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Chen, Yun-Ju (Kelly). "Consumer preferences for wool production attributes". Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1035.
Testo completo
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Trdic, Francelj. "Monitoring mineral wool production using computer vision". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338593.
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Christiansen, Carol Anne. "Primitive wool and early textile production in Shetland". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.666891.
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Devaux, Caroline Alexandra. "Wool Production, Systematic review of Life Cycle Assessment studies". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247901.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Wool is often being marketed as sustainable. However, when looking at LCA studies, results can be significantly different from one study to another and wool sometimes shows higher impacts than other fabrics. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this thesis aims at understanding the key environmental impacts of wool production and assessing the influence of main methodological choices on wool LCA results. In particular, the choice of the scope, allocation method and further considerations on water consumption and land use indicators have a great significance on the results of the studies. In order to provide with a fair representation of wool environmental impacts, the whole life-cycle should be taken into account, and methodological choices, such as the scope definition and allocation methods are to be clearly stated. The current tools that are the most widely used in the textile industry to rank fibres according to their sustainability performance are not suitable for wool due to unresolved methodological issues. Indeed, the impact categories that are taken into account in those tools are disadvantageous for wool compared to other alternative fibres, especially regarding water consumption and land use. This thesis also explores the construction of a single score based on the eco-costs of environmental impacts as a more suitable option to build a representative tool.
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Ruto, Christopher Kiptanui. "Lamb and wool production in an organic farming system". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3839.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 51 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-51).
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Fitzgerald, Maria Amelia. "Textile production in prehistoric and early medieval Ireland". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326250.
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Campbell, Angus John Dugald. "The effect of time of shearing on wool production and management of a spring-lambing merino flock /". Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00003254.
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Róbertsdóttir, Hrefna. "Wool and society : manufacturing policy, economic thought and local production in 18th-century Iceland /". Göteborg : Lund : Makadam, Centrum för Danmarksstudier, 2008. http://bilder.fsys.se/9789170610561.jpg.
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Kabir, Maryam M. "Bioprocessing of Recalcitrant Substrates for Biogas Production". Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-597.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The application of anaerobic digestion (AD) as a sustainable waste management technology is growing worldwide, due to high energy prices as well as increasingly strict environmental regulations. The growth of the AD industry necessitates exploring new substrates for their utilisation in AD processes. The present work investigates the AD of two recalcitrant biomass: lignocelluloses and keratin-rich residues. The complex nature of these waste streams limits their biological degradation; therefore, suitable pre-processing is required prior to the AD process.In the first part of the study, the effects of organic solvent pre-treatments on bioconversion of lignocelluloses (straw and forest residues) to biogas were evaluated. Pre-treatment with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) resulted in minor changes in the composition of the substrates, while their digestibility significantly increased. Furthermore, due to the high cost of the NNMO, the effect of pre-treatment with the recycled solvent was also explored. Since it was found that the presence of small traces of NMMO in the system after the treatment has inhibitory effects on AD, pre-treatments of forest residues using other organic solvents, i.e. acetic acid, ethanol, and methanol, were investigated too. Although pre-treatments with acetic acid and ethanol led to the highest methane yields, the techno-economical evaluation of the process showed that pre-treatment with methanol was the most viable economically, primarily due to the lower cost of methanol, compared to that of the other solvents.In the second part of the work, wool textile wastes were subjected to biogas production. Wool is mainly composed of keratin, an extremely strong and resistible structural protein. Thermal, enzymatic and combined treatments were, therefore, performed to enhance the methane yield. The soluble protein content of the pre-treated samples showed that combined thermal and enzymatic treatments had significantly positive effects on wool degradation, resulting in the highest methane yields, i.e. 10–20-fold higher methane production, compared to that obtained from the untreated samples.In the last part of this thesis work, dry digestion of wheat straw and wool textile waste, as well as their co-digestion were studied. The total solid (TS) contents applied in the digesters were between 6–30% during the investigations. The volumetric methane productivity was significantly enhanced when the TS was increased from 6 to 13–21%. This can be a beneficial factor when considering the economic feasibility of large-scale dry AD processes.
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Meale, Sarah Jade. "Effects of dietary additives identified as potential methane mitigators on production characteristics, wool quality and yield and tissue fatty acid composition of sheep". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11605.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Effects of dietary additives identified as potential methane mitigators on production characteristics, wool quality and yield and tissue fatty acid composition of sheep The ability of dietary strategies to mitigate CH4 emissions must be balanced with their effects on animal performance in order to be widely adopted by producers. This thesis investigated promising supplements [P. freudenreichii, crude glycerin and two species of micro-algae (A. nodosum and Schizochytrium spp.)] in terms of their CH4 mitigation potential, effects on lamb production, fatty acid (FA) profile of lamb; and wool yield and quality characteristics. It is noted that there is a strong consumer push for a healthier FA composition of lamb and as such producers will inevitably shift production to meet consumer demands. Results presented here indicate the potential of P. freudenreichii to reduce CH4, but showed little effects on FA biohydrogenation. Supplementation of crude glycerin successfully replaced wheat in Merino ewe diets; however, no improvements were observed on wool yield or quality. The supplementation of Tasco® (A. Nodosum) did not affect production performance, but failed to favourably alter the FA profile of lamb as compared to other dietary oils. Conversely, DHA-Gold (Schizochytrium spp.) supplementation elicited a favourable shift in the FA profile of lamb through n-3 enrichment of both adipose tissue and skirt muscle. A further molecular investigation into the regulation of adipogenesis in lambs revealed differences in miRNA expression between subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissues that could be influenced by micro-algae supplementation. As such, the results presented in this thesis suggest that although supplements may have the potential to reduce CH4 emissions, their effects on production may not always be favourable. In the current case, the supplementation of micro-algae (Schizochytrium spp.) proved to be the most effective at positively modifying the FA profile of lamb.
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Manson, D. A. "Repeatability of performance rankings and wool production characteristics of merino ewes in a semi-arid farming environment /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ANM/09anmm289.pdf.
Testo completo
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OLOFSSON, ELIN, ALEXANDER BRINK e LINDA JOHANSSON. "En kartläggning av svensk ull och dess framtida användning". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20174.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SammanfattningUppsatsen är utformad efter ett förslag från Anders Ryberg vid Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götalands län. Förslaget var att lokalisera användningsområden för den ull som i dagsläget kasseras i Sverige. I början beskriver vi grundläggande fakta om ullfibern för att ge dig som läsare ett bättre begrepp om ullfiberns användningsområden som senare tas upp i arbetet. Detta följs av en beskrivning av de miljöaspekter som ullanvändningen medför, vilket dessutom är viktigt ur en marknadsföringssynpunkt. De ullkvalitéer vi har i Sverige beskrivs därefter kortfattat, följt av en presentation av svenska företag och projekt som arbetar med svensk ull. Därefter beskrivs Australiens, Storbritanniens och Norges ullindustrier. Deras marknadsfringsstrategier och infrastrukturer för ullhantering är viktiga att ta del av om den svenska ullindustrin ska kunna konkurrera i framtiden. Vi har även funnit många intressanta användningsområden för den svenska ullen. Däribland finner vi geotextil, isolering och ull i avfallshantering enklast att producera utifrån de förutsättningar vi har i Sverige. Våra slutsatser är att det krävs en hel del initiativ, framförallt från fårägarna i Sverige, för att skapa en större efterfrågan på svensk ull. Tillvägagångssättet är att skapa infrastruktur för uppsamling och sortering av ullen runtom i landet, sedan marknadsföra ullen med hjälp av information om dess unika egenskaper och positiva miljöaspekter.AbstractThe thesis is developed from a proposition by Anders Ryberg at the county administration board of Västra Götaland. The proposition was to evaluate new fields of utility for the Swedish wool which today is disregarded. First off we give a basic description of the facts concerning the wool fiber in order for you as a reader to better comprehend how the wool fiber applies in different fields of utility, which is brought up later in the thesis. This is followed by a description of the environmental aspects which comes with the usage of wool, which also is important from a marketing point of view. The different types of wool we have in Sweden are then briefly described, followed by a presentation of Swedish companies and projects who are working with Swedish wool. Thereafter we describe the wool industries of Australia, Great Britain and Norway. Their marketing strategies and infrastructures for wool handling are important to acknowledge if the Swedish wool industry are to be able to compete in the future. We have also found many interesting fields of utility for the Swedish wool. Among many we have found geotextile, isolation and wool in waste management the easiest ones to produce looking at the prerequisites we have in Sweden. Our conclusions are that a lot of initiative will be needed, especially from the Swedish sheep owners, to be able to create a larger demand for Swedish wool. The way to go about it is by creating an infrastructure for collecting and sorting of the wool around the country, then implicate marketing with information about the unique abilities of wool and its positive environmental aspects.
