Статті в журналах: "Professional cyclists"

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Leo, Peter, James Spragg, Iñigo Mujika, Andrea Giorgi, Dan Lorang, Dieter Simon, and Justin S. Lawley. "Power Profiling, Workload Characteristics, and Race Performance of U23 and Professional Cyclists During the Multistage Race Tour of the Alps." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1089–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0381.

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the power profile, internal and external workloads, and racing performance between U23 and professional cyclists and between varying rider types across 2 editions of a professional multistage race. Methods: Nine U23 cyclists from a Union Cycliste Internationale “Continental Team” (age 20.8 [0.9] y; body mass 71.2 [6.3] kg) and 8 professional cyclists (28.1 [3.2] y; 63.0 [4.6] kg) participated in this study. Rider types were defined as all-rounders, general classification (GC) riders, and domestiques. Data were collected during 2 editions of a 5-day professional multistage race and split into the following 4 categories: power profile, external and internal workloads, and race performance. Results: The professional group, including domestiques and GC riders, recorded higher relative power profile values after certain amounts of total work (1000–3000 kJ) than the U23 group or all-rounders (P ≤ .001–.049). No significant differences were found for external workload measures between U23 and professional cyclists, nor among rider types. Internal workloads were higher in U23 cyclists and all-rounders (P ≤ .001–.043) compared with professionals, domestiques, and GC riders, respectively. The power profile significantly predicted percentage general classification and Union Cycliste Internationale points (R2 = .90–.99), whereas external and internal workloads did not. Conclusion: These findings reveal that the power profile represents a practical tool to discriminate between professionals and U23 cyclists as well as rider types. The power profile after 1000 to 3000 kJ of total work could be used by practitioners to evaluate the readiness of U23 cyclists to move into the professional ranks, as well as differentiate between rider types.

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Gallo, Gabriele, Mireille Mostaert, Emanuela Faelli, Piero Ruggeri, Sundeep Delbarba, Roberto Codella, Pieter Vansteenkiste, and Luca Filipas. "Do Race Results in Youth Competitions Predict Future Success as a Road Cyclist? A Retrospective Study in the Italian Cycling Federation." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0297.

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between youth road cycling success and becoming a professional cyclist. Specifically, the authors sought to analyze (1) the differences in the success scores in youth categories between future professional (PRO) and future nonprofessional (NON-PRO) cyclists, (2) whether relative age effect influences youth road cycling career pathways, and (3) whether youth competition success could predict a future career as a professional cyclist. Methods: The number of points gathered in the annual national ranking of 1345 Italian cyclists in the U17, U19, and U23 categories were retrospectively analyzed. Participants were divided into 2 groups: PRO (n = 43) and future NON-PRO (n = 1302), depending on whether they reached the professional level. Results: PRO outperformed NON-PRO in all the youth categories considered (ie, U17, U19, and U23). Older cyclists within the same annual age group were not overrepresented in PRO and do not have an advantage over younger cyclists within all the competition years. The number of points gathered in youth competitions provides an indication of probability of becoming professional cyclists from U17 onward with the predictive value increasing with age category. Conclusions: Handling the transition to a new age group well (especially the U19–U23 transition), and therefore having success competing against older and more experienced cyclists, is an important factor for talent identification in youth cycling.

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Sanders, Dajo, Mathieu Heijboer, Ibrahim Akubat, Kenneth Meijer, and Matthijs K. Hesselink. "Predicting High-Power Performance in Professional Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 3 (March 2017): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0134.

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Purpose:To assess if short-duration (5 to ~300 s) high-power performance can accurately be predicted using the anaerobic power reserve (APR) model in professional cyclists.Methods:Data from 4 professional cyclists from a World Tour cycling team were used. Using the maximal aerobic power, sprint peak power output, and an exponential constant describing the decrement in power over time, a power-duration relationship was established for each participant. To test the predictive accuracy of the model, several all-out field trials of different durations were performed by each cyclist. The power output achieved during the all-out trials was compared with the predicted power output by the APR model.Results:The power output predicted by the model showed very large to nearly perfect correlations to the actual power output obtained during the all-out trials for each cyclist (r = .88 ± .21, .92 ± .17, .95 ± .13, and .97 ± .09). Power output during the all-out trials remained within an average of 6.6% (53 W) of the predicted power output by the model.Conclusions:This preliminary pilot study presents 4 case studies on the applicability of the APR model in professional cyclists using a field-based approach. The decrement in all-out performance during high-intensity exercise seems to conform to a general relationship with a single exponential-decay model describing the decrement in power vs increasing duration. These results are in line with previous studies using the APR model to predict performance during brief all-out trials. Future research should evaluate the APR model with a larger sample size of elite cyclists.

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Kwiatkowski, M., U. Cwalina, P. Kosielski, K. Simonienko, P. Wierzbinski, N. Wygnał, and N. Waszkiewicz. "Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in professional cyclists." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s267—s268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.701.

