Статті в журналах: "Adhesive plaque"

1

George, Matthew N., Benjamin Pedigo, and Emily Carrington. "Hypoxia weakens mussel attachment by interrupting DOPA cross-linking during adhesive plaque curing." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 147 (October 2018): 20180489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0489.

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Marine mussels ( Mytilus spp.) attach to a wide variety of surfaces underwater using a network of byssal threads, each tipped with a protein-based adhesive plaque that uses the surrounding seawater environment as a curing agent. Plaques undergo environmental post-processing, requiring a basic seawater pH be maintained for up to 8 days for the adhesive to strengthen completely. Given the sensitivity of plaques to local pH conditions long after deposition, we investigated the effect of other aspects of the seawater environment that are known to vary in nearshore habitats on plaque curing. The effect of seawater temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration were investigated using tensile testing, atomic force microscopy and amino acid compositional analysis. High temperature (30°C) and hyposalinity (1 PSU) had no effect on adhesion strength, while incubation in hypoxia (0.9 mg l −1 ) caused plaques to have a mottled coloration and prematurely peel from substrates, leading to a 51% decrease in adhesion strength. AFM imaging of the plaque cuticle found that plaques cured in hypoxia had regions of lower stiffness throughout, indicative of reductions in DOPA cross-linking between adhesive proteins. A better understanding of the dynamics of plaque curing could aid in the design of better synthetic adhesives, particularly in medicine where adhesion must take place within wet body cavities.

2

Filippidi, Emmanouela, Daniel G. DeMartini, Paula Malo de Molina, Eric W. Danner, Juntae Kim, Matthew E. Helgeson, J. Herbert Waite, and Megan T. Valentine. "The microscopic network structure of mussel ( Mytilus ) adhesive plaques." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 113 (December 2015): 20150827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0827.

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Marine mussels of the genus Mytilus live in the hostile intertidal zone, attached to rocks, bio-fouled surfaces and each other via collagen-rich threads ending in adhesive pads, the plaques. Plaques adhere in salty, alkaline seawater, withstanding waves and tidal currents. Each plaque requires a force of several newtons to detach. Although the molecular composition of the plaques has been well studied, a complete understanding of supra-molecular plaque architecture and its role in maintaining adhesive strength remains elusive. Here, electron microscopy and neutron scattering studies of plaques harvested from Mytilus californianus and Mytilus galloprovincialis reveal a complex network structure reminiscent of structural foams. Two characteristic length scales are observed characterizing a dense meshwork (approx. 100 nm) with large interpenetrating pores (approx. 1 µm). The network withstands chemical denaturation, indicating significant cross-linking. Plaques formed at lower temperatures have finer network struts, from which we hypothesize a kinetically controlled formation mechanism. When mussels are induced to create plaques, the resulting structure lacks a well-defined network architecture, showcasing the importance of processing over self-assembly. Together, these new data provide essential insight into plaque structure and formation and set the foundation to understand the role of plaque structure in stress distribution and toughening in natural and biomimetic materials.

3

Suroliya, Kritika Pankaj, Priyanka Niranjane, Ranjit Haridas Kamble, Murtaza Shabbir Hussain, Saurabh Hemant Shingnapurkar, Pallavi Sachin Daigavane, and Zoher Esmail Merchant. "Comparative Evaluation of Effect of Excessive Adhesive Flash Formed from Two Orthodontic Adhesives on Clinical Periodontal Status of Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Appliance Therapy." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 32 (August 9, 2021): 2582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/529.

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BACKGROUND Increased accumulation of dental plaque and inflammatory response during treatment is due to the appearance of new retentive places around the components of fixed appliances attached to the teeth. During bonding procedures, there is certain amount of adhesive left on the tooth surface invariably around the margins between bracket and enamel interface called excessive adhesive flash (EAF), which may act as a plaque retentive area. We wanted to evaluate and compare the effect of EAF formed from two different orthodontic bonding adhesives on clinical periodontal status of patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. METHODS 20 patients indicated for treatment with fixed stainless steel preadjusted edgewise appliance were selected for the study. A split mouth design was followed where each patient’s teeth were divided into 2 groups; Group A: Teeth of right side bonded with non-tooth coloured orthodontic adhesive resin (Transbond XT Plus) – 1st and 4th quadrants; Group B: Teeth of left side bonded with tooth-coloured orthodontic adhesive resin (Transbond XT) - 2nd and 3rd quadrants. Clinical periodontal status was assessed by measuring Muhlemann modified papillary bleeding index, Turesky Gilmore Glickman modification of Quigley Hein Plaque Index, and a modification of the Orthodontic Plaque Index, before bonding (T0) and 1 week after bonding the appliance (T1). RESULTS Readings at T1 had significantly increased compared to T0 indicating increased plaque retention. However, difference between the indices for both groups at T1 was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The excessive adhesive flash is a site for increased plaque accumulation, irrespective of the composite being tooth coloured or non-tooth coloured. KEY WORDS EAF, Adhesives, Split Mouth

4

Valois, Eric, Razieh Mirshafian, and J. Herbert Waite. "Phase-dependent redox insulation in mussel adhesion." Science Advances 6, no. 23 (June 2020): eaaz6486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6486.

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Catecholic 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (Dopa) residues in mussel foot proteins (mfps) contribute critically to mussel (Mytilus californianus) plaque adhesion, but only if protected from oxidation at the adhesive-substratum interface. Dopa oxidation is thermodynamically favorable in seawater yet barely detectable in plaques; therefore, we investigated how plaques insulate Dopa-containing mfps against oxidation. Seawater sulfate triggers an mfp3 and mfp6 liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). By combining plaque cyclic voltammetry with electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and redox-exchange chemistry, we show that Dopa-containing mfp3 and mfp6 in phase-separated droplets remain stable despite rapid oxidation in the surrounding equilibrium solution. The results suggest that a cohort of oxidation-prone proteins is endowed with phase-dependent redox stability. Moreover, in forming LLPS compartments, Dopa proteins become reservoirs of chemical energy.

5

Martinez Rodriguez, Nadine R., Saurabh Das, Yair Kaufman, Jacob N. Israelachvili, and J. Herbert Waite. "Interfacial pH during mussel adhesive plaque formation." Biofouling 31, no. 2 (February 7, 2015): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2015.1026337.

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6

Cohen, Noy, J. Herbert Waite, Robert M. McMeeking, and Megan T. Valentine. "Force distribution and multiscale mechanics in the mussel byssus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1784 (September 9, 2019): 20190202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0202.

