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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „MELANIN PIGMENT”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

Data aktualizacji: 25 lipca 2025

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1

Mokrzynski, Krystian, Mateusz Wojtala, Maciej Sulkowski, et al. "Photoreactive Properties of Melanin Obtained from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Melanocytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 9 (2025): 4119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094119.

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Although melanin is viewed as a natural sunscreen that protects pigmented cells against the adverse effects of solar radiation, recent studies have demonstrated that, under certain conditions, the pigment can actually contribute to light-induced oxidative damage of the cells. However, the main issue with such studies is finding natural pigments without photooxidative modifications. Recently, melanin obtained from melanocytes, generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-Mel), was suggested as a promising source of the pigment without significant photooxidation. Although different

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Dontsov, Alexander, and Mikhail Ostrovsky. "Retinal Pigment Epithelium Pigment Granules: Norms, Age Relations and Pathology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7 (2024): 3609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073609.

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The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which ensures the normal functioning of the neural retina, is a pigmented single-cell layer that separates the retina from the Bruch’s membrane and the choroid. There are three main types of pigment granules in the RPE cells of the human eye: lipofuscin granules (LG) containing the fluorescent “age pigment” lipofuscin, melanoprotein granules (melanosomes, melanolysosomes) containing the screening pigment melanin and complex melanolipofuscin granules (MLG) containing both types of pigments simultaneously—melanin and lipofuscin. This review examines the func

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Gulyamova, T., L. Abdulmyanova, A. Atakhanov, et al. "Isolation and Characterization of Melanin Pigments from Endophytic Aspergillus niger FF152S and Cladosporium sp. HT207." Acta Microbiologica Bulgarica 40, no. 4 (2024): 526–35. https://doi.org/10.59393/amb24400413.

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Data on endophytic fungi Aspergillus niger FF152S and Cladosporium sp. HT207 producing brown-black pigment are presented. The pigment was extracted from fungal biomass, purified, characterized, and identified. Physico-chemical characteristics showed solubility in alkali, discoloration in oxidizing agents, and insolubility in organic solvents and water. The melanin structure of the pigments isolated from both strains was confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis in the UV and IR spectra. Isolated melanins exhibited antioxidant properties by the three tests used, and the IC50 values of antioxidan

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4

Singh, Riya, Chirag Mittal, and Aparna Gunjal. "Application of Melanin Pigment from Actinobacteria in Textile Industry." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 13, no. 1 (2025): 71–77. https://doi.org/10.3126/njes.v13i1.75856.

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Actinobacteria are known to produce pigments which has many industrial applications. Melanin is one of the pigments produced by many of the actinobacteria. In this paper, the application of melanin in textile industry is studied. The actinobacteria were isolated from the soil samples. The three isolates were shown to produce melanin which was identified to belong to the genus Streptomyces and Nocardia. Melanin pigment was extracted from actinobacteria using starch casein, tyrosine and oatmeal media. The production of the melanin pigment was checked on both solid agar and liquid media. The appl

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5

Youngchim, Sirida, Roderick J. Hay, and Andrew J. Hamilton. "Melanization of Penicillium marneffei in vitro and in vivo." Microbiology 151, no. 1 (2005): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27433-0.

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Melanins are found universally in nature and are implicated in the pathogenesis of several important human fungal pathogens. This study investigated whether the conidia and the yeast cells of the thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen Penicillium marneffei produce melanin or melanin-like compounds in vitro and during infection. Treatment of conidia with proteolytic enzymes, denaturant and concentrated hot acid yielded dark particles that were similar in size and shape to the conidia. A melanin-binding monoclonal antibody (mAb) labelled pigmented conidia, yeast cells and the isolated particles as

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6

Mokrzynski, Krystian, Shosuke Ito, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, Theodore G. Camenish, Tadeusz Sarna, and Michal Sarna. "Photoreactivity of Hair Melanin from Different Skin Phototypes—Contribution of Melanin Subunits to the Pigments Photoreactive Properties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (2021): 4465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094465.

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Photoreactivity of melanin has become a major focus of research due to the postulated involvement of the pigment in UVA-induced melanoma. However, most of the hitherto studies were carried out using synthetic melanin models. Thus, photoreactivity of natural melanins is yet to be systematically analyzed. Here, we examined the photoreactive properties of natural melanins isolated from hair samples obtained from donors of different skin phototypes (I, II, III, and V). X-band and W-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to examine the paramagnetic properties of the pigmen

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7

Kordjazi, Talayeh, Loredana Mariniello, Concetta Valeria Lucia Giosafatto, Raffaele Porta, and Odile Francesca Restaino. "Streptomycetes as Microbial Cell Factories for the Biotechnological Production of Melanin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5 (2024): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25053013.

