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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Stable Election Protocol (SEP)”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Appala Raju, V., V. Sri Harsha, N. Bhanu Deepthi, and N. Prasanth. "Zonal stable election protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.7 (2018): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10932.

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Wireless sensor networks play a key role in communication. They are comprised of hundreds sensor nodes with limited energy. So energy utilization major issue in WSN for performing the given task. So most of the protocols are concentrate on energy consumption .Zonal mechanism is one popular WSN routing technique. In this work we are mostly concentrating on optimization of stable election protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks and compare the performance with LEACH and SEP. Most of the work to find stability period, alive nodes and dead nodes, throughput in LEACH, SEP, ZSEP. We are

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Sarkar, B., M. G. Rashed, D. Das, and R. Yasmin. "Energy-Aware Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (EATSEP) for Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Scientific Research 14, no. 2 (2022): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v14i2.55330.

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In most of the traditional cluster-based hierarchical routing protocols, the cluster head (CH) selection is made on a random basis. As a result, some unlucky sensor nodes (SNs) become dead quickly; thereby, network lifetime reduces drastically. To overcome this problem, in this paper, a new cluster-based routing protocol- Energy-Aware Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (EATSEP) is presented for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the EATSEP protocol, the CH selection is an optimum process where the initial and residual energy of each SNs are considered within a heterogeneous SNs ener

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Abood, Basim, Muhammed Shemyal Nisar, Aliaa Hussien, and Yu Li. "Lifetime Prolonging for Clustered Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks by SEP-FUZZY." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 2, no. 2 (2016): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v2.i2.pp380-389.

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The most important consideration in designing protocols for wireless sensor networks is the energy constraint of nodes because in most cases battery recharging is inconvenient or impossible. Therefore, many researches have been done to overcome this demerit. Clustering is one of the main approaches in designing scalable and energy-efficient protocols for WSNs.In this paper, we proposed a novel scheme to investigate the cluster, the Fuzzy Logic Cluster Stable Election Protocol (SEP - FUZZY), which uses Fuzzy Logic Inference System (FIS) in the cluster process. We compare our technique with two

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Arya, Greeshma, and D. S Chauhan. "Modified Stable Election Protocol (M-SEP) for Hierarchical WSN." International Journal of Computer Applications 79, no. 16 (2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/13947-1926.

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Mahboub, Aziz, El Mokhtar En-Naimi, Mounir Arioua, Hamid Barkouk, Younes El Assari, and Ahmed El Oualkadi. "An energy-efficient clustering protocol using fuzzy logic and network segmentation for heterogeneous WSN." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 5 (2019): 4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp4192-4203.

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Wireless sensor networks have become an emerging research area due to their importance in the present industrial application. The enlargement of network lifetime is the major limitation in WSN. Several routing protocols study the extension of lifespan in WSN. Routing protocols significantly influence on the global of energy consumption for sensors in WSN. It is essential to correct the energy efficiency performance of routing protocol in order to improve the lifetime. The protocols based on clustering are the most routing protocols in WSN to reduce energy consumption. The protocols dedicate to

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Aziz, Mahboub, Mokhtar En-Naimi El, Arioua Mounir, Barkouk Hamid, El Assari Younes, and El Oualkadi Ahmed. "An energy-efficient clustering protocol using fuzzy logic and network segmentation for heterogeneous WSN." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 5 (2019): 4192–203. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp4192-4203.

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Wireless sensor networks have become an emerging research area due to their impor- tance in the present industrial application. The enlargement of network lifetime is the major limitation in WSN. Several routing protocols study the extension of lifespan in WSN. Routing protocols significantly influence on the global of energy consumption for sensors in WSN. It is essential to correct the energy efficiency performance of routing protocol in order to improve the lifetime. The protocols based on clustering are the most routing protocols in WSN to reduce energy consumption. The protocols dedicate

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Luo, Mingshi, and Han Xu. "SEP Routing Protocol Based on Hybrid-Strategy Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm." Mathematical Modeling and Algorithm Application 4, no. 3 (2025): 25–30. https://doi.org/10.54097/cgmxc253.

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Aiming at the problems of unreasonable cluster head election, uneven energy consumption and short network life cycle in wireless sensor networks with Stable Election Protocol (SEP) cluster head election is unreasonable, uneven energy consumption and short network life cycle in wireless sensor networks, a SEP routing protocol based on hybrid strategy whale optimization (HWO-SEP) is proposed. Optimize the population initialization and enhance the population diversity by Tent chaotic mapping with adversarial learning strategy. Design nonlinear convergence factor with dynamic spiral parameters, co

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Phogaat, Sangeeta. "Investigation and Analysis on Energy Efficient Stable Election Protocol (SEP) for WSN." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (2023): 3483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54311.

