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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Act to establish a legal framework for information technology"
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Kaiser, Stefan A. „Legal Challenges of Automated and Autonomous Systems“. Volume 60 · 2017 60, Nr. 1 (01.01.2018): 173–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.60.1.173.
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With an increasing influence of computers and software, automation is affecting many areas of daily life. Autonomous systems have become a central notion, but many systems have reached only a lower level of automation and not yet full autonomy. Information technology and software have a strong impact and their industries are introducing their own business cultures. Even though autonomy will enable systems to act independently from direct human input and control in complex scenarios, the factors of responsibility, control, and attribution are of crucial importance for a legal framework. Legal responsibility has to serve as a safeguard of fundamental rights. Responsibility can be attributed by a special legal regime, and mandatory human override and fallback modes can assure human intervention and control. It is proposed to establish a precautionary regulatory regime for automated and autonomous systems to include general principles on responsibility, transparency, training, human override and fallback modes, design parameters for algorithms and artificial intelligence, and cyber security. States need to take a positivist approach, maintain their regulatory prerogative, and, in support of their exercise of legislative and executive functions, establish an expertise independent of industry in automation, autonomy, algorithms, and artificial intelligence.
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Shabanova, Sofiia, und Anna Lazebna. „INFORMATION SECURITY OF LABOR LAW SUBJECTS“. Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Law", Nr. 32 (27.12.2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2075-1834-2021-32-02.
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Introduction. The processes of digitalization of business, the introduction of new forms of organization of production and labor are much ahead of the settlement of such innovations in the legal environment. Formulation of the problem. The archaic nature of labor legislation in comparison with the trends of the digital economy gives rise to grounds for reducing the level of information security of the subjects of labor relations. The relevance is due to the imperfection of the normative regulation of the basic principles of information security, the obsolescence of labor legislation, the low level of digital culture of the population of Ukraine, resulting in an urgent need to study the information security of labor law. Goal. The study of ways to modernize the mechanisms of information security of employers and employees, caused by the tendency to combine labor relations with information technology. Methods. Theoretical and general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systematization), empirical method (method of comparison). The main results of the study. International legal regulation is significantly ahead of the development of national legislation on information security. The Ukrainian legislator sees this process as illusory, bypassing the scale of technological development and possible "digital" problems. Increasingly, the work process is moving into cyberspace. This trend has created the conditions for the successful development of digital work platforms. Participants in labor relations in Ukraine need to update the mechanisms of protection against information threats related to the digitalization of activities, as well as the modernization of protection of labor rights of employees. In order to create appropriate working conditions, employers must control the work of workers, but in ways that do not violate their fundamental rights and freedoms. Conclusions. The obligation to ensure privacy must be exercised through a single national regulatory framework. Public authorities are authorized to ensure non-interference in the private life of subjects of labor law. It is necessary to establish mechanisms to protect labor relations participants from information threats at the level of a single mandatory legal act and regulate the status of digital labor platforms to protect intellectual property rights, guarantee payment for work performed, prevent the spread of shadow employment.
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Zadorozhnyi, Zenovii-Mykhailo, und Valentyna Yasyshena. „Improvement of the legal and regulatory framework for accounting in non-material production sector“. Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, Nr. 2(92) (03.03.2019): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2019.02.123.
