Статті в журналах: "Balance response"

1

KOSHLAND, D. E. "Response: Balance in Science." Science 245, no. 4922 (September 8, 1989): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4922.1032-a.

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2

Zhou, Lingli, Fengqing Fu, Yao Wang, and Ling Yang. "Interlocked feedback loops balance the adaptive immune response." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 4 (2022): 4084–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022188.

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<abstract> <p>Adaptive immune responses can be activated by harmful stimuli. Upon activation, a cascade of biochemical events ensues the proliferation and the differentiation of T cells, which can remove the stimuli and undergo cell death to maintain immune cell homeostasis. However, normal immune processes can be disrupted by certain dysregulations, leading to pathological responses, such as cytokine storms and immune escape. In this paper, a qualitative mathematical model, composed of key feedback loops within the immune system, was developed to study the dynamics of various response behaviors. First, simulation results of the model well reproduce the results of several immune response processes, particularly pathological immune responses. Next, we demonstrated how the interaction of positive and negative feedback loops leads to irreversible bistable, reversible bistable and monostable, which characterize different immune response processes: cytokine storm, normal immune response, immune escape. The stability analyses suggest that the switch-like behavior is the basis of rapid activation of the immune system, and a balance between positive and negative regulation loops is necessary to prevent pathological responses. Furthermore, we have shown how the treatment moves the system back to a healthy state from the pathological immune response. The bistable mechanism that revealed in this work is helpful to understand the dynamics of different immune response processes.</p> </abstract>

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3

Magill, John C., Michael F. Hinds, and Mark R. Malonson. "Fast-Response Cylindrical Air Bearing Balance." AIAA Journal 39, no. 11 (November 2001): 2175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1214.

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4

Åslund, Anders, and Andrew Kuchins. "Authors' Response: Russia in the Balance." Asia Policy 9, no. 1 (2010): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asp.2010.0017.

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5

Magill, John C., Michael F. Hinds, and Mark R. Malonson. "Fast-response cylindrical air bearing balance." AIAA Journal 39 (January 2001): 2175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.14982.

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6

Carturan, Luca, Philipp Rastner, and Frank Paul. "On the disequilibrium response and climate change vulnerability of the mass-balance glaciers in the Alps." Journal of Glaciology 66, no. 260 (September 9, 2020): 1034–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.71.

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AbstractGlaciers in the Alps and several other regions in the world have experienced strong negative mass balances over the past few decades. Some of them are disappearing, undergoing exceptionally negative mass balances that impact the mean regional value, and require replacement. In this study, we analyse the geomorphometric characteristics of 46 mass-balance glaciers in the Alps and the long-term mass-balance time series for a subset of nine reference glaciers. We identify regime shifts in the mass-balance time series (when non-climatic controls started impacting) and develop a glacier vulnerability index (GVI) as a proxy for their possible future development, based on criteria such as hypsometric index, breaks in slope, thickness distribution and elevation change pattern. We found that the subset of 46 mass-balance glaciers reflects the characteristics of the total glacier sample very well and identified a region-specific variability of the mass balance. As the GVI is strongly related to cumulative glacier mass balances, it can be used as a pre-selector of future mass-balance glaciers. We conclude that measurements on rapidly shrinking glaciers should be continued as long as possible to identify regime shifts in hind-cast and better understand the impacts of climatic variability on such glaciers.

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7

Baek, Jeongho, and Hong-Youl Kim. "Analyzing the Effects of Oil Price Shocks on the Trade Balance: New Evidence from Korea-China Trade." Korea International Trade Research Institute 18, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.18.4.202208.111.

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Purpose - The primary contribution of this paper is to investigate the impacts of oil supply shocks, aggregate demand shocks, and oil-specific demand shocks on three measures of South Korea’s trade balance oil, non-oil, and total trade balance with its top trading partner China. Design/Methodology/Approach - In order to investigate how trade balance is influenced by three types of oil price shocks, we used a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR). Also, Impulse Response Function (IRF) was used to calculate degree of the trade balance response to the oil price shock. Findings - We discover that aggregate demand shocks have the greatest impact on Korea’s trade balances, while oil supply shocks have negligible impacts. Additionally, the overall impact of the three oil shocks on Korea’s trade balances with China appears to rely on the response of the non-oil trade balance. Research Implications - This outcome explains why the roles of the different shock components of crude oil prices should be accounted for when modeling the nexus between oil price shocks and Korea’s balance of trade

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8

Minenna, Marcello, Giovanni Dosi, and Andrea Roventini. "The rise of national central banks' TARGET balances: a response to Andrea Terzi." European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention 16, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2019.02.02.

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In response to our paper, ‘ECB monetary expansions and euro area TARGET2 imbalances: a balance-of-payment-based decomposition,’ Professor Andrea Terzi has criticized our approach of TARGET2 balance decomposition, by highlighting a lack of causality between balance-of-payments (BP) flows and TARGET2 net balances. Proving a strong causality link was not within the scope of our paper; while acknowledging that causal relationships are difficult to prove from data that have to fulfill an accounting identity, we still believe that useful information can be extracted from the analysis of BP accounting correspondences. From this perspective a long-term BP reconstruction for Italy and Germany is performed that confirms Terzi's claim about the rise of TARGET2 balances under specific monetary policy configurations.

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9

Payne, Aiden M., Greg Hajcak, and Lena H. Ting. "Dissociation of muscle and cortical response scaling to balance perturbation acceleration." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00237.2018.