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Abstract: We study the impact of heterogeneity of nodes, in terms of their energy, in wireless sensor networks that are hierarchically clustered. In these networks some of the nodes become cluster heads, aggregate the data of their cluster members and transmit it to the sink. We assume that a percentage of the population of sensor nodes is equipped with additional energy resources—this is a source of heterogeneity which may result from the initial setting or as the operation of the network evolves. We propose SEP, a heterogeneous-aware protocol to prolong the time interval before the death of

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Bhattacharya, Partha Pratim, and Neha Rathi. "Performance Analysis of Stable Election Protocol for Clustered Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 3 (2013): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v6i3.4462.

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While wireless sensor networks are increasingly equipped to handle more complicated functions, these battery poweredsensors which used in network processing, use their constrained energy to enhance the lifetime of the network especiallyÂ in a heterogeneous settings. Clustered techniques have since been employed to optimize energy consumption in thisÂ energy constrained wireless sensor networks. In Classical clustering protocols, equal energy is assigned to all nodes andthey cannot take full benefit of the presence of node heterogeneity. SEP, a heterogeneous-aware protocol is used toÂ prolong t

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10

Redjimi, Kenza, Salima Nebti, and Mohammed Redjimi. "BPSO-SEP: a routing protocol based on binary particle swarm optimization." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 3 (2024): e12922. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n3-124.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) constitute the building block in many applications; their roles being to collect information, to carry out some basic processing on it and to transmit it to remote base stations. However, these elements face several constraints such as the volatile aspect of the radio links, the accessibility of the monitored environment, the limited energy of batteries, etc. Routing is one of the fundamental functions in wireless networks with the main objectives are the optimal management of the network energy and improving its reliability and latency. In this work, the probab

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Ngaruyintwari, Severin, and Isabelle zuzu Iragena Marie. "Enhanced Clustering Protocol in Zonal-Stable Election Protocol for WSN." International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Technology 2, no. 2 (2022): 5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6373115.

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Wireless sensors network is an environment where is deployed by wireless sensor nodes and base station, those sensor nodes are eligible to receive and transmit data to the base station. Base station is able to reconvert data from sensor nodes into readable data. This phenomenon of sensing data packet needs energy and the energy resource are limited thus reduce network lifetime, because of that, researcher are continue to invent the way to improve energy efficient in wireless sensor nodes. In this paper we proposed an enhanced clustering protocol, we based on clustered routing protocol where in

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Rao, Sanapala Shanmukha, Shilpi, and Arvind Kumar. "Performance Evaluation of a Zone-based Three-level Heterogeneous Clustering Protocol for WSNs." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3 (September 11, 2023): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2023.3.1381.

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This paper proposes a zone-based three-level heterogeneous clustering protocol (ZB-TLHCP) for heterogeneous WSNs. In ZB-TLHCP, the sensor field/region is divided into zones where super, advance, and normal nodes are deployed uniformly and randomly. The performance of the proposed ZB-TLHCP system is compared with that of zonal-stable election protocol (Z-SEP), distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC), and threshold-based DEEC (TDEEC) protocol by varying the number of super and advance nodes, their energy levels for the fixed sensor field, and the total number of nodes. Matlab simulation r

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13

Altaha, Mohammed, Wisam Lafta, Ahmed Alkadhmawee, and Myssar Hammood. "Enhanced sep protocol based on fuzzy logic with dynamic threshold to improve the lifetime of WSNs." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 22, no. 1 (2025): 35–55. https://doi.org/10.2298/sjee2501035a.

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Stability and energy efficiency are the key factors that determine how well a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can perform and last. A Static Election Protocol (SEP) was developed to tackle this problem by selecting stable nodes as cluster heads; however, this protocol depends on random selection, which may cause an uneven energy distribution in the network. To address this problem, a new and improved version of SEP called SEP-FLDT is proposed. In order to optimize the cluster head decision and allow for cluster head switching over time, SEP-FLDT uses fuzzy logic coupled with a dynamic threshol

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Benkirane, Said, Abderrahim Benihssane, M. Lahcen.Hasnaoui, and Mohamed Laghdir. "Distance-based Stable Election Protocol (DB-SEP) for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Computer Applications 58, no. 16 (2012): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/9364-3804.