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Introduction. The reforming of accounting in Ukraine, that is taking place in conformity with demands of European and international institutions, requires amendments and additions to the legal and regulatory framework for accounting in public enterprises. Particular attention should be paid to the regulatory framework for accounting expenditures in such enterprises. Therefore, this issue, which is currently of great importance, has to be examined. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify areas of improvements relative to planning, accounting, and cost accounting of research and development as well as engineering projects performed by entities of the public sector. Methods. The methodological basis of the study consists of metaphysical and general methods of research. The historical and logical methods are used for describing development stages of non-material production sector and intangible assets. The methods of analysis, synthesis, and grouping are chosen to examine the investment climate in Ukraine compared other countries. Analysis and statistical methods are applied to highlight the current state and growth of research and technology, and to describe the outcomes of scientific and technological activities in Ukraine. The methods of comparison, analysis, induction and deduction are used to provide a rationale for improving the draft of the Model provision for the planning, accounting and calculation of the cost of research and development and engineering work. Results. The article claims that non-material production plays a significant role in the world economy. Its growth means that information, skills, and knowledge and skills have become a primary factor of production in the today’s society. The authors have established the fact that business entities interested in obtaining new knowledge, new technology and new information, have more competitive advantages. In terms of the promotion of science, innovations, research and development, Ukraine is experiencing an ambivalent situation or even undergoing a crisis. It is noted that the global innovation index (hereinafter – the GII) of Ukraine went up until 2017, yet the research and development intensity of GDP was critically low compared with the EU countries. The authors emphasize that efforts aimed at promoting research and development should be made in the following areas: development and improvement of the legal framework, effective financing, R&D personnel retention and promotion, etc. Particular attention is paid to the issue of improving the draft of the Model Provision for planning, accounting and calculation of the cost of research and development and engineering work (hereinafter – the Model provision) No. 830 of 20 July 1996 approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In order to implement the Model Provision, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine initiated the establishment of a working group for developing a new draft of the legal act. Discussion. Further efforts should be made to improve research activities in Ukraine in various ways, particularly in financing research and development and engineering activities, and personnel retention and promotion. Today, knowledge and skills play a crucial role as a key strategic resource of any company. Businesses and countries gaining new knowledge, new technology and new information have more competitive advantages in the modern society. The authors suggest taking steps to ensure the effective planning, accounting and cost calculation of research and development and engineering work in the public sector entities, and an in-depth study of the issue. These efforts will help to harmonize terminology and to achieve consistency with the existing legislation, and thus will lead to making sound managerial decisions. Improving the draft of the Model Provision for the planning, accounting and calculation of the cost of research and development and engineering work will make it possible to work with foreign investors and take into consideration international accounting standards. All of these steps will help to launch new high-tech and IT technology that is intangible.
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Khanna, Vaibhav. „Let’s Talk About Patent Act, 1970“. Journal of Legal Studies & Research 09, Nr. 04 (2023): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/jlsr.2023.9401.
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The Patent Act of 1970 is a pivotal legislation that has shaped India’s intellectual property landscape and played a significant role in fostering innovation, technological advancement, and economic growth. This abstract provides an overview of the Patent Act, its historical context, key provisions, and its impact on various stakeholders. The Patent Act, enacted in India in 1970, replaced the outdated and restrictive Patents and Designs Act of 1911. It aimed to align the Indian patent system with global standards while addressing the unique needs and challenges of the Indian economy. The Act provided legal protection for new inventions, encouraging inventors to disclose their innovations and contribute to the public domain in exchange for exclusive rights. One of the pivotal features of the Patent Act, 1970 was the introduction of a “process patent” system, which allowed for the patenting of manufacturing processes, thereby stimulating domestic innovation and entrepreneurship. This system also supported the growth of the pharmaceutical industry by facilitating the production of affordable generic drugs. The Act also introduced certain safeguards and limitations to ensure that patents did not hinder public welfare or create barriers to technological progress. It included provisions for compulsory licensing, enabling the government to authorize the use of patented inventions in specific circumstances, such as ensuring access to essential medicines. This provision balanced the interests of patent holders with the public interest. Furthermore, the Patent Act, 1970 established the Indian Patent Office, responsible for granting and administering patents in the country. It provided a framework for patent examination, opposition, and revocation, ensuring a fair and transparent patent granting process. Over the years, the Patent Act, 1970 has had a profound impact on various stakeholders. It has encouraged domestic research and development, leading to technological advancements and increased competitiveness in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and information technology. The Act has also facilitated technology transfer and collaboration between Indian and foreign entities, fostering innovation ecosystems and attracting foreign investment. However, the Act has not been without its challenges. Critics argue that certain provisions, such as Section 3(d) related to patentability criteria for pharmaceuticals, may restrict access to essential medicines or discourage innovation. There have been ongoing debates regarding the balance between incentivizing innovation and ensuring affordable access to patented technologies.
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Mullon, Paul Anthony, und Mpho Ngoepe. „An integrated framework to elevate information governance to a national level in South Africa“. Records Management Journal 29, Nr. 1/2 (11.03.2019): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rmj-09-2018-0030.