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The role of cortical activity in standing balance is unclear. Here we tested whether perturbation-evoked cortical responses share sensory input with simultaneous balance-correcting muscle responses. We hypothesized that the acceleration-dependent somatosensory signals that drive the initial burst of the muscle automatic postural response also drive the simultaneous perturbation-evoked cortical N1 response. We measured in healthy young adults ( n = 16) the initial burst of the muscle automatic postural response (100–200 ms), startle-related muscle responses (100–200 ms), and the perturbation-evoked cortical N1 potential, i.e., a negative peak in cortical EEG activity (100–200 ms) over the supplementary motor area. Forward and backward translational support-surface balance perturbations were applied at four levels of acceleration and were unpredictable in timing, direction, and acceleration. Our results from averaged and single-trial analyses suggest that although cortical and muscle responses are evoked by the same perturbation stimulus, their amplitudes are independently modulated. Although both muscle and cortical responses increase with acceleration, correlations between single-trial muscle and cortical responses were very weak. Furthermore, across subjects, the scaling of muscle responses to acceleration did not correspond to scaling of cortical responses to acceleration. Moreover, we observed a reduction in cortical response amplitude across trials that was related to a reduction in startle-related—but not balance-correcting—muscle activity. Therefore, cortical response attenuation may be related to a reduction in perceived threat rather than motor adaptation or changes in sensory inflow. We conclude that the cortical N1 reflects integrated sensory inputs simultaneously related to brain stem-mediated balance-correcting muscle responses and startle reflexes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Reactive balance recovery requires sensory inputs to be transformed into appropriate balance-correcting motor responses via brain stem circuits; these are accompanied by simultaneous and poorly understood cortical responses. We used single-trial analyses to dissociate muscle and cortical response modulation with perturbation acceleration. Although muscle and cortical responses share sensory inputs, they have independent scaling mechanisms. Attenuation of cortical responses with experience reflected attenuation of brain stem-mediated startle responses rather than the amplitude of balance-correcting motor responses.

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10

Albrecht, Olaf, Peter Jansson, and Heinz Blatter. "Modelling glacier response to measured mass-balance forcing." Annals of Glaciology 31 (2000): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756400781819996.

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AbstractMeasurements of summer and winter mass balances have been carried out over the past 53 years on Storglaciären, northern Sweden. Repeated surveys of the glacier have resulted in several maps of surface topography as well as a map of the bed topography A new time-dependent ice flow model allows us to compare the observed surface evolution of the glacier with that computed by the model using measured mass-balance maps as input. The computed volume change compares well with the measured change: the model replicates the distribution of surface elevation to within ±10 m over 30 years of integration. On the model side, these deviations can be attributed to the low-resolution discretization of the model domain as well as to the limited accuracy of the ice rheology and omitted basal sliding. On the other hand, the uncertainties of the topography and mass-balance maps match the model uncertainties. In this sense, the experiments are a validation of both model and observations.

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11

Robles, Theodore F., Ronald Glaser, and Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser. "Out of Balance." Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, no. 2 (April 2005): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00345.x.

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Chronic stress is typically associated with suppression of the immune system, including impaired responses to infectious disease and delayed wound healing. Recent work suggests that stress and depression can enhance production of proinflammatory cytokines, substances that regulate the body's immune response to infection and injury. We provide a broad framework relating stress and depression to a range of diseases whose onset and course may be influenced by proinflammatory cytokines, particularly the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 has been linked to a spectrum of chronic diseases associated with aging. Production of proinflammatory cytokines that influence these and other conditions can be directly stimulated by chronic stress and depression. We suggest that a key pathway through which chronic stress and depression influence health outcomes involves proinflammatory cytokines. We discuss the evidence for relationships between psychosocial factors and proinflammatory cytokines, and important health implications of these findings.

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12

Taube, W. "Neurophysiological Adaptations in Response to Balance Training." Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 2012, no. 09 (September 1, 2012): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2012.030.

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13

Baritz, Mihaela Ioana, and Diana Cotoros. "Reactive Postural Response in Bipodal Balance Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.842.

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In this paper we present some considerations concerning the determination of the reactive postural response, measured and analyzed in a bipodal balance study. This study allows the emphasizing of the subjects’ postural reactions when the balance on axial direction exceeds the base of support (BOS). In the first part of the paper, we present the types of bipodal supports and we analyze the sensorial influences. In the second part we present the recording and analysis system and also the results and conclusions upon the determination of reactive postural response (RPR) in bipodal balance situations.

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14

Clouston, Teena. "Author response to Adolf Meyer and balance." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 78, no. 3 (March 2015): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022615576006.

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15

Levinson, Brett. "Biopolitics in Balance: Esposito's Response to Foucault." CR: The New Centennial Review 10, no. 2 (2010): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2010.0033.

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16

Huber, Joel, Kelly Goldsmith, and Cassie Mogilner. "Reinforcement versus balance response in sequential choice." Marketing Letters 19, no. 3-4 (June 3, 2008): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11002-008-9042-5.

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17

Levinson, Brett. "Biopolitics in Balance: Esposito’s Response to Foucault." CR: The New Centennial Review 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41949700.

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18

England, Derek, Kathy L. Ruddy, Christopher J. Dakin, Sarah E. Schwartz, Blake Butler, and David A. E. Bolton. "Relationship between Speed of Response Inhibition and Ability to Suppress a Step in Midlife and Older Adults." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050643.

