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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 28 вересня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Public-Private partnership in developing countries":

1

Kang, Seong, Dhanakorn Mulaphong, Eunjin Hwang, and Chih-Kai Chang. "Public-private partnerships in developing countries." International Journal of Public Sector Management 32, no. 4 (May 13, 2019): 334–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-01-2018-0001.

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Purpose Mounting fiscal constraints and increasing complexity of public services have led governments to search for alternative service delivery mechanisms. The public–private partnership (PPP) is one type of service arrangement in which the public and private sectors enter into a long-term cooperative relationship for the purpose of delivering a public good or service. Despite increasing private sector participation in developing nations, there is a need for more systematic assessment of PPPs in such countries. The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors that affect the adoption and implementation of projects in the context of developing countries. Design/methodology/approach A multiple case holistic design is employed to analyze 19 select projects across several developing countries to identify and pool clusters of variables that facilitate or impede PPPs. Findings The results indicate five broad categories of political, economic, legislative, financial and management requisites. Research limitations/implications A limitation of this research is that the cases were not selected at random. However, the projects are spread across several areas such as public health, public utilities, public works, transportation and water/wastewater infrastructure in different countries. This allows the authors to examine how the common factors apply across different contextual settings. Originality/value This paper seeks to contribute to the literature by examining several developing countries to identify and pool clusters of variables that facilitate or impede the effective implementation of PPP projects in the context of such regions.
2

HRYHORENKO, V. "The best foreign practices for developing mechanisms of public-private partnership in the field of cybersecurity." INFORMATION AND LAW, no. 2(37) (June 23, 2021): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2021.2(37).238405.

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The role and place of public-private partnership in the field of cybersecurity in modern conditions are determined. Models of building public-private partnerships in the field of cybersecurity through the prism of the experience of some advanced countries (Israel, Germany, USA, GB) are detailed. The positive achievements of foreign experience of public-private partnership in the field of cybersecurity are summarized. Problematic issues of public-private partnership development as a component of the national cybersecurity system are formulated. The directions of improvement of public-private partnership in the field of cybersecurity are proposed.
3

Babatunde, Solomon Olusola, Srinath Perera, Lei Zhou, and Chika Udeaja. "Barriers to public private partnership projects in developing countries." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 22, no. 6 (November 16, 2015): 669–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-12-2014-0159.

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4

Melville, Duncan. "Public–Private Partnerships in Developing Countries." Review of Market Integration 8, no. 3 (December 2016): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974929217714673.

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First used in developed markets, public–private partnerships (or PPPs) are being increasingly used to deliver critical infrastructure projects within developing countries. The success in developed markets is, however, unlikely to be easily transferrable to developing markets, and the usefulness of the contractual framework unpinning PPPs in such countries is worth questioning. In particular, a number of important developmental questions need to be answered. Are developing countries’ economic objectives best achieved through PPPs? Can developing country’s institutions support successful PPP procurement? Does a pipeline of PPP projects in a developing country ensure the growth of high-skilled jobs in the country? By exploring the experiences of PPP procurement in Chile, this article draws the conclusion that it would be in the best interest of developing countries to require domestic or local involvement within PPP consortiums, either through domestic ownership or in domestic/foreign construction partnering. Such local involvement is most likely to ensure the development of domestic engineering and construction companies and mitigate the potentially negative effects of an infrastructure market dominated by foreign influence. PPPs have been lauded for providing the ‘best of both worlds’ of private and public involvement. But the complex contractual structuring, sophisticated financing and robust institutional support involved, make PPPs an inaccessible tool for many developing countries. Outside of Australasia, Europe and North America, Chile has enjoyed some of the greatest success in promoting infrastructure development through PPPs. Since 1991, Chile has completed more than 50 PPPs, totalling over US$12 billion in capital investment in its roads, hospitals, ports and electricity system, and has been held out as a model for other less developed nations to follow (Hill, 2011, p. 189). What institutional prerequisites do developing countries need before PPPs become a viable option for infrastructure procurement? What can developing countries learn from Chile’s experiences with PPPs? From a developmental perspective, what could Chile have improved in designing its PPP programme? Split into three parts, this article seeks to answer each of these questions. ‘PPP Overview’ outlines relevant definitions, the various PPP contractual structures, which prerequisites make PPPs most effective and how PPPs encourage competition. ‘The Chilean PPP Case Study’ explores in greater detail the history of PPPs in Chile, the country’s institutional framework and some of the key outcomes from its concessions programme. Finally, ‘The Case for Domestic Involvement’ focuses on a noteworthy omission from the Chilean PPP model, requirements for local involvement. It is the author’s view that other developing countries will enjoy longer term benefits from PPPs by establishing a stance supporting the meaningful involvement of domestic companies and should, therefore, encourage PPPs not only for the public–private collaboration but also for the domestic–foreign cooperation they can foster.
5

Lobanova, Anastasia E. "PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP: WORLD EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA." Today and Tomorrow of Russian Economy, no. 98 (2019): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2019-98-06.

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The article examines the nature and world experience of public-private partnership (PPP). The advantages of PPP for the state and for private business, types of contacts and the most popular spheres of application of public-private partnership are considered. The essence of concession is considered as one of the most widespread types of public-private partnership, as well as features of concession contracts. Prospects of application of concession relations in Russia are analyzed. The article analyzes the conditions of occurrence and the main stages of development of partnerships between the state and the private sector. The features of functioning of public-private partnership (PPP) in developed and developing countries are investigated. The world experience of PPP projects implementation is summarized and practical recommendations on the establishment and development of the public-private partnership institute in Russia are presented.
6

Hossain, Mohammad, Ross Guest, and Christine Smith. "Performance indicators of public private partnership in Bangladesh." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 68, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-04-2018-0137.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop weights of key performance areas (KPAs) and performance indicators for public private partnerships (PPPs) in Bangladesh. Since a variety of PPP arrangements is observable, different performance measurement approaches exist in the literature. However, analysing the relative importance of indicators influencing the performance score of particular projects using the perspective of developing countries remains unexplored. Design/methodology/approach The authors’ method involves application of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to develop weights for eight KPAs for which 41 contributing performance indicators have been developed. In total, 68 respondents (62 per cent of the PPP practitioners in Bangladesh) participated in a structured questionnaire survey and their judgements have been found to be consistent, using consistency ratios, a geometric consistency index and one-way ANOVA test. Findings “Feasibility analysis”, “life cycle evaluation and monitoring” and “optimal risk allocation” are the most significant performance indicators in Bangladesh. “Financing” is the most important KPA, followed by “planning and initiation” and “transparency and accountability”. Interestingly, unlike the cost, time and quality measures of the public sector comparator analysis used in most developed countries, a different set of indicators and KPAs are found dominant. Research limitations/implications This suggests that performance indicators and their weights may differ for developing countries. Future research could usefully focus on testing this model in different countries and applying it to derive performance scores for individual PPPs. Originality/value An application of AHP in determining weights of the performance indicators represents a major contribution to the literature on PPP performance measurement in the developing countries including Bangladesh.
7

Ivarsson, Sven, and Malmberg Christina Calvo. "Private–Public Partnership for Low-Volume Roads: Swedish Private Road Associations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-07.

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Unit costs for low-volume road construction and maintenance are low compared with those for higher-level roads. The problem is that in many countries this network is vast, and the total cost requirements to ensure minimum access are enormous. This problem is a particular challenge in developing countries where more than two-thirds of the poor reside in rural areas. The option of private ownership and financing of low-volume roads is proposed. It is argued that the Swedish model for low-volume road management and financing is simple and efficient and can easily be adapted to a variety of circumstances in both rich and poor countries. In Sweden, private road associations manage two-thirds of the road network at less than half the cost and with better results than do the government road agencies. This model is based on a well-structured institutional framework for private ownership of low-volume roads that includes a law on private roads and financial and technical incentives. The government provides legal and financial incentives for local property owners to associate and assume responsibility for their roads. The result is a private–public partnership in which government subsidizes road costs with grants from the budget. Increasing efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditures and working in partnership with the private sector are highly relevant goals in both developed and developing countries.
8

Osei-Kyei, Robert, and Albert P. C. Chan. "Developing a Project Success Index for Public–Private Partnership Projects in Developing Countries." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 23, no. 4 (December 2017): 04017028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000388.

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9

Mwakapala, Lusekelo, and Baiqing Sun. "Public–Private Partnership in Developing Countries: Seeking Available Domestic Financing Options." Journal of Economics, Business and Management 7, no. 2 (2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/joebm.2019.7.2.585.

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10

Jindal, Rahul M., Thakor G. Patel, and Stephen G. Waller. "Public-Private Partnership Model to Provide Humanitarian Services in Developing Countries." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 224, no. 5 (May 2017): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.12.056.

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Статті в журналах Дисертації Книги

Дисертації з теми "Public-Private partnership in developing countries":

1

Bahri, Amrita. "Public private partnership in WTO dispute settlement : enabling developing countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6242/.

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The doctoral research investigates the nature and elements of domestic mechanisms, including public private partnership (PPP) procedures, devised for the management of WTO disputes in selected developed and developing countries. With China, Brazil and India as its case-studies, the research explores various strategies to devise an effective PPP mechanism for handling international trade disputes in developing countries. The research objective is to explore the benefits of engaging the private sector in the intergovernmental process of WTO dispute settlement, and to identify the reforms that will be needed for devising a workable domestic framework for handling foreign trade disputes through PPP arrangements. The research highlights important issues and concerns that need consideration before any legal, institutional, regulatory and procedural reforms are carried out. Moreover, the research seeks to enable developing countries to critically evaluate a diverse range of PPP strategies employed so far, and to determine their individual approaches towards PPP and dispute management. The thesis constitutes a practical guidebook for policymakers in those developing countries which have the motivation to strengthen their WTO dispute settlement capacities. The topical area of research and pragmatic approach towards research questions, together with an empirical research methodology makes this study an original contribution to existing literature and knowledge.
2

Hylton, Amri Elizabeth. "Private/public partnership for low-cost housing in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74773.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 41-42.
by Amri Elizabeth Hylton.
M.C.P.
3

Basílio, Maria do Sacramento Bombaça. "Infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships : Risk factors and agents' participation." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4246.

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Doutoramento em Gestão
Infrastructure investments are essential to achieve economic prosperity, promoting growth and enhancing well-being. Any infrastructure project is a long-term and complex project, par¬ticularly due to the specific nature of the assets and because it involves numerous stakeholders with different interests and objectives. In such conditions, uncertainty and risks are emphasized. Financing infrastructure is particularly challenging given the amount of funds required that are mostly sunk costs. An attractive mechanism, in the governments' perspective, is to use Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and Project Finance techniques. Multilateral Development Banks (MDB) assume an important role on the raise of funds. Besides their primary lending function, another relevant role emerges - risk reduction. Public entities encourage private sector involvement in infrastructure particularly through PPP. These partnerships are used to reduce the infrastructure gap and accelerating the delivery of public assets and services with clear advantages over traditional methods of procurement. Theoretically, economic reasons may be presented supporting PPP. Portugal has a long history using PPP but there are very few papers on the field. In this dissertation, the Portuguese experience is presented with a focus on five projects. In addition, a model to access the relative operational performance of the SCUT concessions is developed using Data Envelopment Analysis. PPP are particularly relevant to developing and emerging countries where the less stable environment emphasizes risks. Different country's risk factors affect PPP arrangements, condi¬tioning the investments intensity and the participation of the private agents, as well as, of MDB. To explore these issues, an empirical analysis is performed using PPP data from 1990-2007. The results indicate the dominance of the economic conditions and of the legal framework, to ex¬plain the agents' participation in PPP and, MDB' participation is higher for riskier countries, confirming the mechanism of risk reduction.
4

Shakeri, Eghbal. "An investigation of privately promoted infrastructure (PPI) strategy in developing countries : public-private partnership (PPP) approach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488188.

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5

Mofokeng, Mapule Beauty. "Public Private Partnerships and economic growth in developing countries: An empirical analysis." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30394.

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The study analysed the impact of Public Private Partnership (PPP) investment on economic growth in 39 developing countries, and used a traditional growth model. Using the system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique, the analysis was carried out in two ways. First, the study analysed the effect of total PPP investment on economic growth, measured in GDP per capita. Secondly, PPP investment was disaggregated into the three PPP sectors, namely energy, transport, and water and sanitation. This was done to identify the most productive sectors for PPP investment. This study used the World Bank’s Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) database and covered a period between 1997 – 2016. The findings suggest that PPP investment positively contributes to economic growth. When disaggregated by sector, the results of the study suggest that none of PPP investment in the selected sectors positively contribute to economic growth. PPP investment in the energy and transport sectors were found to contribute negatively to economic growth. In contrast, PPP investment in the water and sanitation sector was found to be insignificant when it comes to explaining economic growth in these countries. The sectoral results of PPP investment were unexpected and could be attributed to limitations of data as some sectoral data was not reported on in the database. This finding points to the importance of data that is adequate and consistently available over a long period. PPPs are becoming a necessary solution for strengthening infrastructure and generating economic growth in developing countries. Thus, understanding the empirical links, through research, that exists between infrastructure investment using PPPs and economic growth, is essential. Research such as these could enhance debate in developing countries on how best to use PPP models as propellers of economic growth. As such, how data is reported is important as it affects the credibility of the model and the results produced by it. It is therefore important that the shortcomings of inconsistency in the reporting of data be corrected to ensure that meaningful and accurate conclusions could be drawn from it.
6

Al-Shqairat, Zaid Ibrahim. "Understanding the role of public-private partnership (PPP) in e-government implementation in developing countries : case study of Jordan." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500764.

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Public Private Partnership (PPP) is clearly considered as one of the main approaches that can be adopted in E-Government implementation to improve the transformation strategy tor e-government processes on the functions level: (e.g. customer-centric services), the processes level; (e.g. sharing processes) and on the capacity level; (e.g. capacity building). PPP does not weaken the public sector role in E-Government implementation, but it recreates this role in order to obtain more skilled public sector participation in EGovernment projects. The main aim of this research is to explain the nature of the role of public-private partnership (PPP) in the implementation of E-Government programmes in developing countries in order to develop a model for PPP, to indicate its role in such programmes, and then apply to Jordan. This research utilized qualitative case study methodology (QCS), which involves qualitative data collection and qualitative analysis procedures, and allows empirical research to investigate the complexity of the role of Public Private Partnership (PPP) as a contemporary phenomenon, in order to understand such role within the E-Government implementation context in Jordan.
7

Lang, Andreas Michael. "Healthcare infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships in Developing Countries : the Queen 'Mamohato Hospital in Lesotho." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104519.