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Melanins are complex, polymeric pigments with interesting properties like UV-light absorbance ability, metal ion chelation capacity, antimicrobial action, redox behaviors, and scavenging properties. Based on these characteristics, melanins might be applied in different industrial fields like food packaging, environmental bioremediation, and bioelectronic fields. The actual melanin manufacturing process is not environmentally friendly as it is based on extraction and purification from cuttlefish. Synthetic melanin is available on the market, but it is more expensive than animal-sourced pigment

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8

Nosanchuk, Joshua D., Beatriz L. Gómez, Sirida Youngchim, et al. "Histoplasma capsulatum Synthesizes Melanin-Like Pigments In Vitro and during Mammalian Infection." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 9 (2002): 5124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.9.5124-5131.2002.

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ABSTRACT Melanin is made by several important pathogenic fungi and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of fungal infections. This study investigated whether the thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum produced melanin or melanin-like compounds in vitro and during infection. Growth of H. capsulatum mycelia in chemically defined minimal medium produced pigmented conidia. Growth of H. capsulatum yeast in chemically defined minimal medium with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) or (-)-epinephrine produced pigmented cells. Treatment of the pigment

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9

Morris-Jones, Rachael, Sirida Youngchim, Beatriz L. Gomez, et al. "Synthesis of Melanin-Like Pigments by Sporothrix schenckii In Vitro and during Mammalian Infection." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 7 (2003): 4026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.7.4026-4033.2003.

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ABSTRACT Melanin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several important human fungal pathogens. Existing data suggest that the conidia of the dimorphic fungal pathogen Sporothrix schenckii produce melanin or melanin-like compounds; in this study we aimed to confirm this suggestion and to demonstrate in vitro and in vivo production of melanin by yeast cells. S. schenckii grown on Mycosel agar produced visibly pigmented conidia, although yeast cells grown in brain heart infusion and minimal medium broth appeared to be nonpigmented macroscopically. However, treatment of both conidia and yea

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10

Youngchim, Sirida, Soraya Pornsuwan, Joshua D. Nosanchuk, Wiyada Dankai, and Nongnuch Vanittanakom. "Melanogenesis in dermatophyte species in vitro and during infection." Microbiology 157, no. 8 (2011): 2348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.047928-0.

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Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that are the most common cause of fungal skin infections worldwide. Melanin has been isolated from several important human fungal pathogens, and the polymeric pigment is now recognized as an important virulence determinant. This study investigated whether dermatophytes, including Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypseum, produce melanin or melanin-like compounds in vitro and during infection. Digestion of the pigmented microconidia and macroconidia of dermatophytes with proteolytic enzymes, denatur

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11

Solano, F. "Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes." New Journal of Science 2014 (March 18, 2014): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/498276.

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This review presents a general view of all types of melanin in all types of organisms. Melanin is frequently considered just an animal cutaneous pigment and is treated separately from similar fungal or bacterial pigments. Similarities concerning the phenol precursors and common patterns in the formation routes are discussed. All melanins are formed in a first enzymatically-controlled phase, generally a phenolase, and a second phase characterized by an uncontrolled polymerization of the oxidized intermediates. In that second phase, quinones derived from phenol oxidation play a crucial role. Con

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12

Pralea, Ioana-Ecaterina, Radu-Cristian Moldovan, Alina-Maria Petrache, et al. "From Extraction to Advanced Analytical Methods: The Challenges of Melanin Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (2019): 3943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163943.

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The generic term “melanin“ describes a black pigment of biological origin, although some melanins can be brown or even yellow. The pigment is characterized as a heterogenic polymer of phenolic or indolic nature, and the classification of eu-, pheo- and allo- melanin is broadly accepted. This classification is based on the chemical composition of the monomer subunit structure of the pigment. Due to the high heterogeneity of melanins, their analytical characterization can be a challenging task. In the present work, we synthesized the current information about the analytical methods which can be

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13

Łopusiewicz, Łukasz. "Antioxidant, antibacterial properties and the light barrier assessment of raw and purified melanins isolated from Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) seeds." Herba Polonica 64, no. 2 (2018): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2018-0008.

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Summary Introduction: The nutritive value and terapeuthic activity of watermelon seeds is known, but up to day no studies on isolation and characterisation of their melanin were conducted. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial and light barrier properties of raw and purified melanins isolated from watermelon seeds. Methods: Native melanin was isolated from seeds by alkaline extraction. Obtained pigment was purified by acid hydrolysis. Chemical tests and FT-IR analysis were conducted to determine the melanin nature of the isolated pigments. UV-Vis, trans

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14

Sułkowski, Maciej, Marta Kot, Bogna Badyra, et al. "Highly Effective Protocol for Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) into Melanin-Producing Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (2021): 12787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312787.

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Melanin is a black/brown pigment present in abundance in human skin. Its main function is photo-protection of underlying tissues from harmful UV light. Natural sources of isolated human melanin are limited; thus, in vitro cultures of human cells may be a promising source of human melanin. Here, we present an innovative in vitro differentiation protocol of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) into melanin-producing cells, delivering highly pigmented cells in quantity and quality incomparably higher than any other methods previously described. Pigmented cells constitute over 90% of a terminally

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15

Restaino, Odile Francesca, Paola Manini, Talayeh Kordjazi, et al. "Biotechnological Production and Characterization of Extracellular Melanin by Streptomyces nashvillensis." Microorganisms 12, no. 2 (2024): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020297.

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Melanins are pigments employed in food, cosmetic, and textile industries, manufactured by extraction from cuttlefishes. Their biotechnological production by Streptomycetes, instead, has been poorly investigated so far. In this paper, for the first time, the strain Streptomyces nashvillensis DSM 40314 was tested as an extracellular melanin producer by investigating the influence of diverse temperatures (26, 28, and 30 °C) and pH values (6.0 and 7.0) on bacterial growth, melanin production, and on the activity of the secreted tyrosinase, the first enzyme of the pigment biosynthetic pathway. In p

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16

Hellinen, Laura, Sina Bahrpeyma, Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä, Marja Hagström, Mika Reinisalo, and Arto Urtti. "Microscale Thermophoresis as a Screening Tool to Predict Melanin Binding of Drugs." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 6 (2020): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060554.

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Interactions between drugs and melanin pigment may have major impacts on pharmacokinetics. Therefore, melanin binding can modify the efficacy and toxicity of medications in ophthalmic and other disease of pigmented tissues, such as melanoma. As melanin is present in many pigmented tissues in the human body, investigation of pigment binding is relevant in drug discovery and development. Conventionally, melanin binding assays have been performed using an equilibrium binding study followed by chemical analytics, such as LC/MS. This approach is laborious, relatively slow, and limited to facilities

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17

Suryani, Adelia. "Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Pigmentasi Manusia." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 47, no. 11 (2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v47i11.1195.

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<p>Warna kulit manusia ditentukan oleh pigmen kulit yakni melanin. Melanin juga memiliki beberapa fungsi penting, yakni berperan pada proses pigmentasi, melindungi kulit dari sinar UV dan perlindungan dari panas.</p><p>Human skin color is determined by the skin pigment melanin. Melanin has several important role: in pigmentation process, UV and heat protection</p>

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18

Gómez, Beatriz L., Joshua D. Nosanchuk, Soraya Dı́ez, et al. "Detection of Melanin-Like Pigments in the Dimorphic Fungal Pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis In Vitro and during Infection." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 9 (2001): 5760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.9.5760-5767.2001.

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ABSTRACT Melanins are implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including some microbial infections. In this study, we analyzed whether the conidia and the yeasts of the thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis produce melanin or melanin-like compounds in vitro and during infection. Growth of P. brasiliensis mycelia on water agar alone produced pigmented conidia, and growth of yeasts in minimal medium withl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) produced pigmented cells. Digestion of the pigmented conidia and yeasts with proteolytic enzymes, denaturant, an

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19

Zhang, Yinqiao, Hu Li, Juan Du, Junzheng Zhang, Jie Shen, and Wanzhi Cai. "Three Melanin Pathway Genes, TH, yellow, and aaNAT, Regulate Pigmentation in the Twin-Spotted Assassin Bug, Platymeris biguttatus (Linnaeus)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (2019): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112728.

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Pigmentation plays a vital role in insect survival and reproduction. Many melanin pathway genes have been studied in holometabolous insects; however, they have only been studied in two hemimetabolous insect genera, Oncopeltus and Periplaneta. Here we analyzed three melanin pathway genes (TH, yellow, and aaNAT) using RNA interference (RNAi) in another hemimetabolous insect, namely the twin-spotted assassin bug, Platymeris biguttatus. TH was highly expressed in freshly molted nymphs and adults. TH RNAi resulted in a complete loss of black pigment, with yellow coloration maintained. Therefore, bl

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Muñoz-Torres, Patricio, Steffany Cárdenas-Ninasivincha, and Yola Aguilar. "Exploring the Agricultural Applications of Microbial Melanin." Microorganisms 12, no. 7 (2024): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071352.

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Microbial melanins are a group of pigments with protective effects against harsh conditions, showing fascinating photoprotective activities, mainly due to their capability to absorb UV radiation. In bacteria, they are produced by the oxidation of L-tyrosine, generating eumelanin and pheomelanin. Meanwhile, allomelanin is produced by fungi through the decarboxylative condensation of malonyl-CoA. Moreover, melanins possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, revealing significant properties that can be used in different industries, such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and agronomical. In agri

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Panichakul, Tasanee, Teerapat Rodboon, Prasit Suwannalert, et al. "Additive Effect of a Combination of Artocarpus lakoocha and Glycyrrhiza glabra Extracts on Tyrosinase Inhibition in Melanoma B16 Cells." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 10 (2020): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13100310.

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Artocarpus lakoocha (Al) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Gg) extracts have been reported to show tyrosinase inhibitory activity and melanin pigment reduction. This is the first study to assess the combination of Al and Gg extracts in enhancing inhibition of tyrosinase and reduction of melanin pigments. Al and Gg extracted by maceration in 70% and 95% ethanol were analyzed for oxyresveratrol and glabridin using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Extracts of Al and Gg singly and combinations of Al95 and Gg95 were tested for cytotoxicity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and reduction of melani

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El-Naggar, Noura El-Ahmady, and WesamEldin I. A. Saber. "Natural Melanin: Current Trends, and Future Approaches, with Especial Reference to Microbial Source." Polymers 14, no. 7 (2022): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071339.

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Melanin is a universal natural dark polymeric pigment, arising in microorganisms, animals, and plants. There is a couple of pieces of literature on melanin, each focusing on a different issue, the goal of the present review is to focus on microbial melanin. It has numerous benefits with very few drawbacks. The current situation and expected trends are discussed. Intriguing, numerous studies have provoked a serious necessity for a comprehensive assessment of microbial melanin pigments. So that, such review would help scholars from diverse backgrounds to realize the importance of melanin pigment

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Komyshev, E. G., M. A. Genaev, I. D. Busov, et al. "Determination of the melanin and anthocyanin content in barley grains by digital image analysis using machine learning methods." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 27, no. 7 (2023): 859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-23-99.

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The pigment composition of plant seed coat affects important properties such as resistance to pathogens, pre-harvest sprouting, and mechanical hardness. The dark color of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain can be attributed to the synthesis and accumulation of two groups of pigments. Blue and purple grain color is associated with the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Gray and black grain color is caused by melanin. These pigments may accumulate in the grain shells both individually and together. Therefore, it is difficult to visually distinguish which pigments are responsible for the dark color of

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Minibaeva, F., and R. Bekett. "The role of light-protective pigments in stress tolerance of lichens." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 9 (January 10, 2025): 13–17. https://doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2024-9-13-17.

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Lichens synthesize a large number of secondary metabolites, including “lichen substances”. The presence of lichen substances allows lichens to grow in diverse, often stressful, ecological niches. Among the secondary metabolites of lichens, light-protective pigments are of particular interest. The dark brown pigment melanin plays a significant role in protecting lichens from UV-B stress, but the key drivers of melanization remain unexplored. Melanins are hydrophobic heterogeneous polymers formed by sequential reactions of oxidation of phenolic/indole precursors and subsequent polymerization of

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Harlisa, Pasid, Sita Mahardika, and Suryani Yuliyanti. "The Effect of Corncob (Zea mays) Extract Cream on the Number of Melanin Pigments of Guinea Pig Exposed to Ultraviolet." Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin 33, no. 3 (2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/bikk.v33.3.2021.194-199.

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Background: Exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays on the skin causesmany problems, including pigmentation and aging effect. Hence, protection against it is needed. Purpose: The study aimedto determine the effect of corncob extract cream on the number of melanin pigments in guinea pig skins exposed to UVB rays. Methods: Anexperimental post-test-only control group study was conducted on the 25 guinea pigs. The guinea pigs were divided randomly into five groups: group I without cream, group II cream base, group III hydroquinone cream, group IV 30% corncob extract cream, and group V 40% corncob ext

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Chrissian, Christine, Emma Camacho, Man Shun Fu, et al. "Melanin deposition in two Cryptococcus species depends on cell-wall composition and flexibility." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 7 (2020): 1815–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011949.

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Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are two species complexes in the large fungal genus Cryptococcus and are responsible for potentially lethal disseminated infections. These two complexes share several phenotypic traits, such as production of the protective compound melanin. In C. neoformans, the pigment associates with key cellular constituents that are essential for melanin deposition within the cell wall. Consequently, melanization is modulated by changes in cell-wall composition or ultrastructure. However, whether similar factors influence melanization in C. gattii is unknown.

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Ahmadi, Ali. "The Effect of Various Genetic Diseases and Eye Surgeries on Iris Discoloration." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 7, no. 1 (2022): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/120.

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The color of human eyes is often the same as the iris of the eye, which itself consists of two parts: the anterior layer of iris stroma and the posterior layer or posterior pigment epithelium. Based on experiments, it is believed that iris color is determined based on four factors: pigment granules in the posterior pigment epithelium, pigment concentration in iris stromal melanocytes, melanin pigments in iris melanocytes, and the scattering and absorption of light from the extracellular matrix properties of the stroma. Becomes. In general, melanocytes in the iris stroma have a greater effect o

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Al Khatib, Maher, Jessica Costa, Daniele Spinelli, et al. "Homogentisic Acid and Gentisic Acid Biosynthesized Pyomelanin Mimics: Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (2021): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041739.

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Pyomelanin mimics from homogentisic acid (HGA) and gentisic acid (GA) were biosynthesized by the oxidative enzyme T. versicolor laccase at physiological pH to obtain water soluble melanins. The pigments show brown-black color, broad band visible light absorption, a persistent paramagnetism and high antioxidant activity. The EPR approach shows that at least two different radical species are present in both cases, contributing to the paramagnetism of the samples. This achievement can also shed light on the composition of the ochronotic pigment in the Alkaptonuria disease. On the other hand, thes

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Ferraz, Ana Rita, Rita Pacheco, Pedro D. Vaz, Cristina S. Pintado, Lia Ascensão, and Maria Luisa Serralheiro. "Melanin: Production from Cheese Bacteria, Chemical Characterization, and Biological Activities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (2021): 10562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010562.

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Pigments are compounds of importance to several industries, for instance, the food industry, where they can be used as additives, color intensifiers, and antioxidants. As the current trend around the world is shifting to the use of eco-friendly commodities, demand for natural dyes is increasing. Melanins are pigments that are produced by several microorganisms. Pseudomonas putida ESACB 191, isolated from goat cheese rind, was described as a brown pigment producer. This strain produces a brown pigment via the synthetic Müeller-Hinton Broth. This brown compound was extracted, purified, analyzed

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Grabolus, Dominika, Patrycja Wacławik, and Magdalena Zatoń-Dobrowolska. "Differences in melanin type and content among color variations in American mink (Neovison vison)." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 100, no. 3 (2020): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2019-0196.

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Coat colour is one of the most important qualitative traits of fur animals. Determining melanin pigments forming the basics of visible coat colour may contribute to a better understanding of the process of creating different coat colour variations in fur-bearing animals. This study aimed to (i) isolate pigment cells from the hair of American mink of 11 colour variations (standard brown, silverblue, palomino, black, wild type, sapphire, black cross, pearl, palomino cross, glow, and amber) using acid and alkali; and (ii) characterise the melanin pigments obtained. The purified pigment cells were

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Popov, V. S., D. L. Kornyukhin, T. V. Shelenga, V. A. Gavrilova, and V. I. Khoreva. "Determination of allomelanins in sunflower husk by the gravimetric method." Plant Biotechnology and Breeding 8, no. 1 (2025): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.30901/2658-6266-2025-1-o2.

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Background. Melanins are a group of pigments with a complex crystalline structure and high molecular weight, which are widely used in modern medical, perfume, food, and polymer production. They have pronounced antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiradiation effects, and antioxidant activity. Melanins of animal (melanin), microbial (mycomelanin), and plant (phytomelanin) origin are distinguished. At present, the search for new sources of plant melanins and simple methods for their determination is relevant, allowing for the further identification of accessions with a higher content of these

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Frases, Susana, Angela Salazar, Ekaterina Dadachova, and Arturo Casadevall. "Cryptococcus neoformans Can Utilize the Bacterial Melanin Precursor Homogentisic Acid for Fungal Melanogenesis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 2 (2006): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01947-06.

