Статті в журналах: "Bio-Based surfactants"

1

V, Soni. "The Potential of Biosurfactants in the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Review." Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000176.

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Surface-active substances known as "bio-based surfactants" come from a variety of sources, including plants, animals, microorganisms, marine life, synthetics, and semi-synthetics. Bio-based surfactants have a variety of uses, including in food, personal care, pharmaceutical, and industrial formulations as well as in agricultural and oil field chemicals and institutional and industrial cleaning. Nowadays, there is a significant demand for bio-based surfactants on the market as a result of the strict environmental rules that governments across the globe have placed on the use of toxins in detergents and growing environmental concerns among consumers. Due to their low toxicity and biodegradability, bio-based surfactants are acknowledged as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional petrochemical-based surfactants. Additional research going on for the creation of innovative biodegradable surfactants as a result, either by biological processes or from renewable resources (bio-catalysis or fermentation are included). Many such varieties, their properties, clinical assessment of surfactant formulations, use of bio-based surfactants, industrial state-of-the-art, and prospective markets for bio-based surfactants manufacturing are discussed in this paper.

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Haq, Bashirul, Jishan Liu, and Keyu Liu. "Green enhanced oil recovery (GEOR)." APPEA Journal 57, no. 1 (2017): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16116.

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Green enhanced oil recovery (GEOR) is a chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method involving the injection of specific green chemicals (surfactants/alcohols/polymers) that effectively displace oil because of their phase-behaviour properties, which decrease the interfacial tension (IFT) between the displacing liquid and the oil. In this process, the primary displacing liquid slug is a complex chemical system called a micellar solution, containing green surfactants, co-surfactants, oil, electrolytes and water. The surfactant slug is relatively small, typically 10% pore volume (PV). It may be followed by a mobility buffer such as polymer. The total volume of the polymer solution is typically ~1 PV. This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the combination of microbial by-products Bacillus subtilise strain JF-2 bio-surfactant and alcohol in recovering residual oil. It also considered whether bio-surfactant capability could be improved by blending it with non-ionic green surfactant. The study consisted of a phase behaviour study, IFT measurement and core-flooding experiments. In the phase behaviour study, it was found that 0.5% alkyl polyglycosides (APG) and 0.5–1.00% of butanol at 2% NaCl gave stable middle phase micro-emulsion. Non-ionic (APG 264) and anionic (bio-surfactant) mixtures are able to form stable middle phase micro-emulsion. Based on IFT reduction, two low concentrations (40 and 60 mg/l) of JF-2 bio-surfactant were identified where IFT values were low. The bio-surfactant and butanol formulation produced a total ~39.3% of oil initially in place (OIIP).

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Huang, Huiyu, Xiaoling Huang, Hongping Quan, and Xin Su. "Soybean-Oil-Based CO2-Switchable Surfactants with Multiple Heads." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 18, 2021): 4342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144342.

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Oligomeric surfactants display the novel properties of low surface activity, low critical micellar concentration and enhanced viscosity, but no CO2 switchable oligomeric surfactants have been developed so far. The introduction of CO2 can convert tertiary amine reversibly to quaternary ammonium salt, which causes switchable surface activity. In this study, epoxidized soybean oil was selected as a raw material to synthesize a CO2-responsive oligomeric surfactant. After addition and removal of CO2, the conductivity analyzing proves that the oligomeric surfactant had a good response to CO2 stimulation. The viscosity of the oligomeric surfactant solution increased obviously after sparging CO2, but returned to its initial low viscosity in the absence of CO2. This work is expected to open a new window for the study of bio-based CO2-stimulated oligomeric surfactants.

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Tiwari, Mehul, and Divya Bajpai Tripathy. "Soil Contaminants and Their Removal through Surfactant-Enhanced Soil Remediation: A Comprehensive Review." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 13161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151713161.

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This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of surfactants in enhancing the remediation of contaminated soils. The study examines recent and older research on the use of effluent treatment techniques combined with synthetic surface-active agents, bio-surfactants, and various categories of surfactants for soil reclamation purposes. The main purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of surfactants in enhancing the remediation of contaminated soils. The research question is to explore the mechanisms through which surfactants enhance soil remediation and to assess the potential benefits and limitations of surfactant-based remediation methods. This review was conducted through an extensive literature search of relevant articles published in scientific databases. The articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic and their methodological rigor. Types of possible soil pollutants and the requirements of specific surfactants were discussed. Structural relationships between pollutant and surfactants were described thoroughly. Extensive study revealed that surfactants have shown great potential in enhancing the remediation of contaminated soils. Surfactants can improve the solubility and mobility of hydrophobic contaminants and facilitate their removal from soil. However, the effectiveness of surfactant-based remediation methods depends on several factors, including the type of contaminant, the soil properties, and the surfactant concentration and type. Surfactant-enhanced soil remediation can be an effective and sustainable method for addressing soil contamination. However, the optimal conditions for using surfactants depend on the specific site characteristics and contaminant properties, and further research is needed to optimize the use of surfactants in soil remediation.

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Popov, Alexey, Irina Ivanova, and Eva Dikareva. "Environmental impact and biological activity of bio-based shampoos." E3S Web of Conferences 420 (2023): 09016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342009016.