Program: Textil produktutveckling med entreprenörs- och affärsinriktning
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Lilja, Fredrik. "The Golden Fleece of the Cape : Capitalist expansion and labour relations in the periphery of transnational wool production, c. 1860–1950". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-193053.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis is about the organisation, character and change of labour relations in expanding capitalist wool farming in the Cape between 1860 and 1950. It is an attempt to analyse labour in wool farming within a transnational framework, based on an expansion of capital from core to periphery of the capitalist world-economy. Wool farming in peripheries like the Cape was part of capitalist production through the link to primarily the British textile industry. This relationship enabled wool farmers to invest in their farms in sheep, fences and windmills. They thereby became agents of capital expansion in the world-economy, which was a prerequisite for a capitalist expansion. Although wool production in the Cape was initially an imperial division of labour, that relation changed during the twentieth century as Britain’s leading role as textile producer was challenged by other capitalist core countries. Capitalism as a transnational production system, based on commodity chains from periphery to core, became the most crucial structure for wool farmers in the Cape, who could increase their exports. The thesis also shows that the pre-capitalist generational division of labour among black peasants, through which farmers acquired labour, especially shepherds, was both discarded and intensified. Shepherding was intensified along with fencing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century due to threat from jackals and lack of sufficient water supplies. Those farmers who invested in technology in the form of jackal-proof fences and windmills managed to change production from herding to rotational grazing in camps, which meant that shepherds were replaced by camp walkers, who controlled fences instead of sheep. Those farmers who did not invest were forced to exploit the pre-capitalist relations more intensively and hire shepherds in order to be able to produce and sell wool to textile manufacturers in capitalist core areas. As the young adult males disappeared from farms to the mines, the role of children and youths as shepherds became increasingly important. By the 1940s almost all the shepherds were children or youths, but they were about to be made redundant, as the number of shepherds decreased during the 1930s and 1940s.
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Makapela, Mbulelo Joseph. "An overview of the management practices for wool production amongst the communal farmers of the Hewu district in the Eastern Cape Province". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The research was conducted in the Hewu area situated between Queenstown (20 km) and Whittlesea (15km) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. In this area communal farming is practiced. Livestock and livestock products (wool) are the main sources of income. The farmers are mainly farming with Merino and Döhne Merino sheep. The lack of management systems (production, reproduction and management) for communal farmers resulted into ineffective communal farming defining the research problem. The research objectives set were: • To establish production norms for wool sheep. • To establish reproduction norms for wool sheep. • To establish effective management practices for wool sheep farmers. • To examine key constraints of wool sheep farmers. The farmers shear their sheep every 12 months usually in October of every year. The average wool production per sheep is 2.17kg. The clip averages a fineness of 19.1-20 micron. That is far below the wool production of the commercial farmers of the Eastern Cape who are producing between 4kg to 5kg per sheep at an average growing period of 12 months. The lack of proper fencing and camps causes major reproduction problems. The lambing percentage of the ewes is 94.85 percent. The weaning percentage referring to the reproductive efficiency of the mated ewes is only 17.24 percent. The survival rate of the lambs born alive is only 18.18 percent. Reproduction is the biggest problem of communal farms. Effective livestock- and grazing management systems for communal areas are essential for the successful development of farmers on communal grazing areas. Unfortunately the Hewu farmers still have many problems effecting their wool production and the production of lambs.
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Kabanov, Alexey. "Livslängd hos keramisk fiber i elektriska industriugnar". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27049.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dagens energianvändning minskar till följd av rådande miljöpolitik som kräver att industrier energieffektiviserar sina tillverkningsprocesser och minskar användningen av fossila bränslen. Målet med detta är att reducera den slutliga energianvändningen till 50 % och balansera eltillförseln i framtiden. Energieffektivisering och utveckling är två av de viktigaste aspekterna inom industriella processer som leder till hållbarhet och förändring av miljöpåverkan. Utvecklingen inom eldfasta isoleringsmaterial gav stora möjligheter till stålindustrier att öka kvaliteten i materialtillverkningen samt minska värmeförluster i ugnsanläggningar. Detta leder framför allt till en ökad konkurrenskraft och minskad energikostnad. Besparingar inom energianvändningen skapar utrymme för nya investeringar som används till att förbättra stålindustrins effektivitet. Isoleringsmaterial används i dag i de flesta moderna industriella uppvärmningsugnar och problemen med dessa isoleringar är att de har begränsad livslängd vilket ställer kraven på noggrannare underhåll och högre investeringskostnader. Det finns i dagens läge inga särskilda metoder som kan kontrollera åldringen på isoleringen och endast begränsas till visuell inspektion vid avslagna ugnsanläggningar under planerade produktionstopp. Vid inspektionerna av ugnens infodring upptäcks oftast större problem än vad som hade prognoserats. Detta orsakar många oplanerade reparationer med följd av förseningar i produktion som drabbar företagets ekonomi. Denna studie kommer att undersöka isoleringskvaliteten hos elektriska ugnar på ämneslinjen i Söderfors. Under detta arbete kommer riskzoner att lokaliseras där isoleringen drabbas mest under produktion och hur en sliten fiber påverkar ugnarnas verkningsgrader och energiförbrukning på företaget. Syftet med denna studie är att utarbeta metoder som grundar sig på ett prediktivt underhåll. Framtagning av produktionens effektivitet och ugnarnas verkningsgrader hjälper företaget att ha bättre kontroll över sina anläggningar. Detta skapar utrymme för nya investeringar vilket framför allt syftar till att balansera energianvändningen av uppvärmningsugnar men huvudsakligen svara på frågan hur snabbt degradering av keramisk fiber sker. Resultatet som uppnås i detta arbete beskriver åldringen av fiber som inte sker konstant utan varierar på grund av ett antal förutsättningar, samt att rätt mängd kemisk sammansättning avgör isoleringskvaliteten. För att kunna följa åldringen tillämpas en ny mätmetod i praktiken som ger en noggrann status på isoleringensskick och kan prognosera kommande haverier.Today's energy use is reduced as a result of current environmental policy, which requires industries to energy-efficient their manufacturing processes and reduce the use of fossil fuels. The goal of this is to reduce final energy consumption to 50% and balance future electricity supply. Energy efficiency and development are the most important aspects of industrial processes that lead to sustainability and change in environmental impact. Developments in refractory insulation materials gave great opportunities for steel industries to increase the quality of material production and reduce heat losses in furnace plants. This leads in particular to increased competitiveness and reduced energy costs. Energy saving savings create room for new investments that are used to improve the steel industry's efficiency. Insulation materials are currently used in most modern industrial heating furnaces and the problems with these insulations that they have a limited service life which imposes more accurate maintenance and higher investment costs. There are no specific methods today that can control the aging of the insulation and are limited only to visual inspection at decommissioned furnaces that can be carried out only on special occasions with planned production shutdowns. The inspections of the oven's lining usually detect larger problems than had been forecast. This causes many unplanned repairs due to production delays that affect the company's economy. This study will investigate the insulation quality of electrical furnaces on the subject line in Söderfors. During this work, risk zones will be located where the insulation is most affected during production and how a worn wool affects the efficiency and energy consumption of the oven at the company. The purpose of this study is to elaborate methods based on predictive maintenance, production efficiency, and efficiency of the ovens, helping the company to have better control over its facilities that provide room for new investment, which primarily aims to balance the energy use of heating ovens, but mainly to respond on the question of how fast ceramic wool degradation occurs. The result achieved in this work describes the aging of wool that does not occur constantly but varies due to a number of conditions and that the right amount of chemical composition determines the insulation quality. In order to be able to follow the aging, a new measurement method is applied in practice that provides an accurate state of insulation condition and can predict future accidents.
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Henri, Delphine. "Production et consommation textiles à Tours aux XVe et XVIe siecles : Approche archéologique". Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR2019/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
La découverte à Tours de plus de six mille fragments de textiles dans la même fosse, à l’extérieur du rempart qui longe la berge de la Loire (site 69 « place Anatole France »), a permis d’étudier tout le processus du travail textile, du fil au rejet. La quasi-totalité des éléments examinés sont en drap de laine, grande industrie en Europe aux 15e – 16e siècles. Tout comme pour les soieries, moins bien conservées, l’étude s’est attachée à déterminer s’il s’agit de produits tourangeaux. Le traitement des draps de laine, augmentant leur résistance, a permis l’observation des formes, dont quelques pièces de vêtements isolées. Les pièces vestimentaires ont été découpées pour produire lacets et chausses avec une fréquence qui incite à voir dans le rejet la vidange d’un atelier de fripier. Ce corpus et l’analyse de chartes concernant la ville de Tours ouvrent un aperçu de la vie quotidienne dans une capitale de la fin du Moyen Âge, où les habitants relativement fortunés sont vêtus de bon drap et, malgré l’interdiction, de vêtements et accessoires de soieThe discovery in Tours of a set of almost 6000 pieces in the same pit, located just outside the city walls along the Loire River ("place Anatole France") provides an opportunity to study the entire process of textile work. The fragments studied are mostly wool cloth, which was a significant commercial production on the 15th - 16th centuries. As for remains of silk which are less well preserved, the study attempted to determine if they were produced in Tours. Among the shapes of wool remains, remarkably preserved, were a few clear parts of garments. Textiles were re-used to fashion laces and hoses in such a high frequency that the corpus is interpreted as the emptying of a second-hand clothes dealer shop. This corpus, combined with law texts regarding Tours, provides a picture of a late medieval capital city, where bourgeoisie wore good broadcloth and, contrary to law, silk dress accessories
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Nääs, Julia, e Michaela Martinez. "Svensk ull i textilproduktion. : En studie om vilka för- och nackdelar svenska textilföretag stött på i produktion med svensk ull". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23502.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Majoriteten av den ull som produceras av svenska får har under flera år slängts eller bränts upp. Samtidigt importerar svenska textilföretag tonvis med ull för miljoner kronor varje år. Detta problem uppmärksammades för några år sedan och ett antal svenska företag har sedandess börjat producera produkter av den svenska ullen. I denna kvalitativa studie har en undersökning gjorts för att sammanställa för- och nackdelar med att producera textilprodukter i svensk ull. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med tio olika företag som idag jobbar med materialet. Resultatet av studien visar att det största problemet med ullproduktion inom Sverige är bristen på en strukturerad infrastruktur inom inköp och produktion. Fördelar med att producera textila produkter i svensk ull är att det är ett materialmed goda egenskaper för flera användningsområden. Det är ett hållbart materialval då ullen annars går till spillo. Närheten till materialet underlättar även kontrollen över att helavärdekedjan sköts på ett etiskt och hållbart sätt.The majority of the wool produced by Swedish sheep has been discarded or burned for several years. At the same time, Swedish textile companies import tons of wool for millions of swedish crowns each year. This problem was brought to attention a few years ago and a number of Swedish companies have since started to produce products from the Swedish wool. In this qualitative study, an investigation was conducted to compile the pros and cons of producing textile products in Swedish wool. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with ten different companies that are currently working with the material. The results of the study show that the biggest problem with wool production in Sweden is the lack of an organized infrastructure in purchasing and production. The advantage of producing textile products in Swedish wool is that it is a material with good properties for several applications. It is a sustainable choice of material as the wool is otherwise wasted. The proximity to the material also facilitates the control of the entire value chain being managed in an ethical and sustainable way.
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Daly, Fiona Frances Margaret. "The effect of diet on the nutrition and production of merino ewes in the arid shrublands of Western Australia". Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/570.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For the Arid Shrublands of Western Australia (WA) knowledge is limited on what sheep eat and how nutritious their diets are. A study was undertaken on two stations near Yalgoo (28º18’S 116º38’E) in WA, from November 2005 to December 2007. Station 1 (28º39’S 116º18’E) used a flexible rotational grazing management system (RGS), moving 3000-4000 Merino sheep every 3 – 6 weeks through a choice of 20 paddocks. Station 2 (28º18’S 116º42’E) used a flexible continuous grazing management system where small mobs (500 sheep) stayed in paddocks all year, until shearing. Two paddocks on Station 2 were chosen to represent paddocks with high (CGS-G) and low (CGS-P) feed value.A total of 300 Merino hogget (18 months old) ewes were randomly selected from the stations. One hundred and fifty sheep from each station were selected and separated into three mobs of 50 sheep by stratifying live weights. The selected sheep were allocated to either of the two paddocks on Station 2 or the single rotating mob on Station 1. Therefore there were a total of 100 sheep, 50 from each station, on each of the two paddocks on Station 2 and the one rotating mob on Station 1.Throughout the study period sheep live weights, body condition scores (BCS) and wool production were measured and related to plant photosynthetic activity (derived from Normalised Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI), and dietary energy, protein and digestibility (determined from faecal NIRS calibrations). A DNA reference data bank of some common native plant species was established and then used as a library to identify plant species in sheep faeces and thus provide information on variations in diet composition over the study period. Plant nutritional content was also measured and compared to climatic changes and sheep nutrition.Over the study period Merino ewe live weights, wool production, faecal samples and native plant leaf material were collected and analysed from each of the three management treatments (RGS, CGS-G, CGS-P). Wool production measurements included wool length, strength and fibre diameter, including position of breaks, minimum and maximum diameter along the staple of midside samples. Oven dried plant and faecal samples were ground and subsequently analysed for proximate composition. Plant samples were further analysed for mineral contents and 24 h in vitro gas production (GP) using the rumen buffer gas fermentation technique. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolisable energy (ME) content of the plants were determined using 24 h net gas production. Faecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (fNIRS) calibrations, developed by Curtin University of Technology and ChemCentre WA, were used to predict the nutritional attributes of sheep diets.Sheep production was found to be affected by rainfall, seasons, management and differing blood lines. In 2006, live weights, BCS and wool fibre diameter increased in response to high summer rainfall. Lower rainfall in 2007 resulted in variable, but generally less animal production with lower live weights, BCS and wool fibre diameter. Management decisions to avoid mating in 2006 on CGS; and agistment for sheep on RGS at the end of 2006 resulted in better sheep production results. Sheep originally sourced from Station 2 generally had higher live weights than sheep sourced from Station 1, suggesting a difference in bloodlines.Faecal DNA provided useful information regarding diet selection and diversity of sheep grazing on the Arid Shrublands of WA. Of the species that were DNA profiled, the sheep ate Acacia saligna, Aristida contorta, Atriplex spp., Enchylaena tomentosa, Frankenia sp., Ptilotus obovatus, Rhagodia eremaea and Scaevola spinescens in 2006 whilst in 2007; the sheep consumed A. saligna, A. contorta, Atriplex spp., Eremophila forrestii, Enneapogon caerulescens, Frankenia spp., Maireana spp., Ptilotus obovatus, Rhagodia eremaea, Solanum lasiophyllum and Stipa elegantissima. However, there were 28 amplified bands in 2006 and 51 in 2007 that did not conclusively match any of the reference plant species. This indicates that the sheep were consuming diets that contained more species than what was analysed in this study. Faecal DNA results indicated a decrease in the diversity of the diets selected by the sheep during summer, which coincided with a decrease in animal production.Native plants were found to be low in OMD and ME, but high in crude protein (CP), and variable in mineral content. Sheep were able to select diets adequate in OMD, ME and CP for maintenance requirements, and low in tannins and phenolics, although continuous drought conditions resulted in reduced production, indicating that the sheep were not getting adequate nutrition to meet their growth requirements. The use of fNIRS provided more useful information about the quality of the diet of the sheep than nutritionally profiling individual plants. NDVI was found to be related to dietary OMD and wool fibre diameter changes along the staple.Overall, the effects of management seemed to be secondary to the effects of climate on sheep production and nutrition. The statistical accuracy of results was low; however, the use of advanced technologies to explore relationships between climate, plant nutritional profiles and animal production and nutrition has provided an expansion of knowledge of sheep nutrition in the region. This extra knowledge may help land owners in the region to make more sustainable management decisions concerning livestock management and grazing pressures on native pastures.
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Din, Rozman H. J. "Production and properties of chemically modified fibreboard". Thesis, Bangor University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332814.
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20
Robb, Joseph Russell. "The importance of nesting cavities and brood habitat to wood duck production". Connect to resource, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1260641579.
