Статті в журналах: "Fire safety modelling"

1

Jiang, Liming, and Asif Usmani. "Towards scenario fires – modelling structural response to fire using an integrated computational tool." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 13 (April 12, 2018): 2056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218765832.

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Modern architecture has been challenging the obsolete assumptions of the current fire safety engineering approaches, most of which still rely on the standard fire curve and continue to focus on the fire resistance of isolated single members. It has been observed time and again that buildings designed to the code-required fire performance fail in fires where the fire behaviour is found beyond current understanding. To fill this gap in knowledge and practice and move a step forward towards more rational fire safety engineering approaches, an integrated modelling tool is proposed in this article which is devoted to the implementation of realistic and advanced fire models that can be used routinely in analyses accounting for heat transfer and thermo-mechanical behaviour. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the tool utility in simulating a tall building subjected to vertically travelling fire and a low-rise building subjected to a localised fire.

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2

Hansen, Rickard. "Pre-incident planning of fires in underground hard rock mines: old and new risks." Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10.47389/36, no. 36.4 (October 2021): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/36.4.68.

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Fires in underground mines may pose a challenge to fire and rescue personnel where the complex environment and multiple influences of a fire are poorly considered during pre-incident planning. A better knowledge of pre-incident planning in underground mines would improve the safety of personnel. This study on pre-incident planning in underground mines applied data from experiments, inventories and design fire studies. A number of questions were considered related to information sources, fire modelling, capturing complexity and using fire scenarios. When performing fire modelling, empirical models could be used to complement other modelling tools. The study found that for modelling of spatially extensive mine sections, the use of ventilation network-based mine fire simulations could be a better option. Using an analytical toolbox, an iterative testing of plans and an ongoing planning process, the pre-planning challenges for a mine can be mitigated. The purpose of this study was to examine existing pre-incident planning and propose information sources, tools and specific actions for future plans.

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3

Hasofer, A. M., and D. O. Odigie. "Stochastic modelling for occupant safety in a building fire." Fire Safety Journal 36, no. 3 (April 2001): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(00)00052-7.

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4

Nugroho, Paulus Setyo, Yusuf Latief, and Wahyu Wibowo. "Structural Equation Modelling For Improving Fire Safety Reliability through Enhancing Fire Safety Management on High-Rise Building." International Journal of Technology 13, no. 4 (October 4, 2022): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i4.5517.

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5

Millington, James D. A., Oliver Perkins, and Cathy Smith. "Human Fire Use and Management: A Global Database of Anthropogenic Fire Impacts for Modelling." Fire 5, no. 4 (June 23, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5040087.

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Human use and management of fire in landscapes have a long history and vary globally in purpose and impact. Existing local research on how people use and manage fire is fragmented across multiple disciplines and is diverse in methods of data collection and analysis. If progress is to be made on systematic understanding of human fire use and management globally, so that it might be better represented in dynamic global vegetation models, for example, we need improved synthesis of existing local research and literature. The database of anthropogenic fire impacts (DAFI) presented here is a response to this challenge. We use a conceptual framework that accounts for categorical differences in the land system and socio-economic context of human fire to structure a meta-study for developing the database. From the data collated, we find that our defined anthropogenic fire regimes have distinct quantitative signatures and identify seven main modes of fire use that account for 93% of fire instance records. We describe the underlying rationales of these seven modes of fire use, map their spatial distribution and summarise their quantitative characteristics, providing a new understanding that could become the basis of improved representation of anthropogenic fire in global process-based models. Our analysis highlights the generally small size of human fires (60% of DAFI records for mean size of deliberately started fires are <21 ha) and the need for continuing improvements in methods for observing small fires via remote sensing. Future efforts to model anthropogenic fire should avoid assuming that drivers are uniform globally and will be assisted by aligning remotely sensed data with field-based data and process understanding of human fire use and management.

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6

Wei, Lan, Chao Yang Zhao, and Wei Feng Yuan. "Modelling of the Human Behavior in Evacuation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2663.

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Emergency evacuation is an important issue in fire safety. In this study, a cellular automaton (CA) model in which the human behaviour termed ‘flow with the stream’ is considered is proposed to simulate the procedure of emergency evacuation. Based on the CA model, the influence of the number of guiders to the evacuation from a large compartment is analyzed through numerical test. The result shows that the proposed CA model is a promising tool that may be used in fire safety design.

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7

Maragkos, Georgios, and Tarek Beji. "Review of Convective Heat Transfer Modelling in CFD Simulations of Fire-Driven Flows." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 5240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115240.

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Progress in fire safety science strongly relies on the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to simulate a wide range of scenarios, involving complex geometries, multiple length/time scales and multi-physics (e.g., turbulence, combustion, heat transfer, soot generation, solid pyrolysis, flame spread and liquid evaporation), that could not be studied easily with analytical solutions and zone models. It has been recently well recognised in the fire community that there is need for better modelling of the physics in the near-wall region of boundary layer combustion. Within this context, heat transfer modelling is an important aspect since the fuel gasification rate for solid pyrolysis and liquid evaporation is determined by a heat feedback mechanism that depends on both convection and radiation. The paper focuses on convection and reviews the most commonly used approaches for modelling convective heat transfer with CFD using Large Eddy Simulations (LES) in the context of fire-driven flows. The considered test cases include pool fires and turbulent wall fires. The main assumptions, advantages and disadvantages of each modelling approach are outlined. Finally, a selection of numerical results from the application of the different approaches in pool fire and flame spread cases, is presented in order to demonstrate the impact that convective heat transfer modelling can have in such scenarios.