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ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans melanizes in the environment and in mammalian tissues, but the process of melanization in either venue is mysterious given that this microbe produces melanin only from exogenous substrates. Understanding the process of melanization is important because melanization is believed to protect against various stresses in the environment, including UV radiation, and pigment production is associated with virulence. Melanization in C. neoformans requires the availability of diphenolic precursors. In contrast, many bacteria synthesize melanin from homogentisic acid (HGA)

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Zhou, Mengkai, Ze Li, Yanjie Liu, Ping Zhang, Xiaoran Hao, and Xudong Zhu. "Transcription Factors Pmr1 and Pmr2 Cooperatively Regulate Melanin Biosynthesis, Conidia Development and Secondary Metabolism in Pestalotiopsis microspora." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 1 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8010038.

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Melanins are the common fungal pigment, which contribute to stress resistance and pathogenesis. However, few studies have explored the regulation mechanism of its synthesis in filamentous fungi. In this study, we identified two transcription factors, Pmr1 and Pmr2, in the filamentous fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora. Computational and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Pmr1 and Pmr2 were located in the gene cluster for melanin biosynthesis. The targeted deletion mutant strain Δpmr1 displayed defects in biosynthesis of conidia pigment and morphological integrity. The deletion of pmr2 resulted

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Soumya, Dr M., and Dr JS Prasanna. "Case Report on Gingival Depigmentation with Scalpel Technique." International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 5, no. 4 (2025): 298–300. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2025.5.4.4581.

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Physiological pigmentation of the oral mucosa appears as multifocal or widespread melanin pigmentation, varying in intensity across different ethnic groups (Cicek, 2003) [4]. The main factors influencing gingival color include the thickness of the gingival epithelium, the quantity and size of blood vessels, the degree of keratinization, and the presence of various pigments. Melanin, a brown pigment, is the most common endogenous pigment responsible for natural gingival pigmentation. The gingiva is the most frequently pigmented part of the oral mucosa. Melanin pigmentation occurs in the basal l

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Mattoon, Ellie Rose, Radames J. B. Cordero, and Arturo Casadevall. "Fungal Melanins and Applications in Healthcare, Bioremediation and Industry." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6 (2021): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7060488.

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Melanin is a complex multifunctional pigment found in all kingdoms of life, including fungi. The complex chemical structure of fungal melanins, yet to be fully elucidated, lends them multiple unique functions ranging from radioprotection and antioxidant activity to heavy metal chelation and organic compound absorption. Given their many biological functions, fungal melanins present many possibilities as natural compounds that could be exploited for human use. This review summarizes the current discourse and attempts to apply fungal melanin to enhance human health, remove pollutants from ecosyst

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Almeida-Paes, Rodrigo, Susana Frases, Glauber de Sousa Araújo, et al. "Biosynthesis and Functions of a Melanoid Pigment Produced by Species of the Sporothrix Complex in the Presence of l-Tyrosine." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 24 (2012): 8623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02414-12.

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ABSTRACTSporothrix schenckiiis the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, the main subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America. Melanin is an important virulence factor ofS. schenckii, which produces dihydroxynaphthalene melanin (DHN-melanin) in conidia and yeast cells. Additionally,l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) can be used to enhance melanin production on these structures as well as on hyphae. Some fungi are able to synthesize another type of melanoid pigment, called pyomelanin, as a result of tyrosine catabolism. Since there is no information about tyrosine catabolism inSporothrixspp., we cultur

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Cubo, Teresa, Francisco Romero, Jose M. Vinardell, and Jose E. Ruiz-Sainz. "Expression of the Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli melA Gene in Other Rhizobia Does Not Require the Presence of the nifA Gene." Functional Plant Biology 24, no. 2 (1997): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp96076.

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Many different Rhizobium strains produce melanin (Mel+) when grown on solid media supplemented with L-tyrosine. The composition of the media and the culture conditions are of great importance for pigment production. Previous reports showed that some Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli strains that produce the pigment in complete solid media (TY) failed to produce the pigment in minimal media (SY) supplemented with L-tyrosine or in TY liquid media. In this paper we have investigated different R. fredii, R. meliloti, R. etli and R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii and phaseoli strains (all of them

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M, Dr Leo Caroline, Dr Serena Francis, Dr A. Beeula, Dr R. Sathish Muthukumar, Dr Sreeja C, and Dr Nachiammai. "Melanin pigment: A review." International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences 6, no. 4 (2020): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/oral.2020.v6.i4d.1068.