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Thesis: S.M. in Management Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-86).
Over the past decade, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have increasingly found their application in the sector of health infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to determine whether PPPs are a viable option for health infrastructure projects in developing countries. For this purpose, the author discusses and describes PPPs in general and specifies features of PPPs, which may be relevant for the healthcare sector and developing countries. In a next step, the author extensively analyses the Lesotho New Hospital PPIP case study and establishes key learnings from the undertaking. The combined evidence suggests that the PPP model for health infrastructure projects in developing countries is not recommended as a result of its high complexity and wide spectrum of underlying obstacles. Therefore, the author suggests developing countries' governments to engage in smaller and less demanding PPP projects in order to acquire the skills and expertise that are required for large-scale health infrastructure PPP projects. Keywords: Public-Private Partnership, PPP, 3P, integrated, PPIP, healthcare, infrastructure, finance, new hospital, Queen 'Mamohato Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, developing countries, emerging markets, World Bank Group, International Finance Corporation, IFC, Oxfam, Tsepong, Netcare, Maseru, Lesotho, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
by Andreas Michael Lang.
S.M. in Management Studies
8

Nordtveit, Bjorn Harald. "The role of civil society organizations in developing countries a case study of public-private partnerships in Senegal /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2193.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Education Policy, and Leadership. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
9

Ahmed, Shafiul Azam. "Solid waste management through partnerships : a study on the role of facilitating agencies." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7679.

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This research examined the role of facilitating agencies in promoting public-private partnerships (PPP). Bangladesh's solid waste management sector was taken as a case study. As is the case in many developing countries, municipalities in Bangladesh could not cope with rapid urbanization resulting in a large proportion of solid waste remaining uncollected. The private sector took the opportunity to fill this gap in service. They started providing house-to-house garbage collection and charging citizens for this service. Therefore, two streams of service providers-public and private-became active in the sector. In some cities the two streams remained separate without coordination. In other cities the two sectors formed partnership with support from facilitating agencies. This research investigated the roles played by the facilitating agencies. Three broad aspects were investigated: (1) necessity of facilitating agencies, (2) the role of a facilitating agency in sustainability of partnership, and (3) the role of a facilitating agency in effectiveness of partnership. Four cities were included in the study with varying degree of PPP and facilitation. Primary data were collected from public and private sector staff, elected representatives, and citizens through interview, questionnaire survey and observation. PPP is a promising mechanism for urban service delivery. This study on the role of facilitating agencies may illustrate how to achieve and sustain PPPs in developing countries.
10

Avolio, Ciro. "Water service delivery solutions in rural and peri-urban areas in developing countries : are public-public partnerships a valuable alternative to private sector participation?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404063.

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This dissertation will focus on the analysis of water and sanitation service delivery solutions in the context of peri-urban and rural areas. In particular, it will investigate if public-public partnerships (PuPs) can represent a valid and effective alternative to private sector participation. As highlighted by PSIRU (in Hall et al, 2005: 4), there are different types of PuPs, including a large variety of actors: national public authorities, communities, NGOs, Trade Unions, international public authorities and international associations. This dissertation will focus on a specific kind of PuPs, the partnerships between public authorities and communities, where the responsibility for service provision is progressively transferred from national governments to local people. This choice is motivated by the growing importance given to the participation of local people in the development of initiatives directly or indirectly affecting their condition of life. As argued by IRC (IRC, 2007), in the last years community management has become one of the most important concept, a `guiding principle¿ in most rural water supply and sanitation schemes. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine if community-based management could possibly represent a better option than public-private partnerships (PPPs) for the delivery of rural water and sanitation services and capable to be successfully adopted in various national contexts, playing a role of growing importance. The dissertation will first outline the general situation of water resources at world scale and in particular in developing countries. The relationship between water / poverty reduction and water / sustainability will be examined. The dissertation will realize an overview of the water management systems. Then, this study will analyze the water services in rural and peri-urban areas of developing countries, where, according to the IFAD (2001: 2), more than half of the world¿s poor, over 70%, live and depend on farming activities for their survival. The characteristics of rural areas, including the presence of isolated settlements and the lack of infrastructure facilities, and the inefficiency of central and local governments have, in many cases, produced critical situations in terms of inadequate rural water supplies and sanitation infrastructure. This dissertation will, then, define the concepts of PPPs, PuPs and government-communities partnerships, delineating their historical evolution and the increasing attention and support they have received. In particular, it will explore the main literature and critics concerning PPPs, highlighting strengths and weaknesses that have been attributed to this kind of partnership. This study will examine two case studies where PPPs systems have been implemented. Moreover, this dissertation will analyze the link between community management, on one side, and efficiency and sustainability, on the other, by presenting two case studies - Salvegu, Ghana and Karnataka, India - where local communities are responsible of the operation and maintenance of rural water and sanitation services. Through the analysis of the case studies, in fact, it will identify some of the characteristics of Government-communities partnership that could contribute to improve water and sanitation service delivery even in remote and disadvantaged rural areas and, on the other side, the weaknesses and limits of this kind of partnership. Finally, the dissertation will propose a new concept of water partnership, the Local Water Partnership, based on the cooperation among 3 local water partners: local government, local community and local private sector.
Esta tesis se centrará en el análisis de las soluciones de distribución de agua y servicios de saneamiento en el contexto de las áreas peri-urbanas y rurales. Se investigará si las asociaciones público-públicas (PuP) pueden representar una alternativa válida y eficaz a la participación del sector privado. Como destacado por la PSIRU (en Hall et al, 2005: 4), hay diferentes tipos de PuPs, incluyendo una gran variedad de actores: autoridades públicas nacionales, comunidades, ONG, sindicatos, autoridades públicas internacionales y asociaciones internacionales. Esta tesis se centrará en un tipo específico de las PuPs, las asociaciones entre las autoridades públicas y las comunidades, donde la responsabilidad de la prestación de servicios se transfiere progresivamente a partir de los gobiernos nacionales hacia la población local. Esta elección está motivada por la creciente importancia dada a la participación de la población local en el desarrollo de iniciativas que afectan directa o indirectamente a su condición de vida. Como argumentado por el IRC (IRC, 2007), en los últimos años la gestión comunitaria se ha convertido en uno de los concepto más importante, un "principio rector" en la mayoría de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua-saneamiento rural. El propósito de este estudio es examinar si la gestión basada en la comunidad local podría representar una opción mejor que las asociaciones público-privadas (PPPs) para el suministro de agua y servicios de saneamiento en zonas rurales y capaz de ser adoptado con éxito en diversos contextos nacionales. La tesis describirá en primer lugar la situación general de los recursos hídricos a escala mundial y en los países en desarrollo. La relación entre agua/reducción de la pobreza y agua/sostenibilidad será examinada. La tesis doctoral realizará una análisis general de los sistemas de gestión del agua. Entonces, este estudio analizará los servicios de agua en zonas rurales y peri-urbanas de los países en desarrollo, donde, de acuerdo con el FIDA (2001: 2), más de la mitad de los pobres del mundo, más del 70%, viven y dependen de las actividades agrícolas para su supervivencia. Las características de las zonas rurales, incluyendo la presencia de asentamientos aislados y la falta de instalaciones de infraestructura, y la ineficiencia de los gobiernos centrales y locales, en muchos casos, han producido situaciones críticas en cuanto a la insuficiencia de los suministros de agua en zonas rurales y la infraestructura de saneamiento. Esta disertación definirá los conceptos de PPP, PuPs, y de asociaciones entre administraciones públicas y comunidades, delineando su evolución histórica y la creciente atención y el apoyo que han recibido. Se estudiará la principal literatura y la crítica relativa a las PPPs, analizando los puntos fuertes y débiles que se han atribuido a este tipo de asociación. Este estudio examinará dos estudios de casos donde se han implementado sistemas de PPPs. Por otra parte, esta tesis doctoral analizará la relación entre la gestión por parte de la comunidad, por un lado, y la eficiencia y la sostenibilidad, por el otro, mediante la presentación de dos estudios de caso - Salvegu, Ghana y Karnataka, India - donde las comunidades locales son responsables de la operación y el mantenimiento de servicios de agua y saneamiento rural. A través del análisis de los estudios de casos, la tesis va a identificar algunas de las características de las asociaciones entre autoridades gubernamentales y las comunidades locales que podrían contribuir a mejorar la prestación de servicios de agua y saneamiento, incluso en las zonas rurales remotas y desfavorecidas y, por otro lado, las debilidades y límites de este tipo de asociación. Por último, la tesis propondrá un nuevo concepto de asociación hidrica, la Partnership Hidrica Local, basado en la cooperación entre los 3 socios locales de agua: el gobierno local, la comunidad local y el sector privado local.
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Книги з теми "Public-Private partnership in developing countries":

1

Akbar, Engr Muhammad. Critical Success Factors (CSF's) for 3P's [Public, Private Partnership]: Infra Structure Projects in Developing Countries. Edited by Dr Alvin McKanzye. NewYork: Alvin's Publishing House, 2019.

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Raman, A. Venkat. Public-private partnerships in health care in India: Lessons for developing countries. London: Routledge, 2009.

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Marin, Philippe. Public-private partnerships for urban water utilities: A review of experiences in developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009.

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Saad, Mohammed. Theory and practice of triple helix model in developing countries: Issues and challenges. New York: Routledge, 2011.

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Brant, James P. Foreign aid: U.S. programs, policies and public-private partnerships. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Estache, Antonio. Ppi partnerships versus ppi divorces in developing countries (or are we switching from pppi to ppdi?). [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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Roth, Gabriel. The private provision of public services in developing countries. New York: Published for the World Bank (by) Oxford University Press, 1987.

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Pinaud, Nicolas. Public-private dialogue in developing countries: Opportunities and risks. Paris: OECD, 2007.

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Roth, Gabriel. The private provision of public services in developing countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1988.

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Roth, Gabriel Joseph. The private provision of public services in developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

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Частини книг з теми "Public-Private partnership in developing countries":

1

Ito, Susumu. "Overview of PPP Infrastructure Development in Developing Countries." In Infrastructure Development and Public–Private Partnership, 35–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1088-3_4.

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2

Starikova, Evgenia A. "Public–Private Partnership as an Instrument to Implement the Sustainable Development Goals in the Developing Countries." In Competitive Government: Public Private Partnerships, 293–305. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56352-3_16.

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Akintoye, Akintola. "PPPs for Physical Infrastructure in Developing Countries." In Policy, Finance & Management for Public-Private Partnerships, 123–44. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444301427.ch7.

