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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Eutherians”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

Zhang, Xuzhe, Mihaela Pavlicev, Helen N. Jones, and Louis J. Muglia. "Eutherian-Specific Gene TRIML2 Attenuates Inflammation in the Evolution of Placentation." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 2 (October 9, 2019): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz238.

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Abstract Evolution of highly invasive placentation in the stem lineage of eutherians and subsequent extension of pregnancy set eutherians apart from other mammals, that is, marsupials with short-lived placentas, and oviparous monotremes. Recent studies suggest that eutherian implantation evolved from marsupial attachment reaction, an inflammatory process induced by the direct contact of fetal placenta with maternal endometrium after the breakdown of the shell coat, and shortly before the onset of parturition. Unique to eutherians, a dramatic downregulation of inflammation after implantation pr

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V.R. Prasad, Guntupalli, Omkar Verma, Ashok Sahni, and Ashu Khosla. "Cretaceous mammals of India–Stratigraphic distribution, diversity and intercontinental affinities." Journal of Palaeosciences 70, no. (1-2) (September 10, 2021): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.14.

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Extensive research carried out on the Cretaceous deposits of Laurasia has revealed an overwhelming presence of eutherian, metatherian and multituberculate groups of mammals in the Cretaceous ecosystems of Northern Hemisphere continents. In contrast, the relatively poorly documented fossil record of Cretaceous mammals from Gondwanan continents is represented by gondwanatherians, dryolestoids, and a few multituberculates and haramiyidans. Until now, no undoubted eutherian mammals have been reported from the Cretaceous strata of the southern continents except for India. In this context, Indian Cr

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3

Dos Santos, Sandra E., Jairo Porfirio, Felipe B. da Cunha, Paul R. Manger, William Tavares, Leila Pessoa, Mary Ann Raghanti, Chet C. Sherwood, and Suzana Herculano-Houzel. "Cellular Scaling Rules for the Brains of Marsupials: Not as “Primitive” as Expected." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 89, no. 1 (2017): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452856.

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In the effort to understand the evolution of mammalian brains, we have found that common relationships between brain structure mass and numbers of nonneuronal (glial and vascular) cells apply across eutherian mammals, but brain structure mass scales differently with numbers of neurons across structures and across primate and nonprimate clades. This suggests that the ancestral scaling rules for mammalian brains are those shared by extant nonprimate eutherians - but do these scaling relationships apply to marsupials, a sister group to eutherians that diverged early in mammalian evolution? Here w

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4

Goswami, Anjali, Nick Milne, and Stephen Wroe. "Biting through constraints: cranial morphology, disparity and convergence across living and fossil carnivorous mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1713 (November 24, 2010): 1831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2031.

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Carnivory has evolved independently several times in eutherian (including placental) and metatherian (including marsupial) mammals. We used geometric morphometrics to assess convergences associated with the evolution of carnivory across a broad suite of mammals, including the eutherian clades Carnivora and Creodonta and the metatherian clades Thylacoleonidae, Dasyuromorphia, Didelphidae and Borhyaenoidea. We further quantified cranial disparity across eutherians and metatherians to test the hypothesis that the marsupial mode of reproduction has constrained their morphological evolution. This s

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5

Collet, C., R. Joseph, and K. Nicholas. "Cloning, cDNA analysis and prolactin-dependent expression of a marsupial alpha-lactalbumin." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 2, no. 6 (1990): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9900693.

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The gene for alpha-lactalbumin has been cloned from a tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) mammary gland cDNA library. Tammar alpha-lactalbumin has approximately 50 and 30% homology to the alpha-lactalbumins of eutherians at the levels of nucleotide and protein sequence respectively. Comparison of the inferred tammar polypeptide sequence with the sequence of the eutherian proteins reveals extensive divergence at almost all of the non-essential amino acid residues. However, the hydropathy plots of the tammar protein are almost identical to those of eutherian alpha-lactalbumins, suggesting that pro

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6

McKenzie, LM, and DW Cooper. "Low MHC class II variability in a marsupial." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 6 (1994): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940721.