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8

Thomas, C. M., J. J. Sharples, and J. P. Evans. "Modelling the dynamic behaviour of junction fires with a coupled atmosphere–fire model." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 4 (2017): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16079.

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Dynamic fire behaviour involves rapid changes in fire behaviour without significant changes in ambient conditions, and can compromise firefighter and community safety. Dynamic fire behaviour cannot be captured using spatial implementations of empirical fire-spread models predicated on the assumption of an equilibrium, or quasi-steady, rate of spread. In this study, a coupled atmosphere–fire model is used to model the dynamic propagation of junction fires, i.e. when two firelines merge at an oblique angle. This involves very rapid initial rates of spread, even with no ambient wind. The simulations are in good qualitative agreement with a previous experimental study, and indicate that pyro-convective interaction between the fire and the atmosphere is the key mechanism driving the dynamic fire propagation. An examination of the vertical vorticity in the simulations, and its relationship to the fireline geometry, gives insight into this mechanism. Junction fires have been modelled previously using curvature-dependent rates of spread. In this study, however, although fireline geometry clearly influences rate of spread, no relationship is found between local fireline curvature and the simulated instantaneous local rate of spread. It is possible that such a relationship may be found at larger scales.

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9

Platt, David G. "Fire resistance of barriers in modelling fire spread." Fire Safety Journal 22, no. 4 (January 1994): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(94)90042-6.

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10

Cox, G., R. Chitty, and S. Kumar. "Fire modelling and the King's cross fire investigation." Fire Safety Journal 15, no. 1 (January 1989): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(89)90050-7.

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11

Bordakov, V. N. "The Study of Fire-extinguishing Process of Modelled Fire Seats." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 9 (September 2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-9-57-62.

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Test-fires to determine fire-extinguishers’ efficiency for extinguishing B class fires are conducted by operators equipped with working clothes, which does not comply with the requirements of physical modelling. This is why the ranks of extinguished modelled seats are significantly overestimated. The quantitative results of fire seats’ extinguishing can be comparatively evaluated in accordance with the value of specific flow rate of a fire-extinguishing agent. As it was detected, the specific flow rate of a fire-extinguishing agent does not actually depend on the rank of modelled fire seat when extinguished by an operator wearing thermal-protective clothes. At the same time, it is increasing along with the expansion of the fire zone scale in case the fire is extinguished without special protective clothes. Consequently, to increase the fire-extinguisher’s efficiency data reliability, the certifying tests should be conducted in conditions close to the real application conditions when the first person to firefight is not equipped with such special protective clothes. The experimental studies to determine the specific flow rate of a fire-extinguishing agent used modelled fire seats of various ranks. The analysis of results showed that the fire-extinguishers ensuring generation of drops of prevailing size more than 0,5 mm are required to extinguish the modelled sire seats. The degree of increasing flow rate for the fire-extinguishing agent to eliminate a fire and observation of a safe distance from the flame for an operator are conditioned by the scale of fire zone and affect the specific flow rate of agent required to ensure stable fire-extinguishing. Based on the results of extinguishing the fire seats «34В» or «55В», it is demonstrated that via using a correction factor it is possible, assuming an acceptable error, to evaluate the flow rate of fire-extinguishing agent to extinguish a modelled fire seat of any rank.

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12

Ralph, Benjamin, and Ricky Carvel. "Coupled hybrid modelling in fire safety engineering; a literature review." Fire Safety Journal 100 (September 2018): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.08.008.

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13

Ronchi, Enrico, Alessandro Corbetta, Edwin R. Galea, Max Kinateder, Erica Kuligowski, Denise McGrath, Adam Pel, Youssef Shiban, Peter Thompson, and Federico Toschi. "New approaches to evacuation modelling for fire safety engineering applications." Fire Safety Journal 106 (June 2019): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.05.002.

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14

Abdul Aziz, Nurul Ayuni, Rumaizah Mohd Nordin, Zulhabri Ismail, Julitta Yunus, and Norfashiha Hashim. "DWELLING FIRE SAFETY EVACUATION (DFSE): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Journal of Surveying, Construction & Property 11, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jscp.sp2020no1.7.

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Fire is an ignition of heat and smoke materials, which can pose a significant life and property threat. Residential fire in Malaysia has a high percentage of fire cases due to electrical sources, cooking appliances, defective of equipment, careless and negligence. Evacuation during fire is the most critical features in building safety. This includes the utilization of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in developing a good and efficient fire evacuation. This research paper aims to propose and established a conceptual framework of Dwelling Fire Safety Evacuation (DFSE). This paper utilizes the technique of systematic overview from previous research which includes journals, conferences proceedings, reports, framework and guidelines. The outcome of this paper consists the elements of dwelling fire safety evacuation including the element of Fire Scenarios (i.e., Fire characteristic, Building characteristic and Occupant characteristic), Influences Perceived Risk (i.e., Individual-Based, Physical and Social), Survival Strategy (i.e., extinguish, shelter and evacuation) and Safety (i.e., shortest time and awareness) which contributed to the development of the conceptual framework. These findings will assist the extended investigation of DFSE for accidental fire situations.

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15

Berchtold, Florian, Lukas Arnold, Christian Knaust, and Sebastian Thöns. "Uncertainty Modelling in Metamodels for Fire Risk Analysis." Safety 7, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety7030050.