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IntroductionRestless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder affecting a significant part of general population. Clinically RLS is characterized by abnormal sensations of irresistible urge to move legs, becoming worse at night, and frequently causing insomnia. Consequences of RLS include daytime dysfunction, depressed mood, anxiety and decreased quality of life.ObjectivesDetermine prevalence of RLS in professional cyclists.AimsThe aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of RLS in professional cyclists. According to our knowledge this is the first research of RLS in professional cyclists.MethodsA total of 43 professional cyclists were asked to complete 4-item questionnaire based on IRLSSG Diagnostic Criteria for RLS. Data from questionnaire was compared to antropometric measurements, epidemiologic data, age of starting trainings and total years of professional performance.ResultsThe results indicated that prevalence of RLS in professional cyclists is 14% and is higher than expected in this age group. We found statistically significant relationship between RLS and age (P < 0,001) and years of experience as a professional cyclist (P < 0,001). Results revealed no significant differences between genders (Table 1).Table 1 ConclusionsRLS seems to be a common problem in professional cyclists. It can affect sport performance. Future efforts to estimate the influence of RLS on professional sport performance should be considered.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Muros, José Joaquín, Cristóbal Sánchez-Muñoz, Daniel Campos, Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira, José Ángel Rufián-Henares, Manuel Mateo-March, and Mikel Zabala. "Nutritional Habits of Professional Cyclists during Pre-Season." Nutrients 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 3695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14183695.

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The first aim of the present study was to assess the dietary intake of professional cyclists during pre-season. The second aim was to assess the dietary habits of this population during a complete season. Fifteen elite male (age: 23.2 ± 5.4 years) and twenty-three elite female (age: 20.1 ± 7.0 years) cyclists volunteered to participate in the study. Dietary nutrient intake during pre-season was assessed using a 72 h dietary recall interview, and a 136-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary habits during the year. Protein intake exceeded the PRI’s recommendation of 0.83 g/kg/day for all cycling groups. Fat exceeded RI recommendations in females in both road (43.3%) and CXO (39.8%) cycling groups, whilst males were found to follow recommendations for fat intake. CHO intake was below recommendations in all groups. Intake of all vitamins exceeded recommendations, with the exception of B9 in female road cyclists (77.8% RDA) and vitamin D in all groups. With regards to mineral intake, consumption exceeded RDA/AI recommendations in all groups except for iodine in male XCO cyclists (61.6%), female road cyclists (61.6%), and female XCO cyclists (58%) and potassium in female road cyclists (74.6%). Males consumed greater amounts of eggs and non-processed foods than females. Road cyclists consumed greater amounts of fish and seafood and had a lower intake of coffee and tea than XCO cyclists. Better knowledge of food guidelines in terms of serving and food variety is important for professional cyclists at may impact health and performance.

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Campion, F., A. M. Nevill, M. K. Karlsson, J. Lounana, M. Shabani, P. Fardellone, and J. Medelli. "Bone Status in Professional Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 07 (April 29, 2010): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1243616.

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Shephard, R. J. "Bone Status in Professional Cyclists." Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2011 (January 2011): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0908(10)79766-x.

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Córdova, Alfredo, Antoni Sureda, María L. Albina, Victoria Linares, Montse Bellés, and Domènec J. Sánchez. "Oxidative Stress Markers After a Race in Professional Cyclists." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 25, no. 2 (April 2015): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0090.

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The aim was to determine the levels and activities of the oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes, plasma, and urine after a flat cyclist stage. Eight voluntary male professional trained-cyclists participated in the study. Exercise significantly increased erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelet, and reticulocyte counts. The exercise induced significant increases in the erythrocyte activities of catalase (19.8%) and glutathione reductase (19.2%), while glutathione peroxidase activity decreased significantly (29.3%). Erythrocyte GSSG concentration was significantly increased after exercise (21.4%), whereas GSH was significantly diminished (20.4%). Erythrocyte malondialdehyde levels evidenced a significant decrease 3 h after finishing the stage (44.3%). Plasma malondialdehyde, GSH and GSSG levels significantly decreased after 3 hr recovery (26.8%, 48.6%, and 31.1%, respectively). The exercise significantly increased the F2-isoprostane concentration in urine from 359 ± 71 pg/mg creatinine to 686 ± 139 pg/mg creatinine. In conclusion, a flat cycling stage induced changes in oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes, plasma, and urine of professional cyclists. Urine F2-isoprostane is a more useful biomarker for assessing the effects of acute exercise than the traditional malondialdehyde measurement.

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Zugail, Ahmed S., Hossam I. Shaabi, Slimane Idir, and Jean-Pierre Becquemin. "Cyclist Endofibrosis (Exercise-Induced Arterial Endofibrosis) Treated by Drug-Coated Balloon Angioplasty." Case Reports in Vascular Medicine 2020 (July 8, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4290271.

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Exercise-induced arterial endofibrosis is an uncommon entity that is most frequently identified in high-performance athletes, especially cyclists. We present this disease in a male professional cyclist of 22 years of age. The course of his condition, clinical manifestations, modalities of investigation, and a nonprecedent treatment plan are demonstrated.

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Bagherian, S., and N. Rahnama. "Epidemiology of injury in professional cyclists." British Journal of Sports Medicine 44, Suppl_1 (September 1, 2010): i4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.11.

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Lucia, A., F. Gómez-Gallego, C. Santiago, F. Bandrés, C. Earnest, M. Rabadán, J. Alonso, et al. "ACTN3 Genotype in Professional Endurance Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 11 (April 11, 2006): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-923862.

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Menu, P., and M. Dauty. "Piriformis syndrome in two professional cyclists." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 54 (October 2011): e124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2011.07.619.

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Clarsen, Benjamin, Tron Krosshaug, and Roald Bahr. "Overuse Injuries in Professional Road Cyclists." American Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 12 (September 16, 2010): 2494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546510376816.

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Moehrle, Matthias, Lothar Heinrich, Andreas Schmid, and Claus Garbe. "Extreme UV Exposure of Professional Cyclists." Dermatology 201, no. 1 (2000): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000018428.

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Sitko, Sebastian, Rafel Cirer-Sastre, Nuria Garatachea, and Isaac López-Laval. "Anthropometric Characteristics of Road Cyclists of Different Performance Levels." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010224.

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Road cycling is an endurance sport characterized by several anthropometric performance factors, such as reduced body mass and body fat percentage. As the power to weight ratio is considered one of the most important markers of performance in this sport discipline, it is speculated that anthropometric factors could relate to the physiological parameters found in road cyclists of different performance levels. The current study aimed to describe the anthropometric differences across road cyclists of different performance levels and to assess whether anthropometric values could relate to physiological markers that are commonly used to classify road cyclists, according to their performance level. We classified 46 cyclists as recreationally trained, trained, well trained and professional, according to their VO2max, and performed graded exercise tests and complete anthropometric assessments. The results showed that there were no significant anthropometric differences between trained, well trained and professional cyclists, with only recreationally trained cyclists exhibiting larger perimeters and skinfolds than professional cyclists. Further, although physiological performance, such as VO2max and respiratory compensation point, correlated negatively with several skinfolds and perimeters, these correlations remained restrained and did not distinguish between cyclists of different specialties.

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van Erp, Teun, Dajo Sanders, and Jos J. de Koning. "Training Characteristics of Male and Female Professional Road Cyclists: A 4-Year Retrospective Analysis." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320.

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Purpose: To describe the training intensity and load characteristics of professional cyclists using a 4-year retrospective analysis. Particularly, this study aimed to describe the differences in training characteristics between men and women professional cyclists. Method: For 4 consecutive years, training data were collected from 20 male and 10 female professional cyclists. From those training sessions, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and power output (PO) were analyzed. Training intensity distribution as time spent in different heart rate and PO zones was quantified. Training load was calculated using different metrics such as Training Stress Score, training impulse, and session rating of perceived exertion. Standardized effect size is reported as Cohen’s d. Results: Small to large higher values were observed for distance, duration, kilojoules spent, and (relative) mean PO in men’s training (d = 0.44–1.98). Furthermore, men spent more time in low-intensity zones (ie, zones 1 and 2) compared with women. Trivial differences in training load (ie, Training Stress Score and training impulse) were observed between men’s and women’s training (d = 0.07–0.12). However, load values expressed per kilometer were moderately (d = 0.67–0.76) higher in women compared with men’s training. Conclusions: Substantial differences in training characteristics exist between male and female professional cyclists. Particularly, it seems that female professional cyclists compensate their lower training volume, with a higher training intensity, in comparison with male professional cyclists.

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Cerynik, Douglas L., Michael Roshon, Joshua M. Abzug, Susan P. Harding, and James A. Tom. "Pelvic Fractures in Professional Cyclists: A Report of 3 Cases." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 1, no. 3 (May 2009): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738108326704.

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Background: Professional riders demonstrate increased risk factors for such injuries including both extensive time on the bike in addition to a possible underlying osteopenia secondary to the nonimpact nature of the sport. Hypothesis: Nonoperative management of stable, nondisplaced pelvic fractures in professional cyclists offers excellent results. Study Design: Case series. Methods: Three cases of professional cyclists with pelvic fractures were reviewed. Results: All 3 cyclists were able to return to professional competition and remain symptom free. Conclusion: Accurate early diagnosis of pelvic fractures, with the aid of computed tomography, is crucial. Early non-weightbearing with a progression to weightbearing as tolerated and early return to stationary training are appropriate. Accurate diagnosis and careful nonoperative management of stable, nondisplaced pelvic fractures in professional cyclists offers excellent results. Clinical Relevance: Accurate diagnosis of pelvic fractures in high-demand athletes with few complaints and no obvious findings on plain film radiographs. Control of weightbearing and competitive status to prevent injury progression. Gauged return to competition at professional level.

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Chabroux, Vincent, Caroline Barelle, and Daniel Favier. "Aerodynamics of Cyclist Posture, Bicycle and Helmet Characteristics in Time Trial Stage." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 28, no. 3 (July 2012): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.3.317.

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The present work is focused on the aerodynamic study of different parameters, including both the posture of a cyclist’s upper limbs and the saddle position, in time trial (TT) stages. The aerodynamic influence of a TT helmet large visor is also quantified as a function of the helmet inclination. Experiments conducted in a wind tunnel on nine professional cyclists provided drag force and frontal area measurements to determine the drag force coefficient. Data statistical analysis clearly shows that the hands positioning on shifters and the elbows joined together are significantly reducing the cyclist drag force. Concerning the saddle position, the drag force is shown to be significantly increased (about 3%) when the saddle is raised. The usual helmet inclination appears to be the inclination value minimizing the drag force. Moreover, the addition of a large visor on the helmet is shown to provide a drag coefficient reduction as a function of the helmet inclination. Present results indicate that variations in the TT cyclist posture, the saddle position and the helmet visor can produce a significant gain in time (up to 2.2%) during stages.