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One of the types of pollution of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems is pollution by surface-active substances (surfactants).With the awareness of the potential danger of conventional surfactants on the environment and human health, there is a growing interest in the development of bio-based surfactants in personal hygiene products. These substances are considered safer, are abundant, biodegradable, and biocompatible. The study of bio-based surfactants shampoos consisting only of natural organic components is of particular interest. The objective of the research: assessment of the environmental impact and biological activity of bio-based shampoo using standard biotests: germination and growth of black bean plants (Vícia fába) and behavioral reactions of sludge worm (Tubifex tubifex). The chemical composition of bio-based shampoos is analyzed; it is shown that derivatives of natural oils are surfactants, which can serve as a substitute for traditional synthetic detergents. The effect of aqueous shampoo solutions of various concentrations on the biotest of Vícia fába showed an acceleration of biomass growth and its qualitative change, an increase in the amount of chlorophyll and ascorbic acid. Micromorphological method revealed violations at the cellular level of root system development on the 14th day of germination. With the help of a biotest on the behavioral reactions of Tubifex tubifex, the toxic effect was evaluated. Significant biological activity has been established, which, combined with exposure to surfactants, can lead to environmental consequences. It is concluded that the mass replacement of traditional synthetic detergents with bio-organic ones will practically not change the impact on the environment.

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Afifah, Dini Nur, Rahma Falah Maulidina, Novi Astuti, and Riska Annisa Wahyadi. "Application of Saponins from Ambon Banana Petiole (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum L.) as Natural Surfactants in Bio-Hand Soap." Research In Chemical Engineering (RiCE) 2, no. 1 (August 13, 2023): 08–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/rice.v2i1.80.

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Surfactants are commonly use as a foaming agents contained in soap products. Consequently, the type of surfactant used is a synthetic product that is difficult to degrade by nature fate. In addition to environmental problems, prolonged use of these products can cause health problems, such as irritation in the form of dry, scaly, itchy skin, to red rashes. Synthetic surfactants used in industry are also petroleum derivatives. This fact makes the sustainability of the industry threatened due to the increasingly critical oil reserves. Based on these problems, it is important to study alternative synthetic surfactants that are more environmentally friendly, safe for health, and abundantly available in nature. In this study, the potential of saponins from the petiole of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum L.) was studied as a natural surfactant in hand soap (bio-hand soap). The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the variable concentration of ethanol solvent and immersion time on the amount of saponin extract yield and the formulation of bio-hand soap. The results showed that the highest extract yield of Ambon banana petiole extract could be achieved using ethanol solvent at a concentration of 80% and a maceration time of 48 hours. Based on the quality tests on bio-hand soap products that have been carried out, formula 1 (20% saponins), 2 (30% saponins), and 3 (40% saponins) have color, shape, anti-bacterial agent, and pH values that are following SNI 2588:2017. The formula that is considered the most optimum for the production of bio-hand soap is Formula 2. This is based on the highest foam stability value, which is 67.56%.

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7

Duprat-de-Paule, Sébastien, Jérôme Guilbot, Alicia Roso, Sophie Cambos, and Aurélie Pierre. "Augmented bio-based lipids for cosmetics." OCL 25, no. 5 (August 8, 2018): D503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2018036.

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Practical examples showcase the key role of plant-based lipids in the design of innovative sustainable specialty ingredients. Great diversity in plant origins and chemical transformations leads to great molecular diversity and explains why bio-based lipids are involved in broad ingredient categories such as biodegradable emollients, environmentally friendly surfactants, rheology modifiers and active ingredients. Choosing lipid structure, with varying fatty chain length, saturation level and branching, determines ingredient functionality and usage, as these vary, for instance in the case of surfactants, solubilizing, wetting, foaming and emulsifying properties (oil-in-water or water-in-oil). The lipid structure also impacts the ingredients’ final solid or liquid appearance. Now ready-to-use ingredients can be created and we can innovate with cold processable new cosmetic formulation concepts. Perhaps most importantly, optimal selection of lipid structure and composition can also drive consumer benefits in cosmetic ingredients, especially, the final sensory experience (for excipients) and biological efficacy (for active ingredients). Bio-based lipids lead to new ingredients with augmented performance and sensoriality.

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8

Patil, Harshal, and Ashok Athalye. "Sustainable Enzymatic Desizing of Cotton with Bio-surfactant Extracted from Soapnut." Textile & Leather Review 7 (February 27, 2024): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31881/tlr.2024.007.

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Surfactant is one of the major consuming auxiliaries in textile processing. The rising demand for petroleum-based surfactants is in focus and it is tremendously utilized to fulfil the need for surfactants in textile industries. These petroleum-based surfactants are one of the major pollutants of textile wastewater. Many attempts have been made to replace this with low toxicity to make the process sustainable. The present investigation works on the same objective to replace the petroleum-based surfactant from desizing by using soapnut extract as a wetting agent. The process was optimised by using a modern statistical technique of Response Surface Methodology [RSM]. The initial designing was conducted using 10 g/l soapnut extract and 2% enzyme for 30 min at 75 °C and found satisfactory results. Additional desizing experiments were performed to optimize the process using RSM with weight loss as the primary outcome. An optimised desizing recipe provided by DOE numerical optimisation, viz., a concentration of 10 g/l soapnut extract and 2% enzyme at 75 °C for 40 min, was performed to validate. The findings demonstrate that optimum weight loss (6.58%) and desirable levels of absorbency (14 s), whiteness (73.52), yellowness (22.84 indices, bending length (2.1 cm), Flexural rigidity (98.13 mg.cm), while minimally affecting tensile strength (10.77). Enzymatic desizing with synthetic or soapnut-extracted wetting agents yields identical results and satisfies performance standards for industrial use. The Sustainable way of enzymatic desizing of cotton with bio-surfactant extracted from soapnut may be the green alternative to synthetic surfactant-based desizing.

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9

Mudge, Stephen M., Juergen Tropsch, Thierry Beaudouin, Christophe Séné, and Horacio Hormazabal. "Determining the Bio‐Based Carbon Content of Surfactants." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 23, no. 4 (April 28, 2020): 771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsde.12411.

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10

Wibowo, Agam Duma Kalista, Rizki Megawati, Vilia Kartika Setyaningrum, Erika Wahyu Putri, Joelianingsih, Aniek Sri Handayani, Maharani Dewi Solikhah, and Achmad Chafidz. "Investigating potential application of bio-based polymeric surfactant using methyl ester from palm oil for chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR)." Communications in Science and Technology 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21924/cst.8.2.2023.1318.

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Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) or palm oil methyl ester is one of the palm oil derivatives in which one of the anionic surfactants that can be generated from it is methyl ester sulfonate (MES). This bio-based surfactant can reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water. To produce a bio-based polymeric surfactant, sulfonate groups from MES were grafted onto polymer chains. Palm oil methyl ester was reacted with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to synthesize MES. Afterwards, MES was reacted with the Ethyl Acrylate (EA) monomer to synthesize polymeric surfactant. Investigating this route to produce a bio-based polymeric surfactant has become the novelty of this study. This study showed that the best polymerization result was obtained at a mole ratio of MES to EA (1:0.5) with the highest viscosity of 14.47 mm2/s. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) analysis showed 0.5% at a mole ratio of MES to EA (1:0.5) which corresponded to the lowest interfacial tension (IFT) of 1.95 x 10-3 mN/m. Meanwhile, the contact angle gradually decreased from 58.44 to 11.79°. The polymeric surfactant, furthermore, was analyzed using FTIR and H-NMR and successfully confirmed the formation of bio-based polymeric surfactant. The core flooding experiment found that approximately 16.57% of oil could be recovered. The results of the study revealed a good potential of the polymeric surfactant to be applied in chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR).

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Avita Ayu Permanasari, Mohd Afzanizam Mohd Rosli, Ilham Akbar Habibi, Poppy Puspitasari, Sukarni Sukarni, Safarudin Gazali Herawan, and Nurul Izzati Akmal Mohamed Rafaizul. "Efficiency of a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) System using Bio-nanofluid based on Virgin Coconut Oil-Graphene with Additive Surfactant: An Experimental Study." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 34, no. 2 (December 2, 2023): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.34.2.287304.

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This study explores the efficiency of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system using bio-nanofluid based on virgin coconut oil (VCO). This research proposes bio-nanofluid as dispersion media because of their potential in medium to high temperature applications in terms of thermal output, biodegradable, and renewable. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) were prepared in a mass fraction of 0.1% wt. Then, the ratio for the surfactant was a 1:1 nanoparticle. The surfactants used in this study were Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The two-stage method was used for the bio-nanofluid synthesis. Further, the samples were tested for physical and thermophysical properties. From the stability test, we discovered stable dispersion from VCO-GNP-PVP bio-nanofluid sample during the 30 days of testing. The bio-nanofluid samples also presented an increase in thermal conductivity following its stability, with the highest conductivity value (0.158 W/m.K) observed on the VCO-GNP-PVP sample. The efficiency test results on additive surfactant and flow rate show the optimum flow rate of 7 mL/s on VCO-GNP-PVP bio-nanofluid, with thermal and electric efficiency of 25.169% and 8.632%, respectively.

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Zulkefli, N. F., W. A. Wan Ab Karim Ghani, S. Ali, N. Asib, and Y. Chowmasundaram. "Development of bio-pesticides from bio-oil of oil palm biomass waste (palm kernel shell) against Metisa plana Walker bagworm (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)." Supplementary 1 5, S1 (February 27, 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(s1).041.

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Despite the abundance of palm-based residues generated, the by-products from thermochemical processing such as bio-oil may create value-added products to the palm industry. The palm-based derived bio-oil contains high aromatic compounds, which are active ingredients in the bio-pesticides formulation. Therefore, this study investigated the formulation of the bio-pesticide from this bio-oil and determines their effect on insect-pest in oil palm such as Metisa plana walker bagworm. Prior the formulation, preliminary evaluation of the compatibility between bio-oil and surfactants such as Tween 20 and Tween 80 as the bio-pesticides ingredient were evaluated using the ternary phase diagram. The compatibility results showed the best formulation is at 20% of surfactant. Based on these conditions, the experiment was formulated using an active ingredient (AI) called azadirachtin extracted from neem seed. The formulated bio-pesticide was tested for its effectiveness towards the mortality of the bagworm. The results showed that the formulated bio-pesticide was able to repel 50% of the bagworm population, with a lethal concentration (LC50) of 22.1 g/mL showing a good indicator as an effective repellent. Hence, this study provided new knowledge for waste management towards zero waste strategy for a better environment and sustainability.

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Henshaw, Charlotte A., Adam A. Dundas, Valentina Cuzzucoli Crucitti, Morgan R. Alexander, Ricky Wildman, Felicity R. A. J. Rose, Derek J. Irvine, and Philip M. Williams. "Droplet Microfluidic Optimisation Using Micropipette Characterisation of Bio-Instructive Polymeric Surfactants." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 3302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113302.

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Droplet microfluidics can produce highly tailored microparticles whilst retaining monodispersity. However, these systems often require lengthy optimisation, commonly based on a trial-and-error approach, particularly when using bio-instructive, polymeric surfactants. Here, micropipette manipulation methods were used to optimise the concentration of bespoke polymeric surfactants to produce biodegradable (poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PDLLA)) microparticles with unique, bio-instructive surface chemistries. The effect of these three-dimensional surfactants on the interfacial tension of the system was analysed. It was determined that to provide adequate stabilisation, a low level (0.1% (w/v)) of poly(vinyl acetate-co-alcohol) (PVA) was required. Optimisation of the PVA concentration was informed by micropipette manipulation. As a result, successful, monodisperse particles were produced that maintained the desired bio-instructive surface chemistry.

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Zhu, Biwen, Nicolas Duguet, Guo-Rong Chen, and Marc Lemaire. "Direct Aldolization of Unprotected Fructose to Bio-Based Surfactants." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 9 (July 20, 2018): 11695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01953.

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15

Ballabio, Giorgia, Sara Sangiorgio, Eleonora Pargoletti, Rita Gelli, Massimo Bonini, Marco Rabuffetti, Giuseppe Cappelletti, and Giovanna Speranza. "From dairy waste to value-added bio-based surfactants." Colloid and Interface Science Communications 63 (November 2024): 100807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2024.100807.

