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Статті в журналах з теми "International and comparative law"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Forteau, Mathias. "Comparative International Law Within, Not Against, International Law: Lessons from the International Law Commission." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (July 2015): 498–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0498.

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Public international law and comparative law have so far been regarded as largely distinct fields, with little to no overlap between them. The degree of separation between the two disciplines is rendered in particularly stark relief by the absence in practice or scholarship of any real inquiry into the relationship between comparative law on the one hand and customary international law and general principles of international law on the other. Some eminent international lawyers go so far as to claim that it would be both unnecessary and unrealistic to have recourse to comparative law in the context of the identification of customary international law and general principles of law, pointing to the case law of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice, which, according to them, “show[s] a clear disinclination towards the use of the comparative method.”

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2

Bekhruz, Kh N., and Narhis Mokhd. "COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND REGIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 6 (2022): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2022-6/106.

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3

Osminin, Boris. "International Law, Foreign Relations Law and a Conception “Comparative International Law”." Journal of Russian Law 25, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/jrl.2021.025.

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4

Labin, D. K., and T. Potier. "Keeping international law international, a reflection on Anthea Roberts’ “is international law international?”." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2019-4-6-17.

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INTRODUCTION. Occasionally a book appears which has a significant impact on the scholarly community. A fine example of this is the work considered here by the Australian international lawyer, Anthea Roberts. Until very recently, comparative studies on international law were rare. However, as international law further develops and widens, so special attention will need to be paid to ensure that international law students are, to a greater extent, taught the same material and in the same way. As municipal systems of law became more mature, so doctrine and jurisprudence began to diverge. International law has now entered such a phase in its development and, in this excellent book, Dr. Roberts asks a series of very important questions: exactly what is taking place, what are the factors that are driving these processes, is such to be welcomed, is it unstoppable and where do we go from here?MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article reflects on Anthea Roberts’ book “Is International Law International?” (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017). The authors of the article consider the contribution of the monograph to legal science, particularly with its interest in a revived Comparative International Law.RESEARCH RESULTS. The view of the authors of the article is that Anthea Roberts’ book is a work of profound significance, which will, hopefully, inspire additional research in the field of Comparative International Law in years to come.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Comparative International Law is a relatively neglected field in International Law. Without question, the international legal academy (from the elite law schools of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) emphasises different things both in its scholarly writings and pedagogy. This needs to be given greater attention, even if, at least for now, it cannot be entirely arrested; so that the much-feared fragmentation of international law into not only separate fields and standards, but also in terms of agreeing on its content and application, is minimised.

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5

Kane, Gillian. "Comparative international law: enhancing migration law enquiry." International Journal of Migration and Border Studies 7, no. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmbs.2022.10051275.

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6

Schaefer, Jan K. "Comparative Law of International Arbitration." Asian International Arbitration Journal 4, Issue 1 (June 1, 2008): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aiaj2008005.

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7

Кресин, Алексей, Aleksey Kresin, Хашматулла Бехруз, and Khashmatulla Bekhruz. "International forum on comparative law." Comparative Research In Law and Politics 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1936.

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8

Мирмохаммади, Мустафа, and Mustafa Mirmokhammadi. "An Islamic View of International Commercial Law (Comparative Study)." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 2, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21255.

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This article addresses comparative study of some ethical and legal rule in Islamic Jurisprudence (Figh). The first aim of this study is a review of Islamic teaching in the realm of commercial law and the second — is seeking and introducing similar concepts in the other legal systems. Therefore, the article divided in two sections. In the first section the author discusses about those principles and rules govern on international trades and next section will intrude some commercial ethical codes in Islamic teaching.

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9

Storme, Marcel. "International arbitration – A comparative essay." European Review of Private Law 2, Issue 3/4 (December 1, 1994): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl1994041.

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Abstract. An analysis of international arbitration indicates that, prima facie, certain crucial differences between the continental approach and common law practice exist. The main differences relate to the general hearing (written/verbal), the position of the parties in relation to the arbitrator, the proof-taking procedure, the duty to give reasons for the decision, and the division of competences between the judiciary and the arbitrator. On the other hand it must be pointed out that the main trends in international arbitration lead to a blurring of these differences. In particular mention may be made of the lex mercatoria, reduction in judicial control, and the evolution towards transnational arbitration. Résumé. Quand on étudie l’arbitrage international, on s’aperçoit au premier abord qu’il existe des différences essentielles entre l’approche continentale et la pratique de common law. Ces différences se manifestent spécialement en ce qui concerne les règles générales relatives aux auditions (écrites/orales), la situation des parties à 1’égard de l’arbitre, le droit de la preuve, la force obligatoire de la décision et la division des compétences entre le judiciaire et l’arbitre. D’un autre côté, on doit constater que les tendances fondamentales en matière d’arbitrage international contribuent à l’effacement de ces différences. On peut spécialement se référer à la lex mercatoria, aux restrictions misus au contrôle judiciaire et à l’évalution vers un arbitrage transnational. Zusammenfassung. Analysiert man das internationale Schiedsgerichtsverfahren, bemerkt man auf den ersten Blick wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen der Methode des continentalen Rechtskreises und der Praxis im Bereich des common law. Diese Unterschiede treten besonders in Hinblick auf die allgemeine Anhörung (schriftlich/mündlich), die Stellung der Parteien im Verhältnis zum Schiedrichter, das Beweisverfahren, die Pflicht, die Entscheidung zu begründen, und in Bezug auf die Aufteilung der Kompetenzen zwischen der Gerichtsbikeit und dem Schiedrichter auf. Auf der anderen Seite muß man feststellen, daß grundlegende Tendenzen in internationalen Schiedsgerichtsverfahren dazu beitragen, die Unterschiede zu verwischen. Diesbezüglich kann man inbesondere auf die lex mercatoria, die Einschränkung gerichtlicher Kontrolle und die Entwicklung zu transnationalen Schiedsgerichtsverfahren hinweisen.

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10

Roberts, Anthea. "COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL LAW? THE ROLE OF NATIONAL COURTS IN CREATING AND ENFORCING INTERNATIONAL LAW." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, no. 1 (January 2011): 57–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589310000679.

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AbstractAcademics, practitioners and international and national courts are increasingly seeking to identify and interpret international law by engaging in comparative analyses of various domestic court decisions. This emerging phenomenon, which I term ‘comparative international law’, loosely fuses international law (as a matter of substance) with comparative law (as a matter of process). However, this comparative process is seriously complicated by the ambiguous role that national court decisions play in the international law doctrine of sources, under which they provide evidence of the practice of the forum State as well as being a subsidiary means for determining international law. This article analyses these dual, and sometimes conflicting, roles of national courts and the impact of this duality on the comparative international law process.

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11

Roberts, Anthea, Paul B. Stephan, Pierre-Hugues Verdier, and Mila Versteeg. "Comparative International Law: Framing the Field." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (July 2015): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0467.

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At first blush, “comparative international law” might sound like an oxymoron. In principle, international law—at least when it arises from multilateral treaties or general custom—applies equally to all parties or states. As a result, international lawyers often resist emphasizing local, national, or regional approaches due to the field’s aspirations to universality and uniformity. Comparativists, meanwhile, frequently overlook the potential to apply comparative law insights to international law on the basis that “rules which are avowedly universal in character do not lend themselves to comparison.”

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12

Ooki, Masao. "XVth International Congress of Comparative Law." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 3, no. 12 (1998): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.3.12_70.

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13

Zernov, A. O., E. V. Voskresenskaya, and K. P. Indyk. "Comparative Jurisprudence in the Development of International Law." Sociology and Law, no. 3 (October 19, 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2021-3-53-57.

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The article considers the importance of comparative jurisprudence for jurisprudence in general and for international law in particular. Comparative law has steadily entered the structure of the legal sciences, taking an important theoretical and methodological place. The methodological significance of comparative law is reflected in the development of legal sciences, including and especially international law. The theoretical significance of comparative law as a legal science lies in the terminological basis that comparative law provides for other comparative sciences and studies. The authors substantiate the relevance of comparative law as a scientific direction, which is due to the growing integration and cross-border trends in law caused by globalization, within which comparative law is designed to provide a methodological and theoretical basis.

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14

SHUMILOV, VLADIMIR. "INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND INTERNATIONAL LAW." Sociopolitical Sciences 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2021-11-3-26-31.

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The purpose and objectives of this article are to provide a comparative analysis of the development of the international economic system and international law. Methodological approach. The work uses general scientific methods, as well as the method of legal interpretation and the comparative legal method. Results and conclusions. The article reveals the concept of the international economic system (MEA) as particularly significant for the most important sections of a number of sciences - economics, political science, philosophy, and law. It is shown that the MEA is the reality that each science studies from its own point of view. It is in the international economic system - on the territory of all States of the world-that the production of goods and services takes place, commodity flows are formed, and the cross-border movement of goods, services, financial instruments, investments, and labor is carried out. National law and international law serve as a kind of legal superstructure over these realities; through the two systems of law, States manage processes and regulate all types of relations in the international economic system. The originality and value of the work lies in the identification of the relationship between the MEA and international law. The author examines how international law is involved in the process of regulating international economic relations at all levels and how it will change along with the transformation of the MEA, which is taking place in our time.

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15

Linos, Katerina. "How to Select and Develop International Law Case Studies: Lessons from Comparative Law and Comparative Politics." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (July 2015): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0475.

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To develop international law claims, it is often critical to compare different countries’ laws. This essay explores how methods drawn from comparative law and comparative politics research can help international lawyers make comparative inquiries more simply and straightforwardly.International lawyers recognize three main sources of legal authority: treaties, custom, and general principles. Cross-national comparisons are deeply embedded in the very definitions of two of these three sources. To establish international custom, an international lawyer must show that a broad range of states consistently engage in a certain practice out of a sense of legal obligation. To establish a general principle, an international lawyer must show that it is “recognized by civilized nations”; in practice this requires that the principle be found in diverse legal families. Treaty interpretation does not necessitate cross-country comparison as a matter of definition: in theory, the text of the treaty itself could provide the requisite answers. However, in practice, international and domestic courts are typically faced with ambiguous treaty terms. To interpret them, they often turn to the jurisprudence of diverse states and to subsequent state practice, thus implicitly beginning a comparative inquiry. in sum, comparative international law is useful for identifying and applying international law, as this volume’s introduction explains.

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16

Mälksoo, Lauri. "Comparative International Law: Lessons Learned From Russia." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 109 (2015): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/procannmeetasil.109.2015.0093.

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17

Jovašević, Dragan. "Corruption in international and comparative criminal law." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 80, no. 9 (2008): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0805207j.

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18

Jovašević, Dragan. "Corruption in international and comparative criminal law." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 83, no. 9 (2011): 111–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv1103111j.

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19

Lindenberg, Kai. "Rethinking Rape Law: International and Comparative Perspectives." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 5 (2011): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x606227.

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20

Labin, Dmitry K., and Alena V. Soloveva. "International Investment Law as International Law: Russian and Western Approaches." AJIL Unbound 112 (2018): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.58.

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No Western publication on international investment law (IIL) has ever specifically undertaken a comparative study of Russian and Western doctrines of IIL. Although Russian scholars often contrast Western and Russian approaches to international law, scholars in the West mostly proceed without any discussion of Russian practice and perspectives. To fill this gap, this essay introduces the Russian approach to IIL and contrasts it with its Western counterpart. In particular, we show that the Russian approach focuses far more extensively on the nature and categorization of IIL and treats IIL primarily as private international law rather than public international law. The distinctive Russian approach has practical relevance for states and scholars, in part because it helps to explain why Russia has resisted efforts to reform investor-state dispute settlement.

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21

Rühl, Giesela. "Whos Afraid of Comparative Law? The (Side) Effects of Unification of Private International Law in Europe." European Review of Private Law 25, Issue 3 (June 1, 2017): 485–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2017035.

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Abstract: Private international law and comparative have a particularly intimate relationship. This is because comparative law is both a method of studying choice of law rules as well as an essential instrument for their interpretation and application. However, the recent large-scale unification of European private international law has jammed a wedge between the former ‘allies’. In fact, when analysing current court practice and academic discourse relating to European private international law one cannot help but notice a striking lack of interest in comparative analyses. The following article sheds light on this development and argues that courts and scholars should resort to comparative analyses more often and more consistently in order to avoid the pitfalls of unification. At the same time the article provides insights into the (side) effects of the large-scale unification of an entire legal field. Résumé: Le droit international privé et le droit comparé sont traditionellement très spécialement liés. C’est comme cela car le droit comparé est une méthode d’étudier des règles de conflit ainsi qu’un moyen essentiel pour leur interprétation et application. Cependant, la récente unification massive du droit international privé européen a semé la zizanie entre les anciens « alliés ». En fait, dans l’analyse de la pratique actuelle des tribunaux et du discours académique concernant le droit international privé européen, on ne peut s’empêcher de noter un manque d’intérêt d’une analyse comparative. L’article suivant se focalise sur ce développement et propose que les tribunaux et les juristes universitaires doivent avoir recours aux analyses comparatives plus souvent et plus systématiquement pour que des pièges de l’unification soient évités. En même temps, l’article fournit un aperçu des effets (secondaires) de l’unification à grande échelle d’un domaine juridique entier.

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22

Crépeau, Paul-A. "Comparative Law, Law Reform and Codification: National and International Perspectives." Asia Pacific Law Review 3, sup1 (December 1994): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18758444.1994.11788010.

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23

Cherniadeva, N. A. "SOME ASPECTS OF COMPARATIVE LAW RESEARCH IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW." Moscow University Bulletin of them SY Witte Series 2 Legal science, no. 3 (2022): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21777/2587-9472-2022-3-38-42.

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24

Humbat Musayev, Erkin Humbat Musayev. "INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND AR (AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC) LEGISLATION GENOCIDE CRIME AND ITS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL CRIMES." SCIENTIFIC WORK 53, no. 04 (February 28, 2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/aem/2007-2020/53/48-52.

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25

Magomedova, O. S. "Concept of International Legal Policy in Foreign Comparative Legal Studies." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 3 (December 26, 2020): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-3-27-43.

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INTRODUCTION. International legal policy is a new object in international legal studies, although this phenomenon exists as long as the external relations of States. International legal policy is a rare case of research subject, which remains unexplored. International legal policy as a Concept of State's policy towards legal aspects of international relations was formed in the 80-s of last century. Earlier the questions and their particular aspects now embraced by international legal policy were divided between international lawyers and international relations researchers. However international legal policy is an integral system of State's approaches to international legal matters, therefore its punctual research is relevant only from comparative point of view. It would be interesting to compare States' positions on concrete issues or States' tactics at different stages of realization of international legal norms. This article concerns the question whether comparative studies of international legal policy can be integrated into existing fields of comparative foreign relations law or of comparative research of international law.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article surveys theoretic questions primarily on the base of doctrinal sources. The retrospective analysis of the comparative method in international law is based on works published by Russian and foreign experts during the XX century. Particular attention is drawn upon works of founders of comparative research in international legal studies. The concept of foreign relations law in the scholarship and practice of the U.S. is researched on the base of national case law, which formulated the principle of executive exceptionalism in State foreign policy. Research work is realized with the use of analysis, synthesis, systematisation, as well as methods of historical and comparative method.RESEARCH RESULTS. The Article consistently reveals meaning and the content of international legal policy as one of the authors of the concept, French lawyer and diplomat G. de Lacharriere, presented it. The Article examines the history of foreign relations law in the U.S. and presents its doctrinal estimations from viewpoint of American constitutional law. The research work specifies different points of view on content of foreign relations law and approaches to its justification. Indeed international legal policy and foreign relations law can be compared as two types of State’s approach to its legal position on the international scene. There are six parameters for comparison: sources, functions, subjects of both concepts, questions on allocation of foreign powers in the State, on relationship between international and national law, on the role of national courts in interpretation and application of international norms. In consideration of “national interest” concept the attribution of international legal policy to international organisations or supranational association is judged as incorrect. The article examines the question of applicability of comparative method in the international law within the discourse among scholars on how differently modern States evaluate international legal norms. Analysis of the tendency to contrasting States’ approaches to the international law encompasses its development from notions “international law of transitional period”, “international legal systems”, to notions “national approach”, “legal style”, “legal culture”. Brief survey of comparative international law gives perspective on diversity of approaches to comparable aspects of the international law. Comparative studies of international legal policy could get consolidated among them.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. At first sight the comparative method is hardly applicable to the international law. However the universality of the international law doesn’t exclude variety of approaches to it. The research into international legal policy determined by national interests of every State allows to systemize positions of a State into a single strategy. At the same time comparative method doesn’t only provide classical comparison of States’ positions by issues, but also offers to compare inner-workings of the international legal policy and shaping factors. Nowadays in the context of trends on diversification of international relations (fragmentation, regionalisation), growing popularity of the comparative method translated into comparative foreign relations law and comparative international law. However international legal policy doesn’t correspond with categorial apparatus of comparative foreign relations law. International legal policy is nor able to apply methodological tenets of comparative international law due to its multivalued content. Most likely comparative studies of international legal policy can become a new approach within comparative international law, which should be based on the principles of concreteness and consistency.

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26

Ogorodnikova, Nina Vladimirovna, Valeria Vladimirovna Poltavets, Maria Teymurazovna Gigineyshvili, and Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Zharkikh. "Criminal responsibility for stealing in international law." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-E (August 6, 2021): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-e1229p.505-511.

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This paper is focused on comparative analysis of crimes against property as they are defined in international treaties and Russian Criminal Code. The methodological basis of the study is a set of doctrinal, comparative and linguistic methods. A comparative analysis of international and national criminal legislation providing liability for stealing of property was carried out. The forms of stealing have been determined and their elements have been described. As a result of the study it can be concluded that there is no well-structured system of crimes against property on universal level. Even though there is common understanding of crimes against property in domestic and international law, the Criminal Code of Russian Federation does not share the approach of international treaties in the matter of formulating some elements of actus reus.

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27

Tushnet, Mark. "The Boundaries of Comparative Law." European Constitutional Law Review 13, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019616000420.

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Boundaries: between public and private law – Political dimensions of private and public law – Boundaries between domestic law and transnational and international law – Boundaries between law and other disciplines, including economics, comparative politics, normative political theory, and hermeneutic disciplines – National styles of comparative law scholarship – Analytic and pragmatic traditions in comparative law scholarship

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28

Bellace, Janice R. "Book Review: International and Comparative: Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations." ILR Review 41, no. 1 (October 1987): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398704100132.

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29

Steyn, Lord. "The XVIIth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law – The Challenge of Comparative Law." European Review of Private Law 14, Issue 5/6 (December 1, 2006): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2006037.

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30

Mwakagali, Mpoki. "International Human Rights Law and Discrimination Protections." Brill Research Perspectives in Comparative Discrimination Law 1, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 1–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522031-12340002.

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AbstractNon-discrimination is a fundamental principle of international human rights law. This volume discusses the international legal framework on this principle and comparatively elaborates the definition of discrimination as well as the grounds of discrimination in the various general and specialised international human rights treaties, including the International Labour Organisation conventions. The element of special measures as an integral aspect of this principle is also raised. A comparative discussion on the incorporation of international standards on the principle of non-discrimination established in the international treaties in regional as well as national human rights frameworks is also set forth to provide practical illustrations of the application of these standards in more specific and localised perspectives. Selected regional frameworks discussed are the African, American and European human rights regional frameworks and the national frameworks are South Africa and Brazil.

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31

Solomon, Dennis. "The Importance of Comparative Law with Reference to Private International Law." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 2017): 786–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0085.

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32

박정기. "International Unification of Private Law as An Accomplishment of Comparative Law." KYUNGPOOK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY LAW JOURNAL ll, no. 44 (November 2013): 145–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17248/knulaw..44.201311.145.

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33

Youm, Kyu Ho, and Amy Kristin Sanders. "International and Comparative Law as a Reverse Perspective on Communication Law." Communication Law and Policy 25, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10811680.2020.1735184.

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34

Kulick, A. "Stephan W. Schill (ed.). International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law." European Journal of International Law 22, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chr063.

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35

Yatsunami, Ren. "Comparative review of private international law in Japan." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej 17 (2020): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.20.015.12133.

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36

Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski, Louis. "Inter-American Academy of International and Comparative Law." Revue générale de droit 19, no. 1 (1988): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1059199ar.

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37

Parker, Susan E. "Human rights: An international and comparative law bibliography." Government Information Quarterly 3, no. 2 (January 1986): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-624x(86)90023-7.

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38

Hashemi, Soheila, and Nader Mardani. "Comparative Study of International Commercial Arbitration and International Law in Iran." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 7 (August 30, 2016): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n7p242.

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Анотація:

Arbitration is one of the most important solutions to end enmity and replace judicial inquest. As international trading is extended, referring to judgment to solve the conflicts caused by commercial contracts has been rapidly rising which is a result of judgment benefits over justice authorities. Fastness and efficiency, law inquest cost, compromise nature of selecting the referees, and professional selection are among the most evident specifications of arbitration. Furthermore, Iran’s involvement in the most significant judgment case of the last century i.e. the lawsuits filed between the Islamic Republic of Iran the United States of America after the victory of the revolution would double the essentiality of knowing this organization. Judgment may be either individual or organic (permanent) and also the number of referees needs to be one or three. The most important issue in the judge’s inquest is to follow two factors including independence and impartiality from the beginning until the end of the inquest process. Violating these characteristics or the lack of one of both or other descriptions predicted in the arbitration contract would result in its violation by one side of the conflict or both of them. In the present paper, a comparison is conducted between the commonalty and distinction of Iran’s international commercial arbitration in 1376 and international law.

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39

Jain, Neha. "Comparative International Law at the ICTY: The General Principles Experiment." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (July 2015): 486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0486.

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For a significant period of time, the comparativist and the international lawyer were considered to inhabit different worlds: the former scrutinized similarities and differences between domestic legal systems while the latter focused on the universal realm of international law that overlays these systems. This comfortably segregated image has been conclusively shattered by numerous studies demonstrating the multiple areas of interaction between international and comparative law. of these, one of the ripest areas for further reflection is the “general principles of law” as a source of international law. Puzzlingly, given the traditional domestic law origins of the general principles of law, comparative law and methodology have rarely featured in the scholarship and jurisprudence on the general principles. Thus, the attempt of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (Icty) to use the general principles as a freestanding source of international criminal law provides a particularly intriguing opportunity to study the interaction between international and comparative law.

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40

Ноздрачев, Александр, Alyeksandr Nozdrachyev, Влада Лукьянова, and Vlada Lukyanova. "SCHOOL OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: COMPARATIVE LAW ASPECT." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, no. 5 (December 2, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16121.

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Scientific life at the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, which will celebrate its 90th anniversary in 2015, is developing in various ways. Special place is occupied by scientific schools — sustainable community of scientists, developing concepts’ principles and systems, legal regulation mechanisms that ensure consistency and continuity of scientific research results. This article examines the impact of scientific analysis of foreign law and acts of international law on the development of the administrative law science at different development stages of one of the Institute’s oldest scientific schools — the School of Administrative Law. The article demonstrates the possibility of perception of positive scientific results, ideas, views and positions of leading scientists of the School through theory and practice of modern public administration in the process of finding legal solutions for regulation of new phenomena that require streamlining.

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41

Barnabas, Sylvanus Gbendazhi, and Donatus Onuora Okanyi. "The Interface Between National and International Law in Africa: Nigeria and Kenya in Comparative Perspective." Africa Journal of Comparative Constitutional Law 2021, no. 1 (2021): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/ajcl/2021/a3.

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This paper examines the interface between national and international law in Africa, with a special focus on Nigeria and Kenya, by comparatively examining both states. The choice of Kenya as a comparator is because, like Nigeria, Kenya is anglophone. Kenya has embarked on fairly recent constitutional reforms in relation to the position of international law in its legal system. The choice of Nigeria is because as an Anglophone African state, it represents the traditional attitude towards international law practised in Anglophone Africa. The purpose of the comparative analysis is to investigate whether there are lessons that Nigeria and other Anglophone African states may glean from Kenya’s constitutional law reforms. In addition to the comparative approach, the methodology is also doctrinal. It will be suggested that Anglophone African countries like Nigeria should adopt the current approach that Kenya has adopted towards engaging with international law at its national level.

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Boughey, Janina. "ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE NEXT FRONTIER FOR COMPARATIVE LAW." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 62, no. 1 (January 2013): 55–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589312000553.

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AbstractIt is trite to observe that the past three decades have seen an ‘explosion’ in comparative law. Equally well-worn territory is the fact that constitutional law has been a particular beneficiary of the comparative trend, despite the fact that for much of the twentieth century comparative lawyers tended to avoid public law topics. However, one field of law that has been conspicuously absent from the boom in comparison, at least outside of Europe, is administrative law. This article analyses why the use of comparison has been so vastly different between the two areas of public law. It then surveys some recent developments in administrative law and points to a number of aspects of the field that would benefit from the wider use of comparative methods across the world.

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43

Fedorov, Aleksandr V. "CORRUPTION COMBATING: A COMPARATIVE LAW ASPECT." Russian investigator 1 (January 23, 2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3783-2019-1-74-80.

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The article is dedicated to the review of legal issues of corruption combating using a comparative method. The author notes the importance of such research for discharge of international obligations in the said sphere arising out of agreements entered into by the Russian Federation; the development of international cooperation in corruption combating; study of the most efficient anti-corruption solutions in place in other countries as to their possible use in the national laws. The publication reviews the issues of definition of such concepts as corruption, fight against corruption, corruption combating, criminal liability of legal entities for corruption-related offenses in various countries. Attention is focused on a comparison of the Russian and Chinese anti-corruption laws. The criminal, administrative, civil, disciplinary, economic and party types of the liability for corruption are singled out.

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44

Augustyniak, Łukasz. "Keeping up Appearances: May the Law of International Responsibility be construed through the ‘Comparative Law’ Methods?" Polish Review of International and European Law 10, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2021.10.1.02.

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The article analyses the possible employment of comparative law methodology for the codification, progressive development and the interpretation of the law of international responsibility. It argues that ‘comparative law’ methodology should be used during this process as it would enhance the legitimacy and understanding of the work of the International Law Commission. The use of legal English involves the reference to common law ideas whether it is consciously admitted or not by the users of legal rules drafted in that language. This concept is presented by the reference to the way the language is used in the process of creating and interpreting rules in the area of international responsibility. It also plays an important role during the construction of multicultural internationallegal concepts within that field. Last but not least, the use of ‘comparative law’ seems to be an indispensable apparatus in the codification process in the area of international responsibility consisting of general principles of law and customary law. The ‘comparative law’ methods are invaluable tools for all those who take part in creation of international responsibility rules, as well as their application and interpretation.

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45

Кресин, Алексей, and Aleksey Kresin. "International congresses of comparative law as a form of research activities: towards the 90th anniversary of the International academy of comparative law." Comparative Research In Law and Politics 2, no. 1 (June 15, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5042.

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The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the history of international congress of comparative law, the principles and mechanisms for their organization, the evolution of their program, as well as intermediate congresses and other forms of the International Academy of Comparative Law activities. The dynamics and geography of the publication of works of Congress are analyzed. The author concludes that IACL congresses are the form of exercise big-scale international research projects, reconstructs their stages and principles, compares them with projects within other international organizations.

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46

Jackson, Miles. "State Instigation in International Law: A General Principle Transposed." European Journal of International Law 30, no. 2 (May 2019): 391–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chz021.

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Abstract It is widely believed that international law imposes no general prohibition on instigation – no general prohibition on states inducing, inciting or procuring other states to breach their international obligations. The absence of a prohibition on instigation stands in contrast to the now entrenched prohibition on the provision of assistance to another state that facilitates an internationally wrongful act. In this article, I argue that the orthodox position on instigation is incorrect. I argue that a prohibition on instigation is founded on a general principle of law, as envisaged in Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and that it would be appropriate to transpose that general principle to the international legal system. To sustain this argument, I first construct a representative set of domestic jurisdictions for comparative analysis. Second, through a brief comparative survey, I assess whether in each of these domestic jurisdictions it is wrongful, in one way or another, for an actor to instigate another to commit an act that it would be wrongful for it to do itself. And, third, I argue that the transposition of this principle from domestic law to international law is conceptually and normatively appropriate.

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47

McCrudden, Christopher. "Why Do National Court Judges Refer to Human Rights Treaties? A Comparative International Law Analysis of CEDAW." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (July 2015): 534–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0534.

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Comparative international law promises to bring fresh attention to the similarities and differences in how international law is understood and approached at the domestic level. Comparative international human rights law applies this focus to similarities and differences in the ways that international human rights law is, for example, interpreted at the domestic level by courts.

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48

Hale, Donna C., and David H. Bayley. "Patterns of Policing: A Comparative International Analysis." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 77, no. 1 (1986): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1143598.

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49

Tolstopiatenko, G. P. "Law Studies." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(38) (October 28, 2014): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-159-170.

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At the origin of the International Law Department were such eminent scientists, diplomats and teachers as V.N. Durdenevsky, S.B. Krylov and F.I. Kozhevnikov. International law studies in USSR and Russia during the second half of the XX century was largely shaped by the lawyers of MGIMO. They had a large influence on the education in the international law in the whole USSR, and since 1990s in Russia and other CIS countries. The prominence of the research of MGIMO international lawyers was due to the close connections with the international practice, involving international negotiations in the United Nations and other international fora, diplomatic conferences and international scientific conferences. This experience is represented in the MGIMO handbooks on international law, which are still in demand. The Faculty of International Law at MGIMO consists of seven departments: Department of International Law, Department of Private International and Comparative Law; Department of European Law; Department of Comparative Constitutional Law; Department of Administrative and Financial Law; Department of Criminal Law, Department Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics. Many Russian lawyers famous at home and abroad work at the Faculty, contributing to domestic and international law studies. In 1947 the Academy of Sciences of the USSR published "International Law" textbook which was the first textbook on the subject in USSR. S.B. Krylov and V.N. Durdenevsky were the authors and editors of the textbook. First generations of MGIMO students studied international law according to this textbook. All subsequent books on international law, published in the USSR, were based on the approach to the teaching of international law, developed in the textbook by S.B. Krylov and V.N. Durdenevsky. The first textbook of international law with the stamp of MGIMO, edited by F.I. Kozhevnikov, was published in 1964. This textbook later went through five editions in 1966, 1972, 1981, 1987. In 1994 the International Law Department together with the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs prepared new textbook, reflecting the development of international law in the 1960-1990s. In 2000 "International Law" textbook appeared, which was prepared exceptionally by the Department of International Law at MGIMO. In 2005 "European international law" textbook was published. It became the first textbook in Russian Law studies dedicated to the international legal aspects of interstate cooperation in Europe. Quarterly magazine "Moscow Journal of International Law" has made significant contribution to the development of the MGIMO international law school. Y.M. Kolosov, who is the Honored Scientist of Russia and professor of international law, was the founder of the magazine. He has been its editor in chief up to present.

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Boparai, Harinder, Kurt Lipstein, and Istvan Szaszy. "International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Vol. III (Private International Law), Chapter 10: Interpersonal Conflict of Laws." American Journal of Comparative Law 36, no. 4 (1988): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/840282.

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