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Moszoro, Marian, Gonzalo Araya, Fernanda Ruiz-Nuñez, and Jordan Schwartz. "What Drives Private Participation in Infrastructure Developing Countries?" In Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure and Business Development, 19–44. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137541482_2.

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Li, Wei-Sen, Yanling Lee, Yi-Chung Liu, Ke-Hui Chen, and Chi-Ling Chang. "Building Resilient Community by Public Private Partnership – From Science to Action in Developing Countries." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 78–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48939-7_8.

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Opawole, Akintayo, and Kahilu Kajimo-Shakantu. "Assessment of Political Risk Factors Associated with Public-Private Partnership Projects in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Lagos State Nigeria." In The Construction Industry in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 364–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26528-1_36.

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Nguyen, Tiep, Leonie Hallo, Indra Gunawan, and M.-Duc Nguyen. "Public Private Partnership for Transport Infrastructure Investment: Critical Success Factors and Lessons Learnt from Projects in the Context of Developing Countries." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1545–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7160-9_156.

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Ismail, Mohamed A. M. "PPPs in MENA countries’ public procurements." In Public Private Partnership Contracts, 106–41. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429439148-5.

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Ismail, Mohamed A. M. "The substantive theory of states’ contracts in MENA countries." In Public Private Partnership Contracts, 39–56. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429439148-2.

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Ismail, Mohamed A. M. "The principles of Le Contrat Administratiftheory in MENA countries." In Public Private Partnership Contracts, 57–76. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429439148-3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Public-Private partnership in developing countries":

1

Mabuza, Patrick. "A PPP Model for Developing a Sustainable SME Sector in Developing Countries." In Second International Conference on Public-Private Partnerships. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480267.040.

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Savić Božić, Dijana. "JAVNO – PRIVATNO PARTNERSTVO U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.697sb.

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Countries in transition use various ways to attract foreign investors. PublicPrivate Partnership (PPP) is one of the possible models of investment that provides local governments with the opportunity to get various infrastructure facilities, without using budget funds. PPP is identified as a new, powerful and very efficient way of financing which has not yet been sufficiently developed in Republika Srpska. Since public revenues are largely insufficient to accomplish many projects, the implementation of new resources and the structural capacities of private and banking sectors is needed. Thus, it is possible to fund projects that could not be implemented through limited budget funds, thus ensuring more efficient use of resources through better access to sources of capital and professional project management. The aim of this paper is to identify the significance of the most complex instrument for stimulating economic development, which are public-private partnerships, as well as their knowledge in theory and practical application. The first part deals with publicprivate partnership, its concept, definitions, types, characteristics and significance for developing countries, while the second part deals with the legal implementation of an instrument such as public-private partnership and analysis of its legal regulation manner in Republika Srpska.
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A. R., Valipour, Yahaya N., Md Noor N., and Sabetian Fard S. "Fuzzy Analytic Network Process Approach to Risk Assessment of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Highway Projects in Developing Countries." In Research, Development and Practice in Structural Engineering and Construction. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7920-4_radm-3-0143.

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Umar, Abdullahi Ahmed, Arazi Idrus, and Mohd Faris Khamidi. "Barriers to the use of public-private partnerships for provision of public infrastructure in developing countries: A review." In 2011 National Postgraduate Conference (NPC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/natpc.2011.6136350.

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Rodriguez, Carlos, Eric Forcael, Mijail Arias-Hidalgo, and Cecibel Viviana Frere. "Strategies for Pursuing ABET Accreditation for Civil Engineering Program at ESPOL: A Case Study for Public Universities in Developing Countries." In The 15th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: “Global Partnership for Development and Engineering Education”. Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18687/laccei2017.1.1.238.

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Pratami, Yustika Rahmawati, and Nurul Kurniati. "Sex Education Strategy for Adolescents: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.27.

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Background: Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) plays an important role in preparing safe and productive lives of adolescents through understanding about HIV/ AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancy, gender-based violence, and gender disparity. This scoping review aimed to investigate the appropriate method of sex education and information for adolescents. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selec­tion; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The research question was identified using population, exposure, and outcome(s) (PEOS) framework. The search included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, ProQuest, and EBSCO databases. The inclusion criteria were English-language and full-text articles published between 2009 and 2019. A total of 460 articles was obtained from the searched database. After the review process, twenty articles were eligible for this review. The data were reported by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Eleven articles from developing countries (Nigeria, Thailand, Iran, California, Vietnam, Spain, South Africa, Indonesia) and nine articles from developed countries (USA, England, Australia) met the inclusion criteria with quantitative (cross-sectional, quasi-experiments, cohort, RCT) and qualitative design studies. The findings discussed available sources of sex education for adolescents including peers, school, media, and other adults. Digital media (internet and TV) contributed as preferable sources for adolescents. The parents and teacher’s involvement in providing sex education remained inadequate. Inappropriate sources of sex education like invalid information from the internet and other adults caused negative consequences on the sexual and reproductive health of children and adolescents. Conclusion: Parents-school partnership strategies play an important role in delivering appropriate information about sex education for children and adolescents. Keywords: digital media, sex education, parents, schools, adolescents Correspondence: Yustika Rahmawati Pratami. Jl. Siliwangi No. 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: yustikarahmawati068@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282198915596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.27
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Mikheev, Mark Dmitrievich. "Collective investment as a driver for public-private partnership development." In International Extra-murral Online Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-463160.

