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1
Jolly, Margaret. "Aerial roots." Women's Studies International Forum 21, no. 6 (1998): 663–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5395(98)00079-x.
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Perez, Craig Santos. "From "aerial Roots"." Iowa Review 40, no. 2 (2010): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6906.
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Perez, Craig Santos. "Ginen "aerial Roots"." Iowa Review 40, no. 2 (2010): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6907.
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Kamei, Thanduanlung, Irene Ikiriko, Susan Abernathy, Amanda Rasmussen, and Erin E. Sparks. "Brace Roots." WikiJournal of Science 7, no. 1 (2024): X. http://dx.doi.org/10.15347/wjs/2024.007.
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Brace roots (roots developing from aerial stem nodes) are a type of adventitious root that develop from aboveground stem nodes in many monocots. Brace roots may remain aerial or penetrate the soil as they perform root functions such as anchorage and resource acquisition. Although brace root development in soil or aerial environments influences function, a lot is still unknown about how their anatomy, architecture and development contributes to their function. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on brace roots.
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Heba, Ibrahim Abd El-Moaty. "BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF MORICANDIA NITENS AND ITS ANTICANCER EFFECT." iajps 03, no. 10 (2016): 1283–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.167862.
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Glucosinolates are a class of organic anions that can be hydrolyzed either enzymatically with myrosinase or non-enzymatically to form primarily isothiocyanates and/ or nitriles. Investigation of the hydrolyzed glucosinolate products using GC-MS with natural autolysis and exogenous myrosinase enzymatic hydrolysis methods for the aerial parts and roots of Moricandia nitens, showed that the glucosinolate compounds; Ethyl isothiocyanate, Isobutyl isothiocyanate, 5- (methylthio)-4- pentene nitrile, 3- butenyl isothiocyanate, Allyl isothiocyanate, Benzyl isothiocyanate, 3- (Methyl thio) propyl isothiocyanate, 4- (methyl sulphonyl) butane nitrile and 3- (methyl sulphonyl) propyl isothiocyanate percentages were detected in both the aerial parts and roots, with relatively higher percentage in roots than that of the aerial parts, while 4-(methylthio) butanenitrile, 5- ( methylthio) pentane nitrile and 4-Methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate were higher percentages in the aerial parts than that of roots. The amount of total glucosinolates content in the aerial parts and roots were 1.7 and 2.1mg/gm, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts and roots of M. nitens showed the presence of 50 phytochemical constituents for each part. When comparing the mass spectra of some bioactive constituents, with our detected compounds, the detected bioactive compounds were identified. It was noticed that, the amount of total terpens content of the aerial parts and roots of M. nitens were 2.72 and 5.04 mg/ gm, respectively. Meanwhile the percentage of the total alkaloids were 0.02% for the aerial parts and roots of the plant. Cytotoxic activity for the aerial parts and roots of M. nitens (in vitro) against (HCT) showed remarkable cytotoxic activity at IC50= 99.8µg/ml and 63 µg/ml for aerial parts and roots, respectively, beside remarkable cytotoxic activity against (HEPG2) at IC50= 153 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml for aerial parts and roots, respectively. Key words: Moricandia nitens, Glucosinolates, bioactive compounds, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and Cytotoxic activity.
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Heba, Ibrahim Abd El-Moaty. "INVESTIGATION OF SOME ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF EUPHORBIA BIVONAE STEUD." IAJPS,CSK PUBLICATIONS 03, no. 11 (2016): 1309–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.179177.
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The investigation of some active constituents of Euphorbia bivonae included terpenes, alkaloids, coumarins and anthraquinones to evaluate its economic values as medicinal plant, where sugiol and betulin compounds were isolated from the aerial parts and roots of Euphorbia bivonae, while ferruginol compound was isolated only from the roots. The total terpenes content of the aerial parts and roots of E. bivonae were 3.44 and 8.96 mg/g, respectively, which were estimated spectrophotometrically. Meanwhile, the compounds 2Piperidinone, N[4bromonbutyl] and komaroine were isolated from the aerial parts and roots of E. bivonae. While the alkaloid compounds 5,8-dihydroxy methyl-canthin-6-one and 1-methoxy-8-hydroxy-methyl-canthin-6-one were isolated from only the roots. The estimated percentages of the total alkaloids were 0.40% and 1.02% for the aerial parts and roots, respectively. The coumarin compound umbelliferone was isolated from the aerial parts and roots, and the total coumarins content of the aerial parts and roots were 0.42 and 0.49 mg/g, respectively. On other hand anthraquinone compound emodin (1, 3, 8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-9, 10 anthracenedione) was detected and isolated from the roots only, meanwhile the concentrations of total anthraquinones were 0.04 and 0.94g/100g dry material for aerial parts and roots, respectively. Key words: Euphorbia bivonae, terpenes, alkaloids, coumarins and anthraquinones.
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Lekhak, Manoj M., Amit D. Gondaliya, S. R. Yadav, S. G. Ghane, and Kishore S. Rajput. "Stem and root anatomy of Zanonia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae) and significant adaptations of the aerial roots." IAWA Journal 45, no. 4 (2024): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10159.
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Summary The physiological and ecological adaptions of higher plants are driven by anatomical changes that contribute to the evolution of the climbing habit. This not only makes them able to survive in a dry environment but also supports them to undergo secondary growth and complete their reproduction. Some plants even form aerial roots as a survival strategy. In the present study, the anatomy of both aerial and underground roots and stems in Zanonia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae) is investigated. In young stems, vascular bundles (VB) had sieve elements on the inner margin of the protoxylem elements (i.e., bicollateral VB). In stems as well as aerial and underground roots, the axial elements of the secondary xylem were arranged in radial plates separated by wide medullary rays. Aerial and underground roots shared similar features in having exarch protoxylem and distinct narrow piths. Structurally, the secondary xylem was composed of vessels, tracheids, fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells while extra-fascicular sieve elements were observed only in stems and aerial roots. The formation of aerial roots is a survival mechanism whose significance is discussed with reference to the available literature.
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Supena, Nanang, Luthfi Azis Mahmud Siregar, Rosmayati, Chairani Hanum, Rokhana Faizah, and Iman Yani Harahap. "An interesting phenomenon in oil palm: anatomical, morphophysiological, and biochemical observations from aerial roots on the trunk." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1364, no. 1 (2024): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1364/1/012055.
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Abstract Roots are plant organs that function for nutrient and water absorption and support plant upright. Oil palm has distinctive roots due to the growth of primer roots that grow in two directions, namely vertical and horizontal. The growth of oil palm roots is highly dependent on the source of energy accumulated at the base of the stem. The availability of assimilate will determine the rate of root formation. The results of observations in the field, there is a phenomenon of root growth on oil palm stems. In general, there are four root growth phenomena, namely aerial roots which are the roots of plants affected by Ganoderma disease, roots that grow in the middle of the stem, the base of the stem, and at the end of the stem of the oil palm plant. This phenomenon has not been studied comprehensively. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the anatomical, morphophysiological, and plant biochemical observations of normal and aerial roots in oil palm trunks. The results showed differences in anatomical, morphology, and biochemical between roots growing underground and aerial roots. There are anatomical differences between the actual and aerial roots, namely the number of meta xylem is 19 pieces with a larger size in the underground roots, while the aerial roots are only 15 with a smaller size. The similarities between the two roots are included in the scalariform group. Aerial roots have the same types of roots as normal, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary roots. Based on the biochemical analysis, Palm5 has 3 times higher than reducing sugar percentage on Palm7.
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Patiño, Sandra, Gregory S. Gilbert, Gerhard Zotz, and Melvin T. Tyree. "Growth and survival of aerial roots of hemiepiphytes in a lower montane tropical moist forest in Panama." Journal of Tropical Ecology 15, no. 5 (1999): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467499001078.
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Hemiepiphytic plants grow for part of their life as true epiphytes, then become terrestrial through the production of aerial roots that grow from the canopy to the ground. Long-term measurement of growth, dieback and mortality of aerial roots of hemiepiphytic plants in a lower montane moist tropical forest in western Panama was used to elucidate life-history strategies of hemiepiphytes from two families. The fates of 156 aerial roots of five species of Clusiaceae and Araceae were followed for 10 mo. Some roots were cut to experimentally study the effect of injury on resprouting and survival. Aerial roots of Araceae grew more than twice as fast as those of Clusiaceae but had a much greater mortality rate. Roots of both families grew much faster during the wet than dry season. Even for the fastest growing roots, growth and survival models suggest that only 18% of Araceae roots were likely to survive long enough to reach the ground from a branch 10 m high, whereas 87% of roots of Clusiaceae were likely to do so. This suggests that only those Araceae hemiepiphytes that produce a large number of aerial roots or are located close to the ground are likely to reach the soil.
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KANTA, CHANDRA, SHAGUN MANWAL, RAHUL GAUR, and MEHAR FATIMA AND SHUBHAM LOBIYAL. "A Brief Review on the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Aