Дисертації: "International and comparative law"

1

Roberts, Anthea Elizabeth. "Is International Law International?" Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/124611.

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International lawyers are familiar with the question: “Is international law law?” But this thesis instead asks the question: “Is international law international?” Using a variety of methods, this work sheds light on some of the ways in which international law as a transnational legal field is constructed by international law academics, and is conceptualized in international law textbooks, in the five permanent members of the Security Council: the People’s Republic of China, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. It explores how different national communities of international lawyers construct and pass on their understandings of “international law” in ways that belie the field’s claim to universality, perpetuating certain forms of difference and dominance. By adopting a comparative approach, it aims to make international lawyers more aware of the frames that shape their own understandings of and approaches to the field, as well as how these might be similar to or different from the frames adopted by those coming from other states, regions or geopolitical groupings. It also examines how some of these patterns might be disrupted as a result of shifts in geopolitical power, such as the movement from unipolar power toward greater multipolarity and the growing confrontations between Western liberal democratic states (like the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) and non-Western authoritarian states (like China and Russia).

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2

Kammel, Armin J. "The law of international banking institutions : a comparative analysis /." Vienna : Mille Tre, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/494675012.pdf.

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3

Jon, Woo-Jung. "Establishing an international registration system for the assignment and security interest of receivables." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10758231-3aa0-4aaa-9394-8950930da22c.

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Legal systems around the world vary widely in how they deal with the assignment of receivables. This legal variety makes it difficult for financiers to conduct their international receivables financing business. This thesis suggests an International Registration System for the Assignment and Security Interest of Receivables (‘IRSAR’) and proposes a model international convention for the IRSAR (‘proposed IRSAR Convention’), which could help financiers to overcome the obstacles they currently encounter. Under the proposed IRSAR Convention, the international assignment of receivables would be regulated by a unified legal system with respect to priority and perfection. The IRSAR would facilitate international project financing. Furthermore, the IRSAR would enable companies to raise finance from greater ranges of investors around the world through international receivables financing and to dispose of non-performing loans more easily. The proposed IRSAR Convention would succeed the UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade in the attempt of establishing a registration system for international assignments of receivables. The proposed IRSAR Convention confines its scope of application by defining the assignor (or the security provider), inventing the concept of ‘Vehicle for the International Registration System’ (‘VIRS’). The proposed IRSAR Convention applies where the assignor or security provider is a VIRS. An assignment of a receivable where the assignor is a VIRS and a security interest in a receivable where the security provider is a VIRS could be registered in the IRSAR. Under the proposed IRSAR Convention, priority of assignments of and security interests in receivables is determined by the order of registration in the IRSAR. The proposed IRSAR Convention would be a receivables version of the Cape Town Convention. With respect to the contents and effect of registration, it would prescribe a notice-filing system along the lines of that adopted in the UCC Article 9. With respect to the operation of the registration, it would adopt an automatic online registration system operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year like the International Registry under the Cape Town Convention.

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4

李小林. "A comparative study on international cooperation in cross-border bankruptcy matters." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586419.

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5

Muller, Michaël. "La normativité et le contentieux des règles générales du droit international en droit interne : une étude comparative en droit allemand, autrichien et français." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010330/document.

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C'est à partir de 1918 que les États d'Europe continentale, à commencer par ceux de langue allemande, introduisent dans leurs nouvelles constitutions nationales la maxime d'origine anglo-américaine « [international law is] part of the law of the land », valable en matière de droit international coutumier (formulation William Blackstone, 1769). Sur un tel fondement, les règles générales du droit international se transforment désormais de manière générale et permanente en droit interne, nonobstant toute procédure effectuée par les organes étatiques (on parlera de « transformation ipso iure » La transformation ipso iure du droit international en droit interne n'apparaît donc à l'origine aucunement comme une exigence juridique pesant sur l'État, mais résulte d'une volonté politique délibérée de montrer que l'État en question se soumet au droit international, et ce, jusque dans sa sphère domestique. Il ne s'agit donc que d'une manière, d'une technique, pour l'État de concrétiser le droit international, à côté d'autres qui restent possibles, et d'ailleurs présentes dans les différents droits positifs nationaux ; l'on en dessinera une typologie. Les différentes normes constitutionnelles nationales qui disposent de la transformation ipso iure ne s'en trouvent pas pour autant superflues : elles consistent, d'un côté, en une habilitation générale au bénéfice des organes internes, ainsi, qu'éventuellement, aux simples particuliers, d'appliquer le droit international; de l'autre côté, elles ouvrent la possibilité pour le droit international de prévaloir sur les réglementations internes avec lesquelles il entre en collision, en lui attribuant une certaine force dérogatoire interne
In 1918, the states of continental Europe, beginning with the German speaking countries, started to incorporate in their new national Constitutions the Anglo-American maxim "[international law is] part of the law of the land'. Formulated by William Blackstone in 1769, this principle concerns the field of customary international law. Going, forward on this basis, the general rules of international law were then generally and permanently transformed into national law, notwithstanding any act enacted by state bodies (referred to as "transformation ipso jure"). International law transformation ipso jure into national law does not originally appear to result from a legal obligation imposed upon the state, rather this process is the product of a deliberate policy intended to show that any given state subjects itself to international law, including when it concerns domestic affairs. It merely provides a means for implementing positive international law, alongside other possible techniques available to the different national legal systems, from which this thesis articulates a typology. Therefore, the different national constitutional norms undergoing the transformation ipso jure, are not superfluous. On the one hand, the transformation ipso jure consists of a general authorization for the benefit of state organs and eventually of private individuals to be able to apply international law. On the other hand, by attributing to international law a certain internal derogatory force (in German refered to as derogatische Kraft), this process opens up the possibility for international legal norms to prevail upon internal rules with which they enter into collision

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6

Yoshida, Ikko. "Comparative study of international commercial arbitration in England, Japan and Russia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15757.

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This thesis examines the law on international commercial arbitration in England, Japan and Russia with a view to identify those areas for which harmonisation is of the greatest practical importance. This study is a timely one, since the Arbitration Act 1996 came into effect on 1st January 1997 in England. In Japan, the Committee of Arbitration formed by Japanese experts on arbitration prepared the Draft Text of the Law of Arbitration in 1989, and preparation for amendment based on the UNCITRAL Model Law is under way. In Russia, the Law on International Commercial Arbitration was established based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on 7th July 1993. A comparative study is made of the rules of international private law relating to arbitration, especially issues on international jurisdiction. Despite of recent development of unification of law on arbitration such as the 1958 New York Convention and the UNCITRAL Model Law, there are few rules in this area. This study goes some way towards filling this gap in the legal framework. The classification of an arbitration agreement and its influences upon international private law and law on arbitration are also considered. The issue of classification has been argued by many commentators usually to attempt to clarify the general characteristics of arbitration. However, it is the classification of an arbitration agreement that has practical significance. The classification of an arbitration agreement affects, directly or indirectly, not only the international private law but also law on arbitration. Its effects extend to the law applicable to an arbitration agreement, the law applicable to the capacity of a person to enter into an arbitration agreement, the principle of separability of an arbitration agreement, assignment of an arbitration agreement, the principle of Kompetentz-Kompetentz, and the stay of court proceedings on the basis of the existence of an arbitration agreement. Finally, this comparative study is used as a basis to put forward models for harmonisation in the interpretation of law on arbitration.

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7

Oloumi-Yazdi, Hamid Reza. "Delivery of international sales of goods- an analytical study of Iranian law and the Vienna Sale Convention." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263235.

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8

Liu, Zhong 1952. "A comparative study of Chinese laws relating to Maritime liens." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26450.

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In response to the increasing maritime litigations that come along with the rapid growth of foreign trade in recent years, China opportunely adopted its Maritime Code and the Special Rules. This is certainly a significant progress in Chinese maritime legislation because for a long time neither a practical, substantive law for maritime disputes nor an appropriate procedural law for admiralty litigation was available in China. The Chinese courts had to deal with maritime disputes mainly by seeking reference from the general principles of relevant international practices. To improve this situation, the adoption of the Chinese Maritime Code and the Special Rules is undoubtedly long awaited by both Chinese legal regime and the international maritime law society.
Nevertheless, as China's maritime legislation is still in its early stage, the imperfection in its drafting, the inadequacy of its judicial consideration and the inconsistency between its admiralty practices are virtually inevitable. In a comparative sense, in order to further improve the maritime law regime, China might well draw some beneficial references from the experience of the admiralty practice in some other legal systems.
This thesis commences with a brief historical review of maritime lien laws. It then proceeds to evaluate the Chinese substantive laws relating to maritime liens. Finally, the thesis attempts to address the procedural issues in the enforcement of maritime liens.

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9

Geeroms, Sofie. "Foreign law in civil litigation : a comparative and functional analysis /." Oxford : Oxford university press, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392234602.

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10

Baker, Philip. "A comparative study of the tax treatment of international commercial transactions." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337617.

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11

Jiang, Yun. "Comparative study on the history of derivative action." Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3525657.

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12

Hu, Desheng. "Water rights in China : an international and comparative study." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2004. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/cd5309dc-320b-4d20-8382-0fd6fb5b91fa.

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China, the world's most populous country, has been experiencing a severe water crisis. This has manifested itself through water shortages, water pollution and natural water disasters, and has been exacerbated by the rapid social and economic development that has taken place in the last two decades. To deal with these problems, an integrated water resources management programme, within which an effective and enforceable water rights system can play a key role, should emerge as soon as possible under the principle of sustainable development. However, there are many problems under the water rights system in the current Chinese water law, involving the property right of water resources, the human right to water, and the environmental right to water. ... this dissertation recommends a well structured water rights system under which the economic, social and environmental values of water resources co-exist equitably in harmony.

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13

Mugadza, Alois Aldridge. "The legal protection of forests in international environmental law, shortcomings and comparative analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672289.

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The thesis will investigate how the existing international environmental law relates to forest protection and what are the issues that have hampered the making of an important instrument for forest protection since forests’ functions are vital and important. Since there is no international binding instrument for forest protection, have countries done enough to protect forests. What forest protection efforts have been put in place in Spain, South Africa and Australia? Are these efforts sufficient and adequate to ignore the need of a forest instrument? What are some of the lessons from these countries and their legal regimes?
La tesis investigará cómo el derecho ambiental internacional existente se relaciona con la protección de los bosques y cuáles son las cuestiones que han obstaculizado la creación de un instrumento importante para la protección de los bosques, ya que las funciones de los bosques son vitales e importantes. Dado que no existe un instrumento internacional vinculante para la protección de los bosques, ¿los países han hecho lo suficiente para proteger los bosques? ¿Qué iniciativas de protección forestal se han llevado a cabo en España, Sudáfrica y Australia? ¿Son estos esfuerzos suficientes y adecuados para ignorar la necesidad de un instrumento forestal? ¿Cuáles son algunas de las lecciones de estos países y sus regímenes legales?
Programa de Doctorat Interuniversitari en Dret, Economia i Empresa

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14

Borba, Igor M. "International Arbitration: A comparative study of the AAA and ICC rules." [Milwaukee, Wis.] : e-Publications@Marquette, 2009. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/20.

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15

Hügens, Jonathan. "A Comparative Analysis of Legal Frameworks for Investments in Africa by China and the European Union." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32752.

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This thesis presents a comparative analysis of the legal investment frameworks of the European Union and China in African countries. The thesis reviewed financial instruments of foreign direct investments, official development assistance and other official flows. The legal analysis focus on the demand on political conditions to access the financial assistance; under which conditions are the projects tendered; and which labor standards set the parties while the project is implemented. All reflected under the aspect of the fairest condition for African countries. The comparison figured out that the European Union with its demands for the implementation of human rights, democracy and the rule of law facing certain reluctance of most African governments for a full implementation while contrary to that the OneChina principle is broadly acknowledge by African governments to gain investments. When projects are tendered the research presents that the European Union searches for local and regional providers to strengthen African businesses. This with guidelines for core labor laws based on human rights when it comes to the implementation. While China tenders with a strong commercial self-interest and does not set any labor standards relaying on local laws and showing limited interest and understanding when it comes to implementation.

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16

Pal, Maia. "The politics of extraterritoriality : a historical sociology of public international law." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45248/.

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This dissertation develops a historical and theoretical reconstruction of the category and praxis of extraterritoriality in the fields of International Relations and Public International Law. The analysis first addresses the dominant Neo-Liberal tradition and its focus on the concept of 'judicial globalisation', before engaging with critical and Marxist studies that rely on imperialism and capitalism as explanatory phenomena. In response, the thesis argues that extraterritoriality is a political process, covering a set of jurisdictional struggles determined by contested social property relations. As legal strategies of accumulation, these struggles can neither be explained by a chronologically and discursively progressive deterritorialising world order, through which they emerge as depoliticised events, nor by structural and functional theories of capitalist or Western imperialism that narrowly assume their logic and behaviour. This argument emerges from the analysis of three historical case studies: 16th to 17th century Spain, 17th to 18th century France, and 19th century Britain. Each case, set in its international context, evinces the role of specific intellectual debates, juridical institutions and legal strategies of accumulation in shaping contending extraterritorial regimes and legal world orders. Thereby, the thesis reformulates a Political Marxist approach as a historical sociology that places the actors and politics of international legal processes at the forefront of the history of Public International Law. This approach enables a non-determinist understanding of contemporary extraterritoriality. It dissociates its analysis from a naturalised history of judicial globalisation and from a monolithic history of capitalism, to resituate extraterritorial practices in a more open and contested field in between those of International Relations and Public International Law. In conclusion, examining the politics of extraterritoriality exposes Public International Law as a practical site of struggle between legal strategies of expansion, accumulation and resistance. This historical and theoretical reconstruction asserts the political legitimacy and agency of otherwise excluded legal actors and ideas, affected by and involved in the multiple transitions in the forms of sovereign jurisdiction and territorial control.

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17

Schaus, Annemie. "L'exécution des obligations internationales dans l'Etat fédéral." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211768.

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18

Ng, Yu-wai Magnum. "A comparative study of the law and practice on taking of evidence in international arbitration proceedings an eclectic approach of common law and civil law systems /." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2008. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b22730126a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 3, 2008) "City University of Hong Kong, School of Law, LW 6409A Dissertation." Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-65)

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19

Chun, Cheong-Ghi. "A comparative study on anti-dumping laws in the EU and Korea in the context of international rules." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.318354.

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20

Al-Azzawi, Ayah H. A. "The crime of international maritime fraud : a comparative study between Iraqi and English law." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1998. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1439/.

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This thesis is intended to deal with the crime of International Maritime Fraud a comparative study between the Iraqi and English law. The scheme of the thesis is as follows. Introduction and four parts, part one is an overview of Maritime Fraud and outlines the definition, reasons and features and classification of Maritime Fraud. Part two deals with the types of frauds and the modus operandi, with illustrative examples of each type of fraud. Part three of this study deals with the analysis of Maritime Fraud under criminal law in Iraqi and English law. Part four examines the jurisdiction over Maritime Fraud in Iraqi and English law, and in some International Conventions related to some international crimes. A review of findings, and recommendations for change, are contained in the conclusion.

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21

Ahmed, Mukarrum. "A comparative study of the fundamental juridical nature, classification and private law enforcement of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements in the English common law of conflict of laws, the European Union private international law regime and the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230177.

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During the course of this PhD thesis, it will be argued that it is misconceived to think of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements as unilaterally enforced domestic private law obligations within an English 'dispute resolution' paradigm because multilateral private international law rules are essentially secondary rules for the allocation of regulatory authority which may not permit a separation of functions or the relative effect of such agreements. In other words, a multilateral system for the public ordering of private law will assume priority over or trump the existence of the private law rights and obligations of the parties to the jurisdiction and choice of law agreement and the unilateral enforcement of such rights via anti-suit injunctions and the damages remedy. Otherwise, the private law enforcement of the mutual contractual obligation not to sue in a noncontractual forum attributed to an exclusive jurisdiction agreement may operate as a 'unilateral private international law rule' with a controversial and confrontational allocative function of its own. It may lead to the 'privatization of court access' by dubiously perpetuating and prioritizing the unilateral private ordering of private law over the multilateral public ordering of private law. Moreover, the enforcement of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements by private law remedies within a multilateral system will necessarily distort the allocative or distributive function of private international law rules by giving precedence to the redistributive will of the parties premised on principles of corrective justice inter partes of questionable applicability. International structural order is compromised in the unilateral private law enforcement of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements as such enforcement gives rise to a clash of sovereign legal orders and also the possibility of 'regime collision' by interfering with the jurisdiction, judgments and choice of law apparatus of foreign courts which a multilateral conception of private international law is supposed to prevent in the first place. However, this PhD thesis will argue that outside the confines of the EU private international law regime, the variable geometry that is characteristic of the international commercial litigation sphere may not impede the separation of functions within such agreements. Whether an English court ought to grant a pragmatic private law remedy enforcing such agreements is of course another matter. Ultimately, a more comprehensive concept of transnational justice in private international law disputes informed by methodological pluralism needs to be developed. A notion of transnational justice which seeks to simultaneously balance the competing demands of the notion of 'conflicts justice' which prioritizes ex ante multilateral allocative imperatives and the idea of an ex post material justice between the litigating parties in the individual instance.

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22

Osman, Fatima. "Freedom of Religion and the headscarf: a perspective from international and comparative constitutional Law." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32997.

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his thesis analyses whether a legislative ban on wearing a headscarf breaches the right to freedom of religion, as such right is universally understood. It describes the ambit of the right to freedom of religion by examining the theoretical justification and importance of the right and thereafter analysing how the right is recognised in international and regional treaties and domestic constitutions. It demonstrates that religious freedom comprises of the right to hold a religion and the right to manifest a religion in the form of worship, observance, practice and teaching. Religious freedom, however, is not absolute and the thesis explains in the light of international and comparative case-law that the right to freedom of religion may be limited by a law that pursues a legitimate state interest and is reasonable. In light of this theoretical framework the thesis examines the practice of Muslim women wearing a headscarf and argues that the practice constitutes a manifestation of Islamic belief protected by the right to freedom of religion. Thereafter this thesis examines French, Turkish and German prohibitions on wearing a headscarf, the effect of these laws on Muslim women and the justifications furnished for such laws. It is argued that the state interest of preserving secularism relied upon to justify a headscarf ban is not legitimate and does not justify a headscarf ban. Furthermore, even where the state has a legitimate interest in preventing the coercion of young girls, promoting the equality rights of women and maintaining safety and order, a headscarf ban does not constitute a reasonable limitation of religious freedom. Ultimately, this thesis argues that a headscarf ban exacerbates the problems it is meant to solve and constitutes an unjustifiable infringement of religious freedom.

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23

Dreijer, Catarina, and Caroline Samuelsson. "Documentation requirements on transfer pricing : A comparative study of international guidelines." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-530.

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Utgångspunkten för denna magisteruppsats är en komparativ studie av internationella riktlinjer för dokumentation av internprissättning.

Internprissättning reglerar hur närståendetransaktioner inom internationella koncerner skall värderas. Då de inblandade parterna står i intressegemenskap med varandra kan villkoren bakom transaktionerna skilja sig från vad oberoende parter skulle kommit överens om. Det är därmed svårt att bestämma ett korrekt pris på de besläktade transaktionerna, varför internpriser skall bedömas i enlighet med armlängdsprincipen.

För att kunna bevisa att aktuella transaktioner gjorts på armlängds avstånd måste en internationell kon-cern upprätta dokumentation som visar hur priserna bestämts och varför de skall anses vara armlängdsmässiga. Dokumentation är därmed ett försök att bestämma internpriser i överensstämmelse med armlängdsprincipen.

Trots att armlängdsprincipen följs av de flesta skattemyndigheter i bedömningen av internpriser, appliceras den på olika sätt. Kravet att möta flertalet olika nationella regelverk skapar ökade kostnader för de internationella företagsgrupperna. De löper dock stor risk att bli utsatta för dubbelbeskattning eller dokumentationsrelaterade sanktioner om de inte uppfyller respektive lands krav.

För att underlätta den administrativa bördan samt de kostnader som uppstår har OECD utvecklat rikt-linjer gällande internprissättning, “The OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines”, där kapitel V reglerar do-kumentation. Riktlinjerna grundar sig på principer om en sund företagsanda (prudent business manage-ment), vilket betyder att skattemyndigheters behov av information skall vägas mot den kostnad och börda det innebär för skattebetalaren att samla in eller upprätta dokumenten.

PATA och EU har i respektive handelsområde försökt harmonisera de nationella dokumentationskraven genom att presentera nya internationella föreskrifter inom ramen för OECDs riktlinjer. I en strävan att efterfölja den internationella utvecklingen vad gäller dokumentation av internpriser har Sveriges Regering gett ut en proposition där införande av nationella dokumentationskrav för internprissättning föreslås.

Ett grundläggande problem gällande det aktuella området är de olika synsätten på armlängdsprincipens fastställande. Harmonisering av endast dokumentationskrav kan därför inte ensamt lösa problemen med armlängdsmässig internprissättning. Vidare innebär de utvärderade instrumenten en harmonisering på högsta nivå, varför syftet att underlätta skattebetalares börda och kostnader ej heller uppfylls.

In this master thesis a comparative study is made regarding the international guidelines on transfer pricing documentation.

International transfer pricing deals with the valuation of intragroup crossborder transactions. As the involved parties share interests to such an extent that the terms and conditions of their transactions could differ to what unrelated parties would agree on, it is complicated to properly price the controlled transactions. The transactions are therefore to be determined in accordance with the arm’s length principle.

In order to show the arm’s length nature of controlled cross-border transactions an MNE must provide transfer pricing documentation demonstrating how the prices have been determined and why they are at arm’s length. Documentation is thus an endeavour to determine transfer prices in accordance with the arm’s length principle.

Even though the arm’s length principle is used by most tax authorities when regulating transfer prices, the application of the principle differs. This imposes massive compliance costs for MNEs trying to meet the transfer pricing documentation requirements of numerous jurisdictions. However, the MNEs are at great risk of being exposed to double taxation or documentationrelated penalties if they do not meet the above mentioned documentation requirements.

In order to ease the burden on MNEs, OECD has developed transfer pricing guidelines wherein Chapter V deals with the problems of transfer pricing documentation. The OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines on documentation are founded on the principles of prudent business management, which means that the tax authorities´ need for information should be balanced by the cost and burden for the taxpayer of obtaining or creating the documents in question.

PATA and the EU have, by presenting new international frameworks, tried to harmonise national documentation requirements for their respective trade areas within the limits of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines. In an attempt to follow the international developments regarding transfer pricing documentation, the Swedish Government has proposed a draft bill for national rules on documentation.

A fundamental problem within the area is the different approaches in assessing the arm’s length principle and harmonisation of documentation in itself cannot solve this issue. Moreover, since the evaluated frame-works signify harmonisation on the highest level, the efforts to ease the compliance burden for taxpayers cannot be reached.

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24

Wharton, Nathalie. "The buyer's contractual remedies and breach of quality warranty remedies : a comparative analysis of Swiss law and modern law systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23968.

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In Swiss law the buyer's remedies for breach of warranty of quality remedies are different in many respects from his other contractual remedies. The aim of this thesis is to show that it is not a necessity but rather a source of confusion for the Swiss legal system to have special remedies for breach of warranty. General contract remedies could very effectively and rationally compensate buyers for breaches of quality warranties. To achieve this aim this study starts by analysing the historical reasons for the adoption of special warranty remedies. In its second half it compares each warranty remedy found in the Swiss Code of obligations with its equivalent in three recent legal systems: Quebec law, the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States and the United Nations 1980 Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.

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25

Shaikh, Murtaza Hassan. "Protection of religious minorities : between Islamic law and international law : a comparative study of scope and freedom of religion." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2015. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26494/.

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26

Aldossari, Maryam. "Repatriation and the psychological contract : a Saudi Arabian comparative study." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8904.

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Studies related to psychological contracts have made significant contributions to our understanding of the exchange relationship between employees and employers. However, the influence of national/organisational culture on the psychological contract has largely been neglected. The thesis examines the influence of national and organisational culture on the way in which psychological contracts are constituted, and how they may change following international assignments and repatriation. The research examines differences in the nature, and consequences of, psychological contract fulfilment or breach across two Saudi organisations in the petroleum and petrochemicals sectors. A qualitative case study approach was adopted. The data were gathered using multiple methods, including interviews, non-participant observations and analyses of organisational documents. The findings reported in the thesis draw upon 60 semi-structured interviews with employees who had been repatriated within the previous 12 months, and 14 interviews with Human Resource (HR) managers in the two organisations, triangulated with extensive documentary analysis and observations. The research findings demonstrate the influence of strong national cultural values shaping organisational culture and HR practices in both organisations, which, in turn, influence the content of the psychological contract (i.e. expectations and obligations) at an individual level, both pre- and post-international assignment. Differences were identified between the two organisations in terms of the influence of different national cultural values on organisational culture and practices; these differences influenced individuals’ perceptions of whether their psychological contract had been fulfilled or breached post-international assignment. The implications of this research are also considered.

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27

Yin, Yinan. "A comparative study on liability issues concerning maritime transportation of dangerous goods : international and Chinese perspectives." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2017. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20926/.

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The subject of dangerous goods as it pertains to carriage by sea is of growing importance and concern because it impacts on safety as well as environmental issues. Both involve liability associated with maritime transportation and liability in respect of dangerous goods is a complex area of law both from an international as well as a domestic perspective. China is a rapidly emerging economic power and a major world player in shipping and seaborne trade including import and export of hazardous substances. Furthermore, China is undergoing remarkable reform and transformation in all respects, and legal regimes, especially in the maritime field, are in a state of evolution. This thesis presents a two-fold area of concentration, that is, the international regime and the domestic Chinese law, looking at the safety as well as the environmental dimensions of international carriage of dangerous goods by sea. In order to carry out a comparative analysis of the international and Chinese legal regimes pertaining to the issues of contractual and tortious liability, a relatively detailed analytical examination of the international regime has been completed. Following this, the legal regime under Chinese law concerning the sea carriage of dangerous goods is critically evaluated in terms of the evolution of the domestic maritime law and the issues of application of international law and domestic law from the perspectives of regulatory law and civil liability. The discussion on the existing issues liability is centered on the principles of liability in tort and contract borne by private parties and state responsibility in respect of damage arising from the maritime transportation of dangerous goods. Conclusions are drawn from the summaries of chapters highlighting the critical issues in light of the findings of the research; the appropriate recommendations and suggestions for improvements to the international regimes; and proposals for law reform in the form of new legislation or amendments to existing legislation with the aim of improving the domestic regime to bring it into closer alignment with international law on the carriage of dangerous goods by sea.

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28

Jones, Sharon L. "The economic trend in immigration policy: a comparative analysis of the entrepreneur/investor program in Canada, United States and Australia." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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29

Cotula, Lorenzo. "Property rights, negotiating power and foreign investment : an international and comparative law study on Africa." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3235.