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In young adults, performance on a test of response inhibition was recently found to be correlated with performance on a reactive balance test where automated stepping responses must occasionally be inhibited. The present study aimed to determine whether this relationship holds true in older adults, wherein response inhibition is typically deficient and the control of postural equilibrium presents a greater challenge. Ten participants (50+ years of age) completed a seated cognitive test (stop signal task) followed by a reactive balance test. Reactive balance was assessed using a modified lean-and-release system where participants were required to step to regain balance following perturbation, or suppress a step if an obstacle was present. The stop signal task is a standardized cognitive test that provides a measure of the speed of response inhibition called the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT). Muscle responses in the legs were compared between conditions where a step was allowed or blocked to quantify response inhibition of the step. The SSRT was significantly related to leg muscle suppression during balance recovery in the stance leg. Thus, participants that were better at inhibiting their responses in the stop signal task were also better at inhibiting an unwanted leg response in favor of grasping a supportive handle. The relationship between a seated cognitive test using finger responses and leg muscle suppression when a step was blocked indicates a context-independent, generalized capacity for response inhibition. This suggests that a simple cognitive test such as the stop signal task could be used clinically to predict an individual’s capacity for adapting balance reactions and fall risk. The present results provide support for future studies, with larger samples, to verify this relationship between stop signal reaction time and leg response during balance recovery.

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19

Zhang, Jing, Uma S. Bhatt, Wendell V. Tangborn, and Craig S. Lingle. "Response of glaciers in northwestern North America to future climate change: an atmosphere/glacier hierarchical modeling approach." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871378.

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AbstractThe response of glaciers to changing climate is explored with an atmosphere/glacier hierarchical modeling approach, in which global simulations are downscaled with an Arctic MM5 regional model which provides temperature and precipitation inputs to a glacier mass-balance model. The mass balances of Hubbard and Bering Glaciers, south-central Alaska, USA, are simulated for October 1994–September 2004. The comparisons of the mass-balance simulations using dynamically-downscaled vs observed temperature and precipitation data are in reasonably good agreement, when calibration is used to minimize systematic biases in the MM5 downscalings. The responses of the Hubbard (a large tidewater glacier) and Bering (a large surge-type glacier) mass balances to the future climate scenario CCSM3 A1B, a ‘middle-of-the-road’ future climate in which fossil and non-fossil fuels are assumed to be used in balance, are also investigated for the period October 2010–September 2018. Hubbard and Bering Glaciers are projected to have increased accumulation, particularly on the upper glaciers, and greater ablation, particularly on the lower glaciers. The annual net balance for the entire Bering Glacier is projected to be significantly more negative, on average (–2.0ma–1w.e., compared to –1.3ma–1w.e. during the hindcast), and for the entire Hubbard Glacier somewhat less positive (0.3ma–1w.e. compared to 0.4 ma–1w.e. during the hindcast). The Hubbard Glacier mass balances include an estimated iceberg calving flux of 6.5 km3 a–1, which is assumed to remain constant.

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20

Holmlund, Per. "Is the Longitudinal Profile of Storglaciaren, Northern Sweden, in Balance with the Present Climate?" Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 118 (1988): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000007000.

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AbstractThe main perturbation in the mass balance of Storglaciären during the twentieth century was caused by a sudden 1°C increase in the summer mean temperature around 1910. Later perturbations of the climate have been of minor importance in relation to the mass balance. Annual field surveys suggest that the mass budget on Storglaciären has been in near balance for the last 15 years. Because of this major step-like change, we can establish the validity of theoretical models giving response times for Storglaciären of the order of 50 years. According to these models, Storglaciären could by now have reached a profile in balance with the present climate. To study this problem, the emergence velocity was calculated and compared with the net balance. The result shows that the emergence velocity either balances or exceeds the net balance for the entire tongue except for the lowermost part, where it decreases to about half of the net balance. A slight further recession of the front position would thus be expected with today’s climate.Calculated balance velocities also suggest that most of the present profile is close to a steady-state profile, if the mean annual sliding velocity is about 50% of the surface velocity. Lower sliding velocities would imply a thickening of the tongue and a thinning of the accumulation area during years of balanced mass budget.

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21

Holmlund, Per. "Is the Longitudinal Profile of Storglaciaren, Northern Sweden, in Balance with the Present Climate?" Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 118 (1988): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000007000.

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AbstractThe main perturbation in the mass balance of Storglaciären during the twentieth century was caused by a sudden 1°C increase in the summer mean temperature around 1910. Later perturbations of the climate have been of minor importance in relation to the mass balance. Annual field surveys suggest that the mass budget on Storglaciären has been in near balance for the last 15 years. Because of this major step-like change, we can establish the validity of theoretical models giving response times for Storglaciären of the order of 50 years. According to these models, Storglaciären could by now have reached a profile in balance with the present climate. To study this problem, the emergence velocity was calculated and compared with the net balance. The result shows that the emergence velocity either balances or exceeds the net balance for the entire tongue except for the lowermost part, where it decreases to about half of the net balance. A slight further recession of the front position would thus be expected with today’s climate.Calculated balance velocities also suggest that most of the present profile is close to a steady-state profile, if the mean annual sliding velocity is about 50% of the surface velocity. Lower sliding velocities would imply a thickening of the tongue and a thinning of the accumulation area during years of balanced mass budget.

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22

Squara, Pierre. "A New Ratio for Protocol Categorization." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/389845.