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Duquet, Fanny, Amr Ahmed Nada, Matthieu Rivallin, Florence Rouessac, Christina Villeneuve-Faure, and Stéphanie Roualdes. "Influence of Bio-Based Surfactants on TiO2 Thin Films as Photoanodes for Electro-Photocatalysis." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101228.

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Photocatalytic water splitting into hydrogen is considered as one of the key solutions to the current demand for eco-responsible energy. To improve the efficiency and sustainability of this process, the development of a TiO2-based photoanode by adding bio-sourced surfactants to the sol–gel preparation method has been considered. Three different polymeric biosurfactants (GB, GC, and BIO) have been tested, giving rise to three different materials being structurally and morphologically characterized by XRD, Rietveld refinement, BET, SEM, AFM, and XPS, which was completed by light absorption, photocatalytic (Pilkington test), electronic (EIS and C-AFM), and photoelectrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) measurements. Correlations between the structure/morphology of materials and their functional properties have been established. One specific surfactant has been proven as the most suitable to lead to materials with optimized photoelectrochemical performance in direct relation with their photocatalytic properties essentially controlled by their specific surface area.

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Bragoni, Valentina, Raja K. Rit, Robin Kirchmann, A. Stefania Trita, and Lukas J. Gooßen. "Synthesis of bio-based surfactants from cashew nutshell liquid in water." Green Chemistry 20, no. 14 (2018): 3210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc01686k.

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Kipshagen, Lukas, Lukas T. Vömel, Marcel A. Liauw, Anna Klemmer, Alexander Schulz, Christian Kropf, Peter J. C. Hausoul, and Regina Palkovits. "Anionic surfactants based on intermediates of carbohydrate conversion." Green Chemistry 21, no. 14 (2019): 3882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc01163c.

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Wibowo, Agam Duma Kalista, Pina Tiani, Lisa Aditya, Aniek Sri Handayani, and Marcelinus Christwardana. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Surfactant from Palm Oil Methyl Ester and Vinyl Acetate for Chemical Flooding." Reaktor 21, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.2.65-73.

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Surfactants for enhanced oil recovery are generally made from non-renewable petroleum sulfonates and their prices are relatively expensive, so it is necessary to synthesis the bio-based surfactants that are renewable and ecofriendly. The surfactant solution can reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water while vinyl acetate monomer has an ability to increase the viscosity as a mobility control. Therefore, polymeric surfactant has both combination properties in reducing the oil/water IFT and increasing the viscosity of the aqueous solution simultaneously. Based on the study, the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of Polymeric Surfactant was at 0.5% concentration with an IFT of 7.72x10-2 mN/m. The best mole ratio of methyl ester sulfonate to vinyl acetate for polymeric surfactant synthesis was 1:0.5 with an IFT of 6.7x10-3 mN/m. Characterization of the product using FTIR and HNMR has proven the creation of polymeric surfactant. Based on the wettability alteration study, it confirmed that the product has an ability to alter from the initial oil-wet to water-wet quartz surface. In conclusion, the polymeric surfactant has ultralow IFT and could be an alternative surfactant for chemical flooding because the IFT value met with the required standard for chemical flooding ranges from 10-2 to 10-3 mN/m.Keywords: Enhanced Oil recovery, Interfacial Tension, Methyl Ester Sulfonate, Polymeric surfactant, vinyl acetate

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Pérusse, D., J. P. Guégan, H. Rolland, J. Guilbot, and T. Benvegnu. "Efficient solvent-free cationization of alkylpolyglycoside based surfactant compositions using natural glycine betaine." Green Chemistry 18, no. 6 (2016): 1664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc02214b.

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Gozlan, Charlotte, Elsa Deruer, Marie-Christine Duclos, Valérie Molinier, Jean-Marie Aubry, Andreas Redl, Nicolas Duguet, and Marc Lemaire. "Preparation of amphiphilic sorbitan monoethers through hydrogenolysis of sorbitan acetals and evaluation as bio-based surfactants." Green Chemistry 18, no. 7 (2016): 1994–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc02131f.

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Tropsch, Juergen. "A journey to standardization of bio-based surfactants in Europe." INFORM International News on Fats, Oils, and Related Materials 28, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/inform.06.2017.20.

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Tropsch, Juergen. "A journey to standardization of bio-based surfactants in Europe." INFORM International News on Fats, Oils, and Related Materials 28, no. 06 (June 1, 2017): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/inform.06.2017.22.

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Agger, Jane W., and Birgitte Zeuner. "Bio-based surfactants: enzymatic functionalization and production from renewable resources." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 78 (December 2022): 102842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102842.

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Moldes, Ana B., Lorena Rodríguez-López, Myriam Rincón-Fontán, Alejandro López-Prieto, Xanel Vecino, and José M. Cruz. "Synthetic and Bio-Derived Surfactants Versus Microbial Biosurfactants in the Cosmetic Industry: An Overview." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052371.

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This article includes an updated review of the classification, uses and side effects of surfactants for their application in the cosmetic, personal care and pharmaceutical industries. Based on their origin and composition, surfactants can be divided into three different categories: (i) synthetic surfactants; (ii) bio-based surfactants; and (iii) microbial biosurfactants. The first group is the most widespread and cost-effective. It is composed of surfactants, which are synthetically produced, using non-renewable sources, with a final structure that is different from the natural components of living cells. The second category comprises surfactants of intermediate biocompatibility, usually produced by chemical synthesis but integrating fats, sugars or amino acids obtained from renewable sources into their structure. Finally, the third group of surfactants, designated as microbial biosurfactants, are considered the most biocompatible and eco-friendly, as they are produced by living cells, mostly bacteria and yeasts, without the intermediation of organic synthesis. Based on the information included in this review it would be interesting for cosmetic, personal care and pharmaceutical industries to consider microbial biosurfactants as a group apart from surfactants, needing specific regulations, as they are less toxic and more biocompatible than chemical surfactants having formulations that are more biocompatible and greener.