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Zhao, Xiaoqiang, Shaoya Ren, Heng Quan, and Qiang Gao. "Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks Based on a Modified Grey Wolf Optimizer." Sensors 20, no. 3 (2020): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030820.

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes are devices with limited power, and rational utilization of node energy and prolonging the network lifetime are the main objectives of the WSN’s routing protocol. However, irrational considerations of heterogeneity of node energy will lead to an energy imbalance between nodes in heterogeneous WSNs (HWSNs). Therefore, in this paper, a routing protocol for HWSNs based on the modified grey wolf optimizer (HMGWO) is proposed. First, the protocol selects the appropriate initial clusters by defining different fitness functions for heterogeneous energy nodes; the n

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16

Rani, Anju, and Amit Kumar Bindal. "Optimization of Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 6 (2020): 2658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8962.

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Presently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is quickest developing technology which broadly embracing for different application services including; climate observing, traffic expectation, reconnaissance, research and scholastic fields and so on. As the sensor nodes are haphazardly conveyed in remote condition, security measurements turns out to be most encouraging test where correspondence wirelesses systems confronting today. The Stable Election Protocol (SEP) is an enhanced algorithm of Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) with low energy in heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for im

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Manjya, Naik R., and A. Bidkar G. "Energy Efficient Optimized LEACH and SEP Routing Protocol for WSN." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 9, no. 2 (2020): 60–65. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.A2938.079220.

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We all know how Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is making its way in the modern world and how its application is growing effectively. It has been useful technology which helps to transmit and receive the data. In WSN, all information of physical parameter is sensed and processed by the sensor nodes. Along with the growth of technology in WSN, growth of sensor node is also in progress, it means that size of sensor node is getting reduced. Due to this dimension of the battery of the sensor node is also decreases. Hence Power storage of the battery is also reduced which is a demerit in WSN. But in

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Masykuroh, Kholidiyah, Afifah Dwi Ramadhani, and Islamianto Hudan Raharjo. "Sink position analysis of energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using routing Stable Election Protocol (SEP)." JURNAL INFOTEL 14, no. 2 (2022): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v14i2.767.

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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network that involves sensors in the network. The sensor node on the WSN will collect data information from the environment around the sensor. However, each sensor node has storage capacity, processing power, communication range, and battery life limitations. The use of energy consumption from these factors is the main problem because each sensor node uses its power consumption from the battery. Stable Election Protocol (SEP) is a type of routing protocol on WSN that uses the clustering method. SEP has a function to extend the time interval before th

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Kanika, Bindal, and Raina Shalley. "Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network - LEACH." Advances in Research 10, no. 3 (2017): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/AIR/2017/34245.

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<strong>Aim:</strong> Wireless Sensor Network is spatially distributed autonomous sensor to monitor physical and environmental conditions. Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to address the issues such as increased lifespan, fault tolerance and energy efficiency. For energy efficiency we have various routing protocol. One of them is HEEMCP Protocol which has been discussed in the below paper along with other protocols. <strong>Study Design: </strong>MATLAB is being used for simulating the networks.

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Tripathi, Nishant, Charanjeet Singh, and Kamal Kumar Sharma. "Enhancement of Performance Metrics of Heterogeneous Wireless Camera Sensor Network with Functionalization of Extensive Zonal Stable Election Protocol using Threshold Amplification and Residual Energy." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 8s (2023): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i8s.7253.

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We report a new improved energy competent and optimized data packet flow protocol with Hierarchical Clustering utilized in Wireless camera Sensor Network.The existing Extensive Zonal Stable Election Protocol has been modified along with the threshold parameters amplification and residual energy. It incorporates dynamic hybrid method with finite number of Member Sensor nodes (MSN) in proximity with the base station share their data directly , while the rest of the farther nodes form a cluster for data transference using Cluster Head. The performance metrics accompanied by heterogeneity, longer

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Chika, Innocent, Ikechukwu A. Amaefule, Christopher I. Ofoegbu, Chigozie Dimoji, Amadi Christian Onyekachi, and Agbakwuru A. O. "Effect of Increasing Node Population on the Performance of Cluster Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications 15, no. 04 (2023): 6069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35444/ijana.2024.15410.