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The byssi of sessile mussels have the extraordinary ability to adhere to various surfaces and withstand static and dynamic loadings arising from hostile environmental conditions. Many investigations aimed at understanding the unique properties of byssal thread–plaque structures have been conducted and have inspired the enhancement of fibre coatings and adhesives. However, a systems-level analysis of the mechanical performance of the composite materials is lacking. In this work, we discuss the anatomy of the byssus and the function of each of the three components (the proximal thread portion, the distal thread portion and the adhesive plaque) of its structures. We introduce a basic nonlinear system of springs that describes the contribution of each component to the overall mechanical response and use this model to approximate the elastic modulus of the distal thread portion as well as the plaque, the response of which cannot be isolated through experiment alone. We conclude with a discussion of unresolved questions, highlighting areas of opportunity where additional experimental and theoretical work is needed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Transdisciplinary approaches to the study of adhesion and adhesives in biological systems’.

7

Wolff, Jonas O., and Marie E. Herberstein. "Three-dimensional printing spiders: back-and-forth glue application yields silk anchorages with high pull-off resistance under varying loading situations." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 127 (February 2017): 20160783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0783.

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The anchorage of structures is a crucial element of construction, both for humans and animals. Spiders use adhesive plaques to attach silk threads to substrates. Both biological and artificial adhesive structures usually have an optimal loading angle, and are prone to varying loading situations. Silk anchorages, however, must cope with loading in highly variable directions. Here we show that the detachment forces of thread anchorages of orb-web spiders are highly robust against pulling in different directions. This is gained by a two-step back-and-forth spinning pattern during the rapid production of the adhesive plaque, which shifts the thread insertion point towards the plaque centre and forms a flexible tree root-like network of branching fibres around the loading point. Using a morphometric approach and a tape-and-thread model we show that neither area, nor width of the plaque, but the shift of the loading point towards the plaque centre has the highest effect on pull-off resistance. This is explained by a circular propagation of the delamination crack with a low peeling angle. We further show that silken attachment discs are highly directional and adjusted to provide maximal performance in the upstream dragline. These results show that the way the glue is applied, crucially enhances the toughness of the anchorage without the need of additional material intake. This work is a starting point to study the evolution of tough and universal thread anchorages among spiders, and to develop bioinspired ‘instant’ anchorages of thread- and cable-like structures to a broad bandwidth of substrates.

8

Miller, Dusty R., Jamie E. Spahn, and J. Herbert Waite. "The staying power of adhesion-associated antioxidant activity in Mytilus californianus." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 111 (October 2015): 20150614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0614.

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The California mussel, Mytilus californianus , adheres in the highly oxidizing intertidal zone with a fibrous holdfast called the byssus using 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl- l -alanine (DOPA)-containing adhesive proteins. DOPA is susceptible to oxidation in seawater and, upon oxidation, loses adhesion. Successful mussel adhesion thus depends critically on controlling oxidation and reduction. To explore how mussels regulate redox during their functional adhesive lifetime, we tracked extractable protein concentration, DOPA content and antioxidant activity in byssal plaques over time. In seawater, DOPA content and antioxidant activity in the byssus persisted much longer than expected—50% of extractable DOPA and 30% of extractable antioxidant activity remained after 20 days. Antioxidant activity was located at the plaque–substrate interface, demonstrating that antioxidant activity keeps DOPA reduced for durable and dynamic adhesion. We also correlated antioxidant activity to cysteine and DOPA side chains of mussel foot proteins (mfps), suggesting that mussels use both cysteine and DOPA redox reservoirs for controlling interfacial chemistry. These data are discussed in the context of the biomaterial structure and properties of the marine mussel byssus.

9

Greenwood, Jeffrey A., Anne B. Theibert, Glenn D. Prestwich, and Joanne E. Murphy-Ullrich. "Restructuring of Focal Adhesion Plaques by Pi 3-Kinase." Journal of Cell Biology 150, no. 3 (August 7, 2000): 627–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.150.3.627.

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Focal adhesions are an elaborate network of interconnecting proteins linking actin stress fibers to the extracellular matrix substrate. Modulation of the focal adhesion plaque provides a mechanism for the regulation of cellular adhesive strength. Using interference reflection microscopy, we found that activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) by PDGF induces the dissipation of focal adhesions. Loss of this close apposition between the cell membrane and the extracellular matrix coincided with a redistribution of α-actinin and vinculin from the focal adhesion complex to the Triton X-100–soluble fraction. In contrast, talin and paxillin remained localized to focal adhesions, suggesting that activation of PI 3-kinase induced a restructuring of the plaque rather than complete dispersion. Furthermore, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns (3,4,5)-P3), a lipid product of PI 3-kinase, was sufficient to induce restructuring of the focal adhesion plaque. We also found that PtdIns (3,4,5)-P3 binds to α-actinin in PDGF-treated cells. Further evidence demonstrated that activation of PI 3-kinase by PDGF induced a decrease in the association of α-actinin with the integrin β subunit, and that PtdIns (3,4,5)-P3 could disrupt this interaction in vitro. Modification of focal adhesion structure by PI 3-kinase and its lipid product, PtdIns (3,4,5)-P3, has important implications for the regulation of cellular adhesive strength and motility.

10

Tilbury, Maura A., Sean McCarthy, Magdalena Domagalska, Thomas Ederth, Anne Marie Power, and J. Gerard Wall. "The expression and characterization of recombinant cp19k barnacle cement protein from Pollicipes pollicipes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1784 (September 9, 2019): 20190205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0205.

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Adhesive proteins of barnacle cement have potential as environmentally friendly adhesives owing to their ability to adhere to various substrates in aqueous environments. By understanding the taxonomic breath of barnacles with different lifestyles, we may uncover commonalities in adhesives produced by these specialized organisms. The 19 kDa cement protein (cp19k) of the stalked barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 to investigate its adhesive properties. Initial expression of hexahistidine-tagged protein (rPpolcp19k-his) yielded low levels of insoluble protein. Co-overproduction of E. coli molecular chaperones GroEL-GroES and trigger factor (TF) increased soluble protein yields, although TF co-purified with the target protein (TF-rPpolcp19k-his). Surface coat analysis revealed high levels of adsorption of the TF-rPpolcp19k-his complex and of purified E. coli TF on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, while low levels of adsorption were observed for rPpolcp19k-his. Tag-free rPpolcp19k protein also exhibited low adsorption compared to fibrinogen and Cell-Tak controls on hydrophobic, neutral hydrophilic and charged self-assembled monolayers under surface plasmon resonance assay conditions designed to mimic the barnacle cement gland or seawater. Because rPpolcp19k protein displays low adhesive capability, this protein is suggested to confer the ability to self-assemble into a plaque within the barnacle cement complex. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Transdisciplinary approaches to the study of adhesion and adhesives in biological systems’.