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McGraw, Kevin J., Kazumasa Wakamatsu, Shosuke Ito, et al. "You Can't Judge a Pigment by its Color: Carotenoid and Melanin Content of Yellow and Brown Feathers in Swallows, Bluebirds, Penguins, and Domestic Chickens." Condor 106, no. 2 (2004): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.2.390.

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Abstract The two main pigment types in bird feathers are the red, orange, and yellow carotenoids and the black, gray, and brown melanins. Reports conflict, however, regarding the potential for melanins to produce yellow colors or for carotenoids to produce brown plumages. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to analyze carotenoids and melanins present in the yellow and brown feathers of five avian species: Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis), Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica), King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), Macaroni Penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus), and neonatal chickens (Gallu

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Smith, C. N., and C. D. Lindsay. "Stimulation of C32 and G361 melanoma cells using oleoyl acetyl glycerol and its effect on sulphur mustard cytotoxicity." Human & Experimental Toxicology 20, no. 8 (2001): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032701682692991.

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Epidermal melanocytes have a higher sensitivity to sulphur mustard (HD) compared with other skin cell types.1 This may be due to the enzymatic production of melanin precursors exerting an additional cytotoxic effect following HD depletion of the cellular protectant, GSH.2,3 Stimulation of the protein kinase C pathway in melanocytes is known to increase melanin production in melanocytes and melanoma cell lines.4,5 In order to investigate the role of pigment synthesis in HD toxicology, cultures of an unpigmented melanoma cell line (C32) and of a pigmented melanoma line (G361) were treated with t

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Suthar, Malika, Laurent Dufossé, and Sanjay K. Singh. "The Enigmatic World of Fungal Melanin: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9 (2023): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9090891.

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Synthetic dyes are generally not safe for human health or the environment, leading to the continuous search and growing demand for natural pigments that are considered safer, biodegrade more easily, and are environmentally beneficial. Among micro-organisms, fungi represent an emerging source of pigments due to their many benefits; therefore, they are readily viable on an industrial scale. Among all the bioactive pigments produced by fungi, melanin is an enigmatic, multifunctional pigment that has been studied for more than 150 years. This dark pigment, which is produced via the oxidative polym

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Nganvongpanit, Korakot, Piyatida Kaewkumpai, Varankpicha Kochagul, Kidsadagon Pringproa, Veerasak Punyapornwithaya, and Supamit Mekchay. "Distribution of Melanin Pigmentation in 33 Organs of Thai Black-Bone Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)." Animals 10, no. 5 (2020): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050777.

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The black-bone chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a breed of chicken that is commonly found in Thailand. This breed is known for having a number of black colored organs. Consumers have been notably attracted to the black-bone chicken breed for the characteristic darkness that is observed in many of its organs. However, the degree of darkness in all organs of the black-bone chicken is still in question. Importantly, there have not yet been any published reports on the distribution of melanin pigment in the organs of the black-bone chicken. This research study aims to examine the distribution

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Chan, Alexander Chak Lam, Luen Cheung Ho, William Wai Lun Yip, and Fung Ching Cheung. "Pigmented Ependymoma With Lipofuscin and Neuromelanin Production." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 7 (2003): 872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-872-pewlan.

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Abstract We report an unusual case of ependymoma with pigmentation, a phenomenon that has only been described in a few cases, to our knowledge. This tumor occurred in the fourth ventricle of a 45-year-old man. It showed the typical histologic appearance of ependymoma with perivascular pseudorosettes and rare ependymal rosettes. Some tumor cells contained brown cytoplasmic pigment, which was shown histochemically to represent a mixture of lipofuscin and neuromelanin. The pigment was positive for acid-fast and periodic acid–Schiff stains and was also focally positive for Masson-Fontana and Schmo

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Busolini, Fabricio Ivan, Graciela Beatriz Rodríguez, Verónica Palmira Filippa, and Fabian Heber Mohamed. "Pigmented Cells in the Pineal Gland of Female Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus): A Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study." International Journal of Endocrinology 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7492960.