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The present review describes and validates a new ratio “S” created for matching predictability and balance between TP and TN. Validity ofSwas studied in a three-step process as follows: (i)Swas applied to the data of a past study predicting cardiac output response to fluid bolus from response to passive leg raise (PLR); (ii)Swas comparatively analyzed with traditional ratios by modeling different 2 * 2 contingency tables in 1000 hypothetical patients; (iii) precision ofSwas compared with other ratios by computing random fluctuations in the same patients. In comparison to other ratios,Sperforms better in predicting the cardiac response to fluid bolus and supports more directly the clinical conclusions. When the proportion of false responses is high,Sis close to the coefficient correlation (CC). When the proportion of true responses is high,Sis the unique ratio that identifies the categorization that balances the proportion of TP and TN. The precision ofSis close to that of CC. In conclusion,Sshould be considered for creating categories from quantitative variables; especially when matching predictability with balance between TP and TN is a concern.

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23

Peck, Ariana, and Elizabeth D. Mellins. "Precarious Balance: Th17 Cells in Host Defense." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 1 (November 9, 2009): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00929-09.

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ABSTRACT Lineage-specific responses from the effector T-cell repertoire form a critical component of adaptive immunity. The recent identification of Th17 cells—a third, distinct lineage of helper T cells—collapses the long-accepted paradigm in which Th1 and Th2 cells distinctly mediate cellular and humoral immunity, respectively. In this minireview, we discuss the involvement of the Th17 lineage during infection by extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria, and fungi. Emerging trends suggest that the Th17 population bridges innate and adaptive immunity to produce a robust antimicrobial inflammatory response. However, because Th17 cells mediate both host defense and pathological inflammation, elucidation of mechanisms that attenuate but do not completely abolish the Th17 response may have powerful implications for therapy.

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24

McClung, D. M., and Richard L. Armstrong. "Temperate glacier time response from field data." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 132 (1993): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000015987.

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AbstractThe relationship of glacier response due to mass-balance changes is of fundamental importance when climate variations are to be understood. In this paper, two aspects of the problem are analyzed from field data: (1) advance/retreat of the glacier terminus due to changes in mass balance, and (2) cross-correlation of mass-balance data from two glaciers in the same climate zone. The results show: (1) the terminus can respond quickly in accordance with expected minimum time-scale, and (2) two glaciers in the same general climate zone may have very different yearly mass balance and advance/retreat behaviour. This latter result indicates the importance of local climate variations.

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25

McClung, D. M., and Richard L. Armstrong. "Temperate glacier time response from field data." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 132 (1993): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000015987.

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AbstractThe relationship of glacier response due to mass-balance changes is of fundamental importance when climate variations are to be understood. In this paper, two aspects of the problem are analyzed from field data: (1) advance/retreat of the glacier terminus due to changes in mass balance, and (2) cross-correlation of mass-balance data from two glaciers in the same climate zone. The results show: (1) the terminus can respond quickly in accordance with expected minimum time-scale, and (2) two glaciers in the same general climate zone may have very different yearly mass balance and advance/retreat behaviour. This latter result indicates the importance of local climate variations.

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26

Allen, Patrick, Jim Cummins, Birgit Harley, Sharon Lapkin, and Merrill Swain. "Forum: Restoring the Balance: A Response to Hammerly." Canadian Modern Language Review 45, no. 4 (May 1989): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.45.4.770.

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27

Koshland, Daniel E. "Response : Balance in Science." Science 245, no. 4922 (September 8, 1989): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4922.1032.b.

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28

Azizan, Nurul Azira, Khairul Salleh Basaruddin, Ahmad Faizal Salleh, Abdul Razak Sulaiman, Muhamad Juhairi Aziz Safar, and Wan Mohd Radzi Rusli. "Leg Length Discrepancy: Dynamic Balance Response during Gait." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2018 (June 10, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7815451.

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Balance in the human body’s movement is generally associated with different synergistic pathologies. The trunk is supported by one’s leg most of the time when walking. A person with poor balance may face limitation when performing their physical activities on a daily basis, and they may be more prone to having risk of fall. The ground reaction forces (GRFs), centre of pressure (COP), and centre of mass (COM) in quite standing posture were often measured for the evaluation of balance. Currently, there is still no experimental evidence or study on leg length discrepancy (LLD) during walking. Analysis of the stability parameters is more representative of the functional activity undergone by the person who has a LLD. Therefore, this study hopes to shed new light on the effects of LLD on the dynamic stability associated with VGRF, COP, and COM during walking. Eighteen healthy subjects were selected among the university population with normal BMIs. Each subject was asked to walk with 1.0 to 2.0 ms−1 of walking speed for three to five trials each. Insoles of 0.5 cm thickness were added, and the thickness of the insoles was subsequently raised until 4 cm and placed under the right foot as we simulated LLD. The captured data obtained from a force plate and motion analysis present Peak VGRF (single-leg stance) and WD (double-leg stance) that showed more forces exerted on the short leg rather than long leg. Obviously, changes occurred on the displacement of COM trajectories in the ML and vertical directions as LLD increased at the whole gait cycle. Displacement of COP trajectories demonstrated that more distribution was on the short leg rather than on the long leg. The root mean square (RMS) of COP-COM distance showed, obviously, changes only in ML direction with the value at 3 cm and 3.5 cm. The cutoff value via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) indicates the significant differences starting at the level 2.5 cm up to 4 cm in long and short legs for both AP and ML directions. The present study performed included all the proposed parameters on the effect of dynamic stability on LLD during walking and thus helps to determine and evaluate the balance pattern.