11

Frolov, Georgy A., Yakov N. Karasenkov, Alexander A. Gusev, Olga V. Zakharova, Anna Yu Godymchuk, Denis V. Kuznetsov, Nadezda V. Latuta, and Valerii K. Leont'ev. "Germicidal Adhesives with Nanoparticles of Metals for Prevention of Recurrence of Caries." Nano Hybrids and Composites 13 (January 2017): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.13.39.

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New compositions of dental adhesives with nanoparticles of metals were developed, in order to achieve prolonged bactericidal properties. The studies were conducted on the culture of dental plaque. The observation period was 24 - 27 days. Further research was not possible due to the drying of wells with adhesives. Tantalum, aluminum, silver, vanadium, iron and copper nanoparticles were chosen as antimicrobial additives. It is shown that changing the mode of electric discharge dispersion-condensing device in a narrow range does not affect the antibacterial efficacy of the final product - the dental adhesive. It is found that tantalum nanoparticles increase the average value of shear strength in the system "filling material - adhesive - dentin" more than 40%.

12

Robert, Ladislas, and William Hornebeck. "A new adhesive protein mediating the interaction between mesenchymal cells and elastin fibers: Elastonectin." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, no. 1 (1988): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19880209.

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An inducible adhesive protein was demonstrated in smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts which mediate the adhesion of mesenchymal cells to elastic fibers. It is proposed to designate it elastonectin. This protein plays probably an important role in the morphogenesis of elastic tissue and its degradation is probably involved in the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque.

13

Park, Tae-Young, Sun-Jae Kim, Hee-Jung Kim, Byoung-Jin Lee, Byung-Hoon Kim, Yeong-Mu Ko, and Jeong-Bum Min. "Evaluation of Degradation in Nanofilled Adhesive Resins Using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/671205.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate degradation in commercial dental nanofilled adhesive resins using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). Three adhesives were selected: D/E resin (DR), Single Bond Plus (SB), and G-Bond (GB). The adhesives were mixed with porphyrin for the QLF analysis. Specimens were prepared by dispensing blended adhesives into a flexible mold and polymerizing. Then, the QLF analysis of the specimens was done and the porphyrin values (Simple Plaque Score andΔR) were measured. After thermocycling of the specimens (5000 cycles, 5 to 55°C) for the degradation, the specimens were assayed by QLF again. The porphyrin values were analyzed using pairedt-test at a 95% confidence level. A significant reduction in SPS was observed in all groups after thermocycling. TheΔRsignificantly decreased after thermocycling except areaΔR30 of SB group. Overall, porphyrin values decreased after thermocycling which indicates that the degradation of the adhesive resins may be measured by the change of porphyrin value. The QLF method could be used to evaluate the degradation of adhesive resin.

14

Stickel, S. K., and Y. L. Wang. "Synthetic peptide GRGDS induces dissociation of alpha-actinin and vinculin from the sites of focal contacts." Journal of Cell Biology 107, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 1231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.3.1231.

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The synthetic peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) mimics the cellular binding site of many adhesive proteins in the extracellular matrix and causes rounding and detachment of spread cells. We have studied whether its binding affects the associations of two major components, alpha-actinin and vinculin, at the adhesion plaque. Living 3T3 cells were microinjected with fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin and/or vinculin and observed using video microscopy before and after the addition of 50 micrograms/ml GRGDS. As soon as 5 min after treatment, fluorescent alpha-actinin and vinculin became dissociated simultaneously from the sites of many focal contacts. The proteins either moved away as discrete structures or dispersed from adhesion plaques. As a result, the enrichment of alpha-actinin and vinculin at these focal contacts was no longer detected. The focal contacts then faded away slowly without showing detectable movement. These data suggest that the binding state of integrin has a transmembrane effect on the distribution of cytoskeletal components. The dissociation of alpha-actinin and vinculin from adhesion plaques may in turn weaken the contacts and result in rounding and detachment of cells.

15

Sangeetha, R., Ravi Kumar, R. Venkatesan, Mukesh Doble, L. Vedaprakash, Kruparatnam, K. Lakshmi, and Dineshram. "Understanding the structure of the adhesive plaque of Amphibalanus reticulatus." Materials Science and Engineering: C 30, no. 1 (January 2010): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2009.09.007.

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16

Rubenstein, David S. "High-Resolution Mapping of the Desmosomal Plaque and Adhesive Interface." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 127 (January 2007): E13—E14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.skinbio.6250006.

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17

Landa, A. S., H. C. Van Der Mei, and H. J. Busscher. "Detachment of Linking Film Bacteria From Enamel Surfaces by Oral Rinses and Penetration of Sodium Lauryl Sulphate Through an Artificial Oral Biofilm." Advances in Dental Research 11, no. 4 (November 1997): 528–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110042201.

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The biofilm mode of growth protects plaque micro-organisms against environmental attacks, such as from antimicrobials or detergents. Dental plaque is linked to enamel through the adhesion of initial colonizers. Once this link is disrupted, the entire plaque mass adhering to it detaches. Experiments in a parallel-plate flow chamber demonstrated that bacteria adhering to saliva-coated enamel could not be stimulated to detach by perfusion of the flow chamber with two traditional mouthrinses (Corsodyl® and Scope®), whereas perfusion with a prebrushing rinse (Plax®) or its detergent components stimulated detachment from saliva-coated enamel of a wide variety of bacterial strains. Following perfusion of the flow chamber with the mouthrinses, little additional detachment of adhering bacteria by the passage of a liquid-air interface occurred. After perfusion with the prebrushing rinse, however, significant numbers of still-adhering bacteria could be stimulated to detach by passage of a liquid-air interface, indicating that Plax® had weakened their adhesive bond. The ability of Plax® or its detergent components to detach plaque bacteria is not always obvious from in vivo experiments, and reports on its clinical efficacy are inconsistent. Likely, antimicrobials or detergents are unable to penetrate the plaque and reach the linking film bacteria, as demonstrated here by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

18

Garrod, David. "Desmosomes In Vivo." Dermatology Research and Practice 2010 (2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/212439.

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The structure, function, and regulation of desmosomal adhesion in vivo are discussed. Most desmosomes in tissues exhibit calcium-independent adhesion, which is strongly adhesive or “hyperadhesive”. This is fundamental to tissue strength. Almost all studies in culture are done on weakly adhesive, calcium-dependent desmosomes, although hyperadhesion can be readily obtained in confluent cell culture. Calcium dependence is a default condition in vivo, found in wounds and embryonic development. Hyperadhesion appears to be associated with an ordered arrangement of the extracellular domains of the desmosomal cadherins, which gives rise to the intercellular midline identified in ultrastructural studies. This in turn probably depends on molecular order in the desmosomal plaque. Protein kinase C downregulates hyperadhesion and there is preliminary evidence that it may also be regulated by tyrosine kinases. Downregulation of desmosomes in vivo may occur by internalisation of whole desmosomes rather than disassembly. Hyperadhesion has implications for diseases such as pemphigus.

