwise be sent to prison.
44
Meares, Christina Faye. "DISAPPEARING ACTS: THE MASS INCARCERATION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/aas_theses/8.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The growth in the number of black women in the prison system necessitates more research become rooted in an intersectional approach. This quantitative study will empirically apply intersectionality to address the unique circumstances of imprisoned black women by comparing and analyzing sentence convictions shared between black and white incarcerated women in Georgia. Drawing on 600 inmate profiles published by Georgia Department of Corrections, this study will address the statistical significance of race, class and gender on the length of sentence for incarcerated white and black women using regression models.
45
Matsuda, Fernanda Emy. "Sob fogo cruzado: a gestão de mulheres e a justiça criminal paulista". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-10032017-151000/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da gestão de mulheres em São Paulo, com especial atenção para os dispositivos mobilizados na atuação do sistema de justiça criminal. Para isso, foram adotadas duas perspectivas complementares. A primeira volta-se para a situação de mulheres como vítimas de crimes violentos, procurando resgatar de que maneira a legislação criminal incorpora e traduz as demandas das mulheres, resultando em leis que cristalizam percepções (não raro ambíguas e contraditórias) sobre mulheres e desigualdade de gênero, fenômeno que também caracteriza o momento da aplicação das leis pelos tribunais. A segunda perspectiva se volta para o problema do controle social das mulheres a partir dos mecanismos penais, mormente a privação da liberdade, incluindo a prisão processual. As estratégias de pesquisa adotadas envolvem levantamento legislativo e documental, coleta de informações de autos de processos judiciais, visitas a unidades prisionais, entrevistas com mulheres e profissionais do direito e análise de dados fornecidos pela Secretaria de Segurança Pública. Aliando as abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa, o estudo procurou enfatizar trajetórias individuais, principalmente com base em biografias judiciárias, que lançam luz sobre as especificidades do encontro entre as mulheres e o sistema de justiça criminal e evidenciam o continuum de violência que marca as vidas das mulheres.This work is dedicated to the study of women\'s management in São Paulo, with special attention to the devices deployed in the performance of the criminal justice system. In order to do this, there were adopted two complementary perspectives. The first one turns to the situation of women as victims of violent crimes, concerning how the criminal law incorporates and translates the demands of women, resulting in laws that crystallize perceptions (often ambiguous and contradictory) on women and gender inequality, a phenomenon that also characterizes the moment of law enforcement by the courts. The second perspective turns to the problem of social control of women regarding criminal mechanisms, especially the deprivation of liberty, including pretrial detention. The adopted research strategies involve legislative and documental survey, information from lawsuits, visits in prisons, interviews with women and legal professionals and analysis of data provided by the Public Security Bureau. Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, the study sought to emphasize individual trajectories, mainly based on judicial biographies that shed light on the specificities of the encounter between women and the criminal justice system and show the continuum of violence that marks the lives of women .
46
Leili, Jennifer A. "Bystander Intervention, Victimization, and Routine Activities Theory: An Examination of Feminist Routine Activities Theory in Cyber Space". Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7843.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Routine Activities Theory (RAT) is one of the most widely used theories to explain victimization. It has been applied to a wide range of criminal victimizations, such as property crimes (Miethe, Stafford, & Long, 1987) and urban murder (Messner & Tardiff, 1985). While traditional RAT has been used to explain violence against women, the feminist perspective of RAT developed by Schwartz and Pitts (1995) provides a better explanation by incorporating cultural factors that shape the conditions that give rise to offending. The current study draws on feminist RAT in order to explore three different types of victimization involving women: stalking, dating violence and sexual violence.
In doing so, the current study extends the RAT and feminist RAT literature by more thoroughly exploring what it means to be a capable guardian and by incorporating literature on bystander intervention. Though bystander intervention literature and feminist RAT literature are similar in that they view people as having the ability to prevent violence and crime, the two areas have developed relatively separately and have rarely been integrated together. In addition to expanding the literature on RAT, this study also contributes to the bystander intervention literature by analyzing willingness to intervene in three types of cyber violence against women. Though bystander intervention research has greatly expanded throughout the years, research involving intervention into cyber stalking, cyber dating violence, and cyber sexual violence/harassment are greatly lacking. The current study employed a web based survey to assess bystander intervention in cyber violence and expand feminist and cyber RAT by analyzing victimization. College students were asked to judge their likelihood of intervention in situations involving potential dating violence, sexual harassment, and stalking. In addition, they were asked about their routine activities and components related to the theory, as well as dating violence, sexual violence and stalking victimization. Unsurprisingly, students preferred to intervene in a direct manner. In addition, there were inconsistent findings regarding victimization and routine activities theory. The results of the study are discussed in terms of implications for the development of bystander intervention programs and will expand the feminist RAT literature.