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Sari-Chmayssem, N., F. Pessel, J. P. Guégan, S. Taha, H. Mawlawi, and T. Benvegnu. "Direct and one-pot conversion of polyguluronates and alginates into alkyl-l-guluronamide-based surfactant compositions." Green Chemistry 18, no. 24 (2016): 6573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc01983h.

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One-pot transformation of l-polyguluronates or alginates into 100% bio-based surfactants proceeded efficiently to provide novel long-chain alkyl-l-guluronamide/d-mannuronamide compositions as emulsion stabilizers.

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Vijai Kumar Reddy, T., G. Sandhya Rani, R. B. N. Prasad, and B. L. A. Prabhavathi Devi. "Green recyclable SO3H-carbon catalyst for the selective synthesis of isomannide-based fatty acid monoesters as non-ionic bio-surfactants." RSC Advances 5, no. 51 (2015): 40997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03605d.

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Verheyen, Geert R., Mart Theunis, Steven Vreysen, Tania Naessens, Isabelle Noyens, Tom Ooms, Sarah Goossens, Luc Pieters, Kenn Foubert, and Sabine Van Miert. "Glycine-acyl Surfactants Prepared from Black Soldier Fly Fat, Coconut Oil and Palm Kernel Oil." Current Green Chemistry 7, no. 2 (September 21, 2020): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213346107999200424084626.

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: Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae are a new source of high-quality bio-based materials that can be implemented for technical applications. Black soldier fly larvae can be bred in high numbers in small areas and organic waste streams, making large scale industrial breeding possible. Fats from the black soldier fly are very rich in lauric acid, and the fatty acid profile resembles that of palm kernel and coconut oil. Therefore, black soldier fly fats could be envisaged to have similar applications to these plant-derived oils. : The aims of this work were (1) to use black soldier fly fat, palm kernel and coconut oil to synthesize a glycine-acyl surfactant by means of a Schotten-Baumann reaction; (2) to determine the yield and purity of the reaction products; and (3) to determine solubility, foaming capacity, surface tension and critical micelle concentration of the surfactants in comparison to a commercially-available glycinecoconut oil surfactant, Amilite GCS-11®. : The aims of this work were (1) to use black soldier fly fat, palm kernel and coconut oil to synthesize a glycine-acyl surfactant by means of a Schotten-Baumann reaction; (2) to determine the yield and purity of the reaction products; and (3) to determine solubility, foaming capacity, surface tension and critical micelle concentration of the surfactants in comparison to a commercially-available glycinecoconut oil surfactant, Amilite GCS-11®. : It is concluded that black soldier fly fats are a suitable alternative to coconut or palm kernel oil for the preparation of glycine-acyl surfactants.

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29

Delage, Benoit, Benoit Briou, Thomas Brossier, Sylvain Catrouillet, Jean‐Jacques Robin, and Vincent Lapinte. "Polyoxazoline associated with cardanol for bio‐based linear alkyl benzene surfactants." Polymer International 68, no. 4 (February 4, 2019): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.5763.

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30

Fan, Zhaoyu, Yan Zhao, Florentina Preda, Jean-Marc Clacens, Hui Shi, Limin Wang, Xiaoshuang Feng, and Floryan De Campo. "Preparation of bio-based surfactants from glycerol and dodecanol by direct etherification." Green Chemistry 17, no. 2 (2015): 882–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc00818a.

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31

Sturm, Viktoriya, Myrna van Leeuwen, Ana Gonzalez-Martinez, David Verhoog, Nicolas Hark, and Niels de Beus. "Providing Insights into the Markets for Bio-Based Materials with BioMAT." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 3064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043064.

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Knowledge-based policy making in the field of bio-based economy needs two elements: (i) a monitoring system for assessing the historical developments of bio-based industry and (ii) foresight capacities to provide prospects for the bio-based industry in the future and how it can contribute to achieving different targets. However, significant knowledge gaps in both areas exist, especially regarding the markets of bio-based materials in general and bio-based chemicals in particular. Against this background, a new consistent framework for the representation of the value chains of bio-based materials in the EU and its Member States is developed, i.e., BioMAT. This article aims to present the BioMAT database which (i) is used to track historical developments in the markets for bio-based chemicals and the demand for feedstocks and (ii) enables the construction of the BioMAT model to make future projections. The developed BioMAT database compilation procedure is described in detail. Results reveal that the production of bio-based chemicals in the EU reached 43 million tons or 14% of the total output volume of the organic chemical industry in 2018. The main application of bio-based chemicals is biofuels, followed by agrochemicals and surfactants. The main feedstocks are plant oils and starch.

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32

Zhang, Qi-Qi, Bang-Xin Cai, Hong-Ze Gang, Shi-Zhong Yang, and Bo-Zhong Mu. "A family of novel bio-based zwitterionic surfactants derived from oleic acid." RSC Advances 4, no. 72 (August 1, 2014): 38393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06851c.

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33

Penfold, J., and R. K. Thomas. "Adsorption properties of plant based bio-surfactants: Insights from neutron scattering techniques." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 274 (December 2019): 102041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.102041.

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34

ARKHIPOV, V. P., та N. A. KUZINA. "СRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION AND SOLUBILIZATION PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL SURFACTANT - RHAMNOLIPID". Herald of Technological University 27, № 7 (2024): 18–22. https://doi.org/10.55421/1998-7072_2024_27_7_18.