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Purpose As an emerging discipline, information governance (IG) presents a number of challenges to organisations and countries. For example, IG has not yet been clearly defined and current proponents present the concepts as records management, information management, enterprise content management, privacy (data protection), freedom of information, corporate governance, information risk, information security and e-discovery, to mention just a few areas. At an organisational level, initiatives focus on one of these aspects, often conflicting with the other elements, and are initiated because of some immediate business challenge, such as the introduction of the Protection of Personal Information Act (data protection or privacy legislation) in South Africa. This is compounded by the fact that the country creates many fragmented policies and pieces of legislation on the same IG aspects which are conducted in a disjointed manner. This study aims to present an integrated IG framework at the country level, comprising key success factors, required instruments (policy and legislation), principles and a proposed list of elements or disciplines, which should be managed in a cohesive manner. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted the Information Governance Initiative’s pinwheel facets of IG to design an integrated framework of elevating IG to country level. The pinwheel helped to identify different facets of information disciplines and the responsible oversight mechanism for implementation in South Africa. The study relied on data obtained through content analysis of policy documents, legislative frameworks, and literature review regarding the identified facets of IG in South Africa. Findings The study established that only some aspects/domains/facets of IG are legislated and driven by policy in South Africa. These domains are at different levels of maturity and different stakeholder groups are responsible for each domain; for instance, the National Archives of South Africa is responsible for records management and the State Information Technology Agency is responsible for information technology, while the newly established Information Regulator is responsible for freedom of information and data privacy. There is generally no over-arching structure responsible for overall IG in South Africa as the elements are fragmented in various oversight mechanisms and institutions. As a result, domains compete for limited resources and often lead to “knee-jerk” responses to legislative, legal or risk drivers. Research limitations/implications It is concluded that if IG is not regulated and modelled at a country level, it is highly unlikely to filter down to organisations. Implementing IG at country level will go a long way in helping to filter it down to an organisation level. Originality/value The study is useful by presenting a framework to ensure that IG is implemented at the country level with a single coordinating body established for oversight mechanisms such as the Information Regulator (which currently has a narrow scope of privacy and freedom of information, although with limited resources).
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Collia, Demetra V., und Roland L. Moreau. „SafeOCS Industry Safety Data Program: An Industrywide Safety Data Management Framework“. Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, Nr. 12 (01.12.2020): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0034-jpt.
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Introduction In the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the oil and gas industry, regulators, and other stakeholders recognized the need for increased collaboration and data sharing to augment their ability to better identify safety risks and address them before an accident occurs. The SafeOCS program is one such collaboration between industry and government. It is a voluntary confidential reporting program that collects and analyzes data to advance safety in oil and gas operations on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) established the program with input from industry and then entered into an agreement with the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) to develop, implement, and operate the program. As a principal statistical agency, BTS has considerable data-collection-and-analysis expertise with near-miss reporting systems for other industries and the statutory authority to protect the confidentiality of the reported information and the reporter’s identify. Source data submitted to BTS are not subject to subpoena, legal discovery, or Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. Solving for the Gap Across industries, companies have long realized the benefits of collecting and analyzing data around safety and environmental events to identify risks and take actions to prevent reoccurrence. These activities are aided by industry associations that collect and share event information and develop recommended practices to improve performance. In high-reliability industries such as aviation and nuclear, it is common practice to report and share events among companies and for the regulators to identify hidden trends and create or update existing recommended practices, regulations, or other controls. The challenge for the offshore oil and gas industry is that industry associations and the regulator are typically limited to collecting data on agency-reportable incidents. With this limitation, other high-learning-value events or observed conditions could go unnoticed as a trend until a major event occurs. This lack of timely data represented an opportunity for the industry and the offshore regulator (BSEE) to collaborate on a means of gathering safety-event data that would allow for analysis and identification of trends, thereby enabling appropriate interventions to prevent major incidents and foster continuous improvement. The SafeOCS Industry Safety Data (ISD) program provides an effective process for capturing these trends by looking across a wider spectrum of events, including those with no consequences.
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Yavor, Olha, Viktoriia Piddubna und Olena Ruban. „Legal concerns regarding the protection of minors’ personal data in compliance with national legislation and GDPR requirements“. ScienceRise: Juridical Science, Nr. 3(25) (13.09.2023): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2023.286647.
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The article highlights the legal concerns surrounding the protection of minors' personal data. The writers have conducted an original study of the sources regulating civil and labor relations in the field of acquiring and using personal data. The expansion and use of information technology and online communications can potentially lead to the violation of personal rights by the owners of personal data, both in workplace settings and in the daily lives of ordinary residents. The purpose of this article is to highlight issues concerning the collection, storage, use, and dissemination of the personal data of a minor, as well as to develop methods to protect the personal data of a child based on a comprehensive analysis of international acts, Ukrainian legislation, unique literature, and case law materials pertaining to the protection of personal data of a minor.