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JANCIN, BRUCE. "Sunscreen Use Low Among Professional Cyclists, Fans." Skin & Allergy News 41, no. 6 (June 2010): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-6337(10)70179-0.

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Menu, P., A. Fouasson-Chaillou, C. Dubois, and M. Dauty. "Piriformis syndrome diagnosis: On two professional cyclists." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 57, no. 4 (June 2014): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2014.02.006.

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Sauper, Tonja, Monika Lanthaler, Matthias Biebl, Helmut Weiss, and Hermann Nehoda. "Impaired anal sphincter function in professional cyclists." Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 119, no. 5-6 (April 2007): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0741-8.

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Dukalski, R., S. Lukosch, A. Schwab, P. J. Beek, and F. M. Brazier. "Exploring the Effect of Pacing Plan Feedback for Professional Road Cycling." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049058.

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In road cycling, cyclists strategically use their energetic resources in unique race-specific circumstances. For time-trial events, professional cycling teams design pacing plans aimed at the effective management of anaerobic work capacities of individual cyclists, allowing for more consistent speeds and therefore, faster times. Patently, adherence to such plans is essential. This paper reports on a field user-study on the effectiveness of providing a pacing plan to cyclists with the following information: (1) printed table alongside a display device with non-processed information (power, distance); and (2) aggregated, processed, just-in-time information on the same device (past, present, prospective; power, distance, W’). In both conditions, 15 road cyclists completed an 8 km open route mimicking race conditions, while adhering to pre-set pacing plans designed relative to their individual critical-power capabilities. Results indicated a linear load-to-adherence relationship and better adherence in condition (2). These findings will help guide future designs of adaptive feedback mechanisms for professional road cycling.

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Rodríguez-Marroyo, Jose A., Raúl Pernía, José G. Villa, and Carl Foster. "Reliability and Seasonal Changes of Submaximal Variables to Evaluate Professional Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 10 (November 1, 2017): 1356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0435.

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of several submaximal variables that can be easily obtained by monitoring cyclists’ performances. Methods: Eighteen professional cyclists participated in this study. In a first part (n = 15) the test-retest reliability of heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a progressive maximal test was measured. Derived submaximal variables based on HR, RPE, and power output (PO) responses were analyzed. In a second part (n = 7) the pattern of the submaximal variables according to cyclists’ training status was analyzed. Cyclists were assessed 3 times during the season: at the beginning of the season, before the Vuelta a España, and the day after this Grand Tour. Results: Part 1: No significant differences in maximal and submaximal variables between test-retest were found. Excellent ICCs (0.81–0.98) were obtained in all variables. Part 2: The HR and RPE showed a rightward shift from early to peak season. In addition, RPE showed a left shift after the Vuelta a España. Submaximal variables based on RPE had the best relationship with both performance and changes in performance. Conclusion: The present study showed the reliability of different maximal and submaximal variables used to assess cyclists’ performances. Submaximal variables based on RPE seem to be the best to monitor changes in training status over a season.

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Calvo, José Antonio, Carolina Álvarez-Caldas, José Luis San Román, and Ramón Gutiérrez-Moizant. "New Procedure for the Kinematic and Power Analysis of Cyclists in Indoor Training." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 6135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216135.

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In this research, the performance and movements of amateur and professional cyclists were analyzed. For this, reflective markers have been used on different parts of the body of the participants in conjunction with sports cameras and a mobile power meter. The trajectories of the markers have been obtained with the software Kinovea and subsequently analyzed using error ellipses. It is demonstrated that the error ellipses help determine movement patterns in the knees, back, and hip. The covariance of the error ellipses can be indicative of the alignment and symmetry of the frontal movement of the knees. In addition, it allows verifying the alignment of the spine and the symmetry of the hip. Finally, it is shown that it is necessary to consider the uncertainty of the power devices since it considerably affects the evaluation of the cyclists’ performance. Devices with high uncertainty will demand a greater effort from the cyclist to meet the power required in the endurance test developed. The statistical magnitudes considered help to analyze power and evaluate the cyclists’ performance.

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Sargent, Charli, Shona L. Halson, David T. Martin, and Gregory D. Roach. "Consecutive Days of Racing Does Not Affect Sleep in Professional Road Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0102.

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Purpose: Professional road cycling races are physiologically demanding, involving successive days of racing over 1 to 3 weeks of competition. Anecdotal evidence indicates that cyclists’ sleep duration either increases or deteriorates during these competitions. However, sleep duration in professional cyclists during stage races has not been assessed. This study examined the amount/quality of sleep obtained by 14 professional cyclists competing in the Australian Tour Down Under. Methods: Sleep was assessed using wrist activity monitors and self-report sleep diaries on the night prior to start of the race and on each night during the race. The impact of each day of the race on sleep onset, sleep offset, time in bed, sleep duration, and wake duration was assessed using separate linear mixed effects models. Results: During the race, cyclists obtained an average of 6.8 (0.9) hours of sleep between 23:30 and 07:27 hours and spent 13.9% (4.7%) of time in bed awake. Minor differences in sleep onset (P = .023) and offset times (P ≤.001) were observed during the week of racing, but these did not affect the amount of sleep obtained by cyclists. Interestingly, the 3 best finishers in the general classification obtained more sleep than the 3 worst finishers (7.2 [0.3] vs 6.7 [0.3] h; P = .049). Conclusions: Contrary to anecdotal reports, the amount of sleep obtained by cyclists did not change over the course of the 1-week race and was just below the recommended target of 7 to 9 hours for adults.

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Smith, Charlotte. "Tour du dopage: Confessions of doping professional cyclists in a modern work environment." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 52, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690215572855.

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Despite widespread condemnation of drug use in sport, recent flurries of riders’ confessions have emphasized the normalization and omnipresence of doping within cycling. This has particularly occurred since the Festina affair in 1998, and Lance Armstrong’s confession about drug use in 2012. Whilst there is an array of reasons for cyclists’ doping, little is known about how this is understood in relation to their performances. This paper addresses this by analyzing 112 doping cyclists’ confessions, adopting an interactionist perspective on deviance and a position of ‘sport as work’. Findings show how doping is legitimated by cyclists on three levels of their performance. These include maintaining their performance to themselves, presenting their performance to their team and supporting the grand spectacle of cycling. It is concluded that doping becomes a form of ‘performance egoism’ that allows cyclists to legitimate their performances.

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Miller, Joshua, and Kyle Susa. "Comparison of anthropometric characteristics between world tour and professional continental cyclists." Journal of Science and Cycling 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/181231.jsc.02.

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This study analyzed the physical characteristics of the World Tour (WT) and Professional Continental (PC) cyclists during the 2018 racing season. Seven hundred sixty-three professional riders (27.9 +4.2 years, 1.81 +0.06 m, 68.6 +6.33 kg) were compared for physical characteristics (i.e. age, height, and body mass). All riders were classified within specialties based upon UCI points ((grand champion (GC), sprinter (S), time trialists (TT), one-day racer (OD)) earned during the previous season. As expected there were differences between the rider’s specialty as well as the different elite divisions of riders. Further results showed that there was no difference in Body Mass Index (BMI; kg.m2) in all riders, however, TT riders in the WT had a significant difference in body surface area (BSA) and frontal area (FA) when compared to the TT riders in the PC division. In conclusion, the present study identified specific physical characteristic differences between the different types of professional cyclist levels of riders (WT vs. PC) and within their specialty.

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Caon, Maurizio, Rico Süsse, Benoit Grelier, Omar Abou Khaled, and Elena Mugellini. "Design of an ergonomic gestural interface for professional road cycling." Work 66, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203238.

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BACKGROUND: Connected bike computers can support professional cyclists in achieving better performances but interacting with them requires taking their hands off the handlebar compromising focus and safety. OBJECTIVE: This research aims at exploring the design of an ergonomic interface based on micro-gestures that can allow cyclists to interact with a device while holding the handlebar. METHODS: Three different studies were conducted with seven professional cyclists adopting the gesture-elicitation technique. One study aimed at eliciting free micro-gestures; a second to evaluate gestures recognizable with a smart glove; the last focused on the gestures recognized through an interactive armband. RESULTS: The analysis of the micro-gestures elicited during these studies allowed producing a first set of guidelines to design gestural interfaces for drop-bars (a specific type of handlebar for road bikes). These guidelines suggest which fingers to use and how to design their movement in order to provide an ergonomic interface. It also introduces the principle of symmetry for the attribution of symbols to symmetric referents. Finally, it provides suggestions on the design of the interactive drop-bar. CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines provided in this paper can support the design of gestural interfaces for professional cyclists that can enhance performance and increase safety.

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Martínez-Noguera, Francisco Javier, Pedro E. Alcaraz, Raquel Ortolano-Ríos, Stéphane P. Dufour, and Cristian Marín-Pagán. "Differences between Professional and Amateur Cyclists in Endogenous Antioxidant System Profile." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020282.

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Currently, no studies have examined the differences in endogenous antioxidant enzymes in professional and amateur cyclists and how these can influence sports performance. The aim of this study was to identify differences in endogenous antioxidants enzymes and hemogram between competitive levels of cycling and to see if differences found in these parameters could explain differences in performance. A comparative trial was carried out with 11 professional (PRO) and 15 amateur (AMA) cyclists. All cyclists performed an endogenous antioxidants analysis in the fasted state (visit 1) and an incremental test until exhaustion (visit 2). Higher values in catalase (CAT), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and GSSG/GSH ratio and lower values in superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found in PRO compared to AMA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, an inverse correlation was found between power produced at ventilation thresholds 1 and 2 and GSSG/GSH (r = −0.657 and r = −0.635; p < 0.05, respectively) in PRO. Therefore, there is no well-defined endogenous antioxidant enzyme profile between the two competitive levels of cyclists. However, there was a relationship between GSSG/GSH ratio levels and moderate and submaximal exercise performance in the PRO cohort.

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30

Merkes, Paul, Paolo Mensapà, and Chris Abbiss. "Sprinting in road cycling – literature review." Journal of Science and Cycling 9, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 01–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/1220.jsc.03.