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21
Xie, Xinfeng. "Production and Characterization of Carbon Structures Derived from Wood". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/XieX2008.pdf.
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22
Langum, Christopher E. "Characterization of Pacific Northwest softwoods for wood composites production". Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2007/c_langum_043007.pdf.
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23
Eriksson, L. Gunnar. "Combustion of solid waste from wood-based ethanol production /". Luleå, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2005/22.
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24
Hagström, Katja. "Occupational exposure during production of wood pellets in Sweden /". Örebro : Department of Natural Sciences, Örebro University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1726.
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25
Rafiei, Rezvan. "Production planning mechanisms in demand-driven wood remanufacturing industry". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25316.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier le problème de planification de la production dans le contexte d'une demande incertaine, d’un niveau de service variable et d’approvisionnements incontrôlables dans une usine de seconde transformation du bois. Les activités de planification et de contrôle de production sont des tâches intrinsèquement complexes et difficiles pour les entreprises de seconde transformation du bois. La complexité vient de certaines caractéristiques intrinsèques de cette industrie, comme la co-production, les procédés alternatifs divergents, les systèmes de production sur commande (make-to-order), des temps de setup variables et une offre incontrôlable. La première partie de cette thèse propose une plate-forme d'optimisation/simulation permettant de prendre des décisions concernant le choix d'une politique de planification de la production, pour traiter rapidement les demandes incertaines, tout en tenant compte des caractéristiques complexes de l'industrie de la seconde transformation du bois. À cet effet, une stratégie de re-planification périodique basée sur un horizon roulant est utilisée et validée par un modèle de simulation utilisant des données réelles provenant d'un partenaire industriel. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, une méthode de gestion des stocks de sécurité dynamique est proposée afin de mieux gérer le niveau de service, qui est contraint par une capacité de production limitée et à la complexité de la gestion des temps de mise en course. Nous avons ainsi développé une approche de re-planification périodique à deux phases, dans laquelle des capacités non-utilisées (dans la première phase) sont attribuées (dans la seconde phase) afin de produire certains produits jugés importants, augmentant ainsi la capacité du système à atteindre le niveau de stock de sécurité. Enfin, dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous étudions l’impact d’un approvisionnement incontrôlable sur la planification de la production. Différents scénarios d'approvisionnement servent à identifier les seuils critiques dans les variations de l’offre. Le cadre proposé permet aux gestionnaires de comprendre l'impact de politiques d'approvisionnement proposées pour faire face aux incertitudes. Les résultats obtenus à travers les études de cas considérés montrent que les nouvelles approches proposées dans cette thèse constituent des outils pratiques et efficaces pour la planification de production du bois.The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the production planning problem in the context of uncertain demand, variable service level, and uncontrollable supply in a wood remanufacturing mill. Production planning and control activities are complex and represent difficult tasks for wood remanufacturers. The complexity comes from inherent characteristics of the industry such as divergent co-production, alternative processes, make-to-order, short customer lead times, variable setup time, and uncontrollable supply. The first part of this thesis proposes an optimization/simulation platform to make decisions about the selection of a production planning policy to deal swiftly with uncertain demands, under the complex characteristics of the wood remanufacturing industry. For this purpose, a periodic re-planning strategy based on a rolling horizon was used and validated through a simulation model using real data from an industrial partner. The computational results highlighted the significance of using the re-planning model as a practical tool for production planning under unstable demands. In the second part, a dynamic safety stock method was proposed to better manage service level, which was threatened by issues related to limited production capacity and the complexity of setup time. We developed a two-phase periodic re-planning approach whereby idle capacities were allocated to produce more important products thus increasing the realization of safety stock level. Numerical results indicated that the solution of the two-phase method was superior to the initial method in terms of backorder level as well as inventory level. Finally, we studied the impact of uncontrollable supply on demand-driven wood remanufacturing production planning through an optimization and simulation framework. Different supply scenarios were used to identify the safety threshold of supply changes. The proposed framework provided managers with a novel advanced planning approach that allowed understanding the impact of supply policies to deal with uncertainties. In general, the wood products industry offers a rich environment for dealing with uncertainties for which the literature fails to provide efficient solutions. Regarding the results that were obtained through the case studies, we believe that approaches proposed in this thesis can be considered as novel and practical tools for wood remanufacturing production planning.
26
Robertson, Donna L. "Relationship of cone production to wood traits of lodgepole pine". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27620.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In order to examine the relationship between cone production and wood traits, wood samples were taken from a clonal seed orchard of 15-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and analyzed using X-ray densitometry. The relative density of each tree at breast height (1.38 m above ground), per-year volume and per-year bolewood biomass were calculated. In addition, cone counts were recorded from the seed orchard over a period of several years. The earlywood, latewood, and total-year components of volume, biomass, and relative density were regressed against cone counts for each tree over several years. In addition, the densitometer data were combined with May-July weather data for multiple regressions to discover which other variables were influencing wood traits.
Analyses of variance showed a strong annual effect, which reflected the growth trends of the orchard trees. In addition, there was a strong clonal effect in the analysis of cone count and relative density. Regression results showed that ramet age was the most important factor in predicting the volume and biomass increment each year. There was a small effect on wood traits from cone bearing, temperature, and precipitation. Heavy conebearing had a negative relationship with wood density, but a positive relationship with volume and biomass increment. The positive relationship with volume and biomass was unexpected and may be the result of the strong effect of ramet age. Progeny data showed a uniformly negative relationship between wood traits and family fecundity. This may imply that unless there is selection against high fecundity, future plantations may experience decreases in wood density.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
27
Schilling, Jonathan S. "Oxalate Production and Cation Translocation during Wood Biodegredation by Fungi". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SchillingJS2006.pdf.
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28
Jucker, Tommaso. "Relating aboveground wood production to tree diversity in forest ecosystems". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709094.
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29
Mallon, Stephen. "Activation of wood with succinic anhydride and its derivatives for composite production". Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298665.
Testo completo
30
Gombrii, Martin, e Solhkonan Shahin. "Introducing Lean Production at the Bolivian Wood Refining Company Dicomad S.R.L". Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-49764.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This report focuses on potential ways to improve the reliability of the production process at the wood refining company Dicomad S.R.L. in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. The main theory used has been Lean Production, as this theory suits the circumstances of the company well. Disorder has been the biggest problem, which has caused the safety in the factory to be below an acceptable level. Dicomad has two different businesses – producing decking and furniture. The decking production is fairly standardized whereas the furniture production is customized. The study was carried out during the summer and fall of 2009.The analysis has resulted in changes in the layout of the factory such that a clearer work flow as well as proper order can be maintained. More specifically, three new layout suggestions have been made. The first suggestion makes big changes in the layout creating the “optimal” layout for the current situation. The second makes slightly smaller changes and the third makes small, but important changes to the layout. Our choice of the three is the second suggestion which constitutes the best compromise given the current layout. This suggestion will bring substantial benefits in form of a clearer flow, more organized inventory and separation of the two businesses but does not include a strenuous movement of the molder. Furthermore, each operation in the factory has been scrutinized and suggested improvements have been made to banish disorganization. Suggestions include redesign of machines, addition of collecting mechanisms for material and creation of best practices for machines. The greatest improvements have been possible within the furniture manufacturing as the factory was originally designed for decking production only. Additionally, proposals about improving the light, the air quality and the general organization and cleanliness of the factory have been made.Only suggestions are presented, as the time available for the study was limited and any implementations were beyond our scope.
31
Abrahamsson, Markus. "High-stumps and wood living beetles in the Swedish production forest landscape /". Alnarp : Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007126.pdf.