Based on the analysis of national legislation and case law of the European Union, the author concludes that the right to personal data protection is one of the forms of realization of the right to respect for private and family life. The obligation to protect person's rights to processing and storage of his or her private information is a negative obligation on the part of both the State and the owners of personal data.
The article addresses current difficulties concerning the security of children' personal data under current civil and medical legislation in Ukraine and other countries. The provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation, the California Consumer Privacy Act, and Ukraine's "On Personal Data Protection" Law are compared. Possible steps to establish further protection of children's personal data during collection and processing, whether utilizing websites, video games, online purchases, and so on, are proposed.
The paper concludes that state functions should be executed without necessitating individuals' consent for the collection of personal data. Personal data processing should be carried out within the framework and on the basis of Ukrainian laws and regulations, taking into account international conventions in this area. The analysis of methods for safeguarding children's personal data enabled the identification of supplementary avenues for data protection. These include acquiring copies of personal data by both children and their parents, rectifying inaccuracies, completing incomplete data, exercising the 'right to be forgotten' and the 'right to erasure' of personal data, invalidating transactions, and seeking compensation for material and moral damages arising from the unlawful use of personal data
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Davydiuk, Oleksandr. „Economic and legal regulation of the technology subsystem of the National innovation system“. Law and innovative society, Nr. 2 (15) (04.01.2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-15.
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Problem setting. The fact of significant technological lag of the national economy of Ukraine from the countries of the European Union and South and North America is obvious. In addition to the economic components of this trend, of great importance is the lack of necessary organizational and regulatory prerequisites for the mass dissemination of technology transfer and development of public relations for their creation, transfer of rights and implementation in the productive sector of the economy. The current legislation that regulates innovation and determines the status of technology, unfortunately, is a branch of law that has been implemented under the influence of global trends in the spread of these processes and is not the result of natural development of society and business practices. Given the leading, initiating role of innovation legislation, the requirements of which create the preconditions for the development of innovative legal relations, legal science faces an extremely important task – to form such an effective and efficient concept of legal regulation of relations that mediate the circulation of technologies that would interest businesses intensive exchange of scientific developments and their more mass bringing to the level of specific production equipment, machinery, machines and mechanisms. Analysis of recent researches and publications in the work were investigated the works of scientists such as Yu. Ye. Atamanova, O. D. Svyatotsky, P. P. Krainev, S. F. Revutsky, S. Yu. Poguliayev, K. Yu. Ivanova, O. V. Hladka, A. I. Denisov etc. Article’s main body. Elements that are part of the technology transfer subsystem: relationships, subjects and objects. Relations that are part of the structure of the technology transfer subsystem of the National Innovation System: (1) Relations within the technology market; (2) Relations within the public-law sector of technology transfer; (3) Relationships involving unorganized ways of creating, transferring and implementing technologies. All entities involved in the technology transfer subsystem of the National Innovative System can be characterized as follows: (a) the author (developer) of the technology; (b) the owner of the object of intellectual property rights (owner of property rights to the object of intellectual property rights) on the basis of which the technology is developed; (c) the recipient of the technology (business entity in which the technology is embodied in the integral property complex); (d) the customer of the technology development process; (e) the state, represented by the authorized bodies of state power, which carries out public administration within the framework of the state technological policy; (f) local governments that, within their competence, influence the specifics of technology transfer within one or more settlements; (g) the investor, the person at whose expense the process of development and further implementation of the technology takes place and is implemented; (h) professional participants (specialized and professional intermediaries), which should include technology brokers, legal entities and individuals providing services related to the use of technology etc. The following forms of technology participation in economic legal relations can act as objects of the technology transfer subsystem of the National Innovative System, namely: (a) material embodiment of technology in the form of an integral technological line and / or experimental design of technology; (b) information implementation of the technology; (c) an integral property complex of the business entity to the production assets of which the technology has already been implemented; (d) technology as an innovative product; (e) technology as an innovative product that is both commodityfunctional and production (industrial) nature. Conclusions and prospects for development. (1) The main areas of improvement of the current legislation of Ukraine regulating relations in the field of technology circulation are: (a) determination of the legal status of subjects and participants of relations related to the creation, transfer of rights and implementation of such objects; (b) creation of normative “tools” for protection of the rights and legitimate interests of subjects and participants of relations related to the circulation of technologies; (c) creation of a normative field that establishes the list and procedure for the functioning of the organizational principles of the technology market (means of state influence, determination of the limits of such influence, the general procedure for implementation). (2) The necessity of adopting an additional new Law of Ukraine “On Technologies in Ukraine”, which will contain all the necessary regulations that will determine the economic and legal mechanism for regulating relations related to the creation, transfer of rights and implementation of technologies and / or its components, which in fact remained outside the subject of regulation of current regulations. (3) It is proposed to enshrine in the current legislation of Ukraine, in a normative document not lower than the level of the Law of Ukraine, an updated concept of the National Innovative System, which would reflect all relevant features of understanding its structure and interaction; (4) To determine in the current legislation of Ukraine the legal status of the technology transfer subsystem as a separate element of the National Innovation System; (5) To fix in the Law of Ukraine “On state regulation of activities in the field of technology transfer” a list of elements of the subsystem of technology transfer of the National Innovation System, for more adequate formation of long-term legislation, which should serve as a guideline for regulatory impact as an integral object of legal regulation by authorized public authorities.