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A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network consisting of miniaturized smart sensors communicating the information gathered or collected from a monitored environment via a wireless link. The sensors are capable of sensing the events within their environment, process the data, and transmit the data to the base station (BS). The entire processing of data and subsequent transmission to BS requires high energy consumption. The operation of WSN is limited by repeated dead nodes, which results in energy depletion. Hence, to prolong the life-span of the network, several routing protocols have been d

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Ntabeni, Unalido, Bokamoso Basutli, Hirley Alves, and Joseph Chuma. "Improvement of the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Mean Field Games." Sensors 24, no. 21 (2024): 6952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24216952.

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The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is a widely used method for managing energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, it has limitations that affect network longevity and performance. This paper presents an improved version of the LEACH protocol, termed MFG-LEACH, which incorporates the Mean Field Game (MFG) theory to optimize energy efficiency and network lifetime. The proposed MFG-LEACH protocol addresses the imbalances in energy consumption by modeling the interactions among nodes as a game, where each node optimizes its transmission energy based

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Abood, Basim, and Yasser Kareem Al-Rikabi. "Lifetime enhancement for clustering protocols in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 3 (2019): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i3.pp1305-1314.

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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">In this paper, we propose a new clustering method called fuzzy stable election protocol (FSEP), which is capable to overcome the bottleneck problem and addressing the uneven energy consumption problem in heterogeneous WSNs. We also propose an energy-efficient routing method called particle swarm optimization routing method (PSORM) to find the optimal routing path for the heterogeneous WSNs. PSORM seeks to investigate the problems of balancing energy consumption and maximization of network lifetime. To demonstrate the effective

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Alom, Md Khorshed, Arif Hossan, and Pallab K. Choudhury. "Improved Zonal Stable Election Protocol (IZ-SEP) for hierarchical clustering in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks." e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 2 (2022): 100048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2022.100048.

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Modi, Anuja, and Gourishankar Prajapati. "Optimum Space Utilization Approach to Improve Persistence of WSNs." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 15, no. 1 (2015): 6427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v15i1.1707.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are consists of huge number of sensor nodes, restricted with limited power, Â for provide services with cooperation to sense data and send to server. Various routing techniques are introduced for managing data transmission in WSNs in last decade. This work proposes novel method with compare distance of sensor nodes to base station in heterogeneous WSN. The sensor nodes near to base station are likely to send data direct to base station and nodes are long distance to base station would form cluster to send data using Stable Election Protocol (SEP) method. This wo

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El-Sayed, Hamdy H. "Minimizing Energy Hole Problem Comparisons in Some Hierarchical WSN Routing Protocols." International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications 14, no. 05 (2023): 5590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35444/ijana.2023.14502.

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This paper study the efficient use of energy as a challenging task of designing these protocols. The energy holes are created due to non-uniform node distribution in the network when quickly drain the energy in a few nodes. It is studies removing energy holes by using sleep and awake mechanism for sensor nodes to save energy. This approach finds the maximum distance nodes to calculate the maximum energy for data. It intends to enumerate the dead nodes transmission, alive nodes, throughput, overhead and packet delivery ratio consumed by the entire network and affected by the network area change

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Koyuncu, Hakan, Geetam S. Tomar, and Dinesh Sharma. "A New Energy Efficient Multitier Deterministic Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Symmetry 12, no. 5 (2020): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12050837.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) may be incorporated with thousands of small nodes. This gives them the capability to effectively sense, communicate, and compute parameters. However, the security and life span of a WSN node is a primary concern. This paper is focused on introducing a mathematical model of a modified Multitier Deterministic Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEC) based on novel election multi-tier random probability protocol for agricultural WSNs to enhance the life span of a WSN node along with a comparison of it with existing DEC protocol. In the proposed model, the selection of clu

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Saifuddin, Karur Mohammed, and Geetha D. Devangavi. "Integrated energy-efficient and location-aware routing in wireless sensor networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 34, no. 3 (2024): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v34.i3.pp1708-1717.

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Sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks are commonly distributed randomly across a given landscape, and their placement may be randomized for specific applications, even extending to national deployments. The energy consumption associated with data transmission and reception by the cluster’s leader is notably higher compared to other nodes. To address this issue, it is recommended that wireless sensor networks adopt a more energy-efficient routing technique. This proposed technique assumes a spatial separation between different node types. Elevating the threshold enhances the likelihood that

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Saifuddin, Karur Mohammed, and Geetha D. Devangavi. "Integrated energy-efficient and location-aware routing in wireless sensor networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 34, no. 3 (2024): 1708–17. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v34.i3.pp1708-1717.