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Garrod, David, and Tomomi E. Kimura. "Hyper-adhesion: a new concept in cell–cell adhesion." Biochemical Society Transactions 36, no. 2 (March 20, 2008): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0360195.

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We have developed a new concept of cell–cell adhesion termed ‘hyper-adhesion’, the very strong adhesion adopted by desmosomes. This uniquely desmosomal property accounts for their ability to provide the intercellular links in the desmosome–intermediate filament complex. These links are targeted by diseases, resulting in disruption of the complex with severe consequences. Hyper-adhesion is characteristic of desmosomes in tissues and is believed to result from a highly ordered arrangement of the extracellular domains of the desmosomal cadherins that locks their binding interaction so that it is highly resistant to disruption. This ordered arrangement may be reflected by and dependent upon a similarly ordered molecular structure of the desmosomal plaque. Hyper-adhesion can be down-regulated to a more weakly adhesive state by cell signalling involving protein kinase C, which translocates to the desmosomal plaque. Down-regulation takes place in wound edge epithelium and appears to be accompanied by loss of the ordered arrangement causing desmosomes to adopt the type of weaker adhesion characteristic of adherens junctions. We review the evidence for hyper-adhesion and speculate on the molecular basis of its mechanism.

20

Manor, A., I. Eli, M. Varon, H. Judes, and E. Rosenberg. "Effect of adhesive antibiotic TA on plaque and gingivitis in man." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 16, no. 10 (November 1989): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.1989.tb01029.x.

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AOKI, Michihito, Kyoji HOMMA, Takuji KOIKE, and Sayuri MURAKAMI. "Adhesive Strength of Plaque to Soda-Lime Glass in Marine Mussel." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 73, no. 726 (2007): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.73.307.

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22

Zhao, Hua, and J. Herbert Waite. "Linking Adhesive and Structural Proteins in the Attachment Plaque ofMytilus californianus." Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, no. 36 (July 14, 2006): 26150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m604357200.

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23

Condò, Roberta, Gianluca Mampieri, Guido Pasquantonio, Aldo Giancotti, Paola Pirelli, Maria Elena Cataldi, Serena La Rocca, et al. "In Vitro Evaluation of Structural Factors Favouring Bacterial Adhesion on Orthodontic Adhesive Resins." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102485.

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Bacterial adhesion to the surface of orthodontic materials is an important step in the formation and proliferation of plaque bacteria, which is responsible for enamel demineralization and periodontium pathologies. With the intent of investigating if adhesive resins used for bracket bonding are prone to bacteria colonization, the surface roughness of these materials has been analyzed, combining information with a novel methodology to observe the internal structures of orthodontic composites. Scanning electron microscopy, combined with focus ion bean micromachining and stylus profilometry analyses, were performed to evaluate the compositional factors that can influence specific pivotal properties facilitating the adhesion of bacteria to the surface, such as surface roughness and robustness of three orthodontic adhesive composite resins. To confirm these findings, contact angle measurements and bacteria incubation on resin slide have been performed, evaluating similarities and differences in the final achievement. In particular, the morphological features that determine an increase in the resins surface wettability and influence the bacterial adhesion are the subject of speculation. Finally, the focused ion beam technique has been proposed as a valuable tool to combine information coming from surface roughness with specific the internal structures of the polymers.

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Fan, Zixu, Ying Zhang, Danrui Xiao, Jianwei Ma, Hua Liu, Linghong Shen, Min Zhang, and Ben He. "Long noncoding RNA UC.98 stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques by promoting the proliferation and adhesive capacity in murine aortic endothelial cells." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 52, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmz155.

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Abstract Pathological studies have shown that the vulnerability of plaques affects outcomes in patients with atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic inflammatory disease and common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although emerging technologies have enabled early diagnosis of AS with high-risk vulnerable plaques, more accurate and noninvasive diagnostic methods are urgently required. To this end, molecules involved in genetic or epigenetic regulation of the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques have been extensively studied. Here, we evaluated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) variability by microarray assay in murine aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) bearing vulnerable plaques and identified the novel functional lncRNA UC.98, whose expression pattern was associated with the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. Consistent with this, clinical statistics comparing the peripheral blood specimens from sets of patients with AS with or without vulnerable plaques confirmed the linear relationship between the expression pattern of UC.98 and plaque instability. Moreover, MTT assays and western blot analysis showed that silencing of intrinsic UC.98 in MAECs not only suppressed cell proliferation but also decreased the expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, thereby inactivating the nuclear factor-κB pathway. In conclusion, our results highlighted the pivotal role of UC.98 in regulating the vulnerability of plaques during AS progression and suggested that UC.98 may be a biomarker of the early diagnosis and prognosis of AS with vulnerable plaques and a potential therapeutic target for slowing AS progression.

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Zloto, Ofira, Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai, Joseph Moisseiev, Michael Belkin, and Ido Didi Fabian. "A Biological Tissue Adhesive and Dissolvent System for Intraocular Tumor Plaque Brachytherapy." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 47, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20160126-10.

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Sharma, Shivani, Stacey Lavender, JungReem Woo, Lihong Guo, Wenyuan Shi, LaTonya Kilpatrick-Liverman, and James K. Gimzewski. "Nanoscale characterization of effect of l-arginine on Streptococcus mutans biofilm adhesion by atomic force microscopy." Microbiology 160, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 1466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.075267-0.

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A major aetiological factor of dental caries is the pathology of the dental plaque biofilms. The amino acid l-arginine (Arg) is found naturally in saliva as a free molecule or as a part of salivary peptides and proteins. Plaque bacteria metabolize Arg to produce alkali and neutralize glycolytic acids, promoting a less cariogenous oral microbiome. Here, we explored an alternative and complementary mechanism of action of Arg using atomic force microscopy. The nanomechanical properties of Streptococcus mutans biofilm extracellular matrix were characterized under physiological buffer conditions. We report the effect of Arg on the adhesive behaviour and structural properties of extracellular polysaccharides in S. mutans biofilms. High-resolution imaging of biofilm surfaces can reveal additional structural information on bacterial cells embedded within the surrounding extracellular matrix. A dense extracellular matrix was observed in biofilms without Arg compared to those grown in the presence of Arg. S. mutans biofilms grown in the presence of Arg could influence the production and/or composition of extracellular membrane glucans and thereby affect their adhesion properties. Our results suggest that the presence of Arg in the oral cavity could influence the adhesion properties of S. mutans to the tooth surface.

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Martins, Luís Roberto Marcondes, Mario Vedovello Filho, Suzy H. A. Martins, Heloísa C. Valdrighi, Silvia Amélia S. Vedovello, Mayury Kuramae, Adriana Simoni Lucato, and Eloisa Marcantonio Boeck. "Evaluation of Bonded Orthodontics Brackets Using Different Adhesive Systems after a Cariogenic Challenge." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-11-1-41.