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In risk-related research of fire safety engineering, metamodels are often applied to approximate the results of complex fire and evacuation simulations. This approximation may cause epistemic uncertainties, and the inherent uncertainties of evacuation simulations may lead to aleatory uncertainties. However, neither the epistemic ‘metamodel uncertainty’ nor the aleatory ‘inherent uncertainty’ have been included in the results of the metamodels for fire safety engineering. For this reason, this paper presents a metamodel that includes metamodel uncertainty and inherent uncertainty in the results of a risk analysis. This metamodel is based on moving least squares; the metamodel uncertainty is derived from the prediction interval. The inherent uncertainty is modelled with an original approach, directly using all replications of evacuation scenarios without the assumption of a specific probability distribution. This generic metamodel was applied on a case study risk analysis of a road tunnel and showed high accuracy. It was found that metamodel uncertainty and inherent uncertainty have clear effects on the results of the risk analysis, which makes their consideration important.

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16

Van Coile, Ruben, Balša Jovanović, Ranjit Kumar Chaudhary, Xavier Deckers, and Andrea Lucherini. "Simplified modelling of the performance of concrete tunnels during fire and post-fire damage classification." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 36 (August 18, 2022): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2022.36.0253.

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The performance of concrete tunnel structures during and after fire is not well understood. This is an obstacle to the adoption of risk-based approaches for fire safety design of tunnel structures. Upon the request of the Belgian fire safety consultancy FESG, a simplified assessment of the collapse probability and post-fire damages for a reference tunnel structure has been made. The structural system is modelled through 2D beam finite elements, where spalling rates have been assumed based on available literature data. Structural stability is verified for both the heating and cooling phases of the fire. In those cases where the structure survives up to burnout, the residual deformations and thermal damage to the tunnel structure are assessed.

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17

Thomas, P. H. "Fire modelling: A mature technology?" Fire Safety Journal 19, no. 2-3 (January 1992): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(92)90029-c.

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18

Cox, G. "The challenge of fire modelling." Fire Safety Journal 23, no. 2 (January 1994): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(94)90021-3.

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19

Ramachandran, G. "Non-Deterministic Modelling of Fire Spread." Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1991): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104239159100300201.

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20

Kučera, Petr, Isabela Bradáčová, Aleš Dudáček, and Vladimír Vlček. "Mathematical Modelling of Temperatures in Airways during a Fire with Effects on Evacuation of Persons." Advanced Materials Research 1001 (August 2014): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1001.350.

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The contribution presents two basic variants of fire compartmentation. A conservative standard design is confronted with an atypical design supported by the mathematical modelling of temperature field. In both the cases, the required level of safety is ensured. The atypical design in this case enables the use of more available and economically profitable products ensuring the fire safety of the structure.

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21

Spearpoint, Michael, Charlie Hopkin, and Danny Hopkin. "Modelling the thermal radiation from kitchen hob fires." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 4 (June 19, 2020): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904120923566.

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Kitchen hob fires present a potential threat to occupants escaping from dwellings and calculations may be needed to assess the hazard. Determination of the thermal heat flux from flames to a target can be achieved through the use of hand calculation methods or computational tools. This article compares point source, parallel plane and cylindrical view factor hand calculations and computational simulations using B-RISK and Fire Dynamics Simulator of thermal heat flux with kitchen hob fire experiments presented in the literature. Knowing the level of accuracy of each method provides useful information to designers. Although the point source model is influenced by whether the radial distance is measured perpendicular to the heat flux target or is offset relative to the centre of the flame, the article concludes that it provides an adequate approach for the calculation of thermal heat flux in the case of kitchen hob fires.

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22

Abdul Aziz, Nurul Ayuni, Rumaizah Mohd Nordin, Zulhabri Ismail, Julitta Yunus, and Norfashiha Hashim. "Dwelling Fire Safety Evacuation (DFSE): A Conceptual Approach." MATEC Web of Conferences 266 (2019): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926605004.

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Fire ignition needs three elements consisting of heat, oxygen and fuel that may lead to a significant threat to life and property, in urban and rural areas. Various researches have produced statistics on fire breakouts around the globe that paid attention to residential fire. In the case of Malaysia, residential or dwellings have contributed to increased fire casualties especially related to the accidental fire that was caused by electrical origins, cooking appliances, faulty or misuse of equipment, careless handling of fire or hot substances as well as negligence. Due to that fact, the most critical features of safety in building in the fire event is evacuation or probability of safe escape. Building Information Modelling (BIM) can be utilized as it is effectively making sure that the evacuation plan is kept up to date and facilitate communications. Therefore, this paper aims to establish a conceptual framework for Dwelling Fire Safety Evacuation (DFSE). The method used for this paper is reviewing literature including journals, conference proceedings, reports and guidelines. The findings of this paper are the components of DSFE conceptual framework which consist of three elements including Fire Scenarios (i.e., design fire and boundary condition), Survival Strategies (i.e., extinguish, shelter and evacuation), and Safety (i.e., shortest time). The conceptual framework is expected to assist in future data collection for the development of the DSFE framework.

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23

Begun, V. V., and S. Yu Potetiuiev. "New method for fire risk assessment." Mathematical machines and systems 4 (2020): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34121/1028-9763-2020-4-125-135.