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32
Shi, Yuting. "Carbon production from different wood species : Determination and comparision of some properties". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10139.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ce mémoire traite de la carbonisation de différents déchets de biomasse par pyrolyse douce dans une première étape. Dans une seconde étape, les charbons produits ont été activés à la vapeur d'eau. Six essences de bois (charme, chêne, douglas, épicéa de Sitka, hêtre et peuplier) ont été carbonisées et l'activation a été étudiée sur 4 essences (chêne, douglas, épicéa et peuplier). La première partie de ce mémoire consiste en une étude bibliographique sur la biomasse et sa valorisation énergétique, la production de charbons et l'activation. La deuxième partie de ce rapport présente les résultats expérimentaux relatifs à la carbonisation. Lorsque la carbonisation est complète, on peut corréler les principales propriétés physiques des charbons produits à partir des propriétés initiales du bois anhydre. Les modifications anatomiques induites par la carbonisation ont été expliquées à partir de mesures sur un porosimètre à mercure et d'observations au microscope électronique. Dans la troisième partie, les charbons obtenus à partir des 4 essences citées ont été activés à la vapeur d'eau à 800 °C pendant une heure. Les principales propriétés physiques caractérisant les charbons activés ont été déterminées. L'adsorption du phénol en phase aqueuse a été étudiée et les isothermes de sorption à 25 °C ont été décrites. L'étude des transferts de matière a montré que l'adsorption du phénol pouvait être caractérisée par un coefficient global de transfert de matière. Pendant l'adsorption, trois étapes limitantes successives ont été observées pendant lesquelles le coefficient global de transfert de matière est assez constant et dont la valeur est divisée par un facteur 10 à chaque changement d'étapeThis report concerns the carbonization of different biomass wastes by soft pyrolysis in a first part. In a second part, the charcoals produced have been activated by water vapor. 6 wood species (ash, oak, douglas, Sitka spruce, beech and poplar) have been carbonized and the activation has been investigated on 4 wood species (oak, douglas, spruce and poplar). The first chapter of this report consists in a bibliographical study on biomass, its energetic valorization, production of charcoals and their activation. The second chapter of this report presents the experimental results concerning the carbonization. When the carbonization is complete, the main physical properties of the charcoals produced can be correlated to the initial properties of oven dry woods. The anatomic changes induced by pyrolysis have been explained from measurements performed on a mercury porosimeter and observations on an electronic microscope. In the third chapter, charcoals produced from the 4 wood species cited have been activated with water vapor at 800 °C during 1 hour. The main physical parameters characterizing the activated carbons have been determined. The adsorption of phenol in an aqueous phase has been investigated and the isotherms of sorption at 25 °C have been described. The study of mass transfers shows that the adsorption of phenol can be characterized by a global mass transfer coefficient. During the adsorption, 3 successive limiting steps have been observed. For each step, the mass transfer coefficient is quite constant but its value is divided by about 10 after each change of step
33
Adebayo, Adebola B. "Pretreatments and energy potentials of Appalachian hardwood residues for biofuel production". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10928.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 98 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
34
Gutierrez, Leonel, Jesus Laredo, Fernando Sotelo e Carlos Raymundo. "6TOC model for small wood furniture companies to increase machining productivity in Villa El Salvador industrial cluster". Springer Verlag, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656138.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.This research article focuses on the application of the main engineering tools in the wood furniture manufacturing sector. It uses as an information source furniture companies of the industrial park of Villa El Salvador. Its objective is to implement 6TOC methodology based on LEAN philosophy, Six Sigma and restrictions theory, focusing on improvements to the bottleneck. Defines the product design as an ideal input for the planning and development of activities. Start to know the work environment: stations and functions, machines and tools, plant layout and ergonomics in order to increase productivity. Application of tools level operations for planning, control and execution of production. Resulted in the GDP in the year 2017 increased by 2.2%. However, the manufacturing sector of goods decreased by 5.5%, that is, it impairs GDP growth, since the wood and furniture industry, which had an aggregate gross manufacturing value of −19.9%.
35
Ofoegbu, Chidiebere. "An evaluation of the socio-economic impact of timber production with and without the inclusion of biomass energy production". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4111.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The discussion on climate change is leading to a re-evaluation of tree plantations in South Africa; prompting the adoption of forest bioenergy system as one of the cost effective ‘carbon mitigation options’. In an analysis of this changing paradigm, emphasis was placed on the socio-economic aspects of integrated commercial tree plantations and forest bioenergy systems with special attention to harvest residues recovery for bioelectricity production and construction and operation of a bioelectricity plant. The study also explored the direct and indirect benefits that adjacent communities derive from tree plantations in South Africa in order to determine the potential impact of integrated timber and bioelectricity production on rural livelihood and conventional forestry operations. Structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used in randomly sampling twelve villages on Mondi tree plantations in the Piet Retief and Iswepe areas of South Africa. Six villages from each area were selected; and a systematic random sampling of ten households per village was carried out. The possibility of using harvest residues from final clear felling from these plantations for bioelectricity production was examined. The study developed and described a scenario for a five megawatt bioelectricity generation facility, requiring an annual volume of 19,569.85 dry tonnes of residues as feedstock for its operation. The study revealed that adjacent rural communities to Mondi plantations in Piet Retief and Iswepe areas enjoy direct benefits such as employment opportunities, utilization of harvest residues, utilization of non-timber resources, and free accommodation. Indirect benefits that these communities enjoy include: free farmland and graze-land and various social benefits. Issues of concern and dislike such as: lack of electricity; poor health and sanitation and transportation problems were also identified. Using NPV and IRR, the study estimated the economic impacts of integrated pulpwood and bioelectricity production, compared to conventional pulpwood production operation. The study concluded that integrated pulpwood and harvest residue recovery for bioelectricity production is a profitable means of producing renewable energy. The approach was found to increase the profitability of conventional forest operations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besprekings rondom klimaatsverandering lei tot ‘n her-evaluasie van boom plantasies in Suid Afrika wat aanleiding gee tot die aanvaarding van bio-energie stelsels as een van die koste effektiewe “koolstof versagtende opsies”. In ‘n ontleding van hierdie paradigma verandering, is klem geplaas op die sosio-ekonomiese aspekte van die integrasie van boom plantasies en bos bio-energie stelsels. Spesiale aandag is gegee aan onginningsafval herwinning vir bio-energie produksie en die konstruksie en werking van ‘n bio-elektriese kragsentrale. Die studie ondersoek ook die direkte en indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe, aangrensend aan boom plantasies in Suid Afrika verkry, om sodoende die potensiële effek van geintegreerde hout en bio-elektriese produksie op landelike lewensbestaan en konvensionele bosbou operasies te bepaal. Gestruktureerde vraelyste en indiepte onderhoude is gebruik om ‘n lukraakte steekproef van twaalf dorpies op Mondi boom plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas van Suid Afrika uit te voer. Ses dorpies in elke area is gekies en ‘n sistematiese lukraakte steekproef van tien huishoudings per dorpie is uitgevoer. Die moontlikheid om ontginningsafval van finale kaalkap van hierdie plantasies vir bio-elektrisiteit te gebruik is ook ondersoek. Die studie het ‘n senario ontwikkel en beskryf van ‘n vyf megawatt bio-elektriese kragsentrale wat ‘n jaarlikse volume van 11,708 droë ton ontginningsafval benodig as voermateriaal vir kragopwekking. Die studie het getoon dat aangrensende landelike gemeenskappe langs Mondi plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas direkte voordele soos werksgeleenthede, gebruik van ontginningsafval, gebruik van nie-hout hulpbronne en gratis akkommodasie geniet. Indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe geniet sluit in gratis toegang to landbou grond en weiding, sowel as sosiale voordele. Probleemfaktore waarmee hulle saamleef is ‘n gebrek aan elektrisiteit, swak gesondheids en sanitasie dienste en vervoerprobleme. Deur die gebruik van NPV en IRR analitiese metodes is die ekonomiese impak van geintegreerde pulphout en bio-elektrisiteits produksie bepaal en vergelyk met konfensionele pulphout produksie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat geintegreerde pulphout en ontginningsafval herwinning vir bio-elektrisiteit produksie ‘n winsgewende manier van hernubare energie produksie is. Die benadering kan die winsgewendheid van konfensionele bosbou operasies verbeter.
36
Nordmark, Urban. "Value recovery and production control in the forestry-wood chain using simulation technique /". Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2005/21.
Testo completo
37
Cepeda, Rodrigo. "Wood-based 3D printing for space innovation in emergency and social housing production". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43464.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Since the 1900s, urban population settlements have experienced explosive growth.
To respond to this urban population growth, suburban areas and industrialized housing production were developed. However, today, a series of negative impacts from these solutions has been detected.
While suburban areas create big morphological changes to the city, causing problems of transport, fragmentation, and social connectivity, industrialized prefabrication methods result in a mass repetition of identical houses that elicits social and physiological problems of individuality and community belonging.
The case of Chile is notable because of its 86% urban population and its stable social housing response to homelessness. In addition, the country is subjected to frequent natural disasters, and the government has to respond quickly with emergency and social housing solutions.
However, calls to the attention that being an exporting country of forest products, wood is not considered a building material solution for long-term houses.