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The presence of pigment has been demonstrated in different nervous structures such as those of retina, substantia nigra, and locus coeruleus. These pigments have also been described in the pineal gland of different mammal species. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the pineal gland of female viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) were performed to analyze the presence of pigmented cells under natural conditions and to evaluate a probable relation between pigment content and glandular activity during pregnancy. The following techniques were applied: hematoxylin-eosin, phosphotungstic a

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Mednick, Aron J., Joshua D. Nosanchuk, and Arturo Casadevall. "Melanization of Cryptococcus neoformans Affects Lung Inflammatory Responses during Cryptococcal Infection." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 4 (2005): 2012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.4.2012-2019.2005.

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ABSTRACT The production of melanin pigments is associated with virulence for many microbes. Melanin is believed to contribute to microbial virulence by protecting microbial cells from oxidative attack during infection. However, there is also evidence from various systems that melanins have immunomodulatory properties, which conceivably could contribute to virulence by altering immune responses. To investigate the effect of melanin on the immune response, we compared the murine pulmonary responses to infection with melanized and nonmelanized Cryptococcus neoformans cells. Infection with melaniz

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Carney, Bonnie C., Taryn E. Travis, Lauren T. Moffatt, et al. "Hypopigmented burn hypertrophic scar contains melanocytes that can be signaled to re-pigment by synthetic alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in vitro." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0248985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248985.

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There are limited treatments for dyschromia in burn hypertrophic scars (HTSs). Initial work in Duroc pig models showed that regions of scar that are light or dark have equal numbers of melanocytes. This study aims to confirm melanocyte presence in regions of hypo- and hyper-pigmentation in an animal model and patient samples. In a Duroc pig model, melanocyte presence was confirmed usingen facestaining. Patients with dyschromic HTSs had demographic, injury details, and melanin indices collected. Punch biopsies were taken of regions of hyper-, hypo-, or normally pigmented scar and skin. Biopsies

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Kurkiewicz, Sławomir, Anna Dzierżęga-Lęcznar, Agata Stanek-Widera, and Dariusz Lange. "Development of a method for isolation of melanin from archival FFPE tissues of human melanoma for structural studies by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 76, no. 1 (2022): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2022-0006.

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Abstract Introduction There is some evidence that pheomelanin produced in skin melanocytes may be involved in the development of cutaneous melanoma, particularly in individuals with a light skin/red hair phenotype. However, nothing is known about possible correlation between the type and/or clinical stage of melanoma and the content of pheomelanin in the tumor tissue. We believe that archival formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) melanoma tissues could be a good source of melanin pigment for future large-scale research on that issue. Aim The aim of this work was to develop a method for i

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Farahani, Shokoufeh Shahrabi, and Mohammadtaghi Lotfalian. "A Pigmented Dentigerous Cyst in a Patient with Multiple Dentigerous Cysts of the Jaws: A Case Report." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 8, no. 5 (2007): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-8-5-85.

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Abstract Aim The aim of this article is to report an unusual and interesting case of non-syndromic multiple dentigerous cysts of the maxilla and mandible associated with melanin pigment and melanocytes in the epithelial lining in one of the cysts. In addition, embryologic aspect and origin of melanocytes are briefly discussed. Background Dentigerous cysts are the second most common odontogenic cysts after radicular cysts. They are usually solitary with multiple cysts reported on occasion in association with syndromes. While melanocytes and melanin-pigment are widely distributed in the skin, th

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Gofur, Nanda Rachmad Putra. "Melasma Risk Factor and Management : A Review Article." Clinical Case Reports and Clinical Study 3, no. 2 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.61148/2766-8614/jccrcs/044.

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Melanin granules are basically inside the keratinocytes, melanin granules will collect in the supranuclear area of the cytoplasm so that the nucleus will be protected from the effects of damaging solar radiation. Although melanocytes form melanin, but those that function as a depot and contain more melanin pigment than melanocytes are epithelial cells. In keratinocytes, the melanin granules are fused with lysosomes. This is why melanin disappears in the upper cells. In the interaction process between keratinocytes and melanocytes, which results in skin pigmentation, the most important factor

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Glagoleva, A. Y., L. A. Novokreschenov, O. Y. Shoeva, O. N. Kovaleva, and E. K. Khlestkina. "Studying grain color diversity in the barley collection of VIR." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 183, no. 3 (2022): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2022-3-76-84.

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Background. Dark color of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) can be caused by the synthesis and accumulation of two types of polyphenolic pigments – anthocyanins and melanins, which perform important functions in plant life, participating in the regulation of growth and development, and protecting plants from adverse environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of barley in the VIR collection in the context of grain color.Materials and methods. To analyze the pigment composition of the grain, 150 barley accessions with colored grains were selected from the VI

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