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Ukraine is at the last places at the international ratings concerning safety of life. It is related first of all to the fields of technogenic safety and fire safety. The values of annual losses due to fires, accidents and due to other emergency situations reach billions of hryvna, which is the essential part of the national budget and they have the increasing trends. Such situation is common for almost all branches of the industry of Ukraine except for the nuclear energy of Ukraine, which is under the additional guidance and under the additional control of the international organizations. The authors of this paper consider the prevalence of obsolete paradigm of safety management based on inspection control without risk evaluations and the insignificant adoption of the digital technologies. Modern safety management should be based on the detailed analysis of the working conditions, personnel safety modelling, popula-tion and the environment, causes of the possible emergency situations, possible errors of the personnel and thus identifying measures and means to prevent fires and accidents and reducing possible conse-quences. It should be the modern information technology based on the paradigm of risk-based approach, in general. This technology implies the existence of databases, accumulation of the statistical data with prompt professional processing of them, modelling of dangerous situations with live risk assessment, with permanent risk monitoring and the measures to maintain the risk at the acceptable level. Methods and algorithms for solving these problems must be defined, which allow automated processing of cur-rent values of risk parameters by computer devices in Windows and Android environments. The authors propose new algorithms for monitoring the current risk situation based on a modernized method of fail-ure and consequence analysis, by detailed analysis of loss due to partial failures of security systems, and summarizing the results of analysis by convolution in all areas of inspection and all hazardous objects.

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24

Song, Y., L. Zhao, M. Wei, H. Zhang, and W. Liu. "MODELLING TECHNOLOGY FOR BUILDING FIRE SCENE WITH VIRTUAL GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 12, 2017): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-391-2017.

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Building fire is a risky activity that can lead to disaster and massive destruction. The management and disposal of building fire has always attracted much interest from researchers. Integrated Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE) is a good choice for building fire safety management and emergency decisions, in which a more real and rich fire process can be computed and obtained dynamically, and the results of fire simulations and analyses can be much more accurate as well. To modelling building fire scene with VGE, the application requirements and modelling objective of building fire scene were analysed in this paper. Then, the four core elements of modelling building fire scene (the building space environment, the fire event, the indoor Fire Extinguishing System (FES) and the indoor crowd) were implemented, and the relationship between the elements was discussed also. Finally, with the theory and framework of VGE, the technology of building fire scene system with VGE was designed within the data environment, the model environment, the expression environment, and the collaborative environment as well. The functions and key techniques in each environment are also analysed, which may provide a reference for further development and other research on VGE.

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25

Gupta, A. K. "Modelling Studies on Axisymmetric Fire Plumes." Journal of Applied Fire Science 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/nrdn-h968-xvdy-pkc3.

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26

Khan, Numan, Ahmed Khairadeen Ali, Si Van-Tien Tran, Doyeop Lee, and Chansik Park. "Visual Language-Aided Construction Fire Safety Planning Approach in Building Information Modeling." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051704.

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Fires pose an enormous threat to human safety and many spectacular fires in under-construction buildings were reported over the past few years. Many construction sites only rely on fire extinguishers, as under-construction buildings do not contain a permanent fire protection system. Traditional safety planning lacks a justified approach for the firefighting equipment installation planning in the construction job site. Even though many government agencies made safety regulations for firefighting equipment installations, it is still a challenge to translate and execute these rules at the job site. Currently, the construction industry is devoted to discovering all the possible applications of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology in the entire phases of the project life cycle. BIM technology enables the presentation of facilities in 3-D and offers rule-based modeling through visual programming tools. Therefore, this paper focuses on a visual language approach for rule translation and a multi-agent-based construction fire safety planning simulation in BIM. The proposed approach includes three core modules, namely: (a) Rule Extraction and Logic Development (RELD) Module, (b) Design for Construction Fire Safety (DCFS) Module, and (c) Con-fire Safety Plan Simulation (CSPS) Module. In addition, the DCFS module further includes three submodules, named as (1) Firefighting Equipment Installation (FEI) Module, (2) Bill of Quantities (BoQs) for firefighting Equipment (BFE) Module, and (3) Escape Route Plan (ERP) Module. The RELD module converts the OSHA fire safety rule into mathematical logic, and the DCFS module presents the development of the Con-fire Safety Planning approach by translating the rules from mathematical logic into computer-readable language. The three sub-modules of the DCFS module visualize the outputs of this research work. The CSPS module uses a multi-agent simulation to verify the safety rule compliance of the portable firefighting equipment installation plan the system in a BIM environment. A sample project case study has been implemented to validate the proof of concept. It is anticipated that the proposed approach has the potential to helps the designers through its effectiveness and convenience while it could be helpful in the field for practical use.

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27

Galea, E. R., and C. S. Ierotheou. "Fire-field modelling on parallel computers." Fire Safety Journal 19, no. 4 (January 1992): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(92)90008-z.

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28

Zhang, Qiangjun, Yong C. Wang, Constantinos Soutis, Colin G. Bailey, and Yuan Hu. "Fire Safety Assessment of Epoxy Composites Reinforced by Carbon Fibre and Graphene." Applied Composite Materials 27, no. 5 (July 14, 2020): 619–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-020-09824-4.

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Abstract This paper presents a coupled numerical investigation to assess the reaction to fire performance and fire resistance of various types of epoxy resin (ER) based composites. It examines the fire response of carbon fibre (CF) reinforced ER (CF/ER), ER with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP/ER) and CF reinforced GNP/ER (CF/GNP/ER). Thermal, physical and pyrolysis properties are presented to assist numerical modelling that is used to assess the material ability to pass the regulatory vertical burn test for new aircraft structures and estimate in-fire and post-fire residual strength properties. Except for the CF/GNP/ER composite, all other material systems fail the vertical burn test due to continuous burning after removal of the fire source. Carbon fibres are non-combustible and therefore reduce heat release rate of the ER composite. By combining this property with the beneficial barrier effects of graphene platelets, the CF/GNP/ER composite with 1.5 wt% GNP and 50 wt% CF self-extinguishes within 15 s after removal of the burner with a relatively small burn length. Graphene drastically slows down heat conduction and migration of decomposed volatiles to the surface by creating improved char structures. Thus, graphene is allowing the CF/GNP/ER composite panel to pass the regulatory vertical burn test. Due to low heat conduction and reduced heat release rate, the maximum temperatures in the CF/GNP/ER composite are low so the composite material retains very high in-fire and post-fire mechanical properties, maintaining structural integrity. In contrast, temperatures in the CF/ER composite are much higher. At a maximum temperature of 86 °C, the residual in-fire tensile and compressive mechanical strengths of CF/GNP/ER are about 87% and 59% respectively of the ambient temperature values, compared to 70% and 21% respectively for the CF/ER composite that has a temperature of 140 °C at the same time (but the CF/ER temperature will be higher due to continuing burning). Converting mass losses of the composites into char depth, the post-fire mechanical properties of the CF/GNP/ER composite are about 75% of the ambient condition compared to about 68% for the CF/ER composite.