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This article examines the investment mechanism as a driver for developing public-private partnership, analyzes the main ways of developing public-private partnerships, including legal, economic, organizational measures aimed at developing mutually beneficial cooperation between the state and business in providing economic support to the enterprise operating in the innovation spheres.
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Phong, Nguyen Thanh, Veerasak Likhitruangsilp, and Masamitsu Onishi. "Developing a stochastic traffic volume prediction model for public-private partnership projects." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING ENGINEERING (ICONBUILD) 2017: Smart Construction Towards Global Challenges. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5011564.

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Nuchprayool, Bajrawan. "LEGAL IMPROVEMENT ON PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC INFRASTRUCTURES IN CLMV COUNTRIES." In 25th International Academic Conference, OECD Headquarters, Paris. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2016.025.047.

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Nowosiwsky, Andry, David Prest, John D. Moore, and Gary R. Krieger. "Public-Private Partnership: Lessons Learned from a Large Project in a Developing Country Setting." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/179425-ms.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Public-Private partnership in developing countries":

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Shiwakoti, Dinesh, and Devayan Dey. The Hybrid Annuity Model for Public−Private Partnerships in India’s Road Sector: Lessons for Developing Asia. Asian Development Bank, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220344-2.

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This paper explores how the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) has been applied in public-private partnerships for road sector infrastructure investments in India. The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) has significant potential to enable developing members of the Asian Development Bank to boost investments in public infrastructure through public-private partnerships. The paper identifies the key drivers and innovative features of HAM. The innovative features include financial risk sharing between the government and private sector, amenable qualification criteria to sustain the supply and demand base beyond large companies, high project readiness requirements, and flexibility elements to promote innovation. The paper makes suggestions for enhancing the adoption of HAM in other sectors and countries.
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Kim, Yun Jung, and Jing Zhang. International Capital Flows: Private Versus Public Flows in Developing and Developed Countries. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21033/wp-2020-27.

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Ayele, Seife, Wei Shen, Tadesse Kuma Worako, Lucy H. Baker, and Samson Hadush. Renewable Energy Procurement in Ethiopia: Overcoming Obstacles in Procurement from Independent Power Producers. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.064.

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Developing countries are increasingly using auctions for the procurement of utility-scale renewable electricity, due to the potential for attracting private investment. However, auction design and implementation can face serious obstacles due to complex context-specific factors. In 2017, Ethiopia launched its Public–Private Partnership (PPP) policy and procurement framework to promote infrastructure development, including electricity generation. Since 2018, it has organised renewable energy auctions to procure new capacity from independent power producers (IPPs). However, the new framework faces numerous challenges. Using a literature review and primary data from more than 70 interviews and from stakeholder consultations, this study explores the political economy challenges and opportunities facing IPP project preparation, decision-making, coordination and implementation, and risks to investors. To date, Ethiopia has held two rounds of tenders to procure 1,000 megawatts (MW) of electricity from eight projects; the first tender for two solar photovoltaic (PV) projects led to the signing of Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and was hailed as one of the cheapest tariff rates in sub-Saharan Africa, at US$2.526 cents/kilowatt hour (kWh) over 25 years. However, none of the projects have yet become operational. This study also finds fault lines impeding the implementation of IPP projects, including the risk of foreign currency availability and convertibility of Ethiopian birr to expatriate profits. It proposes measures to overcome these obstacles and mitigate risks, to put Ethiopia on course to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030.
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Bano, Masooda. Low-Fee Private-Tuition Providers in Developing Countries: An Under-Appreciated and Under- Studied Market—Supply-Side Dynamics in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/107.

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Although low-income parents’ dependence on low-fee private schools has been actively documented in the past decade, existing research and policy discussions have failed to recognise their heavy reliance on low-fee tuition providers in order to ensure that their children complete the primary cycle. By mapping a vibrant supply of low-fee tuition providers in two neighbourhoods in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan, this paper argues for understanding the supply-side dynamics of this segment of the education market with the aim of designing better-informed policies, making better use of public spending on supporting private-sector players to reach the poor. Contrary to what is assumed in studies of the private tuition market, the low-fee tuition providers offering services in the Pakistani urban neighbourhoods are not teachers in government schools trying to make extra money by offering afternoon tutorial to children from their schools. Working from their homes, the tutors featured in this paper are mostly women who often have no formal teacher training but are imaginative in their use of a diverse set of teaching techniques to ensure that children from low-income households who cannot get support for education at home cope with their daily homework assignments and pass the annual exams to transition to the next grade. These tutors were motivated to offer tuition by a combination of factors ranging from the need to earn a living, a desire to stay productively engaged, and for some a commitment to help poor children. Arguing that parents expect them to take full responsibility for their children’s educational attainment, these providers view the poor quality of education in schools, the weak maternal involvement in children’s education, and changing cultural norms, whereby children no longer respect authority, as being key to explaining the prevailing low educational levels. The paper presents evidence that the private tuition providers, who may be viewed as education entrepreneurs, have the potential to be used by the state and development agencies to provide better quality education to children from low-income families.
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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Avellán, Leopoldo, Arturo Galindo, Giulia Lotti, and Juan Pablo Rodríguez Bonilla. Open configuration options Bridging the Gap: Mobilization of Multilateral Development Banks in Infrastructure. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004006.