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Le, Tung Son, Thi Hoang Yen Thach und Van Hong Tran. „Right to access science and technology information in scientific research and innovation activities in Vietnam“. Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, Nr. 4 (30.04.2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(4).50-55.
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Science and technology information has been an important driving force in the information society and knowledge economy. Access to scientific and technological information for scientific research becomes an essential need and a factor affecting the quality of scientific research and innovation, thereby posing a problem to establish a legal framework for recognising and enforcing the right to access scientific and technological information. Based on identifying and evaluating the current legal status on the right to access to science and technology information, this study proposes solutions to improve the legal framework to ensure the enforcement of the right to access science and technology information in Vietnam.
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Kabata, Victor, und Francis Garaba. „The legal and regulatory framework supporting the implementation of the Access to Information Act in Kenya“. Information Development 36, Nr. 3 (25.06.2019): 354–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666919856646.
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This study sought to assess the current legislative framework for access to information in Kenya. Specifically, it sought to establish; firstly, whether supplementary laws have been formulated to support implementation of the Access to Information Act (ATI) 2016. Secondly, whether existing laws that hinder ATI have been amended. Data was obtained, firstly, through literature review that provided background information, and secondly, semi structured interviews were used to collect views from key informants. The study revealed that Kenya’s ATI legal and regulatory landscape is multifaceted. While on the one hand, several sectoral laws have been amended to facilitate implementation of the access law, there are still provisions in Kenyan statute books that impede access to information. Further, the study revealed that plans are underway to formulate an ATI policy and ATI regulations to operationalize the ATI Act 2016. The study concluded that effective implementation of the ATI Act 2016 hinged on the existence of a supportive legislative framework. As such, the study recommended fast tracking of the efforts towards creating a conducive ATI legislative environment.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Act to establish a legal framework for information technology"
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Coindreau, Jonathan. „Analyse comparée de l’équivalence des supports papier et électronique au regard de l’évolution du droit civil de la preuve par écrit en France et au Québec“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROD001.
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Avec l’arrivée des technologies de l’information, l’ère de la dématérialisation s’est étendue à tous les niveaux de la société. Le droit a dû s’adapter et encadrer ces nouvelles pratiques afin de mettre en place un climat de confiance. Dans ce contexte, la présente étude analyse l’influence de la dématérialisation sur le droit de la preuve civile français et québécois. Ces deux ordres juridiques ont rapidement pris des mesures de nature à encadrer la preuve sous forme électronique. S’il s’avère que les choix législatifs français et québécois ont sensiblement pu différer, tant sur le fond que sur la forme, dans l’ensemble, une finalité similaire apparaît, celle de l’équivalence fonctionnelle entre les supports matériels et immatériels. Dans les deux cas, il s’agit de parvenir à une égalité des supports, non pas basée sur la forme du moyen de preuve, traditionnel ou électronique, mais sur sa fonction, telle que l’intégrité, l’intelligibilité, l’identification, la durabilité, etc. À cette fin, les droits français et québécois sont parvenus à reconnaître une force probante équivalente entre les supports, à condition que les critères fonctionnels aient dûment été satisfaits et que cela soit possible de le démontrer. En effet, il apparaît que l’accomplissement des critères fonctionnels ne relève pas d’un même degré de diligence entre les supports. Dès lors, si une même fonction diverge d’un support à un autre, la recevabilité d’un moyen de preuve électronique devient tributaire d’un plus grand aléa juridique que le moyen de preuve traditionnel.Se pourrait-il alors que le droit ne soit finalement pas parvenu à assurer une équivalence des supports ? À travers une comparaison théorique des droits français et québécois, la présente analyse permet de constater que la confiance dans l’outil numérique ne relève pas inéluctablement de la rigueur de son encadrement, mais au contraire, d’un subtil équilibre entre une fiabilité juridique suffisante et une commodité d’usage nécessaireWith the emergence of information technology, the era of dematerialization has spread to all areas of society. The legal framework was forced to evolve and to regulate these new practices in order to establish a climate of trust. In this context, this study analyzes the influence