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Fryer, Gregory K., Philip E. Dennison, and Thomas J. Cova. "Wildland firefighter entrapment avoidance: modelling evacuation triggers." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 7 (2013): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12160.

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Wildland firefighters are often called on to make tactical decisions under stressful conditions in order to suppress a fire. These decisions can be hindered by human factors such as insufficient knowledge of surroundings and conditions, lack of experience, overextension of resources or loss of situational awareness. One potential tool for assisting fire managers in situations where human factors can hinder decision-making is the Wildland–Urban Interface Evacuation (WUIVAC) model, which models fire minimum travel times to create geographic trigger buffers for evacuation recommendations. Utilising multiple combinations of escape routes and fire environment inputs based on the 2007 Zaca fire in California, USA, we created trigger buffers for firefighter evacuations on foot, by engine and by heavy mechanised equipment (i.e. bulldozer). Our primary objective was to examine trigger buffer sensitivity to evacuation mode and expected weather and fuel conditions. Evacuation travel time was the most important factor for determining the size and extent of modelled trigger buffers. For the examined scenarios, we show that WUIVAC can provide analytically driven, physically based triggers that can assist in entrapment avoidance and ultimately contribute to firefighter safety.

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30

Forthofer, Jason M., Bret W. Butler, Charles W. McHugh, Mark A. Finney, Larry S. Bradshaw, Richard D. Stratton, Kyle S. Shannon, and Natalie S. Wagenbrenner. "A comparison of three approaches for simulating fine-scale surface winds in support of wildland fire management. Part II. An exploratory study of the effect of simulated winds on fire growth simulations." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 7 (2014): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12090.

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The effect of fine-resolution wind simulations on fire growth simulations is explored. The wind models are (1) a wind field consisting of constant speed and direction applied everywhere over the area of interest; (2) a tool based on the solution of the conservation of mass only (termed mass-conserving model) and (3) a tool based on a solution of conservation of mass and momentum (termed momentum-conserving model). Fire simulations use the FARSITE fire simulation system to simulate fire growth for one hypothetical fire and two actual wildfires. The momentum-conserving model produced fire perimeters that most closely matched the observed fire spread, followed by the mass-conserving model and then the uniform winds. The results suggest that momentum-conserving and mass-conserving models can reduce the sensitivity of fire growth simulations to input wind direction, which is advantageous to fire growth modellers. The mass-conserving and momentum-conserving wind models may be useful for operational use as decision support tools in wildland fire management, prescribed fire planning, smoke dispersion modelling, and firefighter and public safety.

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Chow, W. K., K. C. Lam, N. K. Fong, S. S. Li, and Y. Gao. "Numerical Simulations for a Typical Train Fire in China." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/369470.

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Railway is the key transport means in China including the Mainland, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Consequent to so many big arson and accidental fires in the public transport systems including trains and buses, fire safety in passenger trains is a concern. Numerical simulations with Computational Fluid Dynamics on identified fire scenarios with typical train compartments in China will be reported in this paper. The heat release rate of the first ignited item was taken as the input parameter. The mass lost rate of fuel vapor of other combustibles was estimated to predict the resultant heat release rates by the combustion models in the software. Results on air flow, velocity vectors, temperature distribution, smoke layer height, and smoke spread patterns inside the train compartment were analyzed. The results are useful for working out appropriate fire safety measures for train vehicles and determining the design fire for subway stations and railway tunnels.

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32

Adamkiewicz, Andrzej, and Agata Krystosik-Gromadzińska. "Modelling Safety Culture Among Crews of Seafaring Vessels." New Trends in Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2018-0012.

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Abstract Marine work conditions, differing from those on land, have been presented. The study has identified a multitude of factors generating physical and psychical effects on crew members, different cultural patterns and dangers which have to be overcome to reach the state when thinking of safety accompanies all performed activities. Creation of legislature and procedures and their observance have been presented as a basis for constructing safety culture and the sense of safety. Safety management, coordinated by ship owners, has been justified as activities to be realized on ships. It has been indicated in this study that building up safety culture among the members of the power plant crew of seafaring ships is the most important issue due to the fact that their work environment is unfriendly to humans and that there is a high fire risk in a ship power plant.

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33

Villani, Emilia, Percy Igei Kaneshiro, and Paulo Eigi Miyagi. "Hybrid stochastic approach for the modelling and analysis of fire safety systems." Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 65, no. 6 (September 2006): 1123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2005.11.048.

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34

Beshir, M., M. Mohamed, S. Welch, and D. Rush. "Modelling the Effects of Boundary Walls on the Fire Dynamics of Informal Settlement Dwellings." Fire Technology 57, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 1753–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-01086-7.