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Sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks are commonly distributed randomly across a given landscape, and their placement may be randomized for specific applications, even extending to national deployments. The energy consumption associated with data transmission and reception by the cluster’s leader is notably higher compared to other nodes. To address this issue, it is recommended that wireless sensor networks adopt a more energy-efficient routing technique. This proposed technique assumes a spatial separation between different node types. Elevating the threshold enhances the likelihood

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Suleiman, Husam. "𝑃c𝜀𝜅max-Means++: Adapt-𝑃 Driven by Energy and Distance Quality Probabilities Based on 𝜅-Means++ for the Stable Election Protocol (SEP)". Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications 14, № 4 (2023): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.58346/jowua.2023.i4.010.

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Attaining a prolonged network lifetime, maximized coverage, and high performance are vital design factors that have to be maintained in a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Such factors are dependent on the stability and optimality of the protocol employed to formulate Sensor Nodes (SNs) into mutual clusters that effectively work around fulfilling specific performance goals. SEP is a heterogeneity-aware protocol implemented based on Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol, designed to prolong the stability period of the network defined by the time interval before the death of th

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Rahman, Azamuddin Abdul, Mohd Nizam Mohmad Kahar, and Wan Isni Sofiah Wan Din. "Fuzzy-Logic-RSSI based approach for cluster heads selection in wireless sensor networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 3 (2020): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1424-1431.

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<span>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are defined as networks of nodes that work in a cooperative way in order to sense and control the surrounding environment. Several WSNs algorithms have been proposed by utilizing the Fuzzy Logic technique to select the cluster heads (CHs). Each technique employs a different combination of input parameters such as nodes density, communication cost, and residual energy. CHs determination is critical towards this goal, whereas the combination of input parameters is expected to play an important role. Nevertheless, the received signal strength (RSSI) is

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Huang, Liang, Mei Wang, and Jing Wu. "Hierarchical Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 2416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.2416.

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Aiming at the deficiency in the hierarchical routing algorithm, an improved routing algorithm of ring based multi-hop clustering (IRBMC) is developed. The main idea of IRBMC is to divide wireless sensor networks field into heterogeneous spacing rings to control the cluster number and build unequal size of clusters in different rings. To ensure the higher energy level nodes having more chance to become cluster head, the improved average residual energy estimation is used to determine the probability of nodes in each ring to be the cluster heads. Simulation results illustrate that IRBMC has a be

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Li, Lin, and Donghui Li. "An Energy-Balanced Routing Protocol for a Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Sensors 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8505616.

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The wireless sensor network is an intelligent self-organizing network which consists of many sensor nodes deployed in the monitoring area. The greatest challenge of designing a wireless sensor network is to balance the energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of the network, seeing that the nodes can be powered only by batteries in most conditions. An energy-balanced routing protocol (EBRP) for wireless sensor networks is proposed in this paper. In EBRP, we divide the network into several clusters by using K-means++ algorithm and select the cluster head by using the fuzzy logical system (FL

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Yuan, Yali, Caihong Li, Yi Yang, Xiangliang Zhang, and Lian Li. "CAF: Cluster Algorithm and A-Star with Fuzzy Approach for Lifetime Enhancement in Wireless Sensor Networks." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/936376.

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Energy is a major factor in designing wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In particular, in the real world, battery energy is limited; thus the effective improvement of the energy becomes the key of the routing protocols. Besides, the sensor nodes are always deployed far away from the base station and the transmission energy consumption is index times increasing with the increase of distance as well. This paper proposes a new routing method for WSNs to extend the network lifetime using a combination of a clustering algorithm, a fuzzy approach, and an A-star method. The proposal is divided into tw

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Juwaied, Abdulla, Lidia Jackowska-Strumillo, and Artur Sierszeń. "Enhancing Clustering Efficiency in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network Protocols Using the K-Nearest Neighbours Algorithm." Sensors 25, no. 4 (2025): 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041029.

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Wireless Sensor Networks are formed by tiny, self-contained, battery-powered computers with radio links that can sense their surroundings for events of interest and store and process the sensed data. Sensor nodes wirelessly communicate with each other to relay information to a central base station. Energy consumption is the most critical parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Network lifespan is directly influenced by the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. All sensors in the network send and receive data from the base station (BS) using different routing protocols and algorithms. T

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Panchikattil, Susheelkumar S., and J. Pete D. "Spatial Correlation Based Clustering with dynamic CH Selection Scheme towards Enhanced QoS Metrics in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 3 (2020): 4264–71. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.C6634.029320.