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A road cycling sprint can be described as the acceleration which occurs toward the end of competitions in order to reach the finish line in front of other competitors. The ability to sprint in road cycling is important since most races are decided in either a head-to-head, small group, or mass sprint finish. Cycling velocity during sprints is important. Factors influencing cycling velocity include the cyclist’s physiology, biomechanics and application of force, resistive forces caused by the environment, and the interaction between cyclists. To perform well in sprints, road cyclists are required to have a very well developed aerobic function but also extremely well established anaerobic capacity. Cyclists can produce higher power outputs while adopting a standing position when compared with a seated position, with professional male and female sprinters producing approximately 14.2 and 10.0 W·kg-1 during road sprints which last 14 and 22 s, respectively. Additionally, lowering the torso and head during the standing sprint position results in an aerodynamicimprovement of around 25%. Before starting the sprint, road cycling sprinters can save energy by drafting behind other cyclists. However, being close to the front of the peloton during the last part of the race, together with several supporting teammates, is of high importance for cycling performance outcomes. Road cycling sprinting performance could be improved via increasing power output, reducing aerodynamic drag, and smart positioning in the peloton.

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31

Feng, Jiafan, Xiaowen Liu, and Shaochun Deng. "Optimal pacing strategy modeling of cycling individual time trials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2282, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2282/1/012003.

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Abstract Improving the performance of professional cyclists during individual time trials has been a challenge for several decades. In this study, the fatigue power profiles of male and female professional cyclists were characterized and a novel optimal pacing strategy model was established to determine the output power distribution based on the simulated annealing algorithm. Moreover, the model was implemented on the male 2021 UCI ITT course and the female 2021 Olympic ITT course. Compared with the actual performance of the professional cyclists, the race scores predicted by this model are among the best, which indicates that the model is highly practical and instructive. Considering riders are unlikely to follow the detailed plan exactly and their output power can deviate from the optimal power, a sensitivity analysis was conducted and the results demonstrated the high stability and reliability of the model.

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32

Genoe, Alexander, Ronald Rousseau, and Sandra Rousseau. "Applying Google Trends’ Search Popularity Indicator to Professional Cycling." Journal of Sports Economics 22, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 459–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520988329.

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This study uses Google Trends data to analyze the impact of the main events in the Tour de France 2019 on cyclists’ online popularity in 12 countries and at a global scale. A fixed effects panel model revealed a strong own-country preference. While online popularity increased with the duration of the Tour, race incidents strongly influenced online popularity. Besides the yellow jersey, winning a stage was more important than wearing the green, white or polka dot jersey for most regions. Still, on a global scale, young cyclists’ online popularity benefited more from wearing the white jersey than from winning a Tour stage.

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33

Lucía, A., J. Pardo, A. Durántez, J. Hoyos, and J. Chicharro. "Physiological Differences Between Professional and Elite Road Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 05 (July 1998): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971928.

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34

Lucia, A. "The slow component of VO2 in professional cyclists." British Journal of Sports Medicine 34, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.34.5.367.

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35

LUC??A, ALEJANDRO, JES??S HOYOS, ALFREDO SANTALLA, MARGARITA P??REZ, and JOS?? L. CHICHARRO. "Kinetics of &OV0312;O2 in professional cyclists." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34, no. 2 (February 2002): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200202000-00021.

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36

Medelli, Jean, Joseph Lounana, Jean-Jacques Menuet, Mohamad Shabani, and Zaida Cordero-MacIntyre. "Is Osteopenia a Health Risk in Professional Cyclists?" Journal of Clinical Densitometry 12, no. 1 (January 2009): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2008.07.057.

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37

JANCIN, BRUCE. "Sunscreen Use Low Among Professional Cyclists and Fans." Family Practice News 40, no. 8 (May 2010): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(10)70570-3.

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38

Chicharro, José L., Jesús Hoyos, Fernando Bandrés, Felix Gómez Gallego, Margarita Pérez, and Alejandro Lucía. "Plasma Oxytocin during Intense Exercise in Professional Cyclists." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 55, no. 3 (2001): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000049988.

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39

Iglesias Cubero, G., J. Rodriguez Reguero, N. Terrados, V. González, R. Barriales, and A. Cortina. "Aldosterone Levels and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Professional Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Medicine 16, no. 07 (October 1995): 475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-973040.

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40

Millour, Geoffrey, Sebastien Duc, Theo Ouvrard, Damien Segui, Frederic Puel, and William Bertucci. "Variability of ankle kinematics in professional cyclists: consequence on saddle height adjustment." Journal of Science and Cycling 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/0620.jsc.03.