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Biological surfactants are an alternative to synthetic surfactants due to their unique properties, high degree of biodegradability, low toxicity, low cost. The paper summarises the results of studies of micellar and solubilising properties of bio-surfactants on the example of unfractionated rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a molar ratio of mono- and diramnolipid in the mixture of ≈ 2/3. The critical micellization concentration (cmc) of aqueous solutions of rhamnolipids was measured by tensiometry, conductometry, dynamic light scattering, and diffusion NMR. The cmc values obtained by various methods lie in the range of 0.1 - 0.35 g/L. Based on selective measurements of the self-diffusion coefficients (sdc) of molecules, carried out by diffusion NMR, the solubilizing properties of rhamnolipids were studied depending on their concentration in solution; known toxic environmental pollutants, aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene and phenol, were taken as solubilisates. Based on the measurement results within the framework of the two-phase model, the distribution coefficients of the solubilizate between the micellar (solubilized) and free (in the aqueous phase) states were calculated. Micellar solubilisation is detected by changes in the sdc of solubilisate molecules depending on the concentration of rhamnolipid in solution. It was found that at surfactant concentrations lower than the cmc, the values of the sdc of solubilisate molecules do not depend on the presence of surfactant in the solutions. With increasing concentration of rhamnolipid in solutions, the sdc of solubilisate molecules sharply decreases and becomes equal to the sdc of rhamnolipid micelles at high concentrations. The proportion of solubilised benzene and phenol molecules approaches 100% at a concentration of rhamnolipid in solution of 100-200 g/l, indicating high solubilisation efficiency.

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Zhang, Xiudong, Pei Zhang, Chunjun Chen, Jianling Zhang, Guanying Yang, Lirong Zheng, Jing Zhang, and Buxing Han. "Fabrication of 2D metal–organic framework nanosheets with tailorable thickness using bio-based surfactants and their application in catalysis." Green Chemistry 21, no. 1 (2019): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc02835d.

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36

Kamada, Miho, Christel Pierlot, Valérie Molinier, Jean-Marie Aubry, and Kenji Aramaki. "Rheological properties of wormlike micellar gels formed by novel bio-based isosorbide surfactants." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 536 (January 2018): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.07.037.

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37

Afolabi, Funsho, Syed M. Mahmood, Hamid Sharifigaliuk, Muhammad 'Izzat Hazim Bin Kamarozaman, and Fathin Natasha Najwa Binti Mohamed Mansor. "Investigations on the enhanced oil recovery capacity of novel bio-based polymeric surfactants." Journal of Molecular Liquids 368 (December 2022): 120813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120813.

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38

Jain, Mahendra, Kinjal Parikh, Ganesh Shevalkar, Parth Thakkar, and Rakhee Kapadia. "Introduction to functional performance of bio-based emulsifiers, natural preservatives, lipids, and natural surfactants." International Journal of Herbal Medicine 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/flora.2024.v12.i1a.918.

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39

Muheem, Abdul, Mohammed Asadullah Jahangir, Sanjula Baboota, and Javed Ali. "Recent patents and a market overview on green or bio-based solvents for chromatographic analysis: a review." Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst 10, no. 6 (November 2021): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/ppa-2021-0015.

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Green solvents (GS) in chromatography originate from green chemistry. Therefore, using GSs in liquid chromatographic analysis to separate drugs and chemicals is an emerging approach to reduce hazardous chemicals in nature. The Orbit Intelligence database was used to conduct a strategic patent search for peer-reviewed patents on GSs as a mobile phase for chromatographic analysis. This article reported numerous approaches for encouraging GSs such as ethanol, butanol, esters, polyethylene glycol, supercritical fluids and nonionic surfactants to analyze drugs or compounds. The main aim of this article is to explore the patented GSs for chromatographic analysis and forecasting of the GSs that encourage industries to shift from hazardous to GSs.

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40

Tomasich, Julia, Stefan Beisl, and Michael Harasek. "Production and Characterisation of Pickering Emulsions Stabilised by Colloidal Lignin Particles Produced from Various Bulk Lignins." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 3693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043693.

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The use of lignin, an abundant phenolic bio-polymer, allows us to transform our fossil-based economy into a sustainable and bio-based economy. The transformation of bulk lignin into colloidal lignin particles (CLPs) with well-defined surface chemistry and morphology is a possible way to cope with the heterogeneity of lignin and use it for material applications. These CLPs can be used as emulsifiers in so-called Pickering emulsions, where solid particles stabilise the emulsion instead of environmentally harmful synthetic surfactants. This work investigates the application of CLPs produced from various bulk lignins as a stabiliser in o/w Pickering emulsions with two different oil phases (solid and liquid state). The CLPs had a primary particle size of 28 to 55 nm. They were successful in stabilising oil-in-water Pickering emulsions with high resistance to coalescence and a strong gel-like network. This enables novel applications for CLPs in the chemical and cosmetic industries, and can replace fossil-based and synthetic ingredients.

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41

Duquet, Fanny, Valérie Flaud, Christina Villeneuve-Faure, Matthieu Rivallin, Florence Rouessac, and Stéphanie Roualdès. "Hybrid Photoelectrocatalytic TiO2-Co3O4/Co(OH)2 Materials Prepared from Bio-Based Surfactants for Water Splitting." Molecules 28, no. 22 (November 15, 2023): 7599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227599.

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The development of new photoanode materials for hydrogen production and water treatment is in full progress. In this context, hybrid TiO2-Co3O4/Co(OH)2 photoanodes prepared using the sol–gel method using biosurfactants are currently being developed by our group. The combination of TiO2 with a cobalt-based compound significantly enhances the visible absorption and electrochemical performance of thin films, which is mainly due to an increase in the specific surface area and a decrease in the charge transfer resistance on the surface of the thin films. The formation of these composites allows for a 30-fold increase in the current density when compared to cobalt-free materials, with the best TiO2-CoN0.5 sample achieving a current of 1.570 mA.cm−2 and a theoretical H2 production rate of 0.3 µmol.min−1.cm−2 under xenon illumination.