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AbstractCharacterising the risk of the fire spread in informal settlements relies on the ability to understand compartment fires with boundary conditions that are significantly different to normal residential compartments. Informal settlement dwellings frequently have thermally thin and leaky boundaries. Due to the unique design of these compartments, detailed experimental studies were conducted to understand their fire dynamics. This paper presents the ability of FDS to model these under-ventilated steel sheeted fire tests. Four compartment fire tests were modelled with different wall boundary conditions, namely sealed walls (no leakage), non-sealed walls (leaky), leaky walls with cardboard lining, and highly insulated walls; with wood cribs as fuel and ISO-9705 room dimensions. FDS managed to capture the main fire dynamics and trends both qualitatively and quantitatively. However, using a cell size of 6 cm, the ability of FDS to accurately model the combustion at locations with high turbulent flows (using the infinitely fast chemistry mixing controlled combustion model), and the effect of leakage, was relatively poor and both factors should be further studied with finer LES filter width. Using the validated FDS models, new flashover criteria for thermally thin compartments were defined as a combination of critical hot gas layer and wall temperatures. Additionally, a parametric study was conducted to propose an empirical correlation to estimate the onset Heat Release Rate required for flashover, as current knowledge fails to account properly for large scale compartments with thermally thin boundaries. The empirical correlation is demonstrated to have an accuracy of ≈ ± 10% compared with the FDS models.

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Boroń, Sylwia, Wojciech Węgrzyński, Przemysław Kubica, and Lech Czarnecki. "Numerical Modelling of the Fire Extinguishing Gas Retention in Small Compartments." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040663.

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Active fire protection systems are critical elements of good process safety. Among them, gaseous extinguishing systems provide quick, clean suppression and prolonged protection due to long retention process of the gas. Standard design methods do not provide sufficient tools for optimisation of the retention process, thus the necessity for development and validation of new tools and methods—such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. This paper presents a simplified approach to CFD modelling, by the omission of the discharge phase of the gas system. As the flow field after discharge is stable and driven mainly by the hydrostatic pressure difference, buoyancy and diffusion, this simplified approach appears as an efficient and cost-effective approach. This hypothesis was tested through performing CFD simulations, and their comparison against experimental measurements in a bench scale in a small compartment (0.72 m3), for six mixtures that differ in their density. Modelling the retention of the standard IG55 mixture was very close to the experiment. Modelling of mixtures with a density close to the density of ambient air has proven to be a challenge. However, the obtained results had sufficient accuracy (in most cases relative error <10%). This study shows the viability of the simplified approach in modelling the retention process, and indicates additional benefits of the numerical analyses in the determination of the fire safety of protected premises.

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36

Li, Xiaojuan, Chen Wang, Mukhtar A. Kassem, Zhou Zhang, Yuzhen Xiao, and Mingchao Lin. "Safety Risk Assessment in Urban Public Space Using Structural Equation Modelling SEM." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 12318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312318.

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Urban public space is essential in improving population carrying capacity and economic efficiency. However, the characteristics of urban public space, such as complex structure, relatively close and large population mobility, make it prone to fire, stampedes and other safety accidents. This study aims to develop a systematic approach to identify the key factors that affect the safety risk of urban public spaces and assess the risk. Based on the literature review, 250 structured questionnaires were randomly distributed. Finally, 219 available questionnaires were collected. Based on the above data, a model of urban public space is built using SEM. The results show that construction equipment, road traffic, social governance, urban environment and behaviour significantly affect public space (from high to low). Specifically, regardless of the model or actual situation, we should pay attention to fire awareness and empirical prevention awareness. Based on previous studies, this study considers the influencing factors of urban public safety risks hierarchically and more practically and makes contributions to the field of urban safety. In addition, governments and developers can conduct valuable actual scenario analysis from this study.

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Marsha, Amy L., and Narasimhan K. Larkin. "Evaluating Satellite Fire Detection Products and an Ensemble Approach for Estimating Burned Area in the United States." Fire 5, no. 5 (September 22, 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5050147.

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Fire location and burning area are essential parameters for estimating fire emissions. However, ground-based fire data (such as fire perimeters from incident reports) are often not available with the timeliness required for real-time forecasting. Fire detection products derived from satellite instruments such as the GOES-16 Advanced Baseline Imager or MODIS, on the other hand, are available in near real-time. Using a ground fire dataset of 2699 fires during 2017–2019, we fit a series of linear models that use multiple satellite fire detection products (HMS aggregate fire product, GOES-16, MODIS, and VIIRS) to assess the ability of satellite data to detect and estimate total burned area. It was found that on average models fit with fire detections from GOES-16 products performed better than those developed from other satellites in the study (modelled R2 = 0.84 and predictive R2 = 0.88). However, no single satellite product was found to best estimate incident burned area, highlighting the need for an ensemble approach. With our proposed modelling ensemble, we demonstrate its ability to estimate burned area and suggest its further use in daily fire tracking and emissions-modeling frameworks.

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38

Wang, Yong, Guanglin Yuan, Zhaohui Huang, Junli Lyu, Qingtao Li, and Bangyun Long. "Modelling of reinforced concrete slabs in fire." Fire Safety Journal 100 (September 2018): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.08.005.

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Nicoletta, Benjamin, Panagiotis Kotsovinos, and John Gales. "Review of the fire risk, hazard, and thermomechanical response of bridges in fire." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 47, no. 4 (April 2020): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0767.