This research analyses the historical and current development of emergency and social housing in Chile, the country’s forestry production, and the characteristics of local wood products.
Advantages and disadvantages are examined along with highlighted case studies, and a new emergency and social housing architectural strategy is proposed.
To meet this need for massive emergency and social housing, a flexible, fast, and optimized building system is required.
Digital fabrication technologies are presented as a basis for rethinking mass housing production, focusing on a prefabricated full scale 3D printing process; a parametric manufacturing relationship between structure, thermal performance and material composition is proposed.
In the initial stage with structural simulations, this research explores the optimization possibilities of the architectural elements with the relationship proposed, and suggests possible applications and future developments.
38
Pornaro, Cristina. "Effects of wood establishment on plant biodiversity and herbage production of mountain pastures". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422525.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the past sixty years, the Southern Alps have undergone a tremendous and likely unprecedented change in land-use due to land abandonment in mountain regions. This phenomenon causes a turn of mountain grasslands to forests through the process of natural succession.
Vegetation relevés in eight pastures under forest succession in the Italian Alps were collected at different percentage of wood cover. Moreover, in four of the eight sites, herbage samples were collected at different wood cover levels. In addition, in one site (characterised by Nardus grassland habitat) core samples were collected in order to study root characteristics. Species richness, botanical composition, dry matter production and contents, and root characteristics were taken into account in order to analyze the effect of wood cover on plant diversity, herbage yield and quality, and soil stability.
The effect on specie richness due to this process is different among sites because of differences in environmental factors and human activities. In general species richness decreased with increasing wood cover, and the reduction was more relevant in sites at low altitude. In some sites the effect of reforestation on plant species richness showed a slight increase at low percentage of wood cover followed by a gradual decrease, while in the others the effect displayed a monotonic decrease. Modelling with a generalized linear mixed model suggested that mean annual temperature was the primary determinant of the functional relationship. Differences among sites were not found when botanical composition, and in particular Bray dissimilarity index, was taken into account.
A reduction of dry matter yield was noted in most of the studied sites. Forest succession affected herbage quality decreasing it starting from low percentage of wood cover because of changes in crude protein and fibrous contents.
When root characteristics were analyzed, root length density and average diameter declined at 75% of wood cover increasing the risk of soil erosion.
Based on this results, mountain areas with low relevance for dairy production grazing should be encouraged for preserving both biodiversity and the stability of habitat. The strong effect of temperature on the loss of species richness suggests that the risk increases with lower altitude and stronger exposition towards South. The maintenance of low percentage of wood cover is useful for the habitat ecological value. On the contrary, in mountain areas where dairy production grazing is relevant, the management should be assessed for excluding wood establishment on the grazing surface.Negli ultimi sessant’anni, nell’ambiente alpino ed in particolare nelle Alpi italiane, si è assistito ad un importante e senza precedenti cambiamento d’uso del suolo, dovuto all’abbandono delle zone montane. Questo fenomeno ha causato un avanzamento del bosco su prati e pascoli attraverso un processo naturale di riforestazione. Per questo studio sono stati eseguiti rilievi floristici in otto pascoli montani delle Alpi italiane, soggetti ad avanzamento del bosco. Inoltre, in quattro di questi otto siti sono stati raccolti campioni di foraggio per la determinazione della produttività e della qualità della fitomassa. Infine, in un sito, caratterizzato dalla presenza di habitat a Nardus stricta, sono state raccolte carote di terreno per la caratterizzazione della componente ipogea. In tutti i casi i rilievi e i campionamenti sono stati eseguiti a percentuali crescenti di copertura arboreo-arbustiva. Sono stati considerati i seguenti parametri: numero di specie, composizione botanica, produzione e composizione chimica della sostanza secca nonché densità e diametro medio della radici a diversi livelli di profondità nel terreno, in modo da analizzare l’effetto della copertura arboreo-arbustiva su diversità vegetazionale, produzione e qualità del pascolo e stabilità del suolo. L’effetto sul numero di specie causato dall’avanzamento del bosco è risultato diverso tra i siti a causa delle differenze che intercorrono nei fattori ambientali e nelle attività antropiche. In generale si è assistito ad una diminuzione del numero di specie per effetto dell’avanzamento del bosco, in alcuni siti però è stato osservato un leggero aumento per bassi valori di copertura arboreo-arbustiva. La diminuzione del numero di specie è stata più marcata nei siti ad altitudine inferiore. Usando un modello lineare misto generalizzato, è stato riscontrato che le temperature medie annue sono uno dei fattori che meglio spiegano la diversa relazione tra i siti. L’analisi della composizione floristica mediante l’indice di Bray, ha evidenziato un comportamento simile tra i siti. Nella maggior parte dei siti analizzati si è riscontrata una diminuzione della produzione in sostanza secca per effetto della copertura arborea. Inoltre, già a partire da basse percentuali di copertura arboreo-arbustiva, è stata osservata una diminuzione della qualità della fitomassa prodotta dal pascolo, per effetto di una diminuzione del contenuto di proteina grezza ed un aumento delle fibre. Relativamente alle radici, si è osservato come la densità radicale in lunghezza e il diametro medio diminuissero drasticamente a percentuali di copertura arboreo-arbustiva del 75%, aumentando verosimilmente il rischio di erosione del suolo. Sulla base di questi risultati possiamo dire che nelle regioni montane, laddove la vocazione produttiva (in termini di produzione casearia) è poco rilevante, andrebbe incoraggiato il mantenimento di questi habitat a vantaggio della biodiversità e della stabilità del suolo. Come visto in questo studio, l’effetto della temperatura media annua sulla diminuzione del numero di specie, suggerisce che il rischio di perdita di biodiversità aumenta ad altitudine minore e in aree esposte a sud. Il mantenimento di basse percentuali di alberi o arbusti può essere utile per conservare il valore naturalistico di questo habitat. Al contrario, nelle zone dove la vocazione casearia del pascolo è prevalente, la gestione dovrebbe essere tale da mantenere le superfici a pascolo completamente libere da alberi e arbusti.
39
Greco, Francesco. "Wood pellet as biofuel: a life cycle analysis of a domestic and industrial production chain". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15534/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study focuses on the environmental impact assessment through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In particular, the aims are to compare the environmental impacts of ‘‘A1 premium’’ wood pellet manufacturing in a large industrial plant with “domestic” wood pellet manufacturing in a small pelletiser, and to identify the environmental hotspots of these two pellet productive chains. The raw material, for both systems is maritime pine wood. A cradle-to grave life-cycle inventory is used and, thus, the system boundary began with the forest stage and ended with ashes disposal after pellet burning. For the forest stage, two scenarios were simulated (intensive and extensive). Moreover, in a sensitivity analysis, alternative scenarios were tested for pellet burning (higher and lower emissions) and for transports (higher distances). The results underline that electricity consumption due to machinery used for the compressing phases of pelletising process has a key role in the environmental profile, together with pellet burning. The production of the wood has a low impact if compared with the other main stages of the pellet production chain. The sensitivity analysis revealed that transport distances have a great impact in the ozone depletion category and climate change, especially when a high transport distance is assumed. Moreover the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the pellet burning stage has a large impact, even when low emissions are adopted. The industrial model, with high emissions assumed for pellet burning is the worst scenario in terms of environmental performance. The model with less overall environmental impacts is the domestic model, with low emissions for pellet burning and extensive forest management. The comparison between the domestic and industrial model shows that, the domestic model performs better, having better performances on 6 impact categories out of 8.
40
Patil, Ravikant Amogisidha. "Production of acetic acid in kraft pulp mill biorefinery using bi-polar membrane electrodialysis". Thesis, The University of Maine, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10300301.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objective of this dissertation was to develop a process for the production of acetic acid in kraft mills. Acetyl groups in hardwood can be hydrolyzed using alkali at 50 °C. The product from this process contains about 15 g/L of sodium acetate and was determined to be suitable for the production of acetic acid.
Experiments performed using aqueous sodium acetate to evaluate the ability of electrodialysis (ED) to separate and concentrate sodium acetate showed that sodium acetate can be concentrated up to 275 g/L starting with an initial concentration of 17 g/L. The transport of water with sodium and acetate ions through ED membranes limited the maximum obtainable concentration.
To avoid the deleterious effects of white liquor on ED, selectivity experiments were performed using synthetic oxidized white liquor extract. These experiments showed a decrease in the efficiency of ED process due to the presence of sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate in the extract. Hence, it was concluded that caustic should be used as the extraction solvent.