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29

Peyton Jones, J. C., and I. Çankaya. "Polyharmonic Balance Analysis of Nonlinear Ship Roll Response." Nonlinear Dynamics 35, no. 2 (January 2004): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:nody.0000021033.27607.fa.

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30

Schroeder, Paul W. "Balance of Power and Political Equilibrium: A Response." International History Review 16, no. 4 (December 1994): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1994.9640694.

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31

Carr, L. E., H. L. Brodie, J. C. Bouwkamp, and C. S. M. Ku. "Poultry Residual Composts: Materials Balance and Crop Response." Compost Science & Utilization 6, no. 2 (March 1998): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.1998.10701919.

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32

Mantzoros, Christos. "Authors’ Response: Melanin-Concentrating Hormone and Energy Balance." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 11 (November 2005): 6337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1785.

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33

Ehrlich, David E., and David Schoppik. "Balance Sense: Response Motifs that Pervade the Brain." Current Biology 28, no. 23 (December 2018): R1339—R1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.032.

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34

Anger, Douglas. "The balance equation: Part 2. Derivation of the balance equation for response-specific inhibition." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26, no. 1 (July 1988): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334860.

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35

Sipp, Amy R., Joseph T. Gwin, Scott Makeig, and Daniel P. Ferris. "Loss of balance during balance beam walking elicits a multifocal theta band electrocortical response." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 9 (November 1, 2013): 2050–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00744.2012.

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Determining the neural correlates of loss of balance during walking could lead to improved clinical assessment and treatment for individuals predisposed to falls. We used high-density electroencephalography (EEG) combined with independent component analysis (ICA) to study loss of balance during human walking. We examined 26 healthy young subjects performing heel-to-toe walking on a treadmill-mounted balance beam as well as walking on the treadmill belt (both at 0.22 m/s). ICA identified clusters of electrocortical EEG sources located in or near anterior cingulate, anterior parietal, superior dorsolateral-prefrontal, and medial sensorimotor cortex that exhibited significantly larger mean spectral power in the theta band (4–7 Hz) during walking on the balance beam compared with treadmill walking. Left and right sensorimotor cortex clusters produced significantly less power in the beta band (12–30 Hz) during walking on the balance beam compared with treadmill walking. For each source cluster, we also computed a normalized mean time/frequency spectrogram time locked to the gait cycle during loss of balance (i.e., when subjects stepped off the balance beam). All clusters except the medial sensorimotor cluster exhibited a transient increase in theta band power during loss of balance. Cluster spectrograms demonstrated that the first electrocortical indication of impending loss of balance occurred in the left sensorimotor cortex at the transition from single support to double support prior to stepping off the beam. These findings provide new insight into the neural correlates of walking balance control and could aid future studies on elderly individuals and others with balance impairments.

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36

Hapsari, Anggraeni Tri, and Akhmad Syakir Kurnia. "FENOMENA KURVA J PADA NERACA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA DENGAN ENAM NEGARA MITRA DAGANG UTAMA." JURNAL DINAMIKA EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN 1, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jdep.1.2.10-27.

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Whether a J curve phenomenon exists or not on the balance of trade has been an interest for empirical investigation in international economics. The phenomenon is typically associated with the response of the balance of trade to the exchange rate dynamics. Since a country has different trade features with different trading partners, the trade balances adjustment to the exchange rate dynamics should be seen as a head to head phenomenon. This paper investigates the effect of real effective exchange rate (REER) on the bilateral trade balance between Indonesia and its six major trading partners, namely Japan, China, Singapore, United States, South Korea and India on a quarterly basis over the period 1995.1 to 2013.4. The short run and the long run effect of the REER on the balance of trade is expected to be captured using error correction model (ECM) and vector error correction model (VECM). Subsequently, impulse response function is used to trace out the behavior of the bilateral trade balance in response to the REER shock whereas forecast error variance decomposition (FEVD) is used to decay the effect of innovation variables in the system. The result indicates that in the long run a J curve phenomenon appears on the bilateral trade balance between Indonesia and Japan, China, Singapore as well as South Korea. In the short run, a J curve phenomenon is seen on the bilateral trade balance between Indonesia and China as well as Singapore. This confirms that a J curve is a head to head phenomenon that has correlation with the trade features. Thus, the correction mechanism to the trade balance in response to the exchange rate shock (i.e. exchange rate market intervention) should count trade features as a consideration

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37

Woollacott, Marjorie Hines, and Anne Shumway-Cook. "Postural Dysfunction During Standing and Walking in Children With Cerebral Palsy: What are the Underlying Problems and What New Therapies Might Improve Balance?" Neural Plasticity 12, no. 2-3 (2005): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2005.211.

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In this review we explore studies related to constraints on balance and walking in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and the efficacy of training reactive balance (recovering from a slip induced by a platform displacement) in children with both spastic hemiplegic and diplegic CP. Children with CP show (a) crouched posture, contributing to decreased ability to recover balance (longer time/increased sway); (b) delayed responses in ankle muscles; (c) inappropriate muscle response sequencing; (d) increased coactivation of agonists/antagonists. Constraints on gait include (a) crouched gait; (b) increased co-activation of agonists/antagonists; (c) decreased muscle activation; (d) spasticity. The efficiency of balance recovery can be improved in children with CP, indicated by both a reduction in the total center of pressure path used during balance recovery and in the time to restabilize balance after training. Changes in muscle response characteristics contributing to improved recovery include reductions in time of contraction onset, improved muscle response organization, and reduced co-contraction of agonists/antagonists. Clinical implications include the suggestion that improvement in the ability to recover balance is possible in school age children with CP.