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Abstract Aim The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevention of enamel demineralization and the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with fluoride and no fluoride conventional and selfetching adhesives and to analyze the characteristics of enamel near the bond area using a polarized light microscope (PLM) following demineralization and remineralization cycling (Des Re). Methods and Materials Fifty bovine incisors were selected and divided into five groups according to the adhesive system used during the bonding process: G1, Transbond™ XT Adhesive; G2, Single Bond 2 Adhesive; G3, Optibond Solo Plus; G4, Clearfil SE Bond; and G5, Clearfil Protect Bond. Transbond™ XT was used to fix the brackets to the teeth in all groups. After bonding, the groups were separated into cycling and control subgroups. The specimens were submitted to SBS testing and evaluated under a PLM. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (p<.05). Results There were no significant differences for SBS after Des-Re cycling. The Clearfil Protect Bond showed the SBS to be statistically lower than the other adhesives used for the control groups. After a cariogenic challenge, the Single Bond adhesive showed an SBS significantly lower than Transbond XT. The Des-Re cycling increased the enamel demineralization induced after the cariogenic challenge. Conclusions The cariogenic challenge did not reduce the SBS. Optibond Solo Plus and Transbond™ XT adhesives presented the highest SBS while Clearfil Protect Bond had the lowest. The PLM showed that the cariogenic challenge increased the enamel demineralization for all adhesives evaluated, independent of the presence of fluoride. Clinical Significance An alternative material with the ability to prevent enamel demineralization should be used in orthodontic patients due to the higher accumulation of plaque around orthodontic brackets. Citation Filho MV, Martins SHA, Valdrighi HC, Vedovello SAS, Kuramae M, Lucato AS, Boeck EM, Martins LRM. Evaluation of Bonded Orthodontics Brackets Using Different Adhesive Systems after a Cariogenic Challenge. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 Jan; 11(1):041-048. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/ view/volume11-issue1-filho.

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Foersch, Moritz, Christian Schuster, Roman K. Rahimi, Heinrich Wehrbein, and Collin Jacobs. "A new flash-free orthodontic adhesive system: A first clinical and stereomicroscopic study." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 2 (August 10, 2015): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/050415-302.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the clinical and laboratory properties of the recently introduced APC flash-free orthodontic adhesive. Material and Methods: After bonding of 80 brackets on human teeth (group A: APC flash-free adhesive n = 40, group B: APC Plus adhesive n = 40), the following measurements were recorded: time for bonding, stereomicroscopic evaluation of excess adhesive, color penetration (methylene blue, 0.5%/24 h), and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) score after debonding. Results: The time needed for bonding differed significantly between the two groups (A: 19.5 s/tooth vs B: 33.8 s/tooth). The adhesive excess, which was metrically measured from the bracket edge, ranged from 166.27 µm to 81.66 µm (group A) and 988.53 µm to 690.81 µm (group B). After methylene coloration in group A, 52 of 80 measurements showed discoloration on the bracket-adhesive and/or adhesive-enamel interface, while for group B, 78 of 80 were coloration positive. The ARI scores did not differ, with an average ARI score of 2.0 for group A and 2.8 for group B. Conclusion: The flash-free adhesive significantly reduced the time needed for the bonding process. The excess resin expanded 0.16 to 0.08 mm over the bracket margin. The new technology seems to facilitate a smooth and sufficient marginal surface of the adhesive, which clinically might improve reduction of plaque accumulation.

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Khoshbakht, Zoleikha, Ehsan Khashabi, Laleh Khodaie, Mohammad Ali Torbati, Farzaneh Lotfipour, and Hamed Hamishehkar. "Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwashes Containing Zataria Multiflora Boiss, Frankincense and Combination Therapy on Patients with Gingivitis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial." Galen Medical Journal 8 (July 15, 2019): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1366.

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Background: Dental plaques as adhesive microbial aggregates on tooth surfaces are considered the first stage of tooth decay as well as gingivitis. Accordingly, the effect of different antimicrobial mouthwashes on removing dental plaques and preventing their formation has been evaluated in various studies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of herbal mouthwashes containing hydro-alcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (ZM), Frankincense (FR), and a combination of both (ZM+FR) and compare it with chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in subjects with gingivitis. Materials and Methods: In this randomized, controlled, clinical trial a total of 140 patients with gingivitis were divided into four groups including CHX (control group), ZM, FR, and ZM+FR groups. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were measured in days 1, 14, and 21. Results: All three herbal types of mouthwash significantly improved plaque, gingivitis, and gingival bleeding throughout days 14 to 21 (P<0.001). There was no difference between herbal mouthwash with CHX groups. CHX mouthwash showed the most side effects (54.3%), while ZM mouthwash showed the least side effects and the highest consumer satisfaction (5.7% and 94%, respectively). Conclusion: All of the herbal mouthwashes can be good candidates for controlling gingivitis. Comparing with CHX mouthwash, herbal mouthwashes have lower side effects and negligible alcohol content. Among the herbal mouthwashes, ZM outperforms FR and FR+ZM due to its lower side effects and higher levels of patients’ satisfaction. [GMJ.2019;8:e1366]

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Moran, J., M. Addy, R. Newcombe, and P. Warren. "The comparative effects on plaque regrowth of phenolic chlorhexidine and anti-adhesive mouthrinses." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 22, no. 12 (December 1995): 929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.1995.tb01797.x.

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AOKI, Michihito, Yoshihiro TAKEDA, Takuji KOIKE, Sayuri MURAKAMI, and Kyoji HOMMA. "613 Time Dependence of Adhesive Strength of Marine Mussel Plaque Containing Ferric Ions." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2008.21 (2009): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2008.21.257.

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Holm, Eric R., Beatriz Orihuela, Christopher J. Kavanagh, and Daniel Rittschof. "Variation among families for characteristics of the adhesive plaque in the barnacleBalanus amphitrite." Biofouling 21, no. 2 (January 2005): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927010512331344188.

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AOKI, Michihito, Masaki ISHIMARU, Takuji KOIKE, Sayuri MURAKAMI, and Kyoji HOMMA. "1016 Effect of Adhesive Strength of Plaque on Temperature Hysteresis in Marine Mussel." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2007.5 (2007): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2007.5.0_233.

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Murillo Gómez, Fabián, and Mário Fernando De Góes. "Effect of Different Silane-Containing Solutions on Glass-Ceramic/ Cement Bonding Interacting with Dual-Cure Resin Cements." Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences, no. 16 (July 15, 2015): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ijds.v0i16.20330.

