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Статті в журналах з теми "Molecular adaptations"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Coombes, David, James W. B. Moir, Anthony M. Poole, Tim F. Cooper, and Renwick C. J. Dobson. "The fitness challenge of studying molecular adaptation." Biochemical Society Transactions 47, no. 5 (October 23, 2019): 1533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20180626.

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Abstract Advances in bioinformatics and high-throughput genetic analysis increasingly allow us to predict the genetic basis of adaptive traits. These predictions can be tested and confirmed, but the molecular-level changes — i.e. the molecular adaptation — that link genetic differences to organism fitness remain generally unknown. In recent years, a series of studies have started to unpick the mechanisms of adaptation at the molecular level. In particular, this work has examined how changes in protein function, activity, and regulation cause improved organismal fitness. Key to addressing molecular adaptations is identifying systems and designing experiments that integrate changes in the genome, protein chemistry (molecular phenotype), and fitness. Knowledge of the molecular changes underpinning adaptations allow new insight into the constraints on, and repeatability of adaptations, and of the basis of non-additive interactions between adaptive mutations. Here we critically discuss a series of studies that examine the molecular-level adaptations that connect genetic changes and fitness.

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2

van Breukelen, Frank, and Sandra L. Martin. "Invited Review: Molecular adaptations in mammalian hibernators: unique adaptations or generalized responses?" Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 2640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01007.2001.

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Hibernators are unique among mammals in their ability to attain, withstand, and reverse low body temperatures. Hibernators repeatedly cycle between body temperatures near zero during torpor and 37°C during euthermy. How do these mammals maintain cardiac function, cell integrity, blood fluidity, and energetic balance during their prolonged periods at low body temperature and avoid damage when they rewarm? Hibernation is often considered an example of a unique adaptation for low-temperature function in mammals. Although such adaptation is apparent at the level of whole animal physiology, it is surprisingly difficult to demonstrate clear examples of adaptations at the cellular and biochemical levels that improve function in the cold and are unique to hibernators. Instead of adaptation for improved function in the cold, the key molecular adaptations of hibernation may be to exploit the cold to depress most aspects of biochemical function and then rewarm without damage to restore optimal function of all systems. These capabilities are likely due to novel regulation of biochemical pathways shared by all mammals, including humans.

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3

Lundmark, Cathy. "Molecular Adaptations in Bacteria." BioScience 56, no. 10 (2006): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[872:maib]2.0.co;2.

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4

Shi, Hong, and Bing Su. "Molecular Adaptation of Modern Human Populations." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (December 30, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/484769.

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Modern humans have gone through varied processes of genetic adaptations when their ancestors left Africa about 100,000 years ago. The environmental stresses and the social transitions (e.g., emergence of the Neolithic culture) have been acting as the major selective forces reshaping the genetic make-up of human populations. Genetic adaptations have occurred in many aspects of human life, including the adaptation to cold climate and high-altitude hypoxia, the improved ability of defending infectious diseases, and the polished strategy of utilizing new diet with the advent of agriculture. At the same time, the adaptations once developed during evolution may sometimes generate deleterious effects (e.g., susceptibility to diseases) when facing new environmental and social changes. The molecular (especially the genome-wide screening of genetic variations) studies in recent years have detected many genetic variants that show signals of Darwinian positive selection in modern human populations, which will not only provide a better understanding of human evolutionary history, but also help dissecting the genetic basis of human complex diseases.

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5

de Souza, E., V. Tricoli, H. Roschel, P. Brum, A. V. Bacurau, J. C. Ferreira, M. Aoki, et al. "Molecular Adaptations to Concurrent Training." International Journal of Sports Medicine 34, no. 03 (October 8, 2012): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1312627.

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6

Tsagkogeorga, Georgia, Michael R. McGowen, Kalina T. J. Davies, Simon Jarman, Andrea Polanowski, Mads F. Bertelsen, and Stephen J. Rossiter. "A phylogenomic analysis of the role and timing of molecular adaptation in the aquatic transition of cetartiodactyl mammals." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 9 (September 2015): 150156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150156.

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Recent studies have reported multiple cases of molecular adaptation in cetaceans related to their aquatic abilities. However, none of these has included the hippopotamus, precluding an understanding of whether molecular adaptations in cetaceans occurred before or after they split from their semi-aquatic sister taxa. Here, we obtained new transcriptomes from the hippopotamus and humpback whale, and analysed these together with available data from eight other cetaceans. We identified more than 11 000 orthologous genes and compiled a genome-wide dataset of 6845 coding DNA sequences among 23 mammals, to our knowledge the largest phylogenomic dataset to date for cetaceans. We found positive selection in nine genes on the branch leading to the common ancestor of hippopotamus and whales, and 461 genes in cetaceans compared to 64 in hippopotamus. Functional annotation revealed adaptations in diverse processes, including lipid metabolism, hypoxia, muscle and brain function. By combining these findings with data on protein–protein interactions, we found evidence suggesting clustering among gene products relating to nervous and muscular systems in cetaceans. We found little support for shared ancestral adaptations in the two taxa; most molecular adaptations in extant cetaceans occurred after their split with hippopotamids.

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7

Takahashi, Gemma R., Elizabeth M. Diessner, Omar J. Akbari, Jonathan Le, Carter T. Butts, and Rachel W. Martin. "Molecular adaptations of psychrophilic serine proteases." Biophysical Journal 121, no. 3 (February 2022): 47a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.2486.

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8

Castoe, Todd A., and David D. Pollock. "Chinese alligator genome illustrates molecular adaptations." Cell Research 23, no. 11 (September 24, 2013): 1254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2013.134.

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9

Weber, Roy E., and Serge N. Vinogradov. "Nonvertebrate Hemoglobins: Functions and Molecular Adaptations." Physiological Reviews 81, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 569–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.569.

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Анотація:

Hemoglobin (Hb) occurs in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Its distribution is episodic among the nonvertebrate groups in contrast to vertebrates. Nonvertebrate Hbs range from single-chain globins found in bacteria, algae, protozoa, and plants to large, multisubunit, multidomain Hbs found in nematodes, molluscs and crustaceans, and the giant annelid and vestimentiferan Hbs comprised of globin and nonglobin subunits. Chimeric hemoglobins have been found recently in bacteria and fungi. Hb occurs intracellularly in specific tissues and in circulating red blood cells (RBCs) and freely dissolved in various body fluids. In addition to transporting and storing O2and facilitating its diffusion, several novel Hb functions have emerged, including control of nitric oxide (NO) levels in microorganisms, use of NO to control the level of O2in nematodes, binding and transport of sulfide in endosymbiont-harboring species and protection against sulfide, scavenging of O2in symbiotic leguminous plants, O2sensing in bacteria and archaebacteria, and dehaloperoxidase activity useful in detoxification of chlorinated materials. This review focuses on the extensive variation in the functional properties of nonvertebrate Hbs, their O2binding affinities, their homotropic interactions (cooperativity), and the sensitivities of these parameters to temperature and heterotropic effectors such as protons and cations. Whenever possible, it attempts to relate the ligand binding properties to the known molecular structures. The divergent and convergent evolutionary trends evident in the structures and functions of nonvertebrate Hbs appear to be adaptive in extending the inhabitable environment available to Hb-containing organisms.

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10

Fujiyoshi, Haruna, Tatsuro Egawa, Eriko Kurogi, Takumi Yokokawa, Kohei Kido, and Tatsuya Hayashi. "TLR4-Mediated Inflammatory Responses Regulate Exercise-Induced Molecular Adaptations in Mouse Skeletal Muscle." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 1877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031877.

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Endurance exercise induces various adaptations that yield health benefits; however, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Given that it has recently been accepted that inflammatory responses are required for a specific muscle adaptation after exercise, this study investigated whether toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, a pattern recognition receptor that induces proinflammatory cytokines, is responsible for exercise-induced adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle. The TLR4 mutant (TLR4m) and intact TLR4 control mice were each divided into 2 groups (sedentary and voluntary wheel running) and were housed for six weeks. Next, we removed the plantaris muscle and evaluated the expression of cytokines and muscle regulators. Exercise increased cytokine expression in the controls, whereas a smaller increase was observed in the TLR4m mice. Mitochondrial markers and mitochondrial biogenesis inducers, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta and heat shock protein 72, were increased in the exercised controls, whereas this upregulation was attenuated in the TLR4m mice. In contrast, exercise increased the expression of molecules such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha and glucose transporter 4 in both the controls and TLR4m mice. Our findings indicate that exercise adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis are mediated via TLR4, and that TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses could be involved in the mechanism of adaptation.

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11

Nasib ur Rahman, Jia-le Ding, Shah Nawab, Ahmad Ali, Yasir Alam, Adil Qadir, Yasir Alam, and sun kun. "Molecular evaluation and geographical adaptation of plants: A literature review." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 029–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.1.1404.

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Plants adapt locally to a wide range of environments to achieve ecological specialization. Maladaptation and costly fitness can result from local adaptation. However, these adaptations are not common, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are now unclear. The literature was investigated to recognize potential pathways underlying ecological specialization and local adaptation. Stressors such as drought, high heat, cold, floods, herbivores, and disease were investigated. The results were summarized by recent developments in regional adaptability and plant molecular biology. In addition to situations when modifications aren't a necessary part of adaptation, procedures that may lead to changes in fitness have been identified. In the future, it will be important to investigate local adaptation with a clear focus on molecular processes.

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12

Blount, Drew. "A General Statistical Method for Identifying Adaptations by Parameterizing Trait Space." Artificial Life 22, no. 2 (May 2016): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00200.

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It is obviously useful to think of evolved individuals in terms of their adaptations, yet the task of empirically classifying traits as adaptations has been claimed by some to be impossible in principle. I reject that claim by construction, introducing a formal method to empirically test whether a trait is an adaptation. The method presented is general, intuitive, and effective at identifying adaptations while remaining agnostic about their adaptive function. The test follows directly from the notion that adaptations arise from variation, heritability, and differential fitness in an evolving population: I operationalize these three concepts at the trait level, formally defining measures of individual traits. To test whether a trait is an adaptation, these measures are evaluated, locating the trait within a three-dimensional parameterized trait space. Within this space, I identify a region containing all adaptations; a trait's position relative to this adaptive region of trait space describes its status as an adaptation. The test can be applied in any evolving system where a few domain-specific statistical measures can be constructed; I demonstrate the construction of these measures, most notably a measure of an individual's hypothetical fitness if it were born with a different trait, in Packard's Bugs ALife model. The test is applied in Bugs, and shown to conform with our intuitive classification of adaptations.

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13

Giordano, D., R. Russo, D. Coppola, G. di Prisco, and C. Verde. "Molecular adaptations in haemoglobins of notothenioid fishes." Journal of Fish Biology 76, no. 2 (February 2010): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02528.x.

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14

Howard, Joe. "Molecular motors: structural adaptations to cellular functions." Nature 389, no. 6651 (October 1997): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/39247.

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15

Provorov, N. A., and I. A. Tikhonovich. "Genetic and molecular basis of symbiotic adaptations." Biology Bulletin Reviews 4, no. 6 (November 2014): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079086414060061.

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16

Pál, Csaba, and Balázs Papp. "Evolution of complex adaptations in molecular systems." Nature Ecology & Evolution 1, no. 8 (July 21, 2017): 1084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0228-1.

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17

Feller, G., J. L. Arpigny, E. Narinx, and Ch Gerday. "Molecular adaptations of enzymes from psychrophilic organisms." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 118, no. 3 (November 1997): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9629(97)00011-x.

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18

Russell, Nicholas J. "Psychrophilic bacteria—Molecular adaptations of membrane lipids." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 118, no. 3 (November 1997): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9629(97)87354-9.

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19

Russo, Roberta, Alessia Riccio, Guido di Prisco, Cinzia Verde, and Daniela Giordano. "Molecular adaptations in Antarctic fish and bacteria." Polar Science 4, no. 2 (August 2010): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2010.03.005.

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20

Schulte, Patricia M. "Environmental adaptations as windows on molecular evolution." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 128, no. 3 (March 2001): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-4959(00)00357-2.

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21

Schulte, Patricia M. "Environmental adaptations as windows on molecular evolution." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 126 (July 2000): S84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0491(00)80165-0.

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22

Feller, G. "Molecular adaptations to cold in psychrophilic enzymes." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS) 60, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 648–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-003-2155-3.

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23

Birkeland, Siri, A. Lovisa S. Gustafsson, Anne K. Brysting, Christian Brochmann, and Michael D. Nowak. "Multiple Genetic Trajectories to Extreme Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Arctic Brassicaceae." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 7 (March 13, 2020): 2052–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa068.

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Abstract Extreme environments offer powerful opportunities to study how different organisms have adapted to similar selection pressures at the molecular level. Arctic plants have adapted to some of the coldest and driest biomes on Earth and typically possess suites of similar morphological and physiological adaptations to extremes in light and temperature. Here, we compare patterns of molecular evolution in three Brassicaceae species that have independently colonized the Arctic and present some of the first genetic evidence for plant adaptations to the Arctic environment. By testing for positive selection and identifying convergent substitutions in orthologous gene alignments for a total of 15 Brassicaceae species, we find that positive selection has been acting on different genes, but similar functional pathways in the three Arctic lineages. The positively selected gene sets identified in the three Arctic species showed convergent functional profiles associated with extreme abiotic stress characteristic of the Arctic. However, there was little evidence for independently fixed mutations at the same sites and for positive selection acting on the same genes. The three species appear to have evolved similar suites of adaptations by modifying different components in similar stress response pathways, implying that there could be many genetic trajectories for adaptation to the Arctic environment. By identifying candidate genes and functional pathways potentially involved in Arctic adaptation, our results provide a framework for future studies aimed at testing for the existence of a functional syndrome of Arctic adaptation in the Brassicaceae and perhaps flowering plants in general.

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24

Wertheim, Bregje. "Adaptations and counter-adaptations in Drosophila host–parasitoid interactions: advances in the molecular mechanisms." Current Opinion in Insect Science 51 (June 2022): 100896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2022.100896.

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25

Peake, Jonathan M., James F. Markworth, Kazunori Nosaka, Truls Raastad, Glenn D. Wadley, and Vernon G. Coffey. "Modulating exercise-induced hormesis: Does less equal more?" Journal of Applied Physiology 119, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01055.2014.

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Hormesis encompasses the notion that low levels of stress stimulate or upregulate existing cellular and molecular pathways that improve the capacity of cells and organisms to withstand greater stress. This notion underlies much of what we know about how exercise conditions the body and induces long-term adaptations. During exercise, the body is exposed to various forms of stress, including thermal, metabolic, hypoxic, oxidative, and mechanical stress. These stressors activate biochemical messengers, which in turn activate various signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and adaptive responses. Historically, antioxidant supplements, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cryotherapy have been favored to attenuate or counteract exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. However, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators are key signaling molecules in muscle, and such strategies may mitigate adaptations to exercise. Conversely, withholding dietary carbohydrate and restricting muscle blood flow during exercise may augment adaptations to exercise. In this review article, we combine, integrate, and apply knowledge about the fundamental mechanisms of exercise adaptation. We also critically evaluate the rationale for using interventions that target these mechanisms under the overarching concept of hormesis. There is currently insufficient evidence to establish whether these treatments exert dose-dependent effects on muscle adaptation. However, there appears to be some dissociation between the biochemical/molecular effects and functional/performance outcomes of some of these treatments. Although several of these treatments influence common kinases, transcription factors, and proteins, it remains to be determined if these interventions complement or negate each other, and whether such effects are strong enough to influence adaptations to exercise.

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26

Wells, Rufus Mg. "EVOLUTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN FUNCTION: MOLECULAR ADAPTATIONS TO ENVIRONMENT." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 26, no. 8 (August 1999): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03091.x.

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27

Hickey, Donal A., Bernhard F. Benkel, and Charalambos Magoulas. "Molecular biology of enzyme adaptations in higher eukaryotes." Genome 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-045.

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Multicellular eukaryotes have evolved complex homeostatic mechanisms that buffer the majority of their cells from direct interaction with the external environment. Thus, in these organisms long-term adaptations are generally achieved by modulating the developmental profile and tissue specificity of gene expression. Nevertheless, a subset of eukaryotic genes are still involved in direct responses to environmental fluctuations. It is the adaptative responses in the expression of these genes that buffers many other genes from direct environmental effects. Both microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns of change in the structure and regulation of such genes are illustrated by the sequences encoding α-amylases. The molecular biology and evolution of α-amylases in Drosophila and other higher eukaryotes are presented. The amylase system illustrates the effects of both long-term and short-term natural selection, acting on both the structural and regulatory components of a gene–enzyme system. This system offers an opportunity for linking evolutionary genetics to molecular biology, and it allows us to explore the relationship between short-term microevolutionary changes and long-term adaptations.Key words: gene regulation, molecular evolution, eukaryotes, Drosophila, amylase.

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28

Giordano, Daniela, Roberta Russo, Guido di Prisco, and Cinzia Verde. "Molecular adaptations in Antarctic fish and marine microorganisms." Marine Genomics 6 (June 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2011.09.003.

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29

HOURDEZ, S., and R. WEBER. "Molecular and functional adaptations in deep-sea hemoglobins." Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 99, no. 1 (January 2005): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.09.017.

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30

McNeil, Paul L. "Cellular and molecular adaptations to injurious mechanical stress." Trends in Cell Biology 3, no. 9 (September 1993): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(93)90012-p.

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31

Laursen, Willem J., Owen Funk, Jena Goodman, Dana K. Merriman, Nicholas T. Ingolia, Sviatoslav N. Bagriantsev, and Elena O. Gracheva. "Molecular Adaptations to Extreme Thermogenesis in Mammalian Hibernators." Biophysical Journal 106, no. 2 (January 2014): 337a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.1931.

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32

Chen, Piaopiao, and Jianzhi Zhang. "Antagonistic pleiotropy conceals molecular adaptations in changing environments." Nature Ecology & Evolution 4, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1107-8.

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33

Karas, Richard H., and R. Sanders Williams. "Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise." Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 1, no. 8 (December 1991): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-1738(91)90072-m.

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34

Harris, Eugene E., and Diogo Meyer. "The molecular signature of selection underlying human adaptations." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131, S43 (2006): 89–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20518.

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35

Booth, FW, and BS Tseng. "Olympic Goal: Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Understanding Muscle Adaptation." Physiology 8, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1993.8.4.165.

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Skeletal muscle is a plastic tissue showing adaptations to training that permit more physical work with less fatigue. Delineation of basic mechanisms of these adaptations will allow the development of scientifically based programs of exercise as well as potential new drugs for the maintenance of physical fitness.

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36

Koch, Linda. "African cattle adaptations." Nature Reviews Genetics 21, no. 12 (October 5, 2020): 718–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41576-020-00293-w.

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37

Strasser, Barbara, and Dominik Pesta. "Resistance Training for Diabetes Prevention and Therapy: Experimental Findings and Molecular Mechanisms." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/805217.

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Анотація:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glycogen synthesis, lipid accumulation, and impaired mitochondrial function. Exercise training has received increasing recognition as a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of T2D. Emerging research suggests that resistance training (RT) has the power to combat metabolic dysfunction in patients with T2D and seems to be an effective measure to improve overall metabolic health and reduce metabolic risk factors in diabetic patients. However, there is limited mechanistic insight into how these adaptations occur. This review provides an overview of the intervention data on the impact of RT on glucose metabolism. In addition, the molecular mechanisms that lead to adaptation in skeletal muscle in response to RT and that are associated with possible beneficial metabolic responses are discussed. Some of the beneficial adaptations exerted by RT include increased GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle, increased insulin sensitivity and hence restored metabolic flexibility. Increased energy expenditure and excess postexercise oxygen consumption in response to RT may be other beneficial effects. RT is increasingly establishing itself as an effective measure to improve overall metabolic health and reduce metabolic risk factors in diabetic patients.

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38

Ercan, Onur, Michiel Wels, Eddy J. Smid, and Michiel Kleerebezem. "Molecular and Metabolic Adaptations of Lactococcus lactis at Near-Zero Growth Rates." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 1 (October 24, 2014): 320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02484-14.

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Анотація:

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the molecular and metabolic adaptations ofLactococcus lactisduring the transition from a growing to a near-zero growth state by using carbon-limited retentostat cultivation. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that metabolic patterns shifted between lactic- and mixed-acid fermentations during retentostat cultivation, which appeared to be controlled at the level of transcription of the corresponding pyruvate dissipation-encoding genes. During retentostat cultivation, cells continued to consume several amino acids but also produced specific amino acids, which may derive from the conversion of glycolytic intermediates. We identify a novel motif containing CTGTCAG in the upstream regions of several genes related to amino acid conversion, which we propose to be the target site for CodY inL. lactisKF147. Finally, under extremely low carbon availability, carbon catabolite repression was progressively relieved and alternative catabolic functions were found to be highly expressed, which was confirmed by enhanced initial acidification rates on various sugars in cells obtained from near-zero-growth cultures. The present integrated transcriptome and metabolite (amino acids and previously reported fermentation end products) study provides molecular understanding of the adaptation ofL. lactisto conditions supporting low growth rates and expands our earlier analysis of the quantitative physiology of this bacterium at near-zero growth rates toward gene regulation patterns involved in zero-growth adaptation.

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39

DeLorenzo, Leah, Victoria DeBrock, Aldo Carmona Baez, Patrick Ciccotto, Erin Peterson, Clare Stull, Natalie Roberts, Reade Roberts, and Kara Powder. "Morphometric and Genetic Description of Trophic Adaptations in Cichlid Fishes." Biology 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081165.

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Анотація:

Since Darwin, biologists have sought to understand the evolution and origins of phenotypic adaptations. The skull is particularly diverse due to intense natural selection on feeding biomechanics. We investigated the genetic and molecular origins of trophic adaptation using Lake Malawi cichlids, which have undergone an exemplary evolutionary radiation. We analyzed morphological differences in the lateral and ventral head shape among an insectivore that eats by suction feeding, an obligate biting herbivore, and their F2 hybrids. We identified variation in a series of morphological traits—including mandible width, mandible length, and buccal length—that directly affect feeding kinematics and function. Using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, we found that many genes of small effects influence these craniofacial adaptations. Intervals for some traits were enriched in genes related to potassium transport and sensory systems, the latter suggesting co-evolution of feeding structures and sensory adaptations for foraging. Despite these indications of co-evolution of structures, morphological traits did not show covariation. Furthermore, phenotypes largely mapped to distinct genetic intervals, suggesting that a common genetic basis does not generate coordinated changes in shape. Together, these suggest that craniofacial traits are mostly inherited as separate modules, which confers a high potential for the evolution of morphological diversity. Though these traits are not restricted by genetic pleiotropy, functional demands of feeding and sensory structures likely introduce constraints on variation. In all, we provide insights into the quantitative genetic basis of trophic adaptation, identify mechanisms that influence the direction of morphological evolution, and provide molecular inroads to craniofacial variation.