Bi-polar electrodialysis (BPMED) experiments performed using sodium acetate showed that up to 200-280 g/L of acetic acid can be produced using BPMED. Although higher concentrations of sodium hydroxide can also be produced using BPMED, 30 g/L concentration was considered to be sufficient for recycle to the extraction process.
Feed and bleed mode BPMED experiments were performed to determine the current efficiencies and the suitable inlet concentration of sodium acetate for the production of up to 200 g/L of acetic acid. Both feed and bleed mode and batch experiments showed that the current density was the major driving force for BPMED.
Two types of concentrated wood extracts; namely (1) clarified and (2) unclarified were prepared with and without the lignin removal pre-treatment, respectively. The results of the ED and BPMED experiments performed using these extracts were similar to those of the synthetic sodium acetate. A major difference involved an increase of about 15% in electric energy consumption arising from the transport of formate, lactate and glycolate salts. The color of the anionic membranes slightly changed after processing unclarified extract through ED and BPMED.
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Mapulanga, Mwanza, e Praveen Saladi. "Factors driving and restraining adoption of Automation technologies in Swedish wood product industry". Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Industriell organisation och produktion, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30669.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Swedish wood product industry contributes significantly to the economy of the country. This industry adds more value to the sawn timber produced in order to manufacture different wooden products. Companies in Swedish wood product industry are presently seen as underdeveloped in terms of investments and developments in automation technologies. Automation technologies are seen by companies as a solution for improving productivity, product quality, manufacturing cost reduction and ultimately improving competitiveness. This has driven competing companies to pursue automation technologies that improve manufacturing processes. Literature in the Wood product industry field shows that there is need for extended automation technologies. The wood product industry has high degree of handcraft; for instance, some Swedish wood product manufacturers still have an essentially manual manufacturing process. This study seeks to understand the role of automation in the Swedish wood product industry and mainly focuses on the factors that drive and restrain companies in this industry to adopt and use automation technologies. An abductive research approach was applied, consisting of a literature review and multiple empirical case studies. The literature review was conducted to provide theoretical background on the general view of automation and the factors that affect adoption of new technologies in companies. The case studies were performed in collaboration with four wood product manufacturers within different business areas in order to analyse and compare similarities and differences in the factors that drive and restrain adoption of automation technologies. The findings imply that companies in the Swedish wood product industry face different factors that drive and restrain them from adopting automation technologies. The factors are both internal and external to the companies. Among the noticeable ones are the high product variety, lack of automation strategies, heterogeneous material property of wood, low competence levels regarding automation technologies, varying demands from the customers, and relationship with the suppliers of automation technologies. Regardles of the restraining factors faced by companies in the Swedish wood product industry, there is a great opportunity to improve their production systems in terms of automation technologies. There is now a growing treand in these companies to prioritise automation technologies as a competitive factor. This study contributes to the knowledge regarding the factors that drive and restrain the adoption of automation technologies and how companies could deal with such factors in the Swedish wood product industry.
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McTammany, Matthew E. "Recovery of southern Appalachian streams from historical agriculture". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11210.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Stream ecosystems are influenced by the surrounding landscape, and agriculture within their catchments has changed many characteristics of streams. Agriculture has been a prominent land use activity in the southern Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States for over 500 years. However, recent socioeconomic changes in the region have caused many farmers to abandon agriculture leading to widespread reforestation of historical farmland. I investigated the influence of agriculture on the physical, chemical, and biological structure and ecosystem processes of streams in the southern Appalachians. In addition, I studied streams in watersheds previously agricultural but currently reforested to determine how historic agriculture generates long-term effects on streams. Stream draining agricultural catchments (i.e., agricultural streams) had higher temperatures, light inputs, nutrients, and suspended sediments than forested streams and contained smaller substrate, dominated by sand and silt. Temperature and light regimes recovered in streams of reforested catchments, but the other aspects of stream physicochemistry remained elevated or changed due to historical agriculture. I expected biological community structure and ecosystem processes to reflect these altered conditions in streams with current and historical agriculture. Higher chlorophyll, lower macroinvertebrate biodiversity, fewer shredder-detritivore invertebrates, and more pollution-tolerant organisms characterized agricultural streams compared to forested streams, but each of these biological features was similar in long-term forested streams and streams with reforested catchments but with agricultural histories. Agricultural streams had higher rates of gross primary production (GPP) and GPP to respiration (P/R) ratios than forested streams, indicating that agriculture enhances autotrophic metabolism in streams. Agriculture did not have a significant effect on wood breakdown or microbial biofilm development on wood substrates. Together, these data suggest that agriculture causes many different changes in stream physical and chemical properties and that many of these properties do not recover following reforestation of catchments over the past 50 years. However, biological community structure and ecosystem processes appear to respond to physical aspects of streams that do recover from historic agriculture including light, temperature, and organic matter supply and type.Ph. D.
43
Bright, Ryan. "Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment of Wood-based Biofuel Production and Consumption Scenarios in Norway". Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9747.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An increasingly urgent need to develop alternatives to fossil fuels in road trans- portation stems from both the need to combat climate change and the need to prepare for a transition beyond peak oil. Biofuels can be part of an al- ternative solution to both. In Norway, the boreal forest o®ers a considerable resource base, and emerging technologies may soon make it commercially vi- able to convert these resources into low-carbon biofuels. Therefore, it is critical that policy-makers are provided with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions regarding the environmentally sustainable production of wood-based biofuels in Norway over near- and mid-term time horizons. A combined supply-demand resource assessment was performed to map the resource base and to quantify the wood-based bioenergy potential in Norway. A set of selected conversion technologies were chosen and evaluated for a series of scenarios addressing the utilization of woody-biomass resources through each of the systems. An integrated economic input-output LCA approach was taken to perform biofuel production-consumption scenario analyses in Norway up to 2050 in e®orts to quantify climate change mitigation and fossil displacement potentials. It was found that a growing resource base, when used to produce second generation biofuels, can displace anywhere from 35-50% of fossils used in land transport which can warrant signi¯cant AGW mitigation potential both from within road transport and other key sectors.
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OLIVEIRA, MARIANA DE BEAUCLAIR DOMINGUES DE. "WOOD CHARCOAL PRODUCTION AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN PEDRA BRANCA MASSIF, RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16644@1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRODezenas de carvoarias históricas ocorrem na bacia do Rio Caçambe, localizada no sudeste do Maciço da Pedra Branca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Estas carvoarias são vestígios da produção de carvão no final do século XIX e início do XIX, destinadas ao abastecimento da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar os fragmentos de carvão que compõem essas carvoarias, através de sua identificação taxonômica e estimativa de diâmetro, e comparar os resultados com levantamentos fitossociológicos atuais, permitindo uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica da Mata Atlântica sob influência antrópica, assim como contextualizar a produção do carvão na história do Rio de Janeiro e suas florestas. Foram analisados 944 fragmentos de carvão de duas carvoarias, uma localizada no fundo do vale e outra no divisor de drenagem. Na carvoaria do fundo de vale predominaram pioneiras e secundárias iniciais como Cecropia, Guarea e Tibouchina e pequenos diâmetros, enquanto na carvoaria do divisor de drenagem predominaram gêneros característicos de estágios sucessionais mais avançados, como Copaifera, Pouteria e Lamanonia e diâmetros maiores. A produção de carvão não parece ter alterado de forma significativa a estrutura e diversidade da floresta no divisor de drenagem. No fundo de vale, embora a estrutura provavelmente não tenha sido afetada, a diversidade parece ter se reduzido de forma significativa. A ampla distribuição e dominância de Guarea guidonia, uma espécie com propriedades alelopáticas, parece ser a causa da manutenção de uma baixa diversidade no fundo de vale por meio de um processo alternativo de sucessão secundária. A intensidade de atividades antrópicas na área provavelmente criou as condições ambientais que favoreceram a dominância de G. guidonia. A produção de carvão era muito comum na cidade e no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Além de provavelmente ter tido um importante papel na formação das paisagens que conhecemos hoje, os fragmentos de carvão remanescentes desta atividade são uma fonte inestimável de informações a respeito do passado das florestas e de sua dinâmica sob influência antrópica.