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<p><span>The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different silane-containing solutions on ceramic-cement bonding and their interaction with different dual-cure resin cements. Forty five glass- ceramic plaques (IPS e.max CAD®) were sandblasted with aluminum oxide for 5s, etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid gel (HF) for 20s and then divided in three groups of 15 each to be treated with different silane-containing solutions: RelyX Ceramic Primer® (AS), Scotchbond Universal® (SU), Clearfil Ceramic Primer® (CP). Then each group was divided in five groups of three plaques to receive the following dual-cure resin cements: Conventional: RelyX Ultimate (RU), RelyX ARC (AR), VarioLink II (VL); and two self-adhesive: RelyX UNICEM 2 (U2), and BiFix (BF). Eight cement cylinders of each cement were distributed on each plaque and polymerized, summarizing 24 cylinders per group. After 24 h storage in relative humidity at 37°C, each cylinder was subjected to a microshear testing. Failure mode was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA (resin cement and silane ) and Tukey test (p≤0.05). Both factors significantly influenced the results and also interaction between them was detected (p=0.0001). μSBS was significantly higher when ceramic was treated with AS for all cements. Most of cements showed no statistically different means when treated with SU and CP, except BF-SU and AR-CP that showed significantly lower means within their treatment groups. Some incomplete polymerization areas were observed in SEM images for those cases. Cohesive failure in resin cement type was predominant with higher results while adhesive with lower results. The sole silane solution improved better bonding than the universal adhesive and the ceramic primer. In general, universal adhesive and ceramic primer produced acceptable mean values and they were statistically comparable. Compatibility between silane solutions and dual-cure resin cements may be material dependent. </span></p>

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Hall, Michael, Patrik Kloppsteck, and Karina Persson. "Structural studies of surface adhesins expressed by oral bacteria." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314091694.

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Dental plaque is one of the most complex biofilms known and consists of hundreds of bacterial species. Plaque development is initiated by the attachment of salivary proteins to the tooth surface, followed by adherence of early colonizers, such as the Gram-positive Actinomyces oris and oral streptococci. These bacteria form an initial biofilm that is used as attachment surface for late colonizers. The key factors for these microorganisms to network with other bacteria and cells are their surface adhesins and pili. These Gram-positive surface proteins are assembled by very different mechanisms. One form represents the pili, that consists of polymerized proteins linked by covalent bonds with a large adhesin located at the tip. A second form consists of large monomeric proteins with N-terminal adhesive domains presented on stalks formed by repetitive small domains. A third form is represented by the antigen I/II proteins, expressed by oral streptococci. Antigen I/II have a unique fold where a central domain is presented on a stalk formed by intertwining flanking regions bringing both the N- and C-termini close to the cell wall. We have solved structures representing all three aforementioned groups; the pilin protein FimP from A. oris, the surface adhesin sgo0707 from Streptococcus gordonii and antigen I/II proteins from S. gordonii, Streptococcus mutans as well as from Streptococcus pyogenes. The late colonizers are often Gram-negative and one of these bacteria is the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This bacteria causes tooth loss and chronic inflammation and increasing evidence points to that P. gingivalis also is involved in the onset of disease at non-oral sites, causing cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This bacteria expresses two forms of pili with hitherto unexplored structures. Since these pili are important virulence factors we are focusing on structure determination also of these.

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Nekrasova, Oxana E., Evangeline V. Amargo, William O. Smith, Jing Chen, Geri E. Kreitzer, and Kathleen J. Green. "Desmosomal cadherins utilize distinct kinesins for assembly into desmosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 195, no. 7 (December 19, 2011): 1185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201106057.

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The desmosomal cadherins, desmogleins (Dsgs) and desmocollins (Dscs), comprise the adhesive core of intercellular junctions known as desmosomes. Although these adhesion molecules are known to be critical for tissue integrity, mechanisms that coordinate their trafficking into intercellular junctions to regulate their proper ratio and distribution are unknown. We demonstrate that Dsg2 and Dsc2 both exhibit microtubule-dependent transport in epithelial cells but use distinct motors to traffic to the plasma membrane. Functional interference with kinesin-1 blocked Dsg2 transport, resulting in the assembly of Dsg2-deficient junctions with minimal impact on distribution of Dsc2 or desmosomal plaque components. In contrast, inhibiting kinesin-2 prevented Dsc2 movement and decreased its plasma membrane accumulation without affecting Dsg2 trafficking. Either kinesin-1 or -2 deficiency weakened intercellular adhesion, despite the maintenance of adherens junctions and other desmosome components at the plasma membrane. Differential regulation of desmosomal cadherin transport could provide a mechanism to tailor adhesion strength during tissue morphogenesis and remodeling.

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Sarbu, Ciprian, Darian Rusu, Horia Călniceanu, Adrian Kasaj, Stefan Adrian Petrutiu, Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Alina Picoș, Stefan Ioan Stratul, and Holger Jentsch. "Short-term results in evaluating a gingiva-adhesive hydrophobic-chlorhexidine-gel for chronic periodontitis." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 87, no. 3 (September 19, 2014): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-312.

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Background and Aims: Oral mucosa and interproximal spaces of the teeth could favor the colonization of periodontopathogenic bacteria, which could be targeted by chemical antiplaque agents such as chlorhexidine, present in different oral hygiene products, thus improving the control of biofilm growth and delaying microbial accumulation. The study aimed to evaluate whether the use of a hydrophobic gel with good gingival adhesion for 14 days after the scaling and root planing of patients with chronic periodontitis would improve the treatment outcome, when compared with the use of a regular hydrophyllic gel.Material and Methods: Patients with moderate disease were included in two study groups. At baseline and 3 months after the treatment the following parameters were recorded: pocket depth, Approximal Plaque Index, Modified Gingival Index, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, bleeding on probing. Patients received scaling and root planing in two sessions at 24 hours interval. After the treatment, patients in the test group applied the hydrophobic adhesive chlorhexidine gel once a day, every other day, while in the control group the gel was used twice daily.Results. Both treatments resulted in significant improvement in all clinical indices, except Approximal Plaque Index, which deteriorated significantly in both groups. Three months after mechanical treatment, the mean probing depth changed in the test group from 4.16±0.45 mm to 2.80±0.42 mm, and in the control group from 4.16±0.30 to 2.69±0.19.Conclusions: Both adjunctive anti-infective therapies induced clinical improvement 3 months from baseline. The differences between the two treatments were not statistically significant.

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Berglin, Mattias, and Paul Gatenholm. "The barnacle adhesive plaque: morphological and chemical differences as a response to substrate properties." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 28, no. 2-3 (April 2003): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7765(02)00149-2.

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AOKI, Michihito, Sayuri MURAKAMI, Takuji KOIKE, and Kyoji HOMMA. "Time Dependence of Adhesive Strength of Plaque to Soda-Lime Glass in Marine Mussel." Proceedings of the JSME Conference on Frontiers in Bioengineering 2003.14 (2003): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebiofro.2003.14.171.