of dematerialization on French and Quebec civil evidence law. These two legal systems have rapidly taken measures in order to regulate evidence in electronic form. As it turns out, the French and Quebec legislative choices differ noticeably, both in substance and in form, in fact, a similar purpose appears, that of functional equivalence between tangible and intangible media. In both cases, it is a question of achieving equality of media, not based on the form of the means of media, traditional or electronic, but on its function, such as integrity, intelligibility, identification, durability etc. To this end, the French and Quebec laws have succeeded to recognize an equivalent probative force, provided that the functional criteria have been duly fulfilled and it is possible to demonstrate it. Indeed, it appears that the fulfillment of the functional criteria does not have the same level of diligence between the medium. Therefore, if the same function differs from one medium to another, the admissibility of the electronic evidence becomes dependent on greater legal risk than the traditional means of evidence. Could it be the case that the law did not succeed in ensuring the equivalence between the mediums ? Through a theoretical comparison between French and Quebec law, this analysis shows that trust in digital tools does not inevitably depend on the rigor of its framework, but to the contrary, on a subtle balance between sufficient legal reliability and necessary practical use
Bücher zum Thema "Act to establish a legal framework for information technology"
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Affairs, United States Congress Senate Committee on Governmental. E-government Act of 2001: Report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 803, to enhance the management and promotion of electronic government services and processes by establishing a federal Chief Information Officer within the Office of Management and Budget, and by establishing a broad framework of measures that require using Internet-based information technology to enhance citizen access to government information and services, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. E-government Act of 2001: Report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 803, to enhance the management and promotion of electronic government services and processes by establishing a federal Chief Information Officer within the Office of Management and Budget, and by establishing a broad framework of measures that require using Internet-based information technology to enhance citizen access to government information and services, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. E-government Act of 2001: Report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 803, to enhance the management and promotion of electronic government services and processes by establishing a federal Chief Information Officer within the Office of Management and Budget, and by establishing a broad framework of measures that require using Internet-based information technology to enhance citizen access to government information and services, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.
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E-government Act of 2001: Report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 803, to enhance the management and promotion of electronic government services and processes by establishing a federal Chief Information Officer within the Office of Management and Budget, and by establishing a broad framework of measures that require using Internet-based information technology to enhance citizen access to government information and services, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.
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Smith, D. Gordon, Brian Broughman und Christine Hurt, Hrsg. The Cambridge Handbook of Law and Entrepreneurship in the United States. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316771105.
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Law plays a key role in determining the level of entrepreneurial action in society. Legal rules seek to define property rights, facilitate private ordering, and impose liability for legal wrongs, thereby attempting to establish conditions under which individuals may act. These rules also channel the development of technology, regulate information flows, and determine parameters of competition. Depending on their structure and implementation, legal rules can also discourage individuals from acting. It is thus crucial to determine which legal rules and institutions best enable entrepreneurs, whose core function is to challenge incumbency. This volume assembles legal experts from diverse fields to examine the role of law in facilitating or impeding entrepreneurial action. Contributors explore issues arising in current policy debates, including the incentive effect of legal rules on startup activity; the role of law in promoting or foreclosing market entry; and the effect of entrepreneurial action on legal doctrine.
Buchteile zum Thema "Act to establish a legal framework for information technology"
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Asami, Yasushi. „Introduction: City Planning and New Technology“. In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 261–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_17.