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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci have been shown to be highly polymorphic in most eutherian ('placental') species studied. Several hypotheses have been advanced for the maintenance of this exceptional level of genetic variation, one of which suggests that it is necessary for successful eutherian reproduction. Marsupials (metatherians) and eutherians are the only two groups of viviparous mammals, but their modes of reproduction are quite distinct. Although marsupials have placentae, they are generally shorter lived and less invasive than in eutherians. Other investigations have s

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7

Gerkema, Menno P., Wayne I. L. Davies, Russell G. Foster, Michael Menaker, and Roelof A. Hut. "The nocturnal bottleneck and the evolution of activity patterns in mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1765 (August 22, 2013): 20130508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0508.

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In 1942, Walls described the concept of a ‘nocturnal bottleneck’ in placental mammals, where these species could survive only by avoiding daytime activity during times in which dinosaurs were the dominant taxon. Walls based this concept of a longer episode of nocturnality in early eutherian mammals by comparing the visual systems of reptiles, birds and all three extant taxa of the mammalian lineage, namely the monotremes, marsupials (now included in the metatherians) and placentals (included in the eutherians). This review describes the status of what has become known as the nocturnal bottlene

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8

Edwards, Carol A., Nozomi Takahashi, Jennifer A. Corish, and Anne C. Ferguson-Smith. "The origins of genomic imprinting in mammals." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 7 (2019): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18176.

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Genomic imprinting is a process that causes genes to be expressed according to their parental origin. Imprinting appears to have evolved gradually in two of the three mammalian subclasses, with no imprinted genes yet identified in prototheria and only six found to be imprinted in marsupials to date. By interrogating the genomes of eutherian suborders, we determine that imprinting evolved at the majority of eutherian specific genes before the eutherian radiation. Theories considering the evolution of imprinting often relate to resource allocation and recently consider maternal–offspring interac

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9

Frankenberg, S., A. J. Pask, and M. B. Renfree. "259. Pluripotency genes in a marsupial, the tammar wallaby." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 9 (2008): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb08abs259.

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Markers of pluripotency and early differentiation in the early embryo have been extensively characterised in eutherian species, most notably the mouse. By comparison, mechanisms controlling pluripotency and early lineage specification have received surprisingly little attention in marsupials, which represent the second major infraclass of mammals. Early marsupial embryogenesis exhibits overt morphological differences to that of eutherians, however the underlying developmental mechanisms may be conserved. In order to characterise early marsupial development at the molecular level, we have ident

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10

Messer, M., D. C. Shaw, A. S. Weiss, P. Rissmiller, and M. Griffiths. "Estimation of Divergence Dates for Monotremes From Comparisons of A-Lactalbumin Amino Acid Sequences." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98323.

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cx-Lactalbumins were isolated from milk of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Their amino acid sequences were determined and compared with those of the cx- lactalbumins often eutherian and two marsupial species, using the computer programme ("Distances") to calculate the number of differences (substitutions) between a total of 36 pairs of cx-lactalbumins. As expected, the amino acid sequences of the monotreme cx-lactalbumins were more similar to each other than to those of other mammals, as were the sequences of the marsupial and the eutherian cx-

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11

Bartkowska, Katarzyna, Beata Tepper, Krzysztof Turlejski, and Ruzanna Djavadian. "Postnatal and Adult Neurogenesis in Mammals, Including Marsupials." Cells 11, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 2735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11172735.

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In mammals, neurogenesis occurs during both embryonic and postnatal development. In eutherians, most brain structures develop embryonically; conversely, in marsupials, a number of brain structures develop after birth. The exception is the generation of granule cells in the dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum of eutherian species. The formation of these structures starts during embryogenesis and continues postnatally. In both eutherians and marsupials, neurogenesis continues in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation th

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12

Singh, Devika, Dan Sun, Andrew G. King, David E. Alquezar-Planas, Rebecca N. Johnson, David Alvarez-Ponce, and Soojin V. Yi. "Koala methylomes reveal divergent and conserved DNA methylation signatures of X chromosome regulation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1945 (February 24, 2021): 20202244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2244.

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X chromosome inactivation (XCI) mediated by differential DNA methylation between sexes is an iconic example of epigenetic regulation. Although XCI is shared between eutherians and marsupials, the role of DNA methylation in marsupial XCI remains contested. Here, we examine genome-wide signatures of DNA methylation across fives tissues from a male and female koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus ), and present the first whole-genome, multi-tissue marsupial ‘methylome atlas’. Using these novel data, we elucidate divergent versus common features of representative marsupial and eutherian DNA methylation.