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We explore how Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) can help to fill a large infrastructure financing gap in developing countries by indirectly mobilizing resources from other entities. The analysis focuses on more than 6,500 transactions in 2005-2020 to developing and emerging markets from the Infrastructure Journal database. Using granular data, we analyze the dynamics of flows from different actors to infrastructure at the country-subsector level, and control for a wide range of fixed effects. MDB lending significantly increases the inflows from other sources. Cross-border and domestic resources are mobilized from both the public and the private sectors. Effects exhibit country heterogeneity. Mobilization occurs in countries of all income levels, though it is stronger in low and lower-middle income countries. In countries that use capital controls frequently mobilization effects are undermined. When the global financial crisis of 2008 hit, no difference in mobilization effects was found, unlike the COVID-19 pandemic when mobilization effects were weakened. The findings survive a long battery of robustness checks, and no evidence of anticipation effects is found.
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Ardanaz, Martín, Eduardo A. Cavallo, Alejandro Izquierdo, and Jorge Puig. Output Effects of Fiscal Consolidations: Does Spending Composition Matter? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003881.

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This paper studies whether changes in the composition of public spending affect the macroeconomic consequences of fiscal consolidations. Based on a sample of 44 developing countries and 26 advanced economies during 1980-2019, results show that while fiscal consolidations tend to be on average, contractionary, the size of the output fall depends on the behavior of public investment vis-a-vis public consumption during the fiscal adjustment, with heterogeneous responses growing over time. When public investment is penalized relative to public consumption and thus, its share in public expenditures decreases, a 1 percent of GDP consolidation reduces output by 0.7 percent within three years of the fiscal shock. In contrast, safeguarding public investment from budget cuts vis-a-vis public consumption can neutralize the contractionary effects of fiscal adjustments on impact, and can even spur output growth over the medium term. The component of GDP that mostly drives the heterogeneity between both types of adjustments is private investment. The results hold up to a number of robust-ness tests, including alternative identification strategies of fiscal shocks. The findings have policy implications for the design of fiscal adjustment strategies to protect economic growth as countries recover from the coronavirus pandemic.consolidation reduces output by 0.7 percent within three years of the fiscal shock. In contrast, safeguarding public investment from budget cuts vis-a-vis public consumption can neutralize the contractionary effects of fiscal adjustments on impact, and can even spur output growth over the medium term. The component of GDP that mostly drives the heterogeneity between both types of adjustments is private investment. The results hold up to a number of robustness tests, including alternative identification strategies of fiscal shocks. The findings have policy implications for the design of fiscal adjustment strategies to protect economic growth as countries recover from the coronavirus pandemic.
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Foreit, James R. FRONTIERS capacity building: An overview. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2002.1005.

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The Population Council’s Frontiers in Reproductive Health Program is a cooperative agreement with USAID to improve family planning and reproductive health service delivery through operations research (OR). Frontiers builds on more than 20 years of research to improve family planning service delivery programs. A major goal of Frontiers is to transfer skills in OR so that public and private agencies in developing countries can conduct OR and apply research findings to reproductive health programs and policies. OR addresses problems in operational effectiveness, access, quality, and efficiency by investigating facets of programs that managers can control and change. As concluded in this overview report, Frontiers seeks to institutionalize capacity building by increasing the number of service delivery organizations that use OR and increasing the number of research organizations capable of conducting and teaching OR. Investment in capacity building will ensure that OR will make a continuing, significant contribution to reproductive health and family planning programs and policies.
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Public–Private Partnership Monitor: Philippines. Asian Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/sgp200424-2.

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This publication presents a detailed overview of the current state of the public–private partnership (PPP) environment in the Philippines. In over three decades, the country developed a robust public–private partnership (PPP) enabling framework through the Build-Operate-Transfer Law of 2012 and the PPP Center. Among developing member countries of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines has a relatively mature market that has witnessed 116 financially closed PPPs. Under the government’s 2017–2022 Development Plan that has an infrastructure investment target of $180 billion, PPPs are expected to play a pivotal role in financing national and subnational infrastructure investments. With a pipeline of 37 PPPs, the government is taking various steps to further improve the environment for PPPs.
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Pacific Private Sector Development Initiative Annual Report FY2021. Asian Development Bank, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr220289-2.

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This annual report outlines how the Pacific Private Sector Development Initiative (PSDI) supported the enabling environment for business and helped foster inclusive private sector-led economic growth in the Pacific during 2021. PSDI is a technical assistance program undertaken by ADB in partnership with the Government of Australia and the Government of New Zealand to support ADB’s 14 Pacific developing member countries. The partnership has enabled PSDI to operate in the region for 15 years and assist with more than 300 reforms.

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