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42

Curia, S., and S. M. Howdle. "Towards sustainable polymeric nano-carriers and surfactants: facile low temperature enzymatic synthesis of bio-based amphiphilic copolymers in scCO2." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 11 (2016): 2130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00066e.

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We demonstrate that useful bio-based amphiphilic polymers can be produced enzymatically at a mild temperature, in a solvent-free system and using renewably sourced monomers, by exploiting the unique properties of supercritical CO₂(scCO₂).

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43

Hajinajaf, Nima, Ahmad Fayyazbakhsh, Sara Kamal Shahsavar, Forough Sanjarian, and Hassan Rahnama. "Boosting plant oil yields: the role of genetic engineering in industrial applications." Biofuel Research Journal 11, no. 02 (June 1, 2024): 2105–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18331/brj2024.11.2.5.

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As climate change intensifies and the need to reduce human-caused emissions becomes more urgent, transitioning to a bio-based economy is essential. This paper explores the diverse industrial applications of plant oils as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based products, including their use in food, polymers, lubricants, surfactants, pesticides, emollients, and biofuels. This review delves into biosynthetic pathways, detailing the key enzymes and processes involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerol. It thoroughly discusses how genetic and metabolic engineering can not only increase oil yields but also modify fatty acid compositions to better meet industrial requirements. By understanding genetics and utilizing advanced biotechnologies, the oil content and quality of plant sources can be significantly enhanced, aligning with both sustainability goals and industrial demands. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current uses and genetic engineering of plant oil production, proposing innovative strategies such as utilizing oils from biomass or cultivating non-edible oil crops. These approaches aim to establish a sustainable industrial system, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and promote the growth of an environmentally responsible bio-based economy. Additionally, the review highlights future directions, examining the economic implications and environmental benefits of adopting plant oils across various sectors and positioning them as pivotal to achieving an eco-friendly, bio-based economy.

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D’Anna, Arrigo, and Frache. "PLA/PHB Blends: Biocompatibilizer Effects." Polymers 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2019): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091416.

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The purpose of this work was to formulate a fully bio-based blend with superior properties, based on two immiscible polymers: polylactic acid (PLA) and poly-hydroxy butyrate (PHB). To improve the miscibility between the polymeric phases, two different kinds of compatibilizers with a different chemical structure were used, namely, an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer in the form of flakes and a mixture of two liquid surfactants with a variable lipophilic–hydrophilic index. The morphology of the blends and their thermal, mechanical, and rheological behavior were evaluated, aiming at assessing the influence of the selected compatibilizers on the microstructure and final properties of the systems. Morphological analyses of the compatibilized blends indicated that the liquid surfactant is more effective than the solid copolymer in inducing morphology refinement, as also suggested by results coming from rheological measurements. Furthermore, thermal analyses demonstrated that the presence of both kinds of compatibilizers induced an enhancement of the crystallinity content of blends. Finally, a remarkable increase of the elastic modulus values was obtained for the compatibilized blends as compared to the pure counterparts, with a consequent significant enhancement of the HDT values.

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Cline, J. A., C. G. Embree, J. Hebb, and D. S. Nichols. "Performance of prohexadione-calcium on shoot growth and fruit quality of apple — Effect of spray surfactants." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07087.

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Vegetative growth control of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is necessary to maintain a balance between growth and cropping. Pruning is a labour-intensive management practice to achieve this and intrinsically stimulates new growth. Prohexadione-calcium (PC) is a plant bio-regulator that effectively regulat es the shoot extension growth of apples and other tree fruits. Previous research has demonstrated that its efficacy can vary based on the use of spray surfactants and adjuvants. This study investigated the efficacy of two rates of Apogee™, the commercial form of PC, used in combination with the spray surfactants Sylgard 309 and LI 700, on extension shoot growth and yield parameters. Experiments were conducted in Ontario on Empire and Nova Scotia on Royal Court™ Cortland apples. Treatments of 0, 75 or 125 mg L-1 PC, with and without either 0.5% (vol/vol.) LI 700 surfactant or 0.05% (vol/vol) Sylgard 309 surfactant were applied to Empire trees, and 75 or 125 mg L-1 PC, with or without 0.5% (vol/vol) LI 700, were applied to Royal Court™ trees. An untreated control treatment was also included for comparison purposes. A total of two sprays were applied to the Empire trees and a total of three sprays were applied to the Royal Court™ trees. PC significantly decreased the vegetative growth of Empire and Royal Court™ trees by approximately 18 to 44%, respectively, and the efficacy of PC was enhanced when combined with either Sylgard 309 or LI 700 surfactant. No additional benefit in vegetative growth control was gained when using Apogee™ at rates of 125 mg L-1 PC, relative to 75 mg L-1 PC. The rate of Apogee™ did not influence the number of fruit or yield per tree or mean fruit size of either cultivar. For Empire, LI 700 and Sylgard 309 significantly reduced the number of fruit per tree, resulting in lower yields and crop densities. In addition, higher mean fruit weights, and a greater distribution of fruit in the larger size categories were observed for LI 700. Fruit from Royal Court trees treated with the highest rate of Apogee™ had higher crop densities, poorer coloured fruit, and a higher percentage of fruit less than 60 mm in diameter. These data provide support for the use of alternative surfactants with Apogee™ other than those listed on the US and Canadian product labels. Key words: Apogee™, Empire, Cortland, Regalis, calcium 3-oxido-5-oxo-4-propionylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, surfactant

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46

Shweta and Gurmeet Kaur. "A sustainable synthesis, characterization of modified waste onion peels and its exploration in various applications." E3S Web of Conferences 552 (2024): 01077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455201077.