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13

Hansen, Victoria L., and Robert D. Miller. "Transcription of immune genes at the fetomaternal interface during pregnancy in a model marsupial, Monodelphis domestica." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 226.20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.226.20.

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Abstract The evolutionary challenge of nourishing an allogeneic conceptus in the presence of an adaptive immune system has intrigued immunologists since Sir Peter Medawar brought attention to the “fetal allograft problem” in the 1950s. Though much has been learned in reproductive immunology, it has largely been limited to eutherian mammals such as humans, mice, and mammalian livestock. Therians are the lineage of mammals that include both eutherians, or “placentals”, and marsupials. Though eutherians and marsupials diverged approximately 148 million years ago, the two lineages share a common v

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14

Carter, Anthony M. "Recent advances in understanding evolution of the placenta: insights from transcriptomics." F1000Research 7 (January 19, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13115.1.

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The mammalian placenta shows an extraordinary degree of variation in gross and fine structure, but this has been difficult to interpret in physiological terms. Transcriptomics offers a path to understanding how structure relates to function. This essay examines how studies of gene transcription can inform us about placental evolution in eutherian and marsupial mammals and more broadly about convergent evolution of viviparity and placentation in vertebrates. Thus far, the focus has been on the chorioallantoic placenta of eutherians at term, the reproductive strategies of eutherians and marsupia

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15

L Bryant, S., and RW Rose. "Effect of Cadmium on the Reproductive Organs of the Male Potoroo Potorous tridactylus (Macropodidae)." Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 38, no. 3 (1985): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9850305.

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Low (2' 28 mglkg) or high (4' 56 mg/kg) doses of cadmium chloride were administered, either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, to adult male potoroos (P. tridactylus). After 7 days, the testes, caput epididymis and spermatic cords of the high-dose groups all displayed a degree of cellular damage; however, the damage was not as extensive as that which occurs in some eutherian species after only 24 h. This time differential might be attributed to structural differences between the testicular blood supply in eutherians and marsupials.

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16

Huttley, Gavin. "Do genomic datasets resolve the correct relationship among the placental, marsupial and monotreme lineages?" Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09049.

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Did the mammal radiation arise through initial divergence of prototherians from a common ancestor of metatherians and eutherians, the Theria hypothesis, or of eutherians from a common ancestor of metatherians and prototherians, the Marsupionta hypothesis? Molecular phylogenetic analyses of point substitutions applied to this problem have been contradictory – mtDNA-encoded sequences supported Marsupionta, nuclear-encoded sequences and RY (purine–pyrimidine)-recoded mtDNA supported Theria. The consistency property of maximum likelihood guarantees convergence on the true tree only with longer ali

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17

Suárez, Rodrigo, Annalisa Paolino, Laura R. Fenlon, Laura R. Morcom, Peter Kozulin, Nyoman D. Kurniawan, and Linda J. Richards. "A pan-mammalian map of interhemispheric brain connections predates the evolution of the corpus callosum." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 38 (September 4, 2018): 9622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808262115.

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The brain of mammals differs from that of all other vertebrates, in having a six-layered neocortex that is extensively interconnected within and between hemispheres. Interhemispheric connections are conveyed through the anterior commissure in egg-laying monotremes and marsupials, whereas eutherians evolved a separate commissural tract, the corpus callosum. Although the pattern of interhemispheric connectivity via the corpus callosum is broadly shared across eutherian species, it is not known whether this pattern arose as a consequence of callosal evolution or instead corresponds to a more anci

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18

Nagy, KA. "Field Bioenergetics of Mammals - What Determines Field Metabolic Rates." Australian Journal of Zoology 42, no. 1 (1994): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940043.

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Field metabolic rates (FMRs) of 61 species of mammals, as measured with doubly labelled water, range from 29 kJ day-1 (0.34 W) in pipistrel bats to 49 MJ day-1 (570 W) in northern elephant seals, which is a range of 1678 times. Most of this variation is due to differences in body mass; the least-squares, log-log regression of mammalian FMR on body mass (kJ day-1 = 5.27 g0.723) has a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.961, indicating that variation in log(body mass) accounts for 96% of variation in log(FMR). The scaling of FMR in marsupials (kJ day-1 = 10.83 g0.582, 17 species) differs sign

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Gemmell, RT. "A comparative study of the corpus luteum." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 3 (1995): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950303.

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The corpus luteum (CL) is a transitory organ which has a regulatory role in reproduction. Sharks, amphibians and reptiles have corpora lutea that produce progesterone which influences the rate of embryonic development. The egg-laying monotremes and the two major mammalian groups, eutherian and marsupial, have a CL that secretes progesterone. Most eutherians have allowed for the uterine development of their young by extending the length of the oestrous cycle and the CL or placenta actively secretes progesterone until birth. Gestation in the marsupial does not extend beyond the length of an oest

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Cruz, Y. P., H. Morton, A. C. Cavanagh, L. Selwood, S. D. Wilson, and M. Sasaki. "Early pregnancy factor in marsupials." Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 3 (2006): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05050.

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Maternal recognition of pregnancy in marsupials occurs in more subtle ways than it does in eutherians. For instance, unlike in eutherians, the plasma progesterone profiles of pregnant and non-pregnant animals are similar during the luteal phase. It is typically during the brief luteal phase that both gestation and parturition occur in marsupials. Yet histological and physiological changes have been documented between gravid and non-gravid uteri in certain monovular marsupials and between pregnant and non-pregnant animals in polyovular marsupials. Early pregnancy factor (EPF), a 10.8-kDa serum

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Royall, Amy H., Stephen Frankenberg, Andrew J. Pask, and Peter W. H. Holland. "Of eyes and embryos: subfunctionalization of the CRX homeobox gene in mammalian evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1907 (July 24, 2019): 20190830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0830.

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ETCHbox genes are fast-evolving homeobox genes present only in eutherian (placental) mammals which originated by duplication and divergence from a conserved homeobox gene, Cone-rod homeobox ( CRX ). While expression and function of CRX are restricted to the retina in eutherian mammals, ETCHbox gene expression is specific to preimplantation embryos. This dramatic difference could reflect the acquisition of new functions by duplicated genes or subfunctionalization of pleiotropic roles between CRX and ETCHbox genes. To resolve between these hypotheses, we compared expression, sequence and inferre

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22

Godinot, M., and G. V. R. Prasad. "Discovery of cretaceous arboreal eutherians." Naturwissenschaften 81, no. 2 (February 1994): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01138464.

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Godinot, M., and G. V. R. Prasad. "Discovery of Cretaceous Arboreal Eutherians." Naturwissenschaften 81, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050033.

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Crawford, J. L., D. A. Heath, L. J. Haydon, B. P. Thomson, and D. C. Eckery. "Gene expression and secretion of LH and FSH in relation to gene expression of GnRH receptors in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) demonstrates highly conserved mechanisms." REPRODUCTION 137, no. 1 (January 2009): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0347.

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In eutherian mammals, the gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) are synthesized and stored in gonadotroph cells under the regulation of multiple mechanisms including GnRH. Very little is known about the regulation of gonadotrophin secretion and storage in pituitary glands of marsupials. This study revealed, using quantitative PCR and heterologous RIA techniques, thatLHBmRNA expression levels remained constant over the oestrous cycle, regardless of the presence of a preovulatory LH surge, which is characteristic of a hormone secreted under regulation. Our sampling regime was unable to detect pulses of LH

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Shah, SKH, SC Nicol, and R. Swain. "Functional-Morphology of the Cranial Vasculature and the Nasal Passage in the Tasmanian Devil, Sarcophilus-Harrisii (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) - a Marsupial Carotid Rete." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 2 (1986): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860125.

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An anatomical examination of the cranial vascular system of the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii (Boitard), using angiography, polyester resin casts, and dissections, demonstrated the presence of two bilateral retia analogous to the carotid retia of panting eutherians. Such structures have not previously been demonstrated in any marsupial. The pattern of the Circle of Willis differed from that reported for any eutherian. A possible role of the retia in cooling the cranial blood supply during thermal panting would be aided by the complex turbinate bone structure, which provides a large sur

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Jolly, SE, GA Morriss, S. Scobie, and PE Cowan. "Composition of Milk of the Common Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus Vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae): Concentrations of Elements." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 5 (1996): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960479.

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The concentrations of 11 elements (calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, strontium, sulphur and zinc) were measured in milk samples collected from 193 lactating brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, at all stages of lactation. Most elements showed patterns of change during lactation similar to those of other marsupials. The most marked changes occurred at about 80-120 days, when the growth rate of the pouch young increased and developmental changes took place, such as eye opening and fur growth. Compared with eutherians, copper and iron concentrations

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Diaz, Jessica L., Verl B. Siththanandan, Victoria Lu, Nicole Gonzalez-Nava, Lincoln Pasquina, Jessica L. MacDonald, Mollie B. Woodworth, et al. "An evolutionarily acquired microRNA shapes development of mammalian cortical projections." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (November 2, 2020): 29113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006700117.

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The corticospinal tract is unique to mammals and the corpus callosum is unique to placental mammals (eutherians). The emergence of these structures is thought to underpin the evolutionary acquisition of complex motor and cognitive skills. Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) and callosal projection neurons (CPN) are the archetypal projection neurons of the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum, respectively. Although a number of conserved transcriptional regulators of CSMN and CPN development have been identified in vertebrates, none are unique to mammals and most are coexpressed across multip

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Tojima, Sayaka, Hidaka Anetai, Kaito Koike, Saori Anetai, Kounosuke Tokita, Chris Leigh, and Jaliya Kumaratilake. "Gross anatomy of the gluteal and posterior thigh muscles in koalas based on their innervations." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): e0261805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261805.

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Morphological and functional comparison of convergently-evolved traits in marsupials and eutherians is an important aspect of studying adaptive divergence in mammals. However, the anatomy of marsupials has been particularly difficult to evaluate for multiple reasons. First, previous studies on marsupial anatomy are often uniformly old and non-exhaustive. Second, muscle identification was historically based on muscle attachment sites, but attachment sites have since been declared insufficient for muscle identification due to extensive interspecific variation. For example, different names have b

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Collet, C., R. Joseph, and K. Nicholas. "Molecular characterization and in-vitro hormonal requirements for expression of two casein genes from a marsupial." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 8, no. 1 (February 1992): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0080013.

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ABSTRACT Two marsupial casein genes have been isolated from a tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) mammary gland cDNA library. Comparisons of the tammar α- and β-casein genes with their eutherian homologues reveal extensive divergence at the levels of nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Regions of similarity between the tammar and eutherian Ca2+-sensitive caseins are restricted to the major phosphorylation sites and the signal peptides. Quantification of casein mRNA levels in hormone-stimulated mammary gland explants from tammars in late pregnancy suggests that maximal induction of the β-casein

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Voyle, Roger B., Bryan P. Haines, Kelly A. Loffler, Rory M. Hope, Peter D. Rathjen, and William G. Breed. "Isolation and characterisation of zona pellucida A (ZPA) cDNAs from two species of marsupial: regulated oocyte-specific expression of ZPA transcripts." Zygote 7, no. 3 (August 1999): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199499000623.

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The zona pellucida (ZP) is an extracellular glycoprotein coat that is deposited around the oocyte during folliculogenesis and performs several functions that relate to fertilisation and preimplantion development. In eutherian mammals it consists of three major glycoproteins – ZPA, ZPB, and ZPC – but little is known about its molecular constitution in marsupials. We have isolated the cDNA encoding the ZPA homologue in two distantly related marsupial series: the possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (a phalangerid) and the dunnart Sminthopsis crassicaudata (a dasyurid). The two cDNA sequences were 86% i

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Ong, Oselyne T. W., Lauren J. Young, and Julie M. Old. "Preliminary genomic survey and sequence analysis of the complement system in non-eutherian mammals." Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 1 (2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15036.

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The complement system is a major mediator of the vertebrate immune system, which functions in both innate and specific immune responses. It comprises more than 30 proteins working to remove foreign cells by way of anaphylatoxins, opsonins or the membrane attack complex. Over the last few years, whole genome sequences of non-eutherian mammals (marsupials and a monotreme), the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), have become publicly ava

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Hinds, D. S., R. V. Baudinette, R. E. MacMillen, and E. A. Halpern. "Maximum metabolism and the aerobic factorial scope of endotherms." Journal of Experimental Biology 182, no. 1 (September 1, 1993): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.182.1.41.

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Minimum and maximum metabolism in response to cold were measured in 30 species of Australian monotremes, marsupials, eutherians and birds. In marsupials and the echidna, maximum metabolism was also determined during treadmill locomotion. These data were used to determine, for the first time, the relationships between maximum metabolism and body mass in the four endothermic groups and to compare aerobic factorial scopes (the ratio of maximum to minimum metabolism) elicited by cold and locomotion. The effect of body mass on maximum metabolism is the same in marsupials and eutherians (the therian

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Hao, Yue, Hyuk Jin Lee, Michael Baraboo, Katherine Burch, Taylor Maurer, Jason A. Somarelli, and Gavin C. Conant. "Baby Genomics: Tracing the Evolutionary Changes That Gave Rise to Placentation." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 3 (February 13, 2020): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa026.

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Abstract It has long been challenging to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind striking morphological innovations such as mammalian pregnancy. We studied the power of a robust comparative orthology pipeline based on gene synteny to address such problems. We inferred orthology relations between human genes and genes from each of 43 other vertebrate genomes, resulting in ∼18,000 orthologous pairs for each genome comparison. By identifying genes that first appear coincident with origin of the placental mammals, we hypothesized that we would define a subset of the genome enriched for genes that

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Lefèvre, Christophe M., Julie A. Sharp, and Kevin R. Nicholas. "Characterisation of monotreme caseins reveals lineage-specific expansion of an ancestral casein locus in mammals." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09083.

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Using a milk-cell cDNA sequencing approach we characterised milk-protein sequences from two monotreme species, platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and found a full set of caseins and casein variants. The genomic organisation of the platypus casein locus is compared with other mammalian genomes, including the marsupial opossum and several eutherians. Physical linkage of casein genes has been seen in the casein loci of all mammalian genomes examined and we confirm that this is also observed in platypus. However, we show that a recent duplication of β-casein o

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Montellano-Ballesteros, Marisol, Richard C. Fox, and Craig S. Scott. "Species composition of the Late Cretaceous eutherian mammal Paranyctoides Fox." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 7 (July 2013): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0184.

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Although the known record of Mesozoic eutherian mammals has been significantly enriched in recent years, early eutherian evolution is still not well understood. Among the more controversial of Mesozoic eutherians is Paranyctoides Fox, which was described in 1979 from the Judithian Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada. It is a rare taxon and therefore has been identified in only a few other North American Late Cretaceous local faunas since. Within the past decade, dental and gnathic remains discovered in Central Asia have also been referred to Paranyctoides, thereby expanding the geographic

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Raudsepp, Terje, and Bhanu P. Chowdhary. "The Eutherian Pseudoautosomal Region." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 147, no. 2-3 (2015): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443157.

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The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is a unique segment of sequence homology between differentiated sex chromosomes where recombination occurs during meiosis. Molecular and functional properties of the PAR are distinctive from the autosomes and the remaining regions of the sex chromosomes. These include a higher rate of recombination than genome average, bias towards GC-substitutions and increased interindividual nucleotide divergence and mutations. As yet, the PAR has been physically demarcated in only 28 eutherian species representing 6 mammalian orders. Murid rodents have the smallest, gene-po

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Bakker, Anthony J., Ann L. Parkinson, and Stewart I. Head. "Contractile properties of single-skinned skeletal muscle fibres of the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the Australian short-nosed echidna." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 4 (2005): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05011.

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Eutherian mammal fast-twitch muscle fibres share similar contractile activation properties, suggesting that these properties are highly conserved in mammals. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the contractile properties of skeletal muscle from the order Monotremata, a mammalian order that separated from eutherians 150 million years ago. The Ca2+- and Sr2+-activation properties of single mechanically skinned skeletal muscle fibres from the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of the short-nosed echidna were determined. Sigmoidal curves fitted to force response data plotted as a funct

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Polymeropoulos, E. T., G. Heldmaier, P. B. Frappell, B. M. McAllan, K. W. Withers, M. Klingenspor, C. R. White, and M. Jastroch. "Phylogenetic differences of mammalian basal metabolic rate are not explained by mitochondrial basal proton leak." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1726 (June 2011): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0881.

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Metabolic rates of mammals presumably increased during the evolution of endothermy, but molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying basal metabolic rate (BMR) are still not understood. It has been established that mitochondrial basal proton leak contributes significantly to BMR. Comparative studies among a diversity of eutherian mammals showed that BMR correlates with body mass and proton leak. Here, we studied BMR and mitochondrial basal proton leak in liver of various marsupial species. Surprisingly, we found that the mitochondrial proton leak was greater in marsupials than in eutherians, a

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Richardson, S. J., A. J. Bradley, W. Duan, R. E. Wettenhall, P. J. Harms, J. J. Babon, B. R. Southwell, S. Nicol, S. C. Donnellan, and G. Schreiber. "Evolution of marsupial and other vertebrate thyroxine-binding plasma proteins." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 266, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): R1359—R1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.4.r1359.

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Binding of radioactive thyroxine to proteins in the plasma of vertebrates was studied by electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. Albumin was found to be a thyroxine carrier in the blood of all studied fish, amphibians, reptiles, monotremes, marsupials, eutherians (placental mammals), and birds. Thyroxine binding to transthyretin was detected in the blood of eutherians, diprotodont marsupials, and birds, but not in blood from fish, toads, reptiles, monotremes, and Australian polyprotodont marsupials. Globulins binding thyroxine were only observed in the plasma of some mammals. Apparently,

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Collet, C., R. Joseph та K. Nicholas. "A marsupial β-lactoglobulin gene: characterization and prolactin-dependent expression". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 6, № 1 (лютий 1991): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0060009.

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ABSTRACT Analysis of the tammar wallaby β-lactoglobulin cDNA and inferred amino acid sequences reveal extensive sequence divergence from the eutherian β-lactoglobulins. Conserved residues include the cysteines and a number of individual amino acids involved in structure and ligand-binding. The only region of extended similarity is a heptapeptide sequence which may impart specificity to its interaction with a receptor protein. Northern analysis of total mammary RNA revealed two transcripts which result from differential utilization of polyadenylation signals. The concentration of β-lactoglobuli

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Prasad, G. V. R., and M. Godinot. "Eutherian tarsal bones from the Late Cretaceous of India." Journal of Paleontology 68, no. 4 (July 1994): 892–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000026342.

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Eutherian tarsal bones of Late Cretaceous age are reported for the first time from sedimentary beds intercalated with the Deccan Traps of peninsular India. The tarsal bones, represented mainly by calcanea and astragali, occur in association with dental elements of palaeoryctid mammals: Deccanolestes hislopi Prasad and Sahni and D. robustus Prasad, Jaeger, Sahni, Gheerbrant, and Khajuria. Two size variants in the tarsals correlate well with the teeth of D. hislopi and D. robustus. Morphologically, the tarsal complex of Deccanolestes is quite different from that of other Cretaceous eutherians fo

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Griffith, Oliver W., Arun R. Chavan, Stella Protopapas, Jamie Maziarz, Roberto Romero, and Gunter P. Wagner. "Embryo implantation evolved from an ancestral inflammatory attachment reaction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 32 (July 26, 2017): E6566—E6575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701129114.

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The molecular changes that support implantation in eutherian mammals are necessary to establish pregnancy. In marsupials, pregnancy is relatively short, and although a placenta does form, it is present for only a few days before parturition. However, morphological changes in the uterus of marsupials at term mimic those that occur during implantation in humans and mice. We investigated the molecular similarity between term pregnancy in the marsupials and implantation in eutherian mammals using the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) as a model. Transcriptomic analysis shows that t

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Menzies, B. R., G. Shaw, T. P. Fletcher, A. J. Pask, and M. B. Renfree. "208. Absence of GH-R exon 3 in marsupials and monotremes argues for a eutherian specific origin and fetal specific purpose of this domain." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 9 (2008): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb08abs208.

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Growth hormone receptor (GH-R) plays a critical role in the control of growth and metabolism in all vertebrates. GH-R consists of 9 coding exons (2–10) in all eutherian mammals, while the chicken only has 8 coding exons, and does not have an orthologous region to eutherian exon 3. To further understand the evolutionary origins of exon 3 of the GH-R we have cloned the full-length GH-R sequence in a marsupial, the tammar wallaby to determine whether exon 3 was present or absent in marsupial liver cDNA. There was no evidence for the presence of an exon 3 containing mRNA in sequence of tammar pouc

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Sherwin, WB, and ND Murray. "Population and Conservation Genetics of Marsupials." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890161.