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Property rights are crucial in shaping foreign investment and its socio‐economic outcomes. Their allocation, protection and regulation influence the way the risks, costs and benefits of an investment are shared. For investors, the protection of property rights is a tool to shelter their business interests from arbitrary host state interference. For local people affected by an investment project, it may offer an avenue to secure their livelihoods, through providing safeguards against arbitrary land takings. Tensions may arise between different sets of property rights, as host state regulation to strengthen local resource rights may raise project costs and interfere with investors’ rights ‐ for example, under the international‐law regulatory taking doctrine, or “stabilization clauses” in investor‐state contracts. While there are vast literatures about the international law on foreign investment, the human right to property, and national law on investment, land and natural resources in Africa, this study analyses in an integrated way how the different sets of property rights involved in an investment project are legally protected under applicable law, whether national, international or “transnational”. The study explores whether the property rights of foreign investors and affected local people tend to enjoy differentiated legal protection; and, if so, whether the legal protection of “stronger” property rights may constrain efforts to strengthen “weaker” ones. This research question has both theoretical and practical implications. Differences in the strength of legal protection may affect negotiating power. Weak legal protection and negotiating power make local resource users vulnerable to arbitrary dispossession of their lands. From a theoretical standpoint, linking legal analysis to an analysis of negotiating power in foreign investment projects can provide insights on the relationship between law and power ‐ in a globalised world, does the law serve more powerful interests, can it be used to empower disadvantaged groups, or is it rather irrelevant?.

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30

Paradissis, Jean-Jacques. "The right to access environmental information : an analysis of UK law in the context of international, European, and comparative law." Thesis, City University London, 2005. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8454/.

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Анотація:

The present thesis comprehensively examines the right of any member of the public to access environmental information held by mainly public bodies and the obligation of these bodies to provide it upon request. In doing this, we do not claim to present the reader with a brand new theory. However this thesis is original in the way that it combines in a single piece of work all the aspects of the subject: both legal and non-legal. With respect to the legal aspects of the subject, these are analysed in regard of not only national law, but also international, EC law and also the law of the European Convention on Human Rights. In other words, the present thesis is a synthesis that has never been done before. In our introductory chapter we set the limits of our examination by stating that we will mainly examine the legal rules that grant a right to individuals to access environmental information upon request. We also examine the historical evolution of the right to access to environmental information. Then, in Chapter I, which is the core chapter of the present work, we explain in detail the substantive provisions of the legal instruments granting a right to access environmental information upon request: the Aarhus convention, the 2003/4IEC Environmental Information Directive on public access to Environmental Information and the Environmental Information Regulations 2004, which transpose into UK law this Directive and the information provisions of the Aarhus convention. It should be stressed that we analyse in parallel the equivalent provisions of EC law, international law and UK law, thus avoiding repeating the identical parts of these instruments. This parallel examination of all legal rules that grant a right to access environmental information is also a feature that renders the present work original, since there is no other written work on the subject adopting such an approach. In chapter 2 we examine other specific UK enactments that grant a right to access specific kinds of environmental information which is recorded on registers. Moreover, we highlight the fact that the statutory provisions on registers serve a different function than the environmental information regulations, as they also create a statutory duty for some public authorities to collect and compile certain types of environmental information and place it on registers. In chapter 3 we examine the relevant ECHR articles which have been interpreted by the Court of Strasbourg as including a right to access environmental information. Thus, we analyse how in some limited circumstances the right to access environmental information can be of a fundamental nature. Finally, in chapter 4 we examine how the 90/313IEEC Directive (the precursor of Directive 2003/41EC) was transposed in French ,law, in comparison with England. We conclude that the English method of transposition has been more in conformity with the aim of the right to access environmental information: environmental protection. We also conclude that this important finding is also of some relevance today, even after the enactment of the 2003 Directive and the Environmental Information Regulations 2004. The present work is concluded by showing that: I) the right of access to environmental information is what could be called a 'multi-layered' right, which stems from various legal instruments of different levels (the EC level, international level and UK national level). This is the reason why the right to environmental information is a right with uncertain boundaries and content, since, although all these instruments go into the same direction of recognising a right to access environmental information to any person, they all contain different limitations and exceptions to the scope of this right; 2) the right to access environmental information is fundamentally different from the general right to access information held by public bodies, since it aims at achieving better environmental protection; 3) as a consequence, the correct approach to any analysis of the right to access environmental information is to understand and acknowledge that, first, this right stems from various European, national and international legal instruments, and second, that although it is a right similar to the general right to access information, it is conceptually different as it aims to protect the environment.

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31

Novikova, O. V. "Overriding rules and public policy in private international law : a comparative analysis with particular reference to English and Russian law." Thesis, University of Essex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502133.

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32

Lugano, Geoffrey. "Politicization of international criminal interventions and the impasse of transitional justice : a comparative study of Uganda and Kenya." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/107732/.

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Анотація:

Since the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) establishment in 2002, its interventions in African situations have produced a mix of results. Whereas many observers have hailed the ICC’s forays onto the continent for expanding the avenues of justice for mass atrocities, there are also political connotations to some of its interventions, as evidenced in narratives of selectivity and neo-colonialism. Building on the latter impacts of the Court’s interventions in Africa, this thesis seeks to discern the shape of local/regional uptake of international criminal justice (ICJ). This follows from contrasting the ICC’s qualification as a moral agent in the global war on impunity for international crimes, with domestic political translations of the Court’s interventions and subsequent collective action at local and regional levels. Thus, the principal argument from this thesis is that contextual normative adaptions produce global-local exchanges that result in viable conditions under which the ICC’s interventions are politicized, to the detriment of its investigative activities and legacy in situation countries. More specifically, elite level exchanges in sub-national, national, regional and international realms produce blends of local and global realities, resulting into the ICC’s exposure to politicization. These findings are instructive for wider debates on the subtle ways in which the ICC is undermined (rather than outright defiance), with spiralling effects on long term peace-building and other regional contexts. In discerning the aforementioned conclusions, I asked the simple research questions: (1) why and how is an ostensibly international legal response to heinous crimes susceptible to (mis)appropriation and subversion by domestic political elites? (2) what are the far-reaching consequences of politicizing the ICC’s interventions on creating conditions for lasting peace in fragile societies? Given the duality of the ICC’s politicization – through (mis)appropriation and subversion, the thesis adopted a comparative study of Uganda and Kenya, which exemplify the two forms of domestic translations of ICJ. The thesis employed a qualitative methodological approach that drew upon secondary data sources, as well as primary data collected through personal key informant interviews in the Netherlands, Uganda and Kenya, with ICC officials, politicians, government officials, representatives of local and international organizations and affected communities. Some of the secondary data sources include: journal articles, media reports, government documents, books, online sources, legal instruments, the ICC’s documents and official speeches. The data collected was analyzed through grounded theory, in which evidence collected raised new sub-questions for further interrogation. All available evidence was then triangulated to develop a critical analysis of the research questions posed. Conceptually, I built on three interrelated concepts (the ICC’s projection of a moral universe, the narrative lens and spatial hierarchies) to discern the ICJ norm diffusion in local/regional contexts. The thesis concludes that the various forms of political resistance to the ICC have pernicious effects on peace-building beyond national boundaries. Perhaps, a greater degree of the Court’s acceptance will be driven by its proactive steps towards the universality of justice, whose absence partly informed the construction of narratives on some of its foremost interventions in Africa.

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33

Cuhadar, Cerag Esra Rubinstein Robert A. "Evaluating track-two diplomacy in pre-negotiation a comparative assessment of track-two initiatives on water and Jerusalem in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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34

Nowak, Lucja Magdalena. "Exploring the limits of the concept of legitimate expectations in investment treaty law : a study in comparative law and the development of international law." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2015. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20373/.

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This thesis aims to identify more clearly the rationale, the constituent elements and the methodology of the concept of legitimate expectations in the field of investment treaty law. It addresses the problems associated with the concept's development in the application of the standards of fair and equitable treatment and indirect expropriation. The thesis adopts a comparative perspective. More developed legal regimes have been referring to legitimate expectations and to a similar concept of investment- backed expectations. Their experiences can assist in addressing questions about the concept's nature in investment treaty law. The enquiry focuses on seven such regimes, namely those of: the USA, England, Australia, European Union, European Convention on Human Rights, general international law and World Trade Organisation. The analysis shows that the concept of legitimate expectations is equitable. It safeguards fairness and trust in the actions of public authorities. It demands balancing of the private interest behind legitimate expectations and the public interest underlying the measures that frustrate them. The analysis identifies three common types of legitimate expectations, namely: legitimate expectations related to the legal and factual situation of an investment, legitimate expectations arising from specific representations and legitimate expectations related to invalidation of State acts. It also identifies the limits of the concept. It should cover neither expectations of immunity from general legislative or regulatory changes, nor investor's subjective expectations of treatment, nor expectations of a proprietary nature. The comparative analysis clarifies the concept's limits, the methodology required for its application and the fundamental questions the tribunals need to address. This greater clarity will facilitate a comprehensive case-by-case discussion among system participants. This discussion will contribute to the development of a concept capable of balancing the private and public interests persuasively and thus of supporting the long-term sustainability of the investment treaty system as a whole.

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35

Turkis, Jonas Christopher. "The minimum wage in Germany and South Africa - a comparative assessment of the extent to which a national minimum wage may contribute to social justice and economic growth in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29717.

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This dissertation examines whether the introduction of a national minimum wage may contribute to social justice and economic growth in South Africa. After highlighting the socio-economic environment of both countries, the dissertation analyses the minimum wage from an international law perspective. Emphasis is put on the essential elements that minimum wage frameworks must address, namely: universal coverage of the minimum wage; the periodic adjustment of the minimum wage; interaction with collective bargaining; and compliance. These elements are also considered while reviewing and setting into context the current German minimum wage legislation. Subsequently, the National Minimum Wage Bill for South Africa is illustrated and comparatively assessed. It is discussed whether the essential elements and socio economic conditions are considered adequately in the Bill. Moreover, problematic provisions are identified and the need for certain amendments is argued. Conclusively, the dissertation takes an overall positive view on the Bill and promotes a simple minimum wage legislation embedded in a collective bargaining system and supported by multiple policies.

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36

Marinov, Marin kandidat na i︠u︡ridicheskite nauki. "Foreign direct investment in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary : a comparative study of the current legislation." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26212.

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The author's goal is to illuminate the current business legislation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) through a comparison of three countries from the region, namely, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.
The present study is divided into four parts. The first part states the thesis itself, the goals, and the structure of the discussion.
The second part provides the basic premises of the analysis, with emphasis on the current data on foreign investment in the three countries.
The third part presents the core of the comparative study and deals with the following issues: basic foreign investment laws, including corporate laws, property rights of foreign persons, currency regimes. Among other important aspects, attention is paid to the following subjects: general treatment of FDI, foreign investment in corporate capital, branches of transnational corporations, forms of FDI, special procedures for banking and insurance, closed sectors for FDI, financing of investment, incentives of FDI, domestic and international guarantees for FDI etc. The set of criteria used to assess the compared legislation focuses primarily on the essential features of that legislation. This narrow approach is expedient in terms of the huge area that relates to foreign investment.
The final part uses the findings of the comparative study of the relevant legislation in order to determine the reasons for the lagging interest of foreign investors in Bulgaria. These reasons are found not to be due to any deep-seated differences in the pertinent legislation, but rather to some other factors, such as historical, socio-cultural, and geopolitical.
The law in the present work is stated as of 1 January 1994. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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37

Zhu, Feng 1979. "Anti-dumping laws under the WTO : a comparative study with emphasis on China's legislation." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82677.

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Анотація:

Although the WTO anti-dumping rules have been created to reconcile and monitor domestic anti-dumping measures, different jurisdictions still have tremendous variations in their domestic anti-dumping legislation and interpretations. Such differences may suggest opportunities for further innovations, especially for countries where the anti-dumping legislation is under-developed, such as China. Through a comparative study of the domestic anti-dumping legislation among the United States, the European Community, and China, problems and opportunities for the innovation of China's anti-dumping law will be found.

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38

Darabpour, Mehrab. "Aspects of the international sale of goods : a comparative study with special reference to Iranian and English law." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259905.

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39

Lim, Chin Leng. "Studies in comparative jurisprudence and analytical philosophy : international law, legal discourse and legal conflicts of political self-determination." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296206.

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40

Al-Jamal, Sultan. "Freedom of speech as a universal value : a comparative approach from international human rights law, the First Amendment, and Islamic law." Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:6439.

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Анотація:

The issue of universalism in the human right of freedom of speech is one of several that continue to be debated among Muslims and Westerners. As evidence of incompatibility of Islamic law with the international law of freedom of speech, Westerners, on the basis of Muslims' reactions towards the Satanic Verses and Danish cartoons, point to the blasphemy law in Islam (Sab Allah wa Sab al-Rasul). Four other controversial areas are often raised as an indication of differences between these two laws, namely, speech threatening nation security (Fitnah), defamatory speech (Qadhf and Iftira), obscenity (al-Fihsh), and hate speech. This study examines the important question of whether or not the Islamic law of freedom of speech is compatible with the international law of freedom of speech. The study argues that the Islamic law of freedom of speech is not contrary to the international law of freedom of speech, represented in two of the most significant legal sources of the right to freedom of speech, namely, Article 19 of the ICCPR and Article 10 of the ECHR, both based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which this study presumes to be the standard of the human right of freedom of speech. Rather, the study goes further and concludes that Islamic law, as embedded in the Quran and Sunnah, urges the international concept of freedom of speech and calls for it. This compatibility between Islamic law, on the one hand, and international law, on the other, is not restricted to the level of the concept of freedom of speech. Rather, even the interpretation and application of freedom of speech in the light of Islamic law are, to a considerable degree, consistent with the interpretation and application of the international law of freedom of speech by the Human Rights Committee and European Court. Although there are some differences in interpretation and implementation of moral limitations on freedom of speech between Islamic Law and the international law of freedom of speech, this does not create a general state of dissonance between them. The study argues that such differences are even more pronounced among liberal democracies. In order to demonstrate the differences among liberal democracies in this regard, American law of freedom of speech (the First Amendment) is analysed in depth. The discussion of these free speech laws reveals that although there is universality of freedom of speech among liberal democracies (which refers to the universal quality or global acceptance of the idea of freedom of speech), universalism in the right to free speech (referring to a universally applicable interpretation of freedom of speech) has not been achieved.

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41

Larpvanichar, Ratchaneekorn. "Les contrats internationaux : étude comparative franco-thaïlandaise." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856584.

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Анотація:

Le droit international privé français des contrats est très avancé, la richesse de la jurisprudence et la doctrine font une bonne preuve de l'évolution du droit français en la matière. Ses conceptions sont répandues et admises par d'autres États, européens en premier lieu, puis dans le monde entier. Le système de droit français et celui de droit communautaire sont complémentaires l'un et l'autre. Pour cette raison l'étude de droit international privé français ne peut plus être restreinte uniquement dans le cadre de droit international commun. Dés lors le droit international privé communautaire devrait aussifaire l'objet de cette étude. Quant au droit international privé des contrats thaïlandais, il est en cours de développement et a besoin de grande réformation urgent pour la coopération juridique dans l'ASEAN. L'étude comparative en cette matière permettrait donc de trouver la bonne solution et d'apprendre l'application de règles conflictuelles ainsi que d'autres mécanismes du droit international privé pour régler les problèmes dans l'ordre juridique thaï. Donc les questions de la loi applicable et le règlement des différends font l'objet principal de cette étude.

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42

Alrajaan, Turki. "The Saudi Arbitration Law 2012 assessed against the core principles of modern international commercial arbitration : a comparative study with the model law and Scots law." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/28039.

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Анотація:

Following the Aramco arbitration in 1963, Saudi Arabia’s approach to international arbitration resulted in a reputation for being an arbitration unfriendly country. This was addressed to some extent by the Arbitration Law of 1983. However, arbitration under the 1983 law remained dependent on the approval of the national courts. With too much scope for judicial intervention, the legal framework undermined the final and binding nature of the award, constrained party autonomy and created inefficient delays. In 2012, a new Law of Arbitration was passed to replace the 1983 law with a legal framework intending to meet the needs of international commercial parties. The question addressed by this thesis is whether the Arbitration Law of 2012 (SAL 2012) succeeds in creating a legal framework that is consistent with the three core principles that provide the foundations for modern international commercial arbitration. These core principles of party autonomy, procedural justice and cost-effectiveness were used as normative tools for assessing the provisions of the SAL 2012, which were based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. Relying on those principles, the SAL 2012 was subjected to a comparative legal analysis, using the Model Law and the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 as comparators. Although hampered by a lack of available case law involving the SAL 2012, the analysis concluded that the SAL 2012 is a very significant development, providing a legal framework that facilitates arbitration, encourages a pro-arbitration culture and achieves a balance between the three core principles that should meet the needs of international commercial parties. Despite this, the law could be further reformed to make Saudi Arabia even more attractive as a location for arbitration. While acknowledging that future reform should be guided by empirical research on arbitration in Saudi Arabia, proposals were made for the further development of a pro-arbitration legal framework.

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43

Juras, Camille. "International intellectual property disputes and arbitration : a comparative analysis of American, European and international approaches : the search for an acceptable arbitral site." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80932.

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Анотація:

This paper compares the arbitral procedures used in different legal systems and evaluates their suitability for international intellectual property disputes. By doing so, it will identify many obstacles to the realization of an international arbitral regime responding to intellectual property disputes.

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44

Bashir, Khaled Ramadan Ali. "Al-Shaybani's contribution to the development of international law : an historical and comparative study in the light of the work of Augustine, Gratian, Aquinas, Vitoria and Grotius." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201849.

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Анотація:

Mohammad Al-Shaybani is one of the greatest scholars of Islamic international law (assiyar). His book, As-Siyar Al-Kabier, is an eighth century textbook on international law. In this thesis I present and discuss the precise nature of Al-Shaybani’s contribution compared to the other great contributions on international law made by Augustine, Gratian, Aquinas, Vitoria and Grotius. I affirm the view that Al-Shaybani made a major contribution to the theory of international law that has been unacknowledged, and unjustly so, by scholarship. Al-Shaybani’s book was a comprehensive treatise on the law regulating international relations from the Islamic perspective. It was the first attempt to produce such a book on international law as a discipline distinct from other legal fields. In terms of legal complexity, it can only be compared to Grotius’s greatest book on the subject The Law of War and Peace. In the area of humanitarian law, the only other writer with whom he can be compared is Vitoria, although even Vitoria does not go into the same depth of complexity. Al-Shaybani dealt with war carefully and limited cases of justified wars to three categories only. He offered many rules restricting cruel practices in the treatment of enemy personnel and prisoners of war. The nature of peace and how it could best be achieved was fully considered. Rules on treaties, diplomacy, travel, trade and more were discussed in a way that would best give rise to the peaceful coexistence between nations. Detailed legal rules with the purpose of guaranteeing the continuity of peace are suggested in his work. In contrast, Augustine, Gratian and Aquinas only engaged in limited discussions on some of the subjects of the law of war. Vitoria’s contribution on these matters was more extensive but even he lagged way behind Al-Shaybani. The work of Al-Shaybani was certainly as detailed, complex, comprehensive and useful as that of Grotius on international law. Besides the presentation and discussion of the merits of his work, a central purpose of this thesis is to argue that any future work on the history of international law that does not consider Al-Shaybani’s contribution would be unsound.

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45

Bjorgvinsson, David Thor. "Theoretical and practical intersection of international law and domestic law." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAA032.

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Cette étude fait valoir, par l’incorporation du droit international et son application dans le système national islandais, illustré par les jugements de la Cour suprême d’Islande, que les limites posées par l’approche dualiste traditionnelle, tels que présentés communément dans la littérature académique islandaise, ont été poussées à leur extrême. On affirme que le principe de dualité des juridictions, tel qu’il est défini dans la littérature juridique, ne décrit pas de façon adéquate le lien réel et important entre le droit international et la loi nationale comme cela apparaît dans les « techniques d’incorporation interprétatives » effectivement utilisées par les cours islandaises. Notre étude fait valoir que l’impact substantif et normatif du droit international non incorporé comporte des éléments de l’approche moniste, se révèle plus complexe et excède de loin la simple description générale du principe dualiste
This study argues that, by the incorporation of international law into the Icelandic national system and its application on the domestic level, in particular as it appears in the judgments of the Supreme Court of Iceland, the limits set by the traditional dualist approach, as commonly presented in Icelandic academic literature, have been stretched to its outer limits. It is argued that the dualist principle, as defined and described in the legal literature, does not adequately describe the real and substantive relationship between international law and national law as it appears in the „interpretive incorporation techniques“ actually used by the Icelandic courts. It is argued that the real substantive and normative impact of unincorporated international law bears clear elements of the monist approach and is more complicated and far exceeds what is implied in the general description of and reference to the dualist principle

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46

Shalaan, Wael S. E. "Interim measures in international commercial arbitration : a comparative study of the Egyptian, English and Scottish law." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17593.