Vestiges of dozens of historical charcoal kilns can be found in the Caçambe River watershed, located in Southeastern Pedra Branca Massif, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. These archaeological sites are remains of the charcoal production that took place in the region from late XIXth to mid XXth century, probably to supply Rio de Janeiro city. This dissertation’s aim is to understand the Atlantic Forest dynamics under human influence through the analysis of charcoal fragments from these kilns (taxonomic identification and diameter estimates), comparing the results to present day phytosociological data, as well as to contextualize the charcoal production in Rio de Janeiro’s history. Almost a thousand fragments were analyzed from a kiln at the valley bottom and another one at the water divide. In the bottom valley kiln pioneers and secondary initials like Cecropia, Guarea, and Tibouchina were the most frequent taxa, and small diameters predominated. In the water divide kiln genera characteristic of more advanced successional stages, such as Copaifera, Pouteria, and Lamanonia were most frequent, and larger diameters were more common. Charcoal production does not seem to have significantly altered the structure and diversity in the water divide. In the bottom valley we found no structural difference, but species diversity was considerably diminished. The spread and dominance of Guarea guidonia, a species with allelopathic properties in this area, is responsible for the maintenance of lower diversity through an alternative successional pathway. The intensity of human activity in the area is believed to have created environmental conditions that favored G.guidonia. Charcoal production was probably very common in Rio de Janeiro city and state. Besides the fact that this activity probably had an important role in the development of modern landscapes, its remains are an invaluable source of information about past forests and their dynamics under human influence.
45
Yoshida, Kei. "Production of organic acids and methane from wood and chitin by supercritical water treatment". Kyoto University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126403.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(エネルギー科学)
甲第14844号
エネ博第198号
新制||エネ||45(附属図書館)
27250
UT51-2009-F486
京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 坂 志朗, 教授 東野 達, 准教授 河本 晴雄
学位規則第4条第1項該当
46
Quader, M. M. A. "Improvement of the alkaline delignification of wood and nonwood raw materials for pulp production /". Åbo : Åbo akademi university, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40116564x.
Testo completo
47
Banu, Lulu Bilquis. "An assessment of Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.F. Wight for multipurpose biomass production in Bangladesh". Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304635.
Testo completo
48
Schacht, Walter H. "Wood and Forage Production in Cleared and Thinned Dry Tropical Woodland: Implications to Goat Nutrition". DigitalCommons@USU, 1987. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3581.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Wood for firewood, fence posts and construction material and forage for domestic livestock are key resources in the caatinga vegetation zone of northeastern Brazil. This experiment was designed as a preliminary assessment of thinned caatinga as the basis of a production system which optimizes forage and wood production. Two levels of thinning (25% and 55% tree canopy cover) were compared to cleared (0% tree canopy cover) and undisturbed (95% tree canopy cover) caatinga in terms of forage and wood production and goat nutrition.
Clearing and thinning of caatinga vegetation resulted in higher amounts of available forage through the wet ·season and up to the time of leaf fall. After leaf fall, total available forage was similar for all four treatments.
Dietary selection differed among the treatments only in February and May, when goats on treated pastures selected higher amounts of herbaceous vegetation than those on control pastures. Herbaceous vegetation was the primary dietary constituent on treated pastures throughout the wet season. During mid to late dry season, when herbaceous vegetation was dead and leaf:stem ratios were low, browse was consistently selected at high levels. Nutrient content of diets were not different among treatments, but forage and digestible energy intakes were higher (P<.OS) on treated pastures than on control.
Due to lack of wood production on cleared plots from an intact tree component, total aboveground biomass production for the cleared treatment was 30% less than that for the control and about 25% less than that for the two thinned treatments. Overall, cleared and thinned treatments had similar positive forage and animal responses but thinned treatments had the added benefit of an intact tree canopy producing valuable wood.
The dry season has been identified as the most critical time of the year for livestock due to low forage availability and quality resulting in weight losses and mortality. Results of this study indicated that either supplementation or increased availability of nutritious forage would be necessary for goats to continue to grow beyond the first half of the dry season. Thinning may be a means of increasing the availability of nutritious forage.
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Ståhl, Magnus. "Improving Wood Fuel Pellets for Household Use : Perspectives on Quality, Efficiency and Environment". Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för energi-, miljö- och byggteknik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2855.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bioenergy is one of many contributors to reducing the use of fossil fuels in order to mitigate climate change by decreasing CO2-emissions, and the potential for biofuels are large. The wood fuel pellets are a refined biofuel made of sawdust, which is dried and compressed to achieve improved fuel and transportation properties. In 2007 the amount of wood fuel pellets used for heating purposes in Sweden was 1715000 tons. The aims of this work was: to examine the moisture content and emission of monoterpenes during the drying and pelletising steps of the pellets production (Paper I); to investigate how the recirculation of drying gases affects the energy efficiency of rotary dryers and how the energy efficiency is related to the capacity of the dryer. (Paper II); to analyse the causes of the problems encountered by household end-users of pellets and investigate whether an improved pellet quality standard could reduce these problems (Paper III); to investigate how the energy consumption of the pelletising machine and chosen pellet quality parameters were affected using an increased amount of rapeseed cake in wood fuel pellets (Paper IV); and to identify gaps of knowledge about wood fuel pellet technology and needs for further research on quality, environmental and health aspects throughout the wood fuel pellet chain, from sawdust to heat. (Paper V).
50
Botman, Ilse. "Production potential of Eucalypt woodlots for bioenergy in the Winelands region of the Western Cape". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4281.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential tree taxa that could be grown as a source of biomass in the Cape Winelands region. The trials comprises of two different aspects. The first being the estimation of potential volume, density and biomass of a pair of six year-old stands of E. gomphocephala and E. cladocalyx families at two climatically different sites within the study region. The second part of the study was the early growth assessment of alternative taxa that could be planted in the region compared to the regional mainstay E. cladocalyx. The volume of families was estimated using appropriate volume equations and using the form height were none were available. The best volume yield varied from 4.6 to 11.2 m3 ha-1a-1, at the dry and sub-humid sites, respectively. Wood density, estimated from non-destructive samples at both sites, varied from 620 (sub-humid) to 588 kg m-3 (dry site). The estimated biomass production rate of the top producing families yielded 2.7 and 6.9 t ha -1a -1 at the dry and sub-humid sites, respectively. In terms of estimated biomass and survival, E. gomphocephala was more suited to the dry site, while E. cladocalyx displayed superior yield than E. gomphocephala on the sub-humid site, but not significantly so. Early growth assessment of the trial of alternative taxa found that the hybrid E. grandis × camldulensis and E. grandis × urophylla had superior biomass indices, but were more susceptible to infestation by Thaumastocoris peregrinus and Gonipterus scuttelatus.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om potensiële boom taksa vir gebruik as ’n bron van biomassa in die Kaapse Wynlandstreek te ondersoek. Die proewe behels twee aspekte: eerstens die beraming van die potensiële volume, digtheid en biomassa van sesjaaroue opstande met families van E. gomphocephala en E. cladocalyx by twee klimatologies verskillende groeiplekke in die studiegebied; tweedens die beoordeling van die vroeë groei van alternatiewe taksa wat in die streek geplant kan word in vergelyking met die streek se historiese staatmaker-spesie E. cladocalyx. Die volume van die families is beraam deur gebruik te maak van toepaslike volumevergelykings, en met behulp van ’n vormfaktor waar vergelykings nie beskikbaar was nie. Die volume aanwas by die droë en sub-humiede groeiplekke was onderskeidelik 4.6 en 11.2 m3 ha-1j-1. Houtdigtheid is beraam deur nie-destruktiewe monsters uit die opstand te neem. Gemiddelde digthede het variëer van 588 (sub-humied) tot 620 kg m-3 (droë groeiplek). Die beraamde biomassaproduksie van die top-families beloop onderskeidelik 2.7 en 6.9 t ha -1j -1 vir die droë en sub-humiede groeiplekke. In terme van beraamde biomassa en oorlewing, is E. gomphocephala meer geskik vir droër groeiplekke , terwyl E. cladocalyx by die sub-humiede groeiplek ’n hoër opbrengs as E. gomphocephala getoon het, hoewel nie betekenisvol nie. Beramings van die vroeë groei by die proef met alternatiewe taksa het getoon dat die basters E. grandis × camldulensis en E. grandis × urophylla hoër biomassa-indekse het, maar meer vatbaar is vir besmetting deur Thaumastocoris peregrinus en Gonipterus scuttelatus.
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies