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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Extraterrestrial material analyses”

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Data publikacji: 8 czerwca 2024

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Dartois, Emmanuel, Ivan Alata, Cécile Engrand, et al. "Interstellar and interplanetary solids in the laboratory." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29B (2015): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316005688.

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AbstractThe composition of interstellar matter is driven by environmental parameters and results from extreme interstellar medium physico-chemical conditions. Astrochemists must rely on remote observations to monitor and analyze the interstellar solids composition. They bring additional information from the study of analogues produced in the laboratory, placed in simulated space environments. Planetologists and cosmochemists access and spectroscopically examine collected extraterrestrial material in the laboratory. Diffuse interstellar medium and molecular clouds observations set constraints on the composition of organic solids that can then be compared with collected extraterrestrial materials analyses, to shed light on their possible links.

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Sighinolfi, Gian Paolo, Maurizio Barbieri, Daniele Brunelli, and Romano Serra. "Mineralogical and Chemical Investigations of the Amguid Crater (Algeria): Is there Evidence on an Impact Origin?" Geosciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10030107.

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Mineralogical and chemical investigations were carried out on intra-craterial bedrocks (Lower Devonian sandstone) and regolithic residual soil deposits present around the Amguid structure, to discuss the hypothesis of its formation through a relatively recent (about 0.1 Ma) impact event. Observations with an optical microscope on intra-craterial rocks do not unequivocally confirm the presence of impact correlated microscopic planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz crystals. Field observations, and optical and instrumental analysis (Raman spectroscopy) on rocks and soils (including different granulometric fractions) do not provide any incontrovertible pieces of evidence of high energy impact effects or products of impact (e.g., high pressure—temperature phases, partially or totally melted materials, etc.) either in target rocks or in soils. A series of selected main and trace elements (Al, Fe, Mg, Ni, Co and Cu) were analysed on rocks and soils to evaluate the presence in these materials of extraterrestrial sources. Comparative chemical data on rocks and soils suggest that these last are significantly enriched in Fe-poor Mg-rich materials, and in Co, Ni and Cu, in the order. A large number of EDAX-SEM analyses on separated soil magnetic particles indicate an abnormally high presence of Al-free Mg-rich sub-spherical or drop-like silicate particles, showing very similar bulk chemistries compatible with forsterite olivine. Some particles were found associated with a Ni-rich iron metal phase, and this association suggests a specific extraterrestrial origin for them. Electron microscope analysis made on a large number of soil magnetic particles indicates that 98% of them are terrestrial phases (almandine garnet, tourmaline and Fe-oxides, in abundance order), whereas, only a few grains are of questionable origin. One of the Mg-rich silicate particles was found to be a forsterite (Mg = 0.86) Mn-rich (MnO: 0.23%) Cr-free olivine, almost surely of extraterrestrial sources. Electron microprobe analysis of three soil particles allowed identification of uncommon Cr-rich (Cr2O3 about 8%) spinels, poorly compatible with an origin from terrestrial sources, and in particular from local source rocks. We propose a specific extraterrestrial origin for sub-spherical olivine particles characterised by quite similar magnesian character. Excluding any derivation of these particles from interplanetary dust, two other possible extraterrestrial sources should be considered for them, i.e., either normal micrometeorite fluxes or strongly un-equilibrated, or the Vigarano type Carbonaceous (CV) chondrite meteorite material. In this case, further studies will confirm an impact origin for Amguid, as such magnesian olivine components found in soils might represent the only remnants of a vaporised projectile of ordinary non-equilibrated meteoritic composition.

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Isnard, R., A. Bardyn, N. Fray, et al. "H/C elemental ratio of the refractory organic matter in cometary particles of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko." Astronomy & Astrophysics 630 (September 20, 2019): A27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834797.

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Context. Because comets are part of the most primitive bodies of our solar system, establishing their chemical composition and comparing them to other astrophysical bodies gives new constraints on the formation and evolution of organic matter throughout the solar system. For two years, the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA) on board the Rosetta orbiter performed in situ analyses of the dust particles ejected from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). Aims. The aim is to determine the H/C elemental ratio of the refractory organic component contained in cometary particles of 67P. Methods. We analyzed terrestrial and extraterrestrial calibration samples using the COSIMA ground-reference model. Exploiting these calibration samples, we provide calibration lines in both positive and negative ion registration modes. Thus, we are now able to measure the cometary H/C elemental ratio. Results. The mean H/C value is 1.04 ± 0.16 based on 33 different cometary particles. Consequently, the H/C atomic ratio is on average higher in cometary particles of 67P than in even the most primitive insoluble organic matter extracted from meteorites. Conclusions. These results imply that the refractory organic matter detected in dust particles of 67P is less unsaturated than the material in meteorites.

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Surkov, Yu A. "Analysis of extraterrestrial materials." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 6, no. 4 (1987): XXII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(87)87043-7.

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Albee, Arden L. "The Analysis of Extraterrestrial Materials." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69, no. 25 (1988): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/88eo00227.

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Lovering, John F. "The Analysis of Extraterrestrial Materials." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, no. 12 (1986): 2865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90234-6.

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Esposito, Madison, Kevin Souhrada, Erin Garland, et al. "Characterization of Potential Micrometeorites by Synchrotron Analysis." Geosciences 10, no. 7 (2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10070275.

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Micrometeorites (MMs) are small particles that account for most of the extraterrestrial material deposited on Earth. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and diffraction allowed for chemical and mineral characterization to distinguish MM from atmospheric particulate. The relative components of iron, nickel, and other elements were considered in the identification of ferrous MM while high amounts of titanium were considered an indication that the particles were of atmospheric origin. Out of 100 samples collected by high school students and teachers, eight were taken to a synchrotron for analysis. Of those eight, three exhibited extraterrestrial compositions. X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis revealed that the same three samples contained sulfide, the main sulfur form constituent in MM. X-ray microdiffraction analysis showed the presence of the minerals pentlandite and forsterite. Collectively, these results support the extraterrestrial nature of the three particles.

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Naraoka, Hashiguchi, Sato, and Hamase. "New Applications of High-Resolution Analytical Methods to Study Trace Organic Compounds in Extraterrestrial Materials." Life 9, no. 3 (2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life9030062.

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Organic compounds are present as complex mixtures in extraterrestrial materials including meteorites, which may have played important roles in the origin of life on the primitive Earth. However, the distribution and formation mechanisms of meteoritic organic compounds are not well understood, because conventional analytical methods have limited resolution and sensitivity to resolve their molecular complexity. In this study, advanced instrumental development and analyses are proposed in order to study the trace organic compounds of extraterrestrial materials: (1) a clean room environment to avoid organic contamination during analysis; (2) high-mass-resolution analysis (up to ~150,000 m/m) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in order to determine the elemental composition using exact mass for inferring the chemical structure; (3) superior chromatographic separation using a two-dimensional system in order to determine the structural and optical isomers of amino acids; and (4) in situ organic compound analysis and molecular imaging of the sample surface. This approach revealed a higher complexity of organic compounds with a heterogeneous distribution in meteorites. These new methods can be applied to study the chemical evolution of meteoritic organic compounds as well as the molecular occurrence in very-low-mass extraterrestrial materials such as asteroid-returned samples.

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MacPherson, G. J., and M. H. Thiemens. "Cosmochemistry: Understanding the Solar System through analysis of extraterrestrial materials." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 48 (2011): 19130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111493108.

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Blake, D. F., T. W. Reilly, D. E. Brownlee, and T. E. Bunch. "Low voltage scanning electron microscopy of interplanetary dust particles." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100125944.

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Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs) are a relatively new class of extraterrestrial materials which are collected by high-flying aircraft in the stratosphere. The particles, ∼1.0-50 μm in size, enter the earth's atmosphere at ballistic velocities, but are sufficiently small to be decelerated without burning up. IDPs commonly have solar elemental abundances, and are thoughfto have undergone very little differentiation since the formation of the solar system. While these materials are called “particles,” they are in fact aggregates of a variety of mineral phases, glass, and carbonaceous material. Grains within IDPs commonly range from a few microns to a few tens of nanometers. The extraterrestrial origin of IDPs has been established by the discovery of solar flare tracks in some mineral grains, and recent D/H isotopic ratios recorded from individual particles. The source and formational history of the particles is a topic of active research. At present, the primary means of screening and classifying IDPs is Scanning Electron Microscopy, although a variety of electron microbeam and X-ray techniques is used for subsequent analysis.

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Bose, Maitrayee. "Light Element Analysis in Extraterrestrial Materials using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry." Microscopy and Microanalysis 27, S1 (2021): 2882–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621010047.

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Chifang, Chai. "Neutron Activation Analysis of Platinum Group Elements as Indicators of Extraterrestrial Materials." Isotopenpraxis Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 24, no. 7 (1988): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10256018808623970.

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Terada, K., and Y. Sano. "In situ U–Pb dating and REE analyses of phosphates in extraterrestrial materials." Applied Surface Science 203-204 (January 2003): 810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(02)00831-0.

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Kebukawa, Yoko, Mehmet Yesiltas, and Timothy D. Glotch. "Analytical Techniques for Identification and Characterization of Extraterrestrial Organic Matter." Elements 20, no. 1 (2024): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.20.1.38.

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Advances in analytical techniques are essential for understanding the nature, formation, and evolutionary history of extraterrestrial organic matter. In this chapter, we briefly review analytical techniques used to detect and characterize organic matter in extraterrestrial materials. Mass spectrometry is often coupled with gas chromatography or liquid chromatography for elemental and isotopic analysis, and for identifying specific organic compounds. Spectroscopy involves interaction of molecules with electromagnetic radiation at various wavelengths. Almost every wavelength—from X-rays to radio waves—can be used for spectroscopic measurements. The most major microscopic and nanoscopic techniques are scanning and/or transmission electron microscopy. Spectroscopy and mass spectrometry can also be coupled with microscopic analysis for detailed compositional investigations.

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McDonnell, J. A. M. "Extraterrestrial material analysis: Achievements and future opportunities for laboratory analysis in NASA and ESA planetary programmes." Advances in Space Research 6, no. 7 (1986): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(86)90206-1.

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McGee, James J., and Klaus Keil. "Application of Electron Probe Microanalysis to the Study of Geological and Planetary Materials." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, no. 2 (2001): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010081.

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Abstract The impact of electron probe microanalysis on the study of geological and planetary materials has been tremendous. Electron microprobes evolved into routine analytical instruments in geological research laboratories as instrument capabilities improved and applications to geologic/planetary materials expanded. The contributions of electron probe microanalysis to the characterization of minerals, both terrestrial and extraterrestrial, and to other significant geological research, such as light element analysis, trace element analysis, and element mapping, is described.

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Guttenberg, Nicholas, Huan Chen, Tomohiro Mochizuki, and H. Cleaves. "Classification of the Biogenicity of Complex Organic Mixtures for the Detection of Extraterrestrial Life." Life 11, no. 3 (2021): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11030234.

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Searching for life in the Universe depends on unambiguously distinguishing biological features from background signals, which could take the form of chemical, morphological, or spectral signatures. The discovery and direct measurement of organic compounds unambiguously indicative of extraterrestrial (ET) life is a major goal of Solar System exploration. Biology processes matter and energy differently from abiological systems, and materials produced by biological systems may become enriched in planetary environments where biology is operative. However, ET biology might be composed of different components than terrestrial life. As ET sample return is difficult, in situ methods for identifying biology will be useful. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a potentially versatile life detection technique, which will be used to analyze numerous Solar System environments in the near future. We show here that simple algorithmic analysis of MS data from abiotic synthesis (natural and synthetic), microbial cells, and thermally processed biological materials (lab-grown organisms and petroleum) easily identifies relational organic compound distributions that distinguish pristine and aged biological and abiological materials, which likely can be attributed to the types of compounds these processes produce, as well as how they are formed and decompose. This method is independent of the detection of particular masses or molecular species samples may contain. This suggests a general method to agnostically detect evidence of biology using MS given a sufficiently strong signal in which the majority of the material in a sample has either a biological or abiological origin. Such metrics are also likely to be useful for studies of possible emergent living phenomena, and paleobiological samples.

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Ebihara, Mitsuru, and Yoshiji Oura. "Applicability of prompt gamma-ray analysis to the initial analysis of the extraterrestrial materials for chemical composition." Earth, Planets and Space 53, no. 11 (2001): 1039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03351702.

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Burleigh, Richard, and Nigel Meeks. "Glassy Microspherules from Bomb Combustion of Charcoal." Radiocarbon 28, no. 1 (1986): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200060069.

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Glassy microspherules, typically 200μm or less in diameter, are well documented from a variety of terrestrial and extraterrestrial sources (Baker, 1959, p 192–198; Glass, 1969; Rost, 1969; McKay, Greenwood & Morrison, 1970; Mueller & Hinsch, 1970; Cross, 1971; O'Keefe, 1980). To these we would add the formation of microspherules of similar habit when wood charcoal is burned in a combustion bomb (Barker, Burleigh & Meeks, 1969; Burleigh, 1973, 1974; Switsur, 1973; Switsur et al, 1974) as a first step in the chemical synthesis of samples for 14C age measurement. The glassy material of these spherules originates from fusion at the high temperatures reached during the combustion, of traces of alkali-metal minerals in the charcoal and silica bodies (phytoliths) within its microstructure. Other materials commonly burned, such as bone collagen, do not yield microspherules. The age and source of the charcoal are immaterial, though different species (and perhaps other woody plant materials) may be more-or-less productive of spherules. Here we give a brief summary of the characteristics of these glassy microspherules, based on optical and scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis.

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Uesugi, Masayuki, Kaori Hirahara, Kentaro Uesugi, et al. "Development of a sample holder for synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography and diffraction analysis of extraterrestrial materials." Review of Scientific Instruments 91, no. 3 (2020): 035107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5122672.

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Noguchi, Takaaki, Minako Takase, Rikako Matsumoto, et al. "An Another Protocol to Make Sulfur Embedded Ultrathin Sections of Extraterrestrial Small Samples." Life 10, no. 8 (2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10080135.

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Another protocol to make sulfur embedded ultrathin sections was developed for STXM–XANES, AFM–IR and TEM analyses of organic materials in small extraterrestrial samples. Polymerized liquid sulfur—instead of low-viscosity liquid sulfur—is the embedding media in this protocol. Due to high viscosity of the polymerized sulfur, the embedded samples stay near the surface of polymerized liquid sulfur, which facilitates trimming of glassy sulfur and ultramicrotomy of tiny embedded samples. In addition, well-continued ribbons of ultramicrotomed sections can be obtained, which are suitable for the above mentioned analyses. Because there is no remarkable difference in Carbon XANES spectra of Murchison IOM prepared by this protocol and by the conventional protocol, this protocol gives another alternative to prepare sulfur embedded ultramicrotomed sections.

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Ruf, Alexander, Pauline Poinot, Claude Geffroy, Louis Le Sergeant d’Hendecourt, and Gregoire Danger. "Data-Driven UPLC-Orbitrap MS Analysis in Astrochemistry." Life 9, no. 2 (2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life9020035.

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Meteorites have been found to be rich and highly diverse in organic compounds. Next to previous direct infusion high resolution mass spectrometry experiments (DI-HR-MS), we present here data-driven strategies to evaluate UPLC-Orbitrap MS analyses. This allows a comprehensive mining of structural isomers extending the level of information on the molecular diversity in astrochemical materials. As a proof-of-concept study, Murchison and Allende meteorites were analyzed. Both, global organic fingerprint and specific isomer analyses are discussed. Up to 31 different isomers per molecular composition are present in Murchison suggesting the presence of ≈440,000 different compounds detected therein. By means of this time-resolving high resolution mass spectrometric method, we go one step further toward the characterization of chemical structures within complex extraterrestrial mixtures, enabling a better understanding of organic chemical evolution, from interstellar ices toward small bodies in the Solar System.

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De Gregorio, Bradley T., and Cécile Engrand. "Diversity of Complex Organic Matter in Carbonaceous Chondrites, IDPs, and UCAMMs." Elements 20, no. 1 (2024): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.20.1.24.

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Complex organic matter is present in many extraterrestrial materials such as chondrite meteorites, micrometeorites, and interplanetary dust. The observed complexity of this organic matter is due to the combination of diversity of primitive organic materials that accreted onto asteroids and the subsequent effect of hydrothermal and/or metamorphic alteration that took place after accretion. These processes resulted in a variety of carbonaceous grain morphologies, elemental abundances, and organic functional group compositions. Some carbonaceous dust grains and micrometeorites have cometary origins and provide insights into the unique processing histories on those outer Solar System bodies. Isotopic analyses can help distinguish carbonaceous grains that retain their pre-accretion heritage, while advanced microscopy techniques reveal the interplay of complex organic matter with surrounding mineral.

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Fkiri, Rihab, Ramzi Timoumi, Guillaume Rioland, et al. "Gas Chromatography Fingerprint of Martian Amino Acids before Analysis of Return Samples." Chemosensors 11, no. 2 (2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020076.

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Within the perspective of the current and future space missions, the detection and separation of building blocks such as amino acids are important subjects which are becoming fundamental in the search for the origin of life and traces of life in the solar system. In this work, we have developed and optimized a strategy adapted to space experimentation to detect the presence of amino acid-like compounds using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Selected derivatization methods meet the instrument design constraints imposed on in situ extraterrestrial experiments. Coupled to a fast selective extraction, GC analysis would be highly efficient for the detection of organic materials. In the future, the corresponding GC-MS TIC could facilitate simple and fast selection of sediments/dust samples onboard GC-MS-equipped rovers for sample return-to-Earth missions.

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Neubeck, Anna, Marek Tulej, Magnus Ivarsson, et al. "Mineralogical determination in situ of a highly heterogeneous material using a miniaturized laser ablation mass spectrometer with high spatial resolution." International Journal of Astrobiology 15, no. 2 (2015): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550415000269.

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AbstractTechniques enabling in situ elemental and mineralogical analysis on extraterrestrial planets are strongly required for upcoming missions and are being continuously developed. There is ample need for quantitative and high-sensitivity analysis of elemental as well as isotopic composition of heterogeneous materials. Here we present in situ spatial and depth elemental profiles of a heterogeneous rock sample on a depth-scale of nanometres using a miniaturized laser ablation mass spectrometer (LMS) designed for planetary space missions. We show that the LMS spectra alone could provide highly detailed compositional, three-dimensional information and oxidation properties of a natural, heterogeneous rock sample. We also show that a combination of the LMS and Raman spectroscopy provide comprehensive mineralogical details of the investigated sample. These findings are of great importance for future space missions where quick, in situ determination of the mineralogy could play a role in the process of selecting a suitable spot for drilling.

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Flynn, G. J., L. P. Keller, S. Wirick, and C. Jacobsen. "Organic matter in interplanetary dust particles." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S251 (2008): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392130802173x.

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AbstractAnhydrous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), which are the most mineralogically primitive extraterrestrial materials available for laboratory analysis, contain several percent organic matter. The high O:C and N:C ratios suggest the organic matter in the anhydrous IDPs is significantly less altered by thermal processing than the organic matter in meteorites. X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy demonstrate the presence of C=C, most likely as C-rings, C=O, and aliphatic C-H2and C-H3in all the IDPs examined. A D-rich spot, containing material that is believed to have formed in a cold molecular cloud, has C-XANES and infrared spectra very similar to the organic matter in the anhydrous IDPs, possibly indicating a common formation mechanism. However the primitive organic matter in the IDPs differs from the interstellar/circumstellar organic matter characterized by astronomical infrared spectroscopy in the relative strengths of the asymmetric aliphatic C-H2and C-H3absorptions, with the IDP organic having a longer mean chain length. If both types of organic matter originated by the same process, this may indicate the interstellar organic matter has experienced more severe radiation processing than the organic matter in the primitive IDPs.

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Dubey Sonali, Kumar Rohit, Rai Abhishek K., and Rai Awadhesh K. "Laser Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): Application to geological materials." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 13 (2022): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.13.53989.1003-21.

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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is emerging as an analytical tool for investigating geological materials. The unique abilities of this technique proven its potential in the area of geology. Detection of light elements, portability for in-field analysis, spot detection, and no sample preparation are some features that make this technique appropriate for the study of geological materials. The application of the LIBS technique has been tremendously developed in recent years. In this report, results obtained from previous and most recent studies regarding the investigation of geological materials LIBS technique are reviewed. Firstly, we introduce investigations that report the advancement in LIBS instrumentation, its applications, especially in the area of gemology and the extraterrestrial/planetary exploration have been reviewed. Investigation of gemstones by LIBS technique is not widely reviewed in the past as compared to LIBS application in planetary exploration or other geological applications. It is anticipated that for the classification of gemstones samples, huge data set is appropriate and to analyze this data set, multivariate/chemometric methods will be useful. Recent advancement of LIBS instrumentation for the study of meteorites, depth penetration in Martian rocks and its regolith proved the feasibility of LIBS used as robotic vehicles in the Martian environment. Keywords: LIBS, gemstone, geological samples, extra-terrestrial.

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Haenecour, Pierre, and Maitrayee Bose. "Understanding our solar system history through in situ nanoscale analysis of extraterrestrial materials: A special issue for Dr. Christine Floss." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 55, no. 6 (2020): 1153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maps.13489.

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NAKAMURA, Eizo, Akio MAKISHIMA, Takuya MORIGUTI, et al. "Establishment of Comprehensive Analytical System for Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Materials behind the Initial Analysis of Particles Returned by Hayabusa Spacecraft." Hyomen Kagaku 33, no. 12 (2012): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.33.681.

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Mezzina, Lidia, Angelo Nicosia, Fabiana Vento, Guido De Guidi, and Placido Giuseppe Mineo. "Photosensitized Thermoplastic Nano-Photocatalysts Active in the Visible Light Range for Potential Applications Inside Extraterrestrial Facilities." Nanomaterials 12, no. 6 (2022): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12060996.

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Among different depollution methods, photocatalysis activated by solar light is promising for terrestrial outdoor applications. However, its use in underground structures and/or microgravity environments (e.g., extraterrestrial structures) is forbidden. In these cases, there are issues related to the energy emitted from the indoor lighting system because it is not high enough to promote the photocatalytic mechanism. Moreover, microgravity does not allow the recovery of the photocatalytic slurry from the depolluted solution. In this work, the synthesis of a filmable nanocomposite based on semiconductor nanoparticles supported by photosensitized copolyacrylates was performed through a bulk in situ radical copolymerization involving a photosensitizer macromonomer. The macromonomer and the nanocomposites were characterized through UV-Vis, fluorescence and NMR spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the sensitized nanocomposites was studied through photodegradation tests of common dyes and recalcitrant xenobiotic pollutants, employing UV-Vis and visible range (λ > 390 nm) light radiations. The sensitized nanocomposite photocatalytic performances increased about two times that of the unsensitized nanocomposite and that of visible range light radiation alone (>390 nm). The experimental data have shown that these new systems, applied as thin films, have the potential for use in indoor deep underground and extraterrestrial structures.

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Dubey, Sonali, Rohit Kumar, Abhishek K. Rai, and Awadhesh K. Rai. "Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Application to Geological Materials-=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-." Оптика и спектроскопия 129, no. 10 (2021): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2021.10.51502.1003-21.

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Gu, Lixin, Nian Wang, Xu Tang, and H. G. Changela. "Application of FIB-SEM Techniques for the Advanced Characterization of Earth and Planetary Materials." Scanning 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8406917.

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Advanced microanalytical techniques such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atom probe tomography (APT), and synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) enable one to characterize the structure and chemical and isotopic compositions of natural materials down towards the atomic scale. Dual focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) is a powerful tool for site-specific sample preparation and subsequent analysis by TEM, APT, and STXM to the highest energy and spatial resolutions. FIB-SEM also works as a stand-alone technique for three-dimensional (3D) tomography. In this review, we will outline the principles and challenges when using FIB-SEM for the advanced characterization of natural materials in the Earth and Planetary Sciences. More specifically, we aim to highlight the state-of-the-art applications of FIB-SEM using examples including (a) traditional FIB ultrathin sample preparation of small particles in the study of space weathering of lunar soil grains, (b) migration of Pb isotopes in zircons by FIB-based APT, (c) coordinated synchrotron-based STXM characterization of extraterrestrial organic material in carbonaceous chondrite, and finally (d) FIB-based 3D tomography of oil shale pores by slice and view methods. Dual beam FIB-SEM is a powerful analytical platform, the scope of which, for technological development and adaptation, is vast and exciting in the field of Earth and Planetary Sciences. For example, dual beam FIB-SEM will be a vital technique for the characterization of fine-grained asteroid and lunar samples returned to the Earth in the near future.

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Neal, Clive R. "Issues involved in a Martian sample return: Integrity preservation and the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials (CAPTEM) position." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 105, E9 (2000): 22487–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999je001185.

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Pérez-Fernández, Cristina, Elena González-Toril, Eva Mateo-Martí, and Marta Ruiz-Bermejo. "Multivariate Analysis Applied to Microwave-Driven Cyanide Polymerization: A Statistical View of a Complex System." Polymers 15, no. 2 (2023): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020410.

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For the first time, chemometrics was applied to the recently reported microwave-driven cyanide polymerization. Fast, easy, robust, low-cost, and green-solvent processes are characteristic of these types of reactions. These economic and environmental benefits, originally inspired by the constraints imposed by plausible prebiotic synthetic conditions, have taken advantage of the development of a new generation of HCN-derived multifunctional materials. HCN-derived polymers present tunable properties by temperature and reaction time. However, the apparently random behavior observed in the evolution of cyanide polymerizations, assisted by microwave radiation over time at different temperatures, leads us to study this highly complex system using multivariate analytical tools to have a proper view of the system. Two components are sufficient to explain between 84 and 98% of the total variance in the data in all principal component analyses. In addition, two components explain more than 91% of the total variance in the data in the case of principal component analysis for categorical data. These consistent statistical results indicate that microwave-driven polymerization is a more robust process than conventional thermal syntheses but also that plausible prebiotic chemistry in alkaline subaerial environments could be more complex than in the aerial part of these systems, presenting a clear example of the “messy chemistry” approach of interest in the research about the origins of life. In addition, the methodology discussed herein could be useful for the data analysis of extraterrestrial samples and for the design of soft materials, in a feedback view between prebiotic chemistry and materials science.

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Tsou, P. "Hypervelocity Capture of Meteoroids in Aerogel." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 150 (1996): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100501614.

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Micrometeoroids of cometary or asteroidal origin constitute a unique repository of information concerning the formation and subsequent processing history of materials in the solar nebula. One of the current goals of planetary science is to return samples from a known primitive extraterrestrial body for detailed laboratory analysis (NASA Solar System Exploration Committee, SSEC 1983). Planetary flyby orbital motions dictate that dust particles will approach the spacecraft at relative speeds up to tens of km/s. It has always been thought that these hypervelocity particles could not be captured without melting or vaporizing. We have developed the intact capture technology that enables flyby sample return of these hypervelocity particles. The STARDUST comet sample return mission, selected as the fourth NASA. Discovery mission, capitalizes on this technology (Brownlee et al. 1996).

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Panitz, Corinna, Gerda Horneck, Elke Rabbow, et al. "The SPORES experiment of the EXPOSE-R mission: Bacillus subtilis spores in artificial meteorites." International Journal of Astrobiology 14, no. 1 (2014): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550414000251.

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AbstractThe experiment SPORES ‘Spores in artificial meteorites’ was part of European Space Agency's EXPOSE-R mission, which exposed chemical and biological samples for nearly 2 years (March 10, 2009 to February 21, 2011) to outer space, when attached to the outside of the Russian Zvezda module of the International Space Station. The overall objective of the SPORES experiment was to address the question whether the meteorite material offers enough protection against the harsh environment of space for spores to survive a long-term journey in space by experimentally mimicking the hypothetical scenario of Lithopanspermia, which assumes interplanetary transfer of life via impact-ejected rocks. For this purpose, spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 were exposed to selected parameters of outer space (solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation at λ>110 or >200 nm, space vacuum, galactic cosmic radiation and temperature fluctuations) either as a pure spore monolayer or mixed with different concentrations of artificial meteorite powder. Total fluence of solar UV radiation (100–400 nm) during the mission was 859 MJ m−2. After retrieval the viability of the samples was analysed. A Mission Ground Reference program was performed in parallel to the flight experiment. The results of SPORES demonstrate the high inactivating potential of extraterrestrial UV radiation as one of the most harmful factors of space, especially UV at λ>110 nm. The UV-induced inactivation is mainly caused by photodamaging of the DNA, as documented by the identification of the spore photoproduct 5,6-dihydro-5(α-thyminyl)thymine. The data disclose the limits of Lithopanspermia for spores located in the upper layers of impact-ejected rocks due to access of harmful extraterrestrial solar UV radiation.

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Zolensky, Michael, and Ruth Barrett. "The genetic relationship between hydrous and anhydrous interplanetary dust particles." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (1992): 1720–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100133230.

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It is a fundamental goal of interplanetary dust particle (IDP) research to determine the sources and histories of these primitive extraterrestrial materials. Chondritic IDPs have been divided into anhydrous and hydrous varieties, with sub-classification being made on the grounds of the dominant anhydrous (olivine or pyroxene) or hydrous (smectite or serpentine) present. The presumption is that hydrated IDPs experienced aqueous alteration on parent bodies (hydrous asteroids or possibly comets); we wish to discover whether the anhydrous IDPs were the initial raw materials for these reactions. We report here analyses of olivines and pyroxenes from 22 large (>15 um) chondritic IDPs: 18 anhydrous and 4 hydrous; olivines and pyroxenes are scarce in most hydrous IDPs, when present at all Finally, we compare anhydrous to hydrous IDPs, and both to chondritic meteorites.Figure 1 shows our results for this study. We find there to exist no significant difference in the compositions of olivines from olivine vs. pyroxene dominated IDPs, which are therefore plotted together (in contrast to our preliminary results for a smaller data set).

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Hornbogen, Erhard. "Entropy, Transformations and Sustainability of Industrial Life Cycles." International Journal of Materials Research 92, no. 7 (2001): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2001-0123.

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Abstract Life cycles of materials are analysed in a systematic manner as a six-stage process. It starts with primary or secondary raw materials and ends with recycling or deposition of waste. The purpose of the industrial process is the transformation of matter into materials from which useful goods are produced. The complete cycle can be described as a sequence of man-made transformations with defined changes in entropy and energy. Entropy is the measure for any type of disorder. Changes in entropy are due to separation (mining, purification: negative entropy), ordering (consolidation, construction: negative entropy) or disordering (mixing, crushing: positive entropy). Sustainability comprises undesired, irreversible changes of our environment. It can be regarded as an inverse function of the raise in entropy. We have to distinguish entropy with respect to matter, energy and information. In our context, entropy changes due to different distributions of matter are of primary importance. Sustainability implies that increases in entropy due to industrial activities must be balanced, as much as possible, by extraterrestrial negative entropy. This requires the evaluation and comparison of entropy efficiency for the production of goods with defined useful properties.

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New, James S., Bahar Kazemi, Vassilia Spathis, Mark C. Price, Richard A. Mathies, and Anna L. Butterworth. "Quantitative evaluation of the feasibility of sampling the ice plumes at Enceladus for biomarkers of extraterrestrial life." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 37 (2021): e2106197118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106197118.

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Enceladus, an icy moon of Saturn, is a compelling destination for a probe seeking biosignatures of extraterrestrial life because its subsurface ocean exhibits significant organic chemistry that is directly accessible by sampling cryovolcanic plumes. State-of-the-art organic chemical analysis instruments can perform valuable science measurements at Enceladus provided they receive sufficient plume material in a fly-by or orbiter plume transit. To explore the feasibility of plume sampling, we performed light gas gun experiments impacting micrometer-sized ice particles containing a fluorescent dye biosignature simulant into a variety of soft metal capture surfaces at velocities from 800 m ⋅ s−1 up to 3 km ⋅ s−1. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of the capture surfaces demonstrates organic capture efficiencies of up to 80 to 90% for isolated impact craters and of at least 17% on average on indium and aluminum capture surfaces at velocities up to 2.2 km ⋅ s−1. Our results reveal the relationships between impact velocity, particle size, capture surface, and capture efficiency for a variety of possible plume transit scenarios. Combined with sensitive microfluidic chemical analysis instruments, we predict that our capture system can be used to detect organic molecules in Enceladus plume ice at the 1 nM level—a sensitivity thought to be meaningful and informative for probing habitability and biosignatures.

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Ryan, Conor, Tobias Haist, Gennadii Laskin, Susanne Schröder, and Stephan Reichelt. "Technology Selection for Inline Topography Measurement with Rover-Borne Laser Spectrometers." Sensors 24, no. 9 (2024): 2872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24092872.

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This work studies enhancing the capabilities of compact laser spectroscopes integrated into space-exploration rovers by adding 3D topography measurement techniques. Laser spectroscopy enables the in situ analysis of sample composition, aiding in the understanding of the geological history of extraterrestrial bodies. To complement spectroscopic data, the inclusion of 3D imaging is proposed to provide unprecedented contextual information. The morphological information aids material characterization and hence the constraining of rock and mineral histories. Assigning height information to lateral pixels creates topographies, which offer a more complete spatial dataset than contextual 2D imaging. To aid the integration of 3D measurement into future proposals for rover-based laser spectrometers, the relevant scientific, rover, and sample constraints are outlined. The candidate 3D technologies are discussed, and estimates of performance, weight, and power consumptions guide the down-selection process in three application examples. Technology choice is discussed from different perspectives. Inline microscopic fringe-projection profilometry, incoherent digital holography, and multiwavelength digital holography are found to be promising candidates for further development.

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Edwards, H. G. M., R. Moeller, S. E. Jorge Villar, G. Horneck, and E. Stackebrandt. "Raman spectroscopic study of the photoprotection of extremophilic microbes against ultraviolet radiation." International Journal of Astrobiology 5, no. 4 (2006): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147355040600348x.

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Extremophiles use a range of pigments for protection against low-wavelength radiation in exposed terrestrial habitats and photoaccessory materials are synthesized for the effective harnessing of photosynthetically active radiation. Raman spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be a useful probe for information on the survival strategies employed by extremophilic bacteria through the identification of key biomolecular signatures of the suite of protective chemicals synthesized by the organisms in stressed environments. Raman spectroscopic analyses of Bacillus spp. spores, Bacillus atrophaeus (DSM 675: deep red) and Bacillus subtilis (DSM 5611: light grey and DSM 7264: dark grey), Deinococcus radiodurans (pink) and Natronomonas pharaonis (red), of visually different pigmentation showed the presence of different carotenoids and other protectant biomolecules, which assist microorganisms against UVA radiation. The implications for the survival of extremophilic microbes in extraterrestrial habitats and for the detection of the protectant biomolecules by remote, robotic Raman spectroscopic instrumentation in an astrobiological search for life context are discussed.

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Cockell, Charles S., John Holt, Jim Campbell, et al. "Subsurface scientific exploration of extraterrestrial environments (MINAR 5): analogue science, technology and education in the Boulby Mine, UK." International Journal of Astrobiology 18, no. 2 (2018): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550418000186.

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AbstractThe deep subsurface of other planetary bodies is of special interest for robotic and human exploration. The subsurface provides access to planetary interior processes, thus yielding insights into planetary formation and evolution. On Mars, the subsurface might harbour the most habitable conditions. In the context of human exploration, the subsurface can provide refugia for habitation from extreme surface conditions. We describe the fifth Mine Analogue Research (MINAR 5) programme at 1 km depth in the Boulby Mine, UK in collaboration with Spaceward Bound NASA and the Kalam Centre, India, to test instruments and methods for the robotic and human exploration of deep environments on the Moon and Mars. The geological context in Permian evaporites provides an analogue to evaporitic materials on other planetary bodies such as Mars. A wide range of sample acquisition instruments (NASA drills, Small Planetary Impulse Tool (SPLIT) robotic hammer, universal sampling bags), analytical instruments (Raman spectroscopy, Close-Up Imager, Minion DNA sequencing technology, methane stable isotope analysis, biomolecule and metabolic life detection instruments) and environmental monitoring equipment (passive air particle sampler, particle detectors and environmental monitoring equipment) was deployed in an integrated campaign. Investigations included studying the geochemical signatures of chloride and sulphate evaporitic minerals, testing methods for life detection and planetary protection around human-tended operations, and investigations on the radiation environment of the deep subsurface. The MINAR analogue activity occurs in an active mine, showing how the development of space exploration technology can be used to contribute to addressing immediate Earth-based challenges. During the campaign, in collaboration with European Space Agency (ESA), MINAR was used for astronaut familiarization with future exploration tools and techniques. The campaign was used to develop primary and secondary school and primary to secondary transition curriculum materials on-site during the campaign which was focused on a classroom extra vehicular activity simulation.

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Mróz, Tomasz, Katarzyna Szufa, Marina V. Frontasyeva, et al. "Determination of element composition and extraterrestrial material occurrence in moss and lichen samples from King George Island (Antarctica) using reactor neutron activation analysis and SEM microscopy." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 1 (2017): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0431-2.

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Takeshima, Yuko, Hironobu Hyodo, Tatsuki Tsujimori, Chitaro Gouzu, and Tetsumaru Itaya. "In Situ Argon Isotope Analyses of Chondrule-Forming Materials in the Allende Meteorite: A Preliminary Study for 40Ar/39Ar Dating Based on Cosmogenic 39Ar." Minerals 13, no. 1 (2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010031.

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The argon isotopic compositions of chondrule-forming minerals of the Allende (CV3) meteorite were examined to evaluate the possibility of in situ 40Ar/39Ar dating of planetary surface rocks based on cosmogenic 39Ar without neutron irradiation in a reactor. The investigated Allende meteorite sample (ME-247H: 50 mm × 45 mm × 5 mm; 28.85 g) contains at least three textural types of chondrules: barred olivine chondrule (BOC), porphyritic olivine chondrule (POC), and unclassified chondrule (UC). Most chondrules contain olivine, low-Ca pyroxene, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase as primary phases, with minor amounts of nepheline and sodalite formed during aqueous alteration of the CV3 parent body of the early solar system. In situ argon isotope analyses on selected chondrule-forming minerals in petrographic sections of two BOCs, two POCs, and one UC using a Nd:YAG pulse laser confirmed a significant amount of cosmogenic 39Ar that formed by a 39K (n, p) 39Ar reaction in an extraterrestrial environment. Laser step-heating analyses of five bulk chondrules irradiated in a reactor revealed a plateau age (3.32 ± 0.06 Ga) from one of the five chondrules. The age spectra of all chondrules show the younger age in the low-temperature fractions, resulting in the integrated ages from 2.7 to 3.2 Ga. These results suggest that the Allende meteorite experienced argon isotopic homogenization at 3.3 Ga and the argon loss in part after the 3.3 Ga. Apparent ages of chondrule-forming minerals that were calculated using the J values of nephelines in one BOC and two POCs do not show any consistent relationship among the three types of chondrules (BOC, POC, and UC). This might be attributed to the fact that the isotopic heterogeneity among minerals took place during the heterogeneous argon loss stage after the 3.3 Ga event.