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Resource constrained wireless sensor nodes are generally randomly distributed in a given area of interest to sense required information and the sensed data is transmitted to the sink station or Base Station (BS) through various clustering and data routing algorithms. The standard clustering algorithms that are aimed at efficient data routing techniques are Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm , Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC) algorithm, Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and various others. Most of these algorithms are the various variants of LEACH. Our propose

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Zahoor, Saniya, and Roohie Naaz Mir. "Design and Modeling of Resource-constrained IoT based Body Area Networks." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 21, no. 3 (2020): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v21i3.1770.

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Due to the recent advancement and development of sensing, wireless, and communication technologies, therehas been a shift in attention towards Body Area Networks (BANs). One of the most important services of BAN is the remote monitoring of patients, enabling doctors to observe, diagnose, and prescribe the patients without being physically present. Various vital signs are being monitored by body sensing devices installed inside, on or off the body of patients, but most of these devices are constrained in terms of resources such as storage, processing, bandwidth, and energy due to their smaller

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Gagandeep, Kaur. "ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING ALGORITHMS FOR SCHEDULING DISTRIBUTION OF CLUSTER HEADS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS)-A REVIEW." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 3 (2019): 252–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5457901.

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The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate on resource constrained environment, therefore, changing or recharging the batteries is difficult and unmanageable task. Over the years, several routing algorithms have been studied in WSNs to enhance their lifespan with varying degree of success. The present review compared the energy efficiency of various homogeneous and heterogeneous routing algorithms for scheduling the distribution of cluster heads (CHs) in WSNs. The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) and Hybrid Ene

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Saleh, Mohammed Mehdi, Ruslan Saad Abdulrahman, and Aymen Jaber Salman. "Energy‑harvesting and energy aware routing algorithm for heterogeneous energy WSNs." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 2 (2021): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i2.pp910-920.

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Wireless sensor networks are regarded as the most essential components of contemporary technologies since they are in charge of sensing and monitoring processes, which are the primary functions of these technologies. Because these nodes rely on an unchangeable battery and are randomly deployed in the environment, node energy management is the most essential issue to consider when designing algorithms to enhance the network's life. Clustering is a wireless sensor network (WSN) routing technique that has been implemented in order to extend network lifetime. Also, it is trendy to increase the ene

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Abbas, Sahar S. A., Tamer Dag, and Tansal Gucluoglu. "Optimizing Mobile Base Station Placement for Prolonging Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime in IoT Applications." Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031421.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) are increasingly employed in commercial and industrial applications to accomplish various tasks at a low cost. WSNs are essential for gathering diverse types of data within physical environments. A key design objective for WSNs is to balance energy consumption and increase the network’s operating lifetime. Recent studies have shown that mobile base stations (BSs) can significantly extend the lifetime of such networks, especially when their location is optimized using specific criteria. In this study, we propose an algori

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Subramani, Neelakandan, Abbas Mardani, Prakash Mohan, Arunodaya Raj Mishra, and Ezhumalai P. "A fuzzy logic and DEEC protocol-based clustering routing method for wireless sensor networks." AIMS Mathematics 8, no. 4 (2023): 8310–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2023419.

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<abstract> <p>Power-efficient wireless sensor network routing techniques (WSN). Clustering is used to extend WSNs' lifetimes. One node act as the cluster head (CH) to represent the others in communications. The member nodes are less important than the cluster hub (CH) in the clustering procedure. Fuzzy techniques based on clustering theory may provide evenly distributed loads. In this study, we provide a fuzzy-logic-based solution that factors in distance to base station (BS), number of nodes, remaining energy, compactness, distance to communicate within a cluster, number of CH, an

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Patil, Geeta, and Arvind Mallikarjun Bhavikatti. "Energy aware optimized dynamic routing mechanism in wireless sensor networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 30, no. 2 (2023): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v30.i2.pp944-955.