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Resilient design requires information about a structure’s response to a variety of exposures such that systems can be implemented to prevent unacceptable losses. For the case of critical infrastructure like bridges, losses associated with structural damage and traffic closures from fire events can be substantial. Despite this, there are no specific code requirements for bridge fire safety in different national jurisdictions, particularly in North America and Europe, and only minimal guidance available for establishing the fire resistance requirements of bridges. Research into the fire safety of bridges is ongoing but knowledge gaps persist that limit practitioners’ ability to conduct performance-based fire designs using the latest state of existing research. This paper provides a first-stage state of the art review of bridge fire research conducted to date in effort to summarize key findings and make available the most relevant information for researcher and practitioner use. The key research themes considered as subdivisions are fire hazard and risk assessment, bridge fire scenario modelling, and the structural response of steel and composite steel-concrete, cable-supported, concrete, and fiber reinforced polymer bridges to fire. The authors conclude the study with identified knowledge gaps and priority research areas.

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40

Benim, Ali Cemal. "Introducing the “Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Fire” Section of the Journal Fire." Fire 5, no. 6 (October 28, 2022): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5060178.

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It is my immense pleasure to assume the role of Editor-in-Chief for the “Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Fire” Section of Fire, which is intended to take a leading role in the dissemination of high-quality research in this area [...]

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41

Adab, Hamed, Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Karim Solaimani, and Roselina Sallehuddin. "Modelling static fire hazard in a semi-arid region using frequency analysis." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 6 (2015): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13113.

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Various fire hazard rating systems have been used by many countries at strategic and tactical levels for fire prevention and fire safety programs. Assigning subjective weight to parameters that cause fire hazard has been widely used to model wildland fire hazard. However, these methods are sensitive to experts’ judgements because they are independent of any statistical approaches. Therefore, in the present study, we propose a wildland fire hazard method based on frequency analysis (i.e. a probability distribution model) to identify the locations of fire hazard in north-eastern Iran, which has frequent fire. The proposed methodology uses factors that do not change or change very slowly over time to identify static fire hazard areas, such as vegetation moisture, slope, aspect, elevation, distance from roads and proximity to settlements, as essential parameters. Several probability distributions are assigned to each factor to show the possibility of fire using non-linear regressions. The results show that approximately 86% of MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) hot spot data are located truly in the high fire hazard areas as identified in the present study and the most significant contributing factor to fire in Golestan Province, Iran, is elevation. The present study also reveals that approximately 14% of the total study area (~20 368 km2) has a fire hazard of 66%, which can be considered very high. Therefore, this area – located mostly in the central, west and north-east regions of Golestan Province – should be considered for an effective conservation strategy of wildland fire.

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42

Mariño, Oscar, Felipe Muñoz, and Wolfram Jahn. "Soot production modelling for operational computational fluid dynamics fire simulations." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 284–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904120905579.

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With the aim of minimising the losses produced by fire accidents, fire engineering applies physics and engineering principles to preserve the integrity of people, environment and infrastructure. Fire modelling is complex due to the interaction between chemistry, heat transfer and fluid dynamics. Commercially available simulation tools necessarily simplify this complexity, excluding less fundamental processes, such as soot production. By not including this compound in the simulations, the interactions of radiation heat transfer, fire propagation and toxicity must be approximated based on input parameters that are often not well defined. In this work, two semi-empirical soot models are incorporated in the fire dynamics simulator. The models are compared against experimental data. For the operational viability in large-scale scenarios, a correction factor for the local variables is proposed as a function of the cell size, achieving good agreement with experimental data in terms of the amount of soot generated.

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43

Harun, Zambri, Muhammad Saiful bin Sahari, and Taib Iskandar Mohamad. "Smoke Simulation in an Underground Train Station Using Computational Fluid Dynamic." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.366.

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The design of the ventilation and fire safety systems for the Johor Bahru Sentral, a semi-underground train station, part of the Integrated Custom, Immigration and Quarantine Complex (ICIQ) is based on normal Malaysian Standards (MS), British Standards and the local fire department’s requirements. However, the large and complex space in the underground station coupled with scheduled diesel-powered locomotives which frequent the station by stopping or passing require detailed simulations. Both ventilation and the fire safety systems employ Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) methods to provide realistic balance against the typical calculations based on spread sheets and certain design software. This study compares smoke simulations results performed by the mechanical and fire consultants with the simulations carried out through this project. An assumption of a locomotive catches fire near the main platform is made. The burning locomotive is the source of the smoke while the occupants on platforms and waiting areas are the subjects to escape safely. The process of the simulation includes modelling and meshing processes on the structure of the railway station imported from Inventor CAD Autodesk software drawing. The CFD simulations are performed using Star-CCM+. The smokes flow around the building with buoyancy forces and extracted via exhaust fans. Through these simulations, we found that when a locomotive catches fire, the passengers could evacuate the building safely before the fire department machinery arrives. Furthermore, we notice that the ventilation fans activation based on detection of hazardous gases may not be efficient way to remove the latter. A schedule clean-up sync with train arrivals effectively removes toxic gas.

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Brou, Akahoua D. V. "Numerical Study of the Effect of the Ignition Procedure on the Front of a Surface Fire from a 3D Numerical Model." Fire 6, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6010015.

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In instrumented prescribed fires, the ignition procedure requires much attention. In this paper, we investigate the effects of two ignition procedures on the fire head using a 3D numerical model. The first procedure is to ignite the fire from the edges of the fire line towards the centre of the line. The second procedure consists of igniting the fire from the centre of the fire line to the edges of the line. The 3D numerical model used is based on the modelling of the fuel layer from Lagrangian particles, and the fire propagation is based on a two-phase model. The model was tested on an experimental fire in a wheat field in southern Australia. The model predicted the experimental fire front well. Analysis of the impact of the ignition procedure on the fire head showed that the quasi-steady-state rate of fire spread was the same for both procedures. However, before the quasi-stationary state, the front of the first procedure spread faster than that of the second procedure. The fire front in the first procedure was wider than in the second procedure. It was also found that the length of the head fire in the first procedure remained the same as that of the ignition line. In the second procedure, the length of the head fire was one-third of that of the ignition line.