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38

Astrup, A., B. Buemann, N. J. Christensen, and S. Toubro. "Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat content in formerly obese women." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 266, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): E592—E599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.4.e592.

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The effect of an increase in dietary fat content on fat and carbohydrate balances and energy expenditure (EE) was studied in nine formerly obese women with genetic predisposition to obesity (postobese) and a closely matched control group. Isocaloric low- (20% fat energy) and high-fat diets (50%) were consumed for 3 days preceding and during a 24-h respiratory chamber stay, whereas a medium-fat diet (30%) was consumed only on the day of measurement. After adjustment for 24-h energy intake to equal 24-h EE, 24-h fat balance was increased when the dietary fat content increased (P < 0.0002). No differences in macronutrient balances were found on the low-fat and medium-fat diets, but on the high-fat diet the postobese women failed to increase ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation appropriately (0.59 g/g, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.67 vs. controls 1.02 g/g, 0.88–1.12; P = 0.002). This caused a positive adjusted fat balance (+11.0 g/day, 2.3–19.6 vs. controls -8.9 g/day, -17.5 to -0.2; P < 0.001) and a negative carbohydrate balance (-41.8 g/day, -69.5 to -14.0 vs. controls +23.2 g/day, -4.6 to +50.9; P < 0.001). Decreasing the dietary fat content increased 24-h EE in the postobese women (P = 0.02), whereas it was unaffected in the control group. Independent of energy balance, an increase in dietary fat content to 50% fat energy results in preferential fat storage, impaired suppression of carbohydrate oxidation, and reduction of 24-h EE in postobese women.

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39

Maughan, Kristen K., Kristin A. Lowry, Warren D. Franke, and Ann L. Smiley-Oyen. "The Dose-Response Relationship of Balance Training in Physically Active Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 20, no. 4 (October 2012): 442–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.4.442.

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A 6-wk group balance-training program was conducted with physically active older adults (based on American College of Sports Medicine requirements) to investigate the effect of dose-related static and dynamic balance-specific training. All participants, age 60–87 yr, continued their regular exercise program while adding balance training in 1 of 3 doses: three 20-min sessions/wk (n = 20), one 20-min session/wk (n = 21), or no balance training (n = 19). Static balance (single-leg-stance, tandem), dynamic balance (alternate stepping, limits of stability), and balance confidence (ABC) were assessed pre- and posttraining. Significant interactions were observed for time in single-leg stance, excursion in limits of stability, and balance confidence, with the greatest increase observed in the group that completed 3 training sessions/wk. The results demonstrate a dose-response relationship indicating that those who are already physically active can improve balance performance with the addition of balance-specific training.

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40

Laumann, Tron, and Atle Nesje. "The impact of climate change on future frontal variations of Briksdalsbreen, western Norway." Journal of Glaciology 55, no. 193 (2009): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214309790152366.

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AbstractA flowline model, coupled with a surface mass-balance model forced by climate data from Bergen, was used to simulate future frontal changes of Briksdalsbreen, a western outlet glacier from Jostedalsbreen, western Norway, under various future climate scenarios. The model was used to calculate the time-lag of frontal response to a sudden and short change in the mass balance. According to the model, the front has a time-lag for maximum advance rate of 4–5 years, in close agreement with previous studies. The response time for Briksdalsbreen was calculated by running the model for 200 years with different mass-balance perturbations. For mass-balance perturbations of +0.3 and +0.6 m w.e. the model yields response times of 52 and 60 years, respectively. We ran the model from 1963 to 2007 with measured mass-balance data, and from 2007 to 2085 using calculated mass balances from 12 different climate scenarios. The model predicts retreat up the steep valley from the lake inlet, with a total frontal retreat of 2.5–5.0 km by 2085. A spectacular icefall, one of the main tourist attractions in western Norway, may thus disappear and the glacier may become a plateau glacier that will gradually melt down.

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41

DiNezio, Pedro N., Amy C. Clement, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Brian J. Soden, Benjamin P. Kirtman, and Sang-Ki Lee. "Climate Response of the Equatorial Pacific to Global Warming." Journal of Climate 22, no. 18 (September 15, 2009): 4873–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2982.1.

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Abstract The climate response of the equatorial Pacific to increased greenhouse gases is investigated using numerical experiments from 11 climate models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report. Multimodel mean climate responses to CO2 doubling are identified and related to changes in the heat budget of the surface layer. Weaker ocean surface currents driven by a slowing down of the Walker circulation reduce ocean dynamical cooling throughout the equatorial Pacific. The combined anomalous ocean dynamical plus radiative heating from CO2 is balanced by different processes in the western and eastern basins: Cloud cover feedbacks and evaporation balance the heating over the warm pool, while increased cooling by ocean vertical heat transport balances the warming over the cold tongue. This increased cooling by vertical ocean heat transport arises from increased near-surface thermal stratification, despite a reduction in vertical velocity. The stratification response is found to be a permanent feature of the equilibrium climate potentially linked to both thermodynamical and dynamical changes within the equatorial Pacific. Briefly stated, ocean dynamical changes act to reduce (enhance) the net heating in the east (west). This explains why the models simulate enhanced equatorial warming, rather than El Niño–like warming, in response to a weaker Walker circulation. To conclude, the implications for detecting these signals in the modern observational record are discussed.