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AOKI, Michihito, Mariko HAYATA, Takuji KOIKE, and Kyoji HOMMA. "J0202-4-4 Long-Term Time Variation of Adhesive Strength of Marine Mussel Plaque." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2009.6 (2009): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2009.6.0_165.

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Hofmann, Ilse, Marialuisa Casella, Martina Schnölzer, Tanja Schlechter, Herbert Spring, and Werner W. Franke. "Identification of the Junctional Plaque Protein Plakophilin 3 in Cytoplasmic Particles Containing RNA-binding Proteins and the Recruitment of Plakophilins 1 and 3 to Stress Granules." Molecular Biology of the Cell 17, no. 3 (March 2006): 1388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e05-08-0708.

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Recent studies on the subcellular distribution of cytoplasmic plaque proteins of intercellular junctions have revealed that a number of such proteins can also occur in the cyto- and the nucleoplasm. This occurrence in different, and distant locations suggest that some plaque proteins play roles in cytoplasmic and nuclear processes in addition to their involvement in cell–cell adhesive interactions. Plakophilin (PKP) 3, a member of the arm-repeat family of proteins, occurs, in a diversity of cell types, both as an architectural component in plaques of desmosomes and dispersed in cytoplasmic particles. In immuno-selection experiments using PKP3-specific antibodies, we have identified by mass spectrometric analysis the following RNA-binding proteins: Poly (A) binding protein (PABPC1), fragile-X-related protein (FXR1), and ras-GAP-SH3-binding protein (G3BP). Moreover, the RNA-binding proteins codistributed after sucrose gradient centrifugation in PKP3-containing fractions corresponding to 25–35 S and 45–55 S. When cells are exposed to environmental stress (e.g., heat shock or oxidative stress) proteins FXR1, G3BP, and PABPC1 are found, together with PKP3 or PKP1, in “stress granules” known to accumulate stalled translation initiation complexes. Moreover, the protein eIF-4E and the ribosomal protein S6 are also detected in PKP3 particles. Our results show that cytoplasmic PKP3 is constitutively associated with RNA-binding proteins and indicate an involvement in processes of translation and RNA metabolism.

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Aldred, N., L. K. Ista, M. E. Callow, J. A. Callow, G. P. Lopez, and A. S. Clare. "Mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) byssus deposition in response to variations in surface wettability." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 3, no. 6 (August 17, 2005): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2005.0074.

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Mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) are economically important in their role as an aquaculture species and also with regard to marine biofouling. They attach tenaciously to a wide variety of submerged surfaces by virtue of collagenous attachment threads termed ‘byssi’. The aim of this study was to characterize the spreading of the byssal attachment plaque, which mediates attachment to the surface, on a range of surfaces in response to changes in wettability. To achieve this, well characterized self-assembled monolayers of ω-terminated alkanethiolates on gold were used, allowing correlation of byssal plaque spreading with a single surface characteristic—wettability. The present results were inconsistent with those from previous studies, in that there was a positive correlation between plaque size and surface wettability; a trend which is not explained by conventional wetting theory for a three-phase system. A recent extension to wetting theory with regard to hydrophilic proteins is discussed and the results of settlement assays are used to attempt reconciliation of these results with those of similar previous studies and, also, with recent data presented for the spreading of Ulva linza spore adhesive.

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SAKAMOATO, Harumi, Akiko YAMAMOTO, Takao HANAWA, and Kenji KANAZAWA. "Effect of Formation of Adhesion Plaque and Cytoskeleton on Cell Adhesive Shear Force and Cell Detachment Energy to Glass Surface." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2003.5 (2003): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2003.5.0_1.

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Marya, Anand, Liviu Steier, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, and Adith Venugopal. "Benefits of Using Fluorescence Induced Theragnosis in Fixed Orthodontic Therapy: Status, Technology and Future Trends." Dentistry Journal 9, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj9080090.

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Dental biofilm is often found to be the source of bacteria that releases toxins, peptides, lipopolysaccharides as well as organic acids, which lead to gingival inflammation and tooth caries. Further, the persistent plaque may result in the continued destruction of the surrounding soft and hard tissues. During fixed orthodontic therapy, arch-wires, brackets, and elastic modules have been shown to be sites of significant plaque accumulation, making it difficult for a patient to maintain proper oral hygiene. The problem most dentists face is that they cannot visualize this biofilm completely to be able to carry out efficient plaque removal. Visual assessment is, to date, the most common method for plaque visualization, and various indexes have been demonstrated to be sufficient for quantification of the amount of plaque present. However, the problem is that visual assessments are inconsistent, operator dependent and often subjective, which can lead to inconsistency in results. Fluorescence is one such method that can be explored for its use in effective plaque identification and removal. Literature has it that dentists and patients find it particularly useful for monitoring oral hygiene status during treatment. Fluorescence has the capability of offering clinical orthodontists and researchers a new method of detection of demineralization during orthodontic treatment, furthermore, for efficient removal of orthodontic adhesive cements, fluorescent light may be used in conjunction with high-speed burs to deliver fast, less time consuming, and safer results. The benefit of direct visual treatment using fluorescence enhanced theragnosis is that the patient receives controlled and guided therapy. It has multiple benefits, such as early diagnosis of caries, biofilm identification, and even helps to achieve improved treatment outcomes by better resin selection for esthetic procedures.

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Andrews, Robert, Yang Shen, Elizabeth Gardiner, Jing-fei Dong, José López, and Michael Berndt. "The Glycoprotein Ib-IX-V Complex in Platelet Adhesion and Signaling." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 82, no. 08 (1999): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615854.

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IntroductionThrombosis can result in unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, or stroke, all major causes of death in the Western world. Circulating platelets become adherent and form an occlusive thrombus, either by exposure to sclerotic lesions following plaque rupture or in response to pathological shear stress in obstructed coronary arteries. This process parallels normal haemostasis, where platelets adhere to the subendothelium at sites of vascular injury, become activated, and recruit additional platelets to the developing thrombus. At high shear, thrombus formation is initiated by a specific platelet membrane adhesion receptor, the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex, which binds the adhesive glycoprotein, von Willebrand factor (vWF), in the vessel wall or plasma. Recent evidence also suggests that platelet adhesion to endothelial cells and leukocytes may be involved in atherogenesis, thrombosis, and inflammation. Preliminary findings indicate that GP Ib-IX-V specifically recognizes P-selectin, a member of the selectin superfamily, an interaction that may, at least partially, regulate platelet-endothelial cell adhesion. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding structure-activity relationships of GP Ib-IX-V.

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Warner, S. C., and J. H. Waite. "Expression of multiple forms of an adhesive plaque protein in an individual mussel, Mytilus edulis." Marine Biology 134, no. 4 (September 7, 1999): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050589.