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A trade-off between energy efficiency and optimized routing is massively recommended for transmission efficiency enhancement in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Therefore, in this paper, graph-based energy optimized dynamic routing (GEODR) mechanism is introduced to set up a balance between energy consumption minimization and throughput enhancement using a dynamic and optimized routing mechanism in WSNs. A clustering scheme is employed based on graph theory, and cluster boundaries are formed using distance vectors. Cluster head (CH) selection is performed based on residual energy, the distance

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Geeta, Patil, and Mallikarjun Bhavikatti Arvind. "Energy aware optimized dynamic routing mechanism in wireless sensor networks." Energy aware optimized dynamic routing mechanism in wireless sensor networks 30, no. 2 (2023): 944–55. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v30.i2.pp944-955.

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A trade-off between energy efficiency and optimized routing is massively recommended for transmission efficiency enhancement in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Therefore, in this paper, graph-based energy optimized dynamic routing (GEODR) mechanism is introduced to set up a balance between energy consumption minimization and throughput enhancement using a dynamic and optimized routing mechanism in WSNs. A clustering scheme is employed based on graph theory, and cluster boundaries are formed using distance vectors. Cluster head (CH) selection is performed based on residual energy, the distance

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Saleh, Mohammed Mehdi, Ruslan Saad Abdulrahman, and Aymen Jaber Salman. "Energy‑harvesting and energy aware routing algorithm for heterogeneous energy WSNs." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 2 (2021): 910–20. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i2.pp910-920.

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Wireless sensor networks are regarded as the most essential components of contemporary technologies since they are in charge of sensing and monitoring processes, which are the primary functions of these technologies. Because these nodes rely on an unchangeable battery and are randomly deployed in the environment, node energy management is the most essential issue to consider when designing algorithms to enhance the network's life. Clustering is a wireless sensor network (WSN) routing technique that has been implemented in order to extend network lifetime. Also, it is trendy to increase the

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Lee, Jong-Yong, and Daesung Lee. "Improvement of CH election in three-level heterogeneous WSN." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 1 (2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i1.pp272-278.

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<p>A Wireless Sensor Network is a wirelessly configured Sensor Node with limited power such as a battery. There are many Wireless Sensor Network Protocols to increase energy efficiency, among which LEACH Protocol and SEP are typical. The LEACH Protocol is mainly used for homogeneous sensor networks with the same initial energy, and SEP is used for heterogeneous sensor networks with different initial energies. In the case of SEP-E, another heterogeneous sensor with different initial energy is added. SEP and SEP-E provide a higher probability of Cluster Head election for node types with mo

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Lee, Jong-Yong, and Daesung Lee. "Improvement of CH election in three-level heterogeneous WSN." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 1 (2019): 272–78. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i1.pp272-278.

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A Wireless Sensor Network is a wirelessly configured Sensor Node with limited power such as a battery. There are many Wireless Sensor Network Protocols to increase energy efficiency, among which LEACH Protocol and SEP are typical. The LEACH Protocol is mainly used for homogeneous sensor networks with the same initial energy, and SEP is used for heterogeneous sensor networks with different initial energies. In the case of SEP-E, another heterogeneous sensor with different initial energy is added. SEP and SEP-E provide a higher probability of Cluster Head election for node types with more energy

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S, Ashwin, Bharanidharan A, Harish A, and Mohamed Afreez M. "OPTIMIZED ZONAL STABLE ELECTION PROTOCOL." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 5, no. 1 (2020): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i01.071.

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Zhao, Liquan, and Qi Tang. "An Improved Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Routing Energy Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks." Information 10, no. 4 (2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10040125.

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In the Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Protocol, sensors are randomly deployed in the region without considering the balanced energy consumption of nodes. If a node that has been selected as a cluster head is located far away from the base station, it will affect the efficiency of the network due to its early death. This paper proposes an improved energy efficient routing protocol named Improved Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election protocol (ITSEP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Firstly, we use a node state transformation mechanism to control the number of cluster heads in high

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Jagadeesh, L., K. V., and K. Soundara. "Energy Efficient Hierarchical Stable Election Protocol." International Journal of Computer Applications 182, no. 47 (2019): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2019918711.

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Chaurasiya, Harshita, and Dr Shivnath Ghosh. "Energy Efficient Evolutionary SEP Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 5, no. 1 (2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v5i1.179.

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Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) have become vital in many areas and critical applications. Some applications require a reliable network and less maintenance, especially the power consumption. The standard helps the overall network to reduce worries about the sensors power dissipation. Therefore, the longevity of the network is the main concern of the WSN. In this paper an evolutionary SEP protocol is designed and implemented in order to reduce energy consumption of the cluster based sensor network. For this cluster head election process is performed using genetic algorithm. Analysis and simula

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