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Chinn, Trevor J., Clive Heydenrych, and M. Jim Salinger. "Use of the ELA as a practical method of monitoring glacier response to climate in New Zealand’s Southern Alps." Journal of Glaciology 51, no. 172 (2005): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829593.

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AbstractIn lieu of direct glacier surface mass-balance measurements, equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) have been measured over a 28 year period at 50 selected glaciers distributed along the glacierized length of New Zealand’s Southern Alps. Analysis of the data shows that ELAs are a useful measurement of glacier response to annual climate fluctuations, although there is much variability in the degree of response between glaciers in any given year. Comparisons of individual glacier annual ELA with the mean for all annual ELAs of the Southern Alps show a large variation of individual glacier response, with coefficients of variation (r2) ranging from 0.53 to 0.90. The ELA data show detailed, but qualitative, annual mass-balance variations on both regional and individual glacier scales. The ELA record closely predicts glacier termini responses that follow after appropriate response time delays. The recorded variability in climate response for the Southern Alps suggests no single glacier is truly representative for detailed studies of glacier-climate relationships, and that a large number of ELA measurements may be as good an indicator of climate as a few mass-balance measurements. Given the appropriate mass-balance gradient, mass-balance values may be calculated for any of the monitored glaciers.

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43

Boyd, Larissa, and Doug Smith. "Dose-response Relationship Of Balance Training And Detraining On Balance And Confidence In Older Adults." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000478349.40406.4d.

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44

Huss, M. "Mass balance of Pizolgletscher." Geographica Helvetica 65, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-65-80-2010.

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Abstract. Half of the glaciers in the Swiss Alps are smaller than 0.1 km2. Despite this, the mass budget of small glaciers and their response to ongoing climate change is rarely studied. A new mass balance monitoring programme on Pizolgletscher (0.08 km2) in north-eastern Switzerland was started in 2006. This paper presents first results and describes a new approach to determining the mass balance of glaciers. Seasonal field observations are interpreted using a distributed mass balance model in daily resolution that allows spatial inter- and extrapolation of sparse data points and the calculation of mass balance over arbitrary time periods. Evaluation of aerial photographs acquired in subdecadal intervals since 1968 allows inclusion of data on changes in glacier area and ice volume, contributing towards a long-term reconstruction of Pizolgletscher's mass balance. The analysis revealed fast mass loss over the last three years with annual balances of -1.61 m w.e. in 2006/2007, -0.71 m w.e. in 2007/2008, and -1.46 m w.e. in 2008/2009 and high spatial variability of mass balance on Pizolgletscher.

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45

Abbott, W. G., B. V. Howard, L. Christin, D. Freymond, S. Lillioja, V. L. Boyce, T. E. Anderson, C. Bogardus, and E. Ravussin. "Short-term energy balance: relationship with protein, carbohydrate, and fat balances." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 255, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): E332—E337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.3.e332.

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Energy balance (energy intake-energy expenditure) is known to vary considerably on a day-to-day basis in free-living individuals. The extent to which stores of protein, carbohydrate, and fat are used to store short-term surpluses of energy and the extent to which these stores are used to make up temporary energy deficits are incompletely known. We have measured body energy balance as well as carbohydrate, fat, and protein balances in 27 Caucasian men and 27 Caucasian women over a 24-h period in a respiratory chamber. An estimated weight-maintenance diet was fed to each subject. Because of individual differences in family background, body composition, activity, and the failure of some subjects to eat all of their food, these estimates are not exact, and energy balance is rarely achieved. Energy balance was correlated with fat balance in men (r = 0.79, P less than 0.0001) and women (r = 0.72, P less than 0.0001), and the slope of this relationship was not distinguishable from unity in men (1.16 +/- 0.18) or women (0.80 +/- 0.15). There were no correlations between energy balance and either carbohydrate or protein balances. This study demonstrates that carbohydrate and protein stores are closely regulated by adjusting oxidation to intake. Thus fat, rather than carbohydrate or protein, is almost exclusively used or stored in response to day-to-day fluctuations in energy balance.

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46

Wan, Lirong, Xuehui Yu, Dejian Ma, Zhaosheng Meng, Qingliang Zeng, and Guoqing Qi. "Dynamic Response Analysis of a Novel Anti-Impact Pressure Balance Jack." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 5236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145236.

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Coal resources perform an important role in China’s energy structure. Hydraulic support is the main supporting equipment of fully mechanized mining face in coal mines. Because the hydraulic support frequently bears the impact pressure from the working face, it is very easy to cause failure of the balance jack. In order to solve the problem that the balance jack easily damaged by impact and improve the impact resistance of the hydraulic support, an improved fast response balance jack with multiple adaptive buffers was proposed in this paper. The energy dissipation characteristics of the balance jack were analyzed by establishing the mathematical model of the multiple buffering process of it. Based on ADAMS, the dynamic simulation model of the hydraulic support was constructed, and the mechanical response characteristics of the proposed balance jack and the traditional balance jack under different impact loads were compared and analyzed. By changing the equivalent stiffness of the novel balance jack system, the influence of different initial inflation pressure and length of the buffer cavity on the dynamic performance of the novel balance jack was discussed. The results show that compared with the traditional balance jack, the multi-adaptive response balance jack proposed in this paper can reduce the peak force of the hinge point by about 24.6% and the fluctuation frequency was also significantly reduced under the ultimate load condition at the front end of the top beam, which has better impact resistance. When the initial inflation pressure of the buffer cavity is 40~45 MPa and the initial length is less than 105 mm, a better buffer effect can be achieved. This study provides a new solution to solve the failure problem of the balance jack under the underground impact pressure and improve the safety and reliability of hydraulic support.