47
Tolland, Heather. ""She helps me to cope" : an exploration of the experiences of women at the Sacro Women's Mentoring Service". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24980.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mentoring has become increasingly popular in recent years in the criminal justice system, and has been recommended by the Scottish Government as a service that can address the specific ‘needs’ of women who offend. Despite the popularity of mentoring, there has been limited evidence to suggest that it reduces reoffending of women, or facilitates significant changes in their lives. In addition, there has been a lack of clarity around the definition of mentoring, including role definition, the extent of intensive support offered and the key aims of the service. This thesis (in collaboration with Sacro and the University of Stirling), explores the experiences of women who have accessed the Sacro Women’s Mentoring Service and accounts from mentors and staff to establish what the key aims and processes of mentoring are, alongside a critique of whether this offers an approach that can address key issues related to the marginalisation of these women. Findings from the data revealed that mentoring consisted of practical support, helping women to respond to difficulties related to poverty and their disadvantaged circumstances generally. The most common outcomes for women were: engagement with agencies; increases in confidence and self-esteem and improvements in emotional well-being. The rhetoric of mentoring offered by mentors and staff suggested that mentoring was based on an individualistic approach that contained responsibilising strategies, aimed at helping women to make improved choices and become responsible citizens. In practice, however, mentors were helping women to resolve issues related to the welfare system and other services outwith the criminal justice system. Many mentors and staff viewed mentoring as role modelling, however, women who accessed the service were more likely to view their mentor as a friend and ‘someone to talk to’ suggesting that the relationship was not an opportunity for women to model the behaviours of their mentor, but as emotional support and a release from their social isolation. This disconnect was also reflected in ‘imaginary penalities’ which were observed, such as staff completing paperwork they did not view as relevant to the service they delivered or staff being sent on training that they could not apply to the work they delivered on a day to day basis. This may be a result of the increasing marketisation of mentoring within the criminal justice system. Those services labelled as ‘mentoring’ may be more likely to gain funding as it is a service that is currently favoured by statutory funders in Scotland. If positive outcomes of mentoring are viewed by policy makers to be the result of an individualistic approach, and not mentors addressing problems outwith the criminal justice system, as best as they can, then this takes responsibility away from the state to make changes to policy. It also places unrealistic expectations on mentors to make significant changes to the lives of women in an environment of continuing funding cuts to welfare and services.
48
Barganski, Jenna Leigh. "Giving the Noose the Slip: an Analysis of Female Murderers in Oregon, 1854-1950". PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4542.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Analyzing the crimes of women murderers and how they fared in the criminal justice system demonstrates that though perceptions of gender evolved, resistance to sentencing women to death often persisted. The nature of homicides committed by women in Oregon set them apart from their male counterparts. Women were, and are, more likely to commit domestic homicides -- murders that involve a family member or partner. These crimes are typically not equated with crimes that warrant capital punishment. As a result, no woman has been subjected to the death penalty in the state.
This thesis analyzes the twenty-five women who were convicted of homicide in Oregon between 1854 and 1950. During these years the majority faced all-male court and penal systems. As such, they were handled differently in accordance with various social, cultural, and legislative shifts relating to women's roles as citizens. Through an examination of contemporary newspaper articles, inmate case files, and other Oregon State Penitentiary records, this thesis studies three distinct periods relating to these shifts: 1854-1900, 1901-1935 and 1936-1950.
The assumption that it was impossible for a woman to commit murder linked claims of insanity with criminality. The six women defendants between 1854 and 1900 were either deemed insane and transferred to the asylum or quickly released from prison to avoid potential controversy or additional expense. The twelve women convicted of homicide between 1901 and 1935 all received manslaughter convictions, an occurrence unique to this era. Following the Progressive Era, sentimental juries felt more comfortable convicting women of manslaughter. Many received indeterminate sentences of one to fifteen years and were released on parole.
The initial first-degree murder charges between 1936 and 1950 signaled a new period in the treatment of women charged with homicide. After gaining the right to vote and serve on juries, women began to be viewed more equally in the eyes of the law. During these years there was a more even distribution of manslaughter, second-degree murder, and first-degree murder convictions for the seven women defendants. This is due in part to women's growing presence in the public sphere.
In conclusion, the idea that women were submissive creatures that required the authority and protection of men in the courtroom began to fade by 1950. Each period of study demonstrates how the contemporary perception of women and their roles as citizens affected trial outcomes. However, even when women were charged with first-degree murder they were not sentenced to the death penalty -- likely due to the domestic nature of their crimes.
49
Provencher, Henry William. "Comparisons of inmate offense severity ratings and attitudes toward rehabilitation". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/878.
Testo completo
50
Jonsson, Kei. "Insatser utifrån behov eller kön? : En kvalitativ studie om brottsförebyggande arbete för kvinnor". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-182966.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Syftet med följande studie har varit att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma inom Kriminalvården arbetar med kvinnliga klienter för att förebygga återfall i kriminalitet samt fortsatt brottslighet. Studien har baserats på tre kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med yrkesverksamma inom Kriminalvården, samtliga kvinnor. Insamlat material har analyserats utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Från resultatet går att finna att Kriminalvården anpassats till att insatser ska utformas utifrån den enskilde individen och dennes förutsättningar. Resultaten visar också att det finns en medvetenhet inom Kriminalvården vad gäller könsroller, även om de fortsatt existerar precis som i övriga samhället. Slutsatserna är att med en större medvetenhet om dessa förhållanden kan också de vardagliga antaganden som görs utifrån individers kön synliggöras vilket därmed skulle leda till vinster för den dömde kvinnan såtillvida att adekvata insatser sätts in vilket även skulle gynna samhället i stort. Vid analys av studien framkom även behov av att i framtiden undersöka huruvida individuella insatser än mer kan anpassas till kvinnor för att förhindra återfall i brott men också för att stärka dem för fortsatt leverne i samhället utan brottslighet.