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Bike-fitting methods based on the knee kinematics have been developed to determine the optimal saddle height. Among them, the Ferrer-Roca method advises a knee angle between 30 and 40° in the sagittal plane when the crank arm is aligned with the seat tube while pedalling. However, the foot orientation varies between individuals and can influence the knee angle throughout the pedalling cycle. The objective of this study was to measure the inter-individual variability in joint kinematics of professional cyclists and to evaluate the influence of the ankle angle modification on the knee angle during pedalling. Seventeen professional cyclists performed a 3-min pedalling test at 150 W and 80 rpm on their personal road bike mounted on an Elite Turno® ergometer (Elite, Fontaniva, Italia). The knee and ankle angles were measured using 2D kinematic analysis. The average knee angle (38°) was in the optimal range of 30–40°, but great variability was observed between individuals (coefficient of variation of 11.8% and 9.4% for knee and ankle angles, respectively). Moreover, five of them had a knee angle greater than 40°. In addition, their ankle angle was 15% lower than that of cyclists who had a knee angle between 30 and 40° (50 ± 4° vs. 58 ± 4°, p < 0.05). The results suggest that the knee angle observed when professional cyclists use their preferred saddle height varies among individuals and is related to the foot orientation while pedalling. The maximum knee extension angle is lower for the cyclists who accentuate the dorsiflexion but greater for those who pedalled with a plantarflexion. This implies that the saddle height adjustment method based on the knee kinematics while pedalling should consider both the knee and ankle angles.

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41

Luo, Jie, Aihua Mao, Joe S. Au, Yi Li, and Xing Zhang. "Fusion of Art and Technology in Professional Cycling Sportswear Design." Leonardo 47, no. 2 (April 2014): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00737.

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Cycling sportswear that meets the multiple functional requirements of thermal comfort, biomechanical protection and aesthetics is highly demanded by cyclists. These multiple functional requirements lead to innovations in cycling sportswear design based on multi-disciplinary knowledge integration and fusion of art and technology. A theoretical model for cycling sportswear design is developed in this paper to model the design process by systematically integrating different knowledge and identifying the relationships between them. This model demonstrates that the design innovation of cycling sportswear is the fusion of aesthetic design with thermal and biomechanical functional design, which meets cyclists' demand for wearing comfort, relief of muscle fatigue and beautiful appearance.

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42

Decroix, Lieselot, Maria Francesca Piacentini, Gerard Rietjens, and Romain Meeusen. "Monitoring Physical and Cognitive Overload During a Training Camp in Professional Female Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 7 (October 2016): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0570.

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Purpose:High training loads combined with other stressors can lead to performance decrements. The time needed to recover determines the diagnosis of (non)-functional overreaching or the overtraining syndrome. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of an 8-day (intensified) training camp of professional female cyclists on physical and cognitive performance.Methods:Nine subjects performed a 30-min time trial (TT), cognitive test, and Profile of Mood States questionnaire before, during, and after a training camp (49% increased training volume). On data collection, cyclists were classified as “overreached” (OR) or “adapted” (A) based on TT performance. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to detect changes in physical and cognitive parameters.Results: Five cyclists were described as OR based on decreased mean power output (MPO) (–7.03%) on day 8. Four cyclists were classified as A (increased MPO: +1.72%). MPO and maximal heart rate were significantly different between A and OR groups. A significant slower reaction time (RT) (+3.35%) was found in OR subjects, whereas RT decreased (–4.59%) in A subjects. The change in MPO was negatively correlated with change in RT in the cognitive test (R2 = .52).Conclusions:This study showed that the use of objective, inexpensive, and easy-to-interpret physical and cognitive tests can facilitate the monitoring of training adaptations in professional female athletes.

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43

Decroix, Lieselot, Robert P. Lamberts, and Romain Meeusen. "Can the Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycle Test Reflect Overreaching in Professional Cyclists?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0685.

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Context: The Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycle Test (LSCT) consists of 3 stages during which cyclists cycle for 6 min at 60%, 6 min at 80%, and 3 min at 90% of their maximal heart rate, followed by 1-min recovery. Purpose: To determine if the LSCT is able to reflect a state of functional overreaching in professional female cyclists during an 8-d training camp and the following recovery days. Methods: Six professional female cyclists performed an LSCT on days 1, 5, and 8 of the training camp and 3 d after the training camp. During each stage of the LSCT, power output and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined. Training diaries and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were also completed. Results: At the middle and the end of the training camp, increased power output during the 2nd and 3rd stages of the LSCT was accompanied with increased RPE during these stages and/or the inability to reach 90% of maximal heart rate. All athletes reported increased feelings of fatigue and muscle soreness, while changes in energy balance, calculated from the POMS, were less indicative of a state of overreaching. After 3 d of recovery, all parameters of the LSCT returned to baseline, indicating a state of functional overreaching during the training camp. Conclusion: The LSCT is able to reflect a state of overreaching in elite professional female cyclists during an 8-d training camp and the following recovery days.

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44

Rodríguez-Marroyo, Jose A., José G. Villa, Raúl Pernía, and Carl Foster. "Decrement in Professional Cyclists’ Performance After a Grand Tour." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 10 (November 1, 2017): 1348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0294.

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Purpose: To analyze professional cyclists’ performance declines after, and the exercise demands during, a Grand Tour. Methods: Seven professional cyclists performed 2 incremental exercise tests, 1 wk before and the day after the Vuelta España. During the race the exercise demands were analyzed on the basis of heart rate (HR). Three intensity zones were established according to reference HR values corresponding to the ventilatory- (VT) and respiratory-compensation (RCT) thresholds determined during the prerace test. In addition, exercise demands for the last weeks of the Vuelta were recalculated using the reference HR determined during the postrace test for the 3rd week and averaging the change observed in the VT and RCT per stage for the 2nd week. The reference HR for the beginning of the 2nd week was estimated. Results: A significant (P-value range, .044–.000) decrement in oxygen uptake, power output, and HR at maximal exercise, VT, and RCT was found after the race. Based on the prerace test, the mean time spent daily above the RCT was 13.8 ± 10.2 min. This time decreased −1.2 min·day−1 across the race. When the exercise intensity was corrected according to the postrace test, the time above RCT (34.1 ± 9.9 min) increased 1.0 min·day−1. Conclusion: These data indicate that completing a Grand Tour may result in a significant decrement in maximal and submaximal endurance performance capacity. This may modify reference values used to analyze exercise demands. As a consequence, the high-intensity exercise performed by cyclists may be underestimated.