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Freissinet, C., A. Buch, C. Szopa, and R. Sternberg. "Enantiomeric separation of volatile organics by gas chromatography for the in situ analysis of extraterrestrial materials: Kinetics and thermodynamics investigation of various chiral stationary phases." Journal of Chromatography A 1306 (September 2013): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.058.

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Evatt, G. W., A. R. D. Smedley, K. H. Joy, et al. "The spatial flux of Earth’s meteorite falls found via Antarctic data." Geology 48, no. 7 (2020): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46733.1.

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Abstract Contemporary calculations for the flux of extraterrestrial material falling to the Earth’s surface (each event referred to as a “fall”) rely upon either short-duration fireball monitoring networks or spatially limited ground-based meteorite searches. To date, making accurate fall flux estimates from the much-documented meteorite stranding zones of Antarctica has been prohibited due to complicating glacial ice dynamics and difficulties in pairing together distinct meteorite samples originating from the same fall. Through glaciological analysis and use of meteorite collection data, we demonstrate how to overcome these barriers to making flux estimates. Furthermore, by showing that a clear latitudinal variation in fall frequencies exists and then modeling its mathematical form, we are able to expand our Antarctic result to a global setting. In this way, we hereby provide the most accurate contemporary fall flux estimates for anywhere on Earth. Inverting the methodology provides a valuable tool for planning new meteorite collection missions to unvisited regions of Antarctica. Our modeling also enables a reassessment of the risk to Earth from larger meteoroid impacts—now 12% higher at the equator and 27% lower at the poles than if the flux were globally uniform.

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Micca Longo, Gaia, Marcella D’Elia, Sergio Fonti, Savino Longo, Francesca Mancarella, and Vincenzo Orofino. "Kinetics of White Soft Minerals (WSMs) Decomposition under Conditions of Interest for Astrobiology: A Theoretical and Experimental Study." Geosciences 9, no. 2 (2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9020101.

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In this paper, the thermal decomposition kinetics of a class of minerals that we call White Soft Minerals (WSMs) is studied by means of theoretical and experimental methods, in connection to the transport of extraterrestrial organic matter to Earth and the possible use of the decomposition reaction in the characterization of these minerals in space. WSMs include, under a single denomination, carbonates and sulphates of Mg, Fe, and Ca. To improve the present knowledge of the properties of such materials, we use the following techniques: kinetic models for chemical decomposition, atmospheric entry models, spectroscopy, and gravimetric analyses. Model results show that the atmospheric entry of WSM grains is strongly affected by their thermal decomposition. The decomposition reaction, being strongly endothermic, tends to significantly lower the grain temperature during the atmospheric entry, especially at high altitudes and for grazing entries. A previously proposed infrared spectroscopic technique to evaluate the degree of advancement of the reaction is found to be in good agreement with gravimetric measurements for calcium carbonate. The numerical model developed for the atmospheric entry scenarios is used to interpret experimental results. These main findings show that an additional contribution to the reaction enthalpy is needed to reproduce the experimental results, suggesting that the present theoretical model needs improvements such as the account of gas diffusion in the materials.

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Schröder, Susanne, Kristin Rammelkamp, Franziska Hanke, et al. "Effects of pulsed laser and plasma interaction on Fe, Ni, Ti, and their oxides for LIBS Raman analysis in extraterrestrial environments." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 51, no. 9 (2019): 1667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5650.

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Percot, Aline, Farah Mahieddine, Hajime Yano, et al. "Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for Identifying Traces of Adenine in Organic-Bearing Extraterrestrial Dust Analogs Captured in the Tanpopo Aerogel after Hypervelocity Impacts." Gels 10, no. 4 (2024): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10040249.

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Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique for characterizing organic and inorganic materials with spatial resolution in the micrometer range. This makes it a method of choice for space-mission sample characterization, whether on return or in situ. To enhance its sensitivity, we use signal amplification via interaction with plasmonic silver-based colloids, which corresponds to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this study, we focus on the analysis of biomolecules of prebiotic interest on extraterrestrial dust trapped in silica aerogel, jointly with the Japanese Tanpopo mission. The aim is twofold: to prepare samples as close as possible to the real ones, and to optimize analysis by SERS for this specific context. Serpentinite was chosen as the inorganic matrix and adenine as the target biomolecule. The dust was projected at high velocity into the trapping aerogel and then mechanically extracted. A quantitative study shows effective detection even for adenine doping from a 5·10−9mol/L solution. After the dust has been expelled from the aerogel using a solvent, SERS mapping enables unambiguous adenine detection over the entire dust surface. This study shows the potential of SERS as a key technique not only for return samples, but also for upcoming new explorations.

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Schröder, Susanne, Fabian Seel, Enrico Dietz, et al. "A Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Instrument for In-Situ Exploration with the DLR Lightweight Rover Unit (LRU)." Applied Sciences 14, no. 6 (2024): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14062467.

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In the framework of the Helmholtz ARCHES project, a multitude of robots, including rovers and drones, were prepared for the autonomous exploration of a test site at the foothills of Mt. Etna, Sicily—a terrain resembling extraterrestrial locations such as the Moon. To expand the suite of tools and sensors available for the exploration and investigation of the test site, we developed a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument for the geochemical analysis of local geological samples. In alignment with the mission scenario, this instrument is housed in a modular payload box that can be attached to the robotic arm of the Lightweight Rover Unit 2 (LRU2), allowing the rover to use the instrument autonomously in the field. A compact Nd:YAG laser is utilized for material ablation, generating a micro-plasma that is subsequently analyzed with a small fiber-coupled spectrometer. A single-board computer controls the LIBS hardware components for data acquisition. In this study, we provide details of the ARCHES LIBS instrument implementation, report on preceding laboratory tests where the LRU2 operated the LIBS module for the first time, and showcase the results obtained during the successful ARCHES space analogue demonstration mission campaign in summer 2022 in Sicily.

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