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The modification of waste to a bio-based material that is economical, environmentally sustainable, and extremely effective is crucial for organic conversions. For bio waste, that doesn’t decompose easily and have bad impact on environment such as onion peels, a suitable method is introduced which focuses on utilizing onion peels, a commonly discarded agricultural waste, as a valuable resource for antibacterial studies and bio sensing of heavy metals. A comparative study to analyse these properties were done using onion peel extract and saponified onion peels. The saponified material was obtained by treating onion peels (Allium cepa) with sodium hydroxide in the presence of calcium carbonate. The popularity of saponification reaction and saponified material is rising because of their special qualities and uses as disinfectants, surfactants, antifungal agents, in drugs for target based delivery etc. The saponified onion peels was analyzed by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffraction), EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray), SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Furthermore, against Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive), antibacterial activity of onion extract and saponified onion peels were studied. In comparative study onion peel extract shows better inhibition zone then saponified onion peels. Bio sensing of heavy metals were done by using these materials, onion peel extract shows visual colour change with Nickel chloride (NiCl2), Cobalt chloride (CoCl2), Potassium bromide (KBr), Manganese sulphate (MnSO4), Mercury chloride (HgCl2) and Copper sulphate (CuSO4) metal salts.

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Kazi, Mohsin, Fahd A. Nasr, Omar Noman, Abdulrahman Alharbi, Mohammed S. Alqahtani, and Fars K. Alanazi. "Development, Characterization Optimization, and Assessment of Curcumin-Loaded Bioactive Self-Nanoemulsifying Formulations and Their Inhibitory Effects on Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111107.

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Curcumin (CUR) is an attractive polyphenol for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Poor solubility in water and sensitivity against sunlight are the most challenging characteristics in the development of CUR for clinical use. The aim is to develop oral lipid-based bioactive self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (Bio-SNEDDSs) for curcumin as a candidate for cancer therapy. Bio-SNEDDSs containing black seed oil, medium-chain mono- and diglycerides, and surfactants were prepared as CUR delivery vehicles. The morphology, droplet size, physical stability, encapsulation efficiency, risk of precipitation, lipid digestion, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity were evaluated for the representative formulations. Finally, an MTT assay was performed on MCF-7 cells to determine the cytotoxic effect of the different formulations. The results showed lower droplet size (28.53 nm) and higher drug-loading (CUR 20 mg, thymoquinone 1.2 mg) for the representative Bio-SNEDDS (black seed oil/Imwitor 988/KolliphorEL (35/15/50) % w/w), along with a transparent appearance upon aqueous dilution. The dynamic dispersion and in-vitro lipolysis data proved that the Bio-SNEDDS was able to keep the CUR in a solubilized form in the gastrointestinal tract. From the antioxidant and antimicrobial studies, it was suggested that the Bio-SNEDDS had the highest activity for disease control. The MTT assay showed that the representative Bio-SNEDDS treatment led to a reduction of cell viability of MCF-7 cells compared to pure CUR and conventional SNEDDSs. A Bio-SNEDDS with elevated entrapment efficiency, antioxidant/antimicrobial activities, and an antiproliferative effect could be the best anticancer drug candidate for potential oral delivery.

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Esposito, Rodolfo, Francesco Taddeo, Vincenzo Russo, Irene Russo Krauss, and Gerardino D’Errico. "Surface and Aggregation Properties of Rhamnolipids in Water–Bioethanol Mixtures: A Step toward Green Formulation Design." Surfaces 7, no. 2 (April 7, 2024): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces7020017.

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Water–ethanol mixtures are largely exploited for many different applications, from industrial processes to pharmaceutical formulations. Surfactants are often added to tune their interfacial properties. Sustainability concerns require redesigning such blends to minimize their environmental impact. A successful approach is to replace synthetic oil-based components with affordable unpurified bio-derived alternatives. In this respect, we have characterized aqueous mixtures of bioethanol, obtained by the fermentation of algae, and rhamnolipids, biosurfactants of microbial origin. The physico-chemical characterization of water–bioethanol binary mixtures in terms of refractive index, density, viscosity, and surface tension indicates that bioethanol behaves like pure ethanol with negligible effects of impurities. Analysis of tensiometric titrations shows that, at bioethanol contents higher than 20–30% bioethanol mass percent, rhamnolipid aggregation is impaired, whereas surface adsorption at the water–air interface remains poorly affected. Overall, bio-derived components can be proposed as a promising alternative to oil-derived chemicals in eco-sustainable formulations.

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Meena, Asha, Rashmi Sharma, and Vandana Sukhadia. "Synthesis and Characterization of Chemical Structures, Thermal Decomposition and Biological Properties of Novel Copper (II) Bio- Based Surfactants." Current Physical Chemistry 10, no. 3 (November 4, 2020): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877946810666200116091321.

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Background: Thermal degradation has attracted the attention of scientific community throughout the world due to its multiple applications in environment, energy, waste water treatment, pollution control, green chemistry, etc. Objective: The present work deals with the study of synthesis and characterization of thermal and biological properties of novel copper complex. Methods: Chemical structures of copper (II) sesame 2-amino-6-ethoxy benzothiazole complex were confirmed by IR, NMR, and ESR techniques. Thermal and biological properties were analysed by Thermogravimetry (TGA) and antimicrobial activity determination against Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The TGA study reveals that copper (II) sesame 2-amino-6-ethoxy benzothiazole complex undergoes stepwise thermal degradation of ligand-soap bond of complex and unsaturated and saturated fatty acid components of edible oils. The complex exhibit significant antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: This study provides relevant basic information on the thermal and antimicrobial properties of new copper (II) bio-based surfactants, as well as an explicit relationship structure-biological activity for their potential use as safe and green chemicals.

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50

He, Xiu-li, Zhen-yu Wang, Hong-ze Gang, Ru-qiang Ye, Shi-zhong Yang, and Bo-Zhong Mu. "Less bound cations and stable inner salt structure enhanced the salt tolerance of the bio-based zwitterionic surfactants." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 635 (February 2022): 128074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128074.

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