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Interim Measures are viewed as an essential means to protect parties‘ rights in international commercial arbitration disputes. Most Arbitration Laws and Rules have recognised the arbitral tribunal‘s power to grant such measures. The success of this system relies on the court‘s assistance of the tribunal during the process. This relationship between the tribunal and the court is something vague under Egyptian Law, since there are no clear rules addressing the matter. Hence, this research examines the theories that explain the tribunal‘s authority and the relationship with the authority of the court. This study uses a comparative analytical approach in terms of analyzing relevant legal texts to determine the optimal legal approach to the issue. The purpose of the study is to address deficiencies in the Egyptian law – the Code of Civil Procedure and Egyptian Arbitration Law – and compare it with English, Scottish Arbitration Acts and international arbitration systems, laws, and practices. The findings of this research offer several recommendations that could help achieve a successful and smooth arbitration process. This study identifies and explains types of interim measures and explores the international practice of every type. It gives some important recommendations for future development and improvement of the Egyptian law. It also makes general recommendations that would help improve the efficiency of the English and Scottish laws.

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47

Büchele, Sandra. "The protection of transfrontier access rights : a comparative analysis of the relevant international legal frameworks." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82655.

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"Internal globalization" has become a common phenomenon which, among other things, has increased the number of mixed-national couples due to the greater mobility of people and the globalization of trade and commerce. Unanticipated difficulties can follow from the breakdown of such relationships for both children and parents if the custodial parent leaves the family's former habitual residence with the child. This is especially true for the left-behind parent.
The starting point for this study was the discussion among experts as to whether an Additional Protocol to the 1980 Child Abduction Convention might resolve the inherent weak protection of access rights. To answer this question concerning the necessity of such an Additional Protocol, this thesis provides an overview of the relevant existing and future international legal frameworks that address child protection and parental responsibilities and shows the evolution in child law from a formerly neglected issue to a high-profile topic. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Yustisia, Baiq Dewi. "Enforcing foreign arbitral awards in Indonesia: Overcoming disharmony between international and domestic laws." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1667.

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As a developing country with a vast population and an abundance of natural resources, Indonesia is keen to foster international business connections and foreign investment in the country. One approach to improving Indonesia’s economy is to nurture its arbitration system, because arbitration is the preferred method by which international business people settle disputes arising out of cross-border transactions. Having ratified relevant United Nations (UN) conventions as a dualist country, Indonesia has transformed various provisions into its domestic law. However, there is a gap between Indonesia’s international obligations and its domestic legal enforcement whereby the Indonesian judiciary does not operate harmoniously with both Indonesian arbitration law and the international conventions to promote enforcement of foreign arbitral awards (FAAs); in other words, the Indonesian judiciary has insufficient discretion in deciding FAA cases. The practice of Indonesia’s arbitration shows that the country has been struggling to enforce FAAs. In the 12 years prior to February 2012, only 41 FAAs were registered in Indonesia, and the number of successful FAAs has been small. This thesis explores the practice of arbitration and the enforcement of FAAs using Indonesia as a case study. Ten court decisions focusing on FAAs are analysed using the case study analysis approach to consider how decisions are made. In five of these cases, FAAs were unsuccessful, whereas five FAAs were successful—findings that confirm the hypothesis that Indonesia’s arbitration system has been hampered by obstacles that prevent FAAs being enforced in the country. FAAs in England and Australia provide comparisons to explore whether these countries suffer similar problems to Indonesia. Various obstacles were identified, including (a) the inconsistency of the Indonesian judiciary in making decisions regarding FAAs; (b) domestic law (i.e. Act No. 30/1999 regarding Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution) that operates unharmoniously with international law (i.e. arbitration laws and conventions); (c) misunderstandings by the Indonesian judiciary in interpreting issues of absolute competence (i.e. jurisdictional issues), the separability doctrine and public policy issues used as grounds to set aside FAAs in arbitration cases; and (d) the dualism adopted in the system in Indonesia may not be the best to promote the growth of international arbitration in Indonesia. The measures needed to improve Indonesia’s arbitration system include: (a) Short-term goals: providing up-to-date and further education and professional training for Indonesian judges in international law and international arbitration as well as stronger enforcement of Indonesia’s international obligations; ensuring frequent interactions between domestic judges, lawyers, international jurists and international organisations; and ensuring the quality of the judicial interpretation of law (i.e. discretion of judges). (b) Long-term goals: a monist system for Indonesia may place the country in a better position than does the current dualist system, and support the development of the country’s arbitration system. The findings in this thesis confirm that despite ongoing problems, Indonesia is moving towards fulfilling its international obligations, guarding its sovereignty and maintaining impartiality in its judicial decision making. The improvements will create an improved arbitration climate for international investment in Indonesia to bring more justice for arbitral parties should any disputes arise, and to overcome disharmony between international and domestic laws.

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Schaefer, Agnes Gereben Lambright W. Henry. "The role of transnational non-governmental organizations in the disposition of chemical and nuclear weapons in the United States: a comparative analysis." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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50

Bjorge, Eirik. "A theory of national application of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:886adfa8-c036-415c-9268-cc1f828792a5.

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This study seeks to flesh out a theory of national application of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It does so by seeking to provide an answer to the research question, ‘what is the proper role of the domestic courts in the application of the European Convention?’ By relying upon the examples of French, German, and UK law, the study argues that it is not true in descriptive terms, nor desirable in normative terms, that the domestic courts take an approach to the ECHR based upon friction and assertion of sovereignty. This study argues instead that domestic application of the ECHR is built on the attainment of certain aims. These aims are inferred, in the main, from the domestic courts’ jurisprudence, such as it relates to four central ECHR doctrines, and they are: the doctrines of evolutionary interpretation; proportionality; the margin of appreciation; and autonomous concepts. On the basis of an analysis of this jurisprudence, the four aims are identified as being, first, honouring the principle of pacta sunt servanda; secondly, the safeguarding of human rights based upon the insight that human rights are a paramount good to be pursued; thirdly, the aim of positive, as opposed to negative, rights diversity; and, fourthly, the aim that conclusions reached on the domestic level of one state must be capable of being universalized. The approach of the domestic courts to the application of the ECHR can be explained on the basis of the domestic courts’ wish to attain these four aims. The proper role played by the domestic courts, the study argues, is one in which they are willing to give a lead to Strasbourg as well as to be led, in both, to use the wording of the Preamble of the ECHR, ‘the maintenance’ and in the ‘further realisation’ of the Convention rights.

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