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47

Tipton, Kevin D., Elisabet Borsheim, Steven E. Wolf, Arthur P. Sanford, and Robert R. Wolfe. "Acute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestion." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 284, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): E76—E89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00234.2002.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if the acute anabolic muscle response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids (EAA) reflects the response over 24 h. Seven subjects participated in the following two 24-h studies: 1) resting (REST) and 2) rest plus resistance exercise and consumption of EAA (ES). Net balance (NB) across the leg was determined for four amino acids. [13C6]phenylalanine was infused to determine mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate (FSR). Twenty-four-hour FSR was significantly greater for ES than for REST ( P = 0.003). Exchange of phenylalanine across the leg was −194 ± 74 (SE) mg for ES and −371 ± 88 mg for REST ( P = 0.07) over 24 h and 229 ± 42 mg (ES) and 28 ± 15 mg (REST; P < 0.01) over 3 h corresponding to exercise and EAA consumption for ES. The difference in phenylalanine exchange between REST and ES was not different for measurements over 24 and 3 h. Increases in NB during ES were primarily the result of increases in protein synthesis. Results for other amino acids were similar. The acute anabolic response of muscle to EAA intake and exercise is additive to the response at rest and thus reflects the 24-h response.

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48

Heusch, Gerd, Rainer Schulz, and Shahbudin H. Rahimtoola. "Myocardial hibernation: a delicate balance." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 288, no. 3 (March 2005): H984—H999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01109.2004.

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The pathophysiology of myocardial hibernation is characterized as a situation of reduced regional contractile function distal to a coronary artery stenosis that recovers after removal of the coronary stenosis. A subacute “downregulation” of contractile function in response to reduced regional myocardial blood flow exists, which normalizes regional energy and substrate metabolism but does not persist for more than 12–24 h. Chronic hibernation develops in response to one or more episodes of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, possibly progressing from repetitive stunning with normal blood flow to hibernation with reduced blood flow. An upregulation of a protective gene program is seen in hibernating myocardium, putting it into the context of preconditioning. The morphology of hibernating myocardium is characterized by both adaptive and degenerative features.

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Thompson, B. D. "Optimization of LM2500 Gas Generator and Power Turbine Trim-Balance Techniques." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906576.

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A procedure has been developed by the U.S. Navy to trim-balance, in-place, the gas generator and power turbine rotor of the LM2500 Marine Gas Turbine Engine. This paper presents the theoretical background and the techniques necessary to optimize the procedure to balance the gas generator rotor. Additionally, a method was developed to trim balance LM2500 power turbines. To expand the implementation of both gas generator and power turbine trim-balancing, a capability has to be developed to minimize the effort required (trial weight runs, etc.). The objective was to be able to perform consistently what are called “First-Shot” trim balances. First-Shot trim balances require only one weight placement to bring the engine vibration levels to within the specified goals (less than 0.002 of an in. maximum amplitude) and that being the final trim weight. It was realized that the Least-Squares Influence-Coefficient Method, even with a good set of averaged influence coefficients, can lead to a number of trial weight experiments before the final trim weights can be placed. The method used to maximize the possibility of obtaining a First-Shot trim balance was to use modal information to tailor the influence coefficient sets to correct the most predominant and correctable imbalance problem. Since the influence coefficients were tailored, it became necessary to be able to identify, in the initial vibration survey, the type of response a particular LM2500 has. Using modal information obtained from a LM2500 rotor dynamics model and from the early trim-balance efforts, it was possible to identify the modal response of a given LM2500 and optimize the trim balance of that engine. With these improved techniques a 70 percent success rate for First-Shot trim balance has been achieved and the success rate of the trim balance procedure, as a whole, has been near 100 percent.

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Fleming, Kevin M., Julian A. Dowdeswell, and Johannes Oerlemans. "Modelling the mass balance of northwest Spitsbergen glaciers and responses to climate change." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012180.

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An energy-balance model is used to calculate mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) on two northwest Spitsbergen glaciers, Austre Brøggerbreen and Midre Lovénbreen, whose mass balances are at present negative, and for which greater than 20 year records of mass-balance data are available. The model takes meteorological data, ice-mass area distribution with altitude, and solar radiation as inputs. Modelling uses mean daily meteorological data from a nearby weather station, adjusted for altitude. Average net balances modelled for 1980–89 using models tuned to the decade’s average were –0.44 and –0.47 m w.e. for Lovénbreen and Brøggerbreen, respectively, compared with the measured averages of –0.27 and –0.36 m. Sensitivity tests on glacier response to greenhouse warming predict a net balance change of –0.61 m year–1 per °C temperature rise relative to today, and a rise in ELA of 90 m °C–1. Modelling of Little lee Age conditions in Spitsbergen suggests that a 0.6°C cooling or a precipitation increase of 23% would yield zero net mass balance for Lovénbreen and that further cooling would increase net balance by 0.30 m year–1 °C–1. Set in the context of similar modelling of southern Norwegian, Alpine and Greenland ice masses, these results support the suggestion that glaciers with a maritime influence (i.e. higher accumulation) are most sensitive to climate change, implying a gradient towards decreasing sensitivity as accumulation decreases eastward and with altitude in Svalbard.

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