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45

Heikura, Ida A., Marc Quod, Nicki Strobel, Roger Palfreeman, Rita Civil, and Louise M. Burke. "Alternate-Day Low Energy Availability During Spring Classics in Professional Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 9 (October 1, 2019): 1233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0842.

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Purpose: To assess energy and carbohydrate (CHO) availability and changes in blood hormones in 6 professional male cyclists over multiple single-day races. Methods: The authors collected weighed-food records, power-meter data, and morning body mass measurements across 8 d. CHO intakes were compared with contemporary guidelines. Energy availability (EA) was calculated as energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure, relative to fat-free mass (FFM). Skinfold thickness and blood metabolic and reproductive hormones were measured prestudy and poststudy. Statistical significance was defined as P ≤ .05. Results: Body mass (P = .11) or skinfold thickness (P = .75) did not change across time, despite alternate-day low EA (14 [9] vs 57 [10] kcal·kg−1 FFM·d−1, race vs rest days, respectively; P < .001). Cyclists with extremely low EA on race days (<10 kcal·kg−1 FFM·d−1; n = 2) experienced a trend toward decreased testosterone (−14%) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (−25%), despite being high EA (>46 kcal·kg−1 FFM·d−1) on days between. CHO intakes were significantly higher on race versus rest days (10.7 [1.3] vs 6.4 [0.8] g·kg−1·d−1, respectively; P < .001). The cyclists reached contemporary prerace fueling targets (3.4 [0.7] g·kg−1·3 h−1 CHO; P = .24), while the execution of CHO guidelines during race (51 [9] g·h−1; P = .048) and within acute (1.6 [0.5] g·kg−1·3 h−1; P = .002) and prolonged (7.4 [1.0] g·kg−1·24 h−1; P = .002) postrace recovery was poor. Conclusions: The authors are the first to report the day-by-day periodization of energy and CHO in a small sample of professional cyclists. They also examined the logistics of conducting a field study under stressful conditions in which major cooperation from the subjects and team management is needed. Their commentary around these challenges and possible solutions is a major novelty of the article.

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Brunkhorst, Lena, and Heike Kielstein. "COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL TRIATHLETES AND CYCLISTS." Biology of Sport 30, no. 4 (November 25, 2013): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1077552.

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47

Corsetti, Roberto. "Redox State in Professional Cyclists Following Competitive Sports Activity." Open Sports Medicine Journal 6, no. 1 (August 10, 2012): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874387001206010034.

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48

Mujika, I??igo, and Sabino Padilla. "Physiological and Performance Characteristics of Male Professional Road Cyclists." Sports Medicine 31, no. 7 (2001): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131070-00003.

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49

Chennaoui, Mounir, Danielle Gomez-Merino, Catherine Drogou, Cyprien Bourrilhon, Samuel Sautivet, and Charles Yannick Guezennec. "Hormonal and Metabolic Adaptation in Professional Cyclists During Training." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 29, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 714–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h04-046.

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The aim of this study was to examine hormonal and metabolic changes in a group of 18 professional male cyclists ([Formula: see text]69.9 [95% CI 64.9 to 74.9] m L kg−1ùmin−1) during two successive periods of adapted intensive training. The second training period included 4 days of cycling competition. Intensity was increased while volume was decreased in the second training. Anthropometric data were collected before and at the end of the two training periods. Venous blood samples were taken in a basal state before the two training sessions and after each training session. Serum concentrations of cortisol (C), testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAs), and catecholamines were determined as well as branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine) (BCAA) and free fatty acids (FFAs). At the end of the two training periods, the subjects lost fat mass whereas mean body mass was unchanged. The T/C ratio was reduced transiently after the first training session (45.90%), while DHEAs/C remained unchanged. T/C and DHEAs/C were significantly increased after the second training session compared to the first (48.40 and 97.18%, respectively). Catecholamines and FFAs were unchanged. The significant increase in BCAA levels after the second training session was of note as it might constitute a "store shape" of amino acids in anticipation of future intense training loads. Based on the responses of testosterone, DHEAs, and cortisol, and on the training-induced increase in BCAA, there appeared to be hormonal and metabolic adaptation despite the inherent psychological stress of competition. Key words: cycling training, cortisol, testosterone, DHEAs, amino acids

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RODR??GUEZ-MARROYO, JOSE A., JUAN GARC??A L??PEZ, CONCEPCI??N AVILA, FERNANDO JIM??NEZ, ALFREDO C??RDOVA, and JOSE G. VILLA VICENTE. "Intensity of Exercise according to Topography in Professional Cyclists." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, no. 7 (July 2003): 1209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000074562.64053.4f.

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