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This article summarises current knowledge of marsupial population genetics, and discusses its relevance to the conservation of marsupial species. It has been suggested that there is much lower genetic variation within marsupial populations than in eutherian mammals. This trend is not evident in the electrophoretic data summarised here. However, genetic differentiation between populations, subspecies, and species of marsupials appears to be slightly lower than comparable values for eutherians. Genetic estimates of migration between populations are scarce at present, but show values that are com

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Kawasaki, Kazuhiko, Jan C. C. Hu, and James P. Simmer. "Evolution of Klk4 and enamel maturation in eutherians." Biological Chemistry 395, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 1003–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2014-0122.

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Abstract Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) is a secreted serine protease that degrades residual enamel proteins to facilitate their removal by ameloblasts, which increases mineralization and hardens the enamel. Mutations in human KLK4 cause hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. Enamel formed by Klk4 null mice is normal in thickness and prism structure, but the enamel layer retains proteins, is hypomineralized, and undergoes rapid attrition following tooth eruption. We searched multiple databases, retrieved Klk4 and Klk5 from various mammalian genomes, and identified Klk4 in 46 boreoeuthe

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Hwang, Jae Yeon, Jamie Maziarz, Günter P. Wagner, and Jean-Ju Chung. "Molecular Evolution of CatSper in Mammals and Function of Sperm Hyperactivation in Gray Short-Tailed Opossum." Cells 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051047.

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Males have evolved species-specifical sperm morphology and swimming patterns to adapt to different fertilization environments. In eutherians, only a small fraction of the sperm overcome the diverse obstacles in the female reproductive tract and successfully migrate to the fertilizing site. Sperm arriving at the fertilizing site show hyperactivated motility, a unique motility pattern displaying asymmetric beating of sperm flagella with increased amplitude. This motility change is triggered by Ca2+ influx through the sperm-specific ion channel, CatSper. However, the current understanding of the

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Paolino, Annalisa, Laura R. Fenlon, Peter Kozulin, Elizabeth Haines, Jonathan W. C. Lim, Linda J. Richards, and Rodrigo Suárez. "Differential timing of a conserved transcriptional network underlies divergent cortical projection routes across mammalian brain evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 19 (April 20, 2020): 10554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922422117.

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A unique combination of transcription factor expression and projection neuron identity demarcates each layer of the cerebral cortex. During mouse and human cortical development, the transcription factor CTIP2 specifies neurons that project subcerebrally, while SATB2 specifies neuronal projections via the corpus callosum, a large axon tract connecting the two neocortical hemispheres that emerged exclusively in eutherian mammals. Marsupials comprise the sister taxon of eutherians but do not have a corpus callosum; their intercortical commissural neurons instead project via the anterior commissur

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Behringer, Richard R., Guy S. Eakin, and Marilyn B. Renfree. "Mammalian diversity: gametes, embryos and reproduction." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05137.

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The class Mammalia is composed of approximately 4800 extant species. These mammalian species are divided into three subclasses that include the monotremes, marsupials and eutherians. Monotremes are remarkable because these mammals are born from eggs laid outside of the mother’s body. Marsupial mammals have relatively short gestation periods and give birth to highly altricial young that continue a significant amount of ‘fetal’ development after birth, supported by a highly sophisticated lactation. Less than 10% of mammalian species are monotremes or marsupials, so the great majority of mammals

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Pharo, Elizabeth A. "Marsupial milk: a fluid source of nutrition and immune factors for the developing pouch young." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 7 (2019): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18197.

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Marsupials have a very different reproductive strategy to eutherians. An Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) has a very short pregnancy of about 26.5 days, with a comparatively long lactation of 300–350 days. The tammar mother gives birth to an altricial, approximately 400 mg young that spends the first 200 days postpartum (p.p.) in its mother’s pouch, permanently (0–100 days p.p.; Phase 2A) and then intermittently (100–200 days p.p.; Phase 2B) attached to the teat. The beginning of Phase 3 marks the first exit from the pouch (akin to the birth of a precocious eutherian

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Scanlon, Seth Thomas. "In non-eutherians, a third type of T cell." Science 371, no. 6536 (March 25, 2021): 1328.20–1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.371.6536.1328-t.

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