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AbstractIn Part III, titled “City Planning and New Technology,” we discuss two topics, namely, compact cities and real estate technology in Japan.Promotion of compact cities is regarded as a high priority issue in urban policies in the era of population decrease. The Act on Special Measures concerning Urban Reconstruction in 2014 was revised to institutionalize the framework for the Location Normalization Plan, a plan for local governments to build compact cities to manage population decline and aging urban infrastructure while placing less burden on environment. Three chapters are devoted to issues related to this movement. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_18, Ishikawa (2020) discusses how urban functions can be guided by residents’ perspectives. To build a compact city, various day-to-day services must be placed proximal to residential areas; however, some services must be placed at a certain distance from residences because of land use restrictions. Therefore, we must determine the uses allowed in residential areas. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_19, Morimoto (2020) discusses the history of major contributions made by the development of transportation facilities to urban spread, the important role of traffic facilities to guide land use toward desirable purposes, and impact of self-driving vehicles on land use. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_20, Ogushi (2020) explains how the Location Normalization Plan in Niigata City was formed in detail.Real estate technology refers to real estate business-related services that use new technology. Several new services based on new technology have been introduced in the field of real estate in Japan. Three chapters are devoted to issues related to real estate technology. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_21, Narimoto (2020) explains the outline of real estate technology services in Japan and identifies legal problems associated with handling of information. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_22, Nishio and Ito (2020) report on creating a sky view factor calculating system that uses Google Street View. Sky view factor is a term that refers to a configuration factor for the amount of sky in a hypothetical hemisphere. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_23, Kiyota (2020) explains the transition of neural network research and characteristics of deep learning and introduces a system that detects category inconsistencies in real estate property photographs submitted by real estate companies by using deep learning and a system that detects indexes associated with ease of living based on property photographs.
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Sinodinou, Tatiana-Eleni. „RFID Technology and its Impact on Privacy“. In Socioeconomic and Legal Implications of Electronic Intrusion, 89–107. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-204-6.ch005.
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The present chapter explores privacy issues posed by the use of RFID systems and applications. The existing legal framework for data protection is analyzed in order to discover how general privacy safeguarding principles should be applied in the case of RFIDs, with special focus on the main areas which are going to experience widespread use of such applications. The structure of the chapter is based on a chronological order which follows the consecutive phases of contact and interaction between the individual and the RFID tag. The implementation of a tag to a product or in the human body establishes the first point of contact of the individual with the RFID tag. This stage of data processing is examined in the first part of the chapter. In more particular, this part deals with the application of general principles of fair processing, such as information transparency, the debate about the necessity to require the prior consent of the individual (possible opt-in and opt-out solutions) and the precondition of a clearly defined purpose of the data processing. The symbiosis of the person with the tag is examined in the second part. Indeed, privacy concerns are equally significant during the phase of processing of personal information, even if processing is conducted lawfully, either based on the legal ground of the individual’s consent or justified on another legal basis. The requirement of data quality and the obligation to secure the RFID system against unauthorized interceptions or alterations of data by third parties constitute essential guarantees of fair data processing. Privacy protection in the activation phase of the tag is also ensured by the obligation to inform the tagged individual every time a reading takes place and by the right to verify the accuracy of the tag data, whether stored from the beginning or added at a later date. Finally, the last part of the chapter examines the legal regime of separation between the person and the tag. This phase refers to the termination of the processing either by act of the data subject or by act of the RFID system controller. The focus is given to the exercise of the right to object to the processing of personal data through RFID devices. In this context practical solutions, such as the “tag kill” or “tag sleep” command should be taken into consideration in order to the make the exercise of the right to object feasible.
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Murray, Andrew. „22. Data protection: the legal framework“. In Information Technology Law, 565–94. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198804727.003.0022.
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This chapter examines data protection, digitization of data, its implications for personal privacy, and the regulation of data industries. It begins by discussing the current law found in the General Data Protection Regulation and the Data Protection Act 2018. It examines the key concepts of data controllers, data processors, and data subjects, and discusses the conditions for the processing of personal data. This includes an examination of key cases such as Nowak v Data Protection Commissioner and Bodil Lindqvist. It looks at the geographical scope of the GDPR and the extraterritorial effect of the Regulation, and examines the domestic purposes exemption after Ryneš.
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Murray, Andrew. „22. Data protection: the legal framework“. In Information Technology Law, 593–630. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192893529.003.0022.
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This chapter examines data protection, digitization of data, its implications for personal privacy, and the regulation of data industries. It begins by discussing the current law found, post Brexit in the UK General Data Protection Regulation and the Data Protection Act 2018. It examines the key concepts of data controllers, data processors, and data subjects, and discusses the conditions for the processing of personal data. This includes an examination of key cases such as Nowak v Data Protection Commissioner, the Facebook fan page case, and Bodil Lindqvist. It looks at the geographical scope of UK GDPR and the extra-territorial effect of the Regulation and examines the domestic purposes exemption after Ryneš. It examines questions of fairness and lawfulness of processing as discussed in Johnson v Medical Defence Union.
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Murray, Andrew. „25. State surveillance and data retention“. In Information Technology Law, 639–76. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198804727.003.0025.