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45

Węgrzyński, Wojciech, and Tomasz Lipecki. "Wind and Fire Coupled Modelling—Part I: Literature Review." Fire Technology 54, no. 5 (June 28, 2018): 1405–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0748-5.

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46

Ang, Chin Ding, Guillermo Rein, and Joaquim Peiro. "Unexpected Oscillations in Fire Modelling Inside a Long Tunnel." Fire Technology 56, no. 5 (June 29, 2020): 1937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-01004-x.

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47

Rahouti, Anass, Sélim Datoussaïd, and Thierry Descamps. "Safety assessment of a high-rise dormitory in case of fire." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 9, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-10-2016-0039.

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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the combination of fire- and agent-based modelling approaches to assess the level of safety of a multi-storeyed building case study. Design/methodology/approach For an existing building to be occupied such as the engineering student dormitory of Mons (Belgium), engineers must establish, among the other things, that the building affords a sufficient level of safety during fire incident. This can be verified in accordance with prescriptive- and performance-based methodologies. The performance-based approach consists on using simulation tools such as fire dynamics simulator with evacuation to ensure/verify the level of safety required. In this paper, a model case study was built and then various scenarios have been implemented to answer some safety questions. Findings For this building layout, the results demonstrate that combining different egress components (i.e. stairs and outdoor ladders) has a negative impact on the evacuation process than using only the stairs to evacuate the building; phased evacuation strategy will not necessarily lead to faster evacuation; adding fire doors in the stairs and between the floors has a beneficial effect on the evacuation process. Originality/value This case study proposes some recommendations about adapted evacuation strategy and investments to improve the safety of high-rise student’s dormitory in case of fire.

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Pasculescu, Vlad Mihai, Emilian Ghicioi, Ligia Ioana Tuhut, Adrian Bogdan Simon-Marinica, and Dragos Pasculescu. "Discharge and atmospheric dispersion modelling in case of hazardous material releases." MATEC Web of Conferences 354 (2022): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235400009.

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One of the most important tools for improving the OHS level in process industries is represented by risk analysis and assessment. Within industrial units in operation or in the ones which find themselves in the design phase, risk assessment is carried out for determining the hazards which may occur and which may lead to unwanted events, such as hazardous toxic releases, fires and explosions. Accidental releases of toxic/flammable/explosive substances may have serious consequences on workers or on the neighbouring population, therefore the need to establish safety areas based on best practices in the field and on scientific grounds is fully justified. Pressure tanks containing hazardous materials represent one of the most relevant industrial facilities within process plants, being most of the time exposed to hazardous toxic releases, fire and explosion risks. The current study aims to evaluate the consequences and discuss the safety distances required in case of an accidental release of a hazardous material from a tank located within a process plant, using process analysis software tools. Accident scenarios are modelled for comparison purposes with consequence modelling software widely used in safety engineering.

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Fisher, Rohan, Scott Heckbert, and Stephen Garnett. "Reframing Wildfire Simulations for Understanding Complex Human–Landscape Interactions in Cross-Cultural Contexts: A Case Study from Northern Australia." Fire 4, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4030046.

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An increase in the frequency of severe fire events, as well as a growing interest in wildfire mitigation strategies, has created a demand for skilled managers of landscape fire and a better community understanding of fire behaviour. While on-ground experience is essential, there is potential to substantially enhance training and community engagement with explanatory simulations. Through this work, we explore landscape fire behaviour as a complex system where understanding key behaviour characteristics is often more important and achievable than prediction. It is argued that this approach has particular value in Northern Australia, where fires burn across vast and sparsely inhabited landscapes that are largely under Indigenous ownership. Land and fire management in such complex cross-cultural contexts requires combining traditional and local knowledge with science and technology to achieve the best outcomes. We describe the workings of the model, a stochastic cellular automata fire behaviour simulation, developed through a participatory modelling approach for Northern Australia; the outputs generated; and a range of operational applications. We found that simulation assisted training and engagement through the development of an understanding of fire dynamics through visualisation, underpinned by landscape data sets, and engaging a culturally diverse set of land managers in discussions of fire management. We conclude that there is scope for a broader use of explanatory fire simulations to support development of shared understandings of fire management objectives.

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Hopkin, Charlie, Michael Spearpoint, and Adam Bittern. "Using experimental sprinkler actuation times to assess the performance of Fire Dynamics Simulator." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 4 (May 9, 2018): 342–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118772306.

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This article considers the predictive capabilities of Fire Dynamics Simulator for sprinkler actuation time when benchmarked against data from a series of 22 enclosure experiments. Sensitivity analyses have been undertaken for grid size, conductivity factor, radiative fraction and enclosure leakage areas. ‘Goodness of fit’ calculations indicate that Fire Dynamics Simulator is able to provide an average prediction of sprinkler actuation time within a Euclidean relative difference of 0.18. Comparisons to results determined in previous studies, using different modelling methods and Fire Dynamics Simulator versions, have also been made. The sensitivity analyses and comparisons indicate the importance of the decisions made by the modeller in representing fire scenarios, even when modelling ‘simple’ experiments where data for inputs such as the heat release rate, geometry and sprinkler characteristics are available. The comparisons therefore indicate that with the reduced degrees of freedom compared to other modelling studies, there is still potential for a range of assumptions and simulation results.

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