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40

Nakamura, Tetsuya, Jeff Klomp, Joyce Pieretti, Igor Schneider, Andrew R. Gehrke, and Neil H. Shubin. "Molecular mechanisms underlying the exceptional adaptations of batoid fins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 52 (December 7, 2015): 15940–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521818112.

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Extreme novelties in the shape and size of paired fins are exemplified by extinct and extant cartilaginous and bony fishes. Pectoral fins of skates and rays, such as the little skate (Batoid, Leucoraja erinacea), show a strikingly unique morphology where the pectoral fin extends anteriorly to ultimately fuse with the head. This results in a morphology that essentially surrounds the body and is associated with the evolution of novel swimming mechanisms in the group. In an approach that extends from RNA sequencing to in situ hybridization to functional assays, we show that anterior and posterior portions of the pectoral fin have different genetic underpinnings: canonical genes of appendage development control posterior fin development via an apical ectodermal ridge (AER), whereas an alternative Homeobox (Hox)–Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)–Wingless type MMTV integration site family (Wnt) genetic module in the anterior region creates an AER-like structure that drives anterior fin expansion. Finally, we show that GLI family zinc finger 3 (Gli3), which is an anterior repressor of tetrapod digits, is expressed in the posterior half of the pectoral fin of skate, shark, and zebrafish but in the anterior side of the pelvic fin. Taken together, these data point to both highly derived and deeply ancestral patterns of gene expression in skate pectoral fins, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms behind the evolution of novel fin morphologies.

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41

Klosinski, Deanna D., Nahida Matta, and Susan Hunter. "Work Force Adaptations and the Future of Molecular Pathology." Laboratory Medicine 23, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/23.11.747.

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42

Hayward, S. A. L., B. Manso, and A. R. Cossins. "Molecular basis of chill resistance adaptations in poikilothermic animals." Journal of Experimental Biology 217, no. 1 (December 18, 2013): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.096537.

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43

Talamudupula, Sai Kiran, Masha Sosonkina, Alexander Gaenko, and Michael W. Schmidt. "Fragment Molecular Orbital Method Adaptations for Heterogeneous Computing Platforms." Procedia Computer Science 9 (2012): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2012.04.052.

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44

Casanueva, Ana, Marla Tuffin, Craig Cary, and Don A. Cowan. "Molecular adaptations to psychrophily: the impact of ‘omic’ technologies." Trends in Microbiology 18, no. 8 (August 2010): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2010.05.002.

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45

SUBBAIAH, C. C. "Molecular and Cellular Adaptations of Maize to Flooding Stress." Annals of Botany 91, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf210.

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46

Morisot, N., and D. Ron. "Alcohol-dependent molecular adaptations of the NMDA receptor system." Genes, Brain and Behavior 16, no. 1 (January 2017): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12363.

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47

Hoffstaetter, Lydia J., Sviatoslav N. Bagriantsev, and Elena O. Gracheva. "TRPs et al.: a molecular toolkit for thermosensory adaptations." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 470, no. 5 (February 27, 2018): 745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-018-2120-5.

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48

Balsanelli, Eduardo, Michelle Z. Tadra-Sfeir, Helisson Faoro, Vânia CS Pankievicz, Valter A. de Baura, Fábio O. Pedrosa, Emanuel M. de Souza, Ray Dixon, and Rose A. Monteiro. "Molecular adaptations ofHerbaspirillum seropedicaeduring colonization of the maize rhizosphere." Environmental Microbiology 18, no. 8 (June 11, 2015): 2343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12887.

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49

Leahy, P., C. Croniger, and RW Hanson. "Molecular and cellular adaptations to carbohydrate and fat intake." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, S1 (April 1999): s6—s13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600740.

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50

Webster, K. "Molecular regulation of cardiac myocyte adaptations to chronic hypoxia." Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 24, no. 7 (July 1992): 741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2828(92)93388-z.

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