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This chapter examines the purpose and impacts of state surveillance in the digital environment. It considers the effects of the revelations brought to light by Edward Snowden and outlines the current legal framework for the interception of communications in the UK. The programmes of state surveillance, including by the NSA, GCHQ, and Prism are outlined. The retention and use of personal digital data is also discussed and its relation to the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 examined in detail. The chapter discusses the challenges to data interception in Liberty and Privacy International v GCHQ and against data retention in Tele2 Sverige.
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Murray, Andrew. „25. State surveillance and data retention“. In Information Technology Law, 680–720. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192893529.003.0025.
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This chapter examines the purpose and impacts of state surveillance in the digital environment. It considers the effects of the revelations brought to light by Edward Snowden and outlines the current legal framework for the interception of communications in the UK. The programmes of state surveillance, including by the NSA, GCHQ, and Prism are outlined. The retention and use of personal digital data is also discussed and its relation to the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 examined in detail. The chapter discusses the challenges to data interception in Liberty & Privacy International v GCHQ, Centrum För Rättvisa v Sweden, and Big Brother Watch v UK and against data retention in Tele2 Sverige.
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Mohapatra, Diptirekha. „Cyber Security Legal Framework in India“. In Cross-Industry Applications of Cyber Security Frameworks, 91–111. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3448-2.ch005.
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Cybercrimes have become a global phenomenon due to the digital world. Cybercrimes in India are no exception. Because of this, it becomes very difficult to ensure cyber security. This adversely affects not only individuals but also companies, government, and society at large. As huge data is lost as a result of such crime, a law in India was enacted called the Information Technology Act, 2000 with an objective to prevent all types of crime relating to cyber security. Accordingly, other laws were amended like Indian Penal Code, 1860; The Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881; and the Indian Evidence Act, 1882. But, in spite of these stringent laws, the data of National Crimes Bureau shows an upward trend in every head relating to cybercrimes, thereby ensuring cyber security.
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Murray, Andrew. „18. Consumer protection“. In Information Technology Law, 480–98. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192893529.003.0018.
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This chapter examines how consumers are protected when they go online. It examines the extensive protections offered by the Consumer Rights Directive to distance agreements (including online agreements). The rules on jurisdiction, choice of law, and enforcement are examined alongside what rights the consumer has to receive information and to cancel contracts agreed at a distance. In addition, this chapter examines the suite of rights created by the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and in particular the new provisions therein which digital content (including software, apps, and in-game content among others). The chapter continues with a discussion of the regulation of unsolicited commercial communications or spam including a discussion of the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications, GDPR, and the proposed ePrivacy Regulation. The chapter accounts for changes in the legal framework caused by Brexit.
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Mollah, Md Awal Hossain. „Crossfire and Violation of Human Rights in Bangladesh“. In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition, 1481–96. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3479-3.ch102.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the state of violation of human rights by crossfire through law enforcing agencies in Bangladesh. Though the law enforcing agencies are primarily responsible for maintaining the law and order, protection of life and property of the citizens and prevention and detection of crime to establish rule of law in a society, however, the violation of human rights by the law enforcing agencies in Bangladesh has increased severely for the last few years. This paper critically examines the existing legal framework of governing the law enforcing agency, causes of violation of human rights and finally pinpoint some recommendations for the eradication of the pitfalls of security forces.
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Ubena, John. „A Critique of Legal Framework Facilitating Access to Government Information in Tanzania“. In Human Rights and Ethics, 1737–62. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6433-3.ch096.
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This chapter provides a critical analysis of the legal framework for access to information particularly information held by government in Tanzania. The analysis intends to establish whether the existing Right To Information (RTI) legal framework and ICT development in Tanzania facilitates universal and requisite access to government information. In order to do that, the chapter utilises a literature review to understand contemporary trends in both theory and practice. In addition, journal articles, books, reports, case law, and pieces of legislation focusing on RTI are visited to obtain deeper insights in the topic under scrutiny. The findings indicate that, despite Tanzania's efforts to embrace democracy virtues, good governance, and technology, the country lacks adequate legal framework to facilitate universal access to government information and ensure that the Right To Information (RTI) is observed in all the socio-economic contexts. To rectify this problem, there is need to enact the RTI law with clear focus of encouraging access to government information. Although two bills (the Media Service Bill [MSB] and the 2011 RTI) are currently being debated, it is not clear yet when they will become law and subsequently practiced.