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Postollec, F., W. Norde, J. de Vries, H. J. Busscher, and H. C. van der Mei. "Interactive Forces between Co-aggregating and Non-co-aggregating Oral Bacterial Pairs." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 3 (March 2006): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500305.

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The temporo-spatial development of plaque is governed by adhesive interactions between different co-aggregating bacterial strains and species. Physico-chemically, these interactions are due to attractive Lifshitz-Van der Waals and acid-base forces, and occur despite electrostatic repulsion and with a critical influence of temperature. The forces between co-aggregating and non-co-aggregating pairs have never been measured, however. The aim here, thus, is to investigate, by atomic force microscopy, whether there is a difference in interactive forces between co-aggregating and non-co-aggregating bacterial pairs at 10°C, 22°C, and 40°C. Actinomyces naeslundii 147 was immobilized on poly-L-lysine-coated tipless AFM cantilevers, while streptococci were immobilized on poly-L-lysine-coated glass surfaces. Upon approach, a repulsive force was measured, regardless of whether a co-aggregating or non-co-aggregating pair was involved. However, upon retraction, the co-aggregating pair exhibited larger adhesive forces and energies than did the non-co-aggregating pair. Adhesive interactions between the co-aggregating pair were smallest at 40°C.

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Maxwell, Mhairi J., Erik Westein, Warwick S. Nesbitt, Simon Giuliano, Sacha M. Dopheide, and Shaun P. Jackson. "Identification of a 2-stage platelet aggregation process mediating shear-dependent thrombus formation." Blood 109, no. 2 (September 21, 2006): 566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-07-028282.

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Abstract Disturbances of blood flow at sites of atherosclerotic plaque rupture are one of the key pathogenic events promoting platelet activation and arterial thrombus formation. Shear effects of platelets have been extensively investigated in vitro; however, the mechanisms by which shear promotes platelet aggregation in vivo remain incompletely understood. By employing high-resolution imaging techniques to in vitro and in vivo thrombosis models, we demonstrate a unique mechanism initiating shear-dependent platelet aggregation involving aggregate formation between discoid platelets. These discoid platelet aggregates are initially unstable and result from the development of membrane tethers between coadhering platelets. Tether formation involves the adhesive function of GPIb/V/IX and integrin αIIbβ3, and conversion of discoid platelet aggregates into stable aggregates requires released ADP. The efficiency of this process is regulated by 3 independent variables, including the reactivity of the adhesive substrate, the level of shear flow, and the platelet density at the adhesive surface. These studies identify a new mechanism initiating platelet aggregation that is critically influenced by shear, physical proximity between translocating platelets, and membrane tether formation. Moreover, they provide a model to explain how the discoid morphology of platelets facilitates the maintenance of adhesive interactions with thrombogenic surfaces under high shear stress conditions.

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Huen, Arthur C., Jung K. Park, Lisa M. Godsel, Xuejun Chen, Leslie J. Bannon, Evangeline V. Amargo, Tracie Y. Hudson, et al. "Intermediate filament–membrane attachments function synergistically with actin-dependent contacts to regulate intercellular adhesive strength." Journal of Cell Biology 159, no. 6 (December 23, 2002): 1005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200206098.

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By tethering intermediate filaments (IFs) to sites of intercellular adhesion, desmosomes facilitate formation of a supercellular scaffold that imparts mechanical strength to a tissue. However, the role IF–membrane attachments play in strengthening adhesion has not been directly examined. To address this question, we generated Tet-On A431 cells inducibly expressing a desmoplakin (DP) mutant lacking the rod and IF-binding domains (DPNTP). DPNTP localized to the plasma membrane and led to dissociation of IFs from the junctional plaque, without altering total or cell surface distribution of adherens junction or desmosomal proteins. However, a specific decrease in the detergent-insoluble pool of desmoglein suggested a reduced association with the IF cytoskeleton. DPNTP-expressing cell aggregates in suspension or substrate-released cell sheets readily dissociated when subjected to mechanical stress whereas controls remained largely intact. Dissociation occurred without lactate dehydrogenase release, suggesting that loss of tissue integrity was due to reduced adhesion rather than increased cytolysis. JD-1 cells from a patient with a DP COOH-terminal truncation were also more weakly adherent compared with normal keratinocytes. When used in combination with DPNTP, latrunculin A, which disassembles actin filaments and disrupts adherens junctions, led to dissociation up to an order of magnitude greater than either treatment alone. These data provide direct in vitro evidence that IF–membrane attachments regulate adhesive strength and suggest furthermore that actin- and IF-based junctions act synergistically to strengthen adhesion.

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Bornslaeger, E. A., L. M. Godsel, C. M. Corcoran, J. K. Park, M. Hatzfeld, A. P. Kowalczyk, and K. J. Green. "Plakophilin 1 interferes with plakoglobin binding to desmoplakin, yet together with plakoglobin promotes clustering of desmosomal plaque complexes at cell-cell borders." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 4 (February 15, 2001): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.4.727.

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Desmosomes are adhesive junctions that link intermediate filament networks to sites of strong intercellular adhesion. These junctions play an important role in providing strength to tissues that experience mechanical stress such as heart and epidermis. The basic structural elements of desmosomes are similar to those of the better-characterized adherens junctions, which anchor actin-containing microfilaments to cadherins at the plasma membrane. This linkage of actin to classic cadherins is thought to occur through an indirect mechanism requiring the associated proteins, alpha- and beta-catenin. In the case of desmosomes, both linear and lateral interactions have been proposed as playing an important role in formation of the plaque and linkage to the cytoskeleton. However, the precise nature of these interactions and how they cooperate in desmosome assembly are poorly understood. Here we employ a reconstitution system to examine the assembly of macromolecular complexes from components found in desmosomes of the differentiated layers of complex tissues. We demonstrate the existence of a Triton-soluble complex of proteins containing full length desmoplakin (DP), the arm protein plakoglobin, and the cytoplasmic domain of the desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 1 (Dsg1). In addition, full length DP, but not an N-terminal plakoglobin binding domain of DP, co-immunoprecipitated with the Dsg1 tail in the absence of plakoglobin in HT1080 cells. The relative roles of the arm proteins plakoglobin and plakophilin 1 (PKP1) were also investigated. Our results suggest that, in the Triton soluble pool, PKP1 interferes with binding of plakoglobin to full length DP when these proteins are co-expressed. Nevertheless, both plakoglobin and PKP1 are required for the formation of clustered structures containing DP and the Dsg1 tail that ultrastructurally appear similar to desmosomal plaques found in the epidermis. These findings suggest that more than one armadillo family member is required for normal assembly and clustering of the desmosomal plaque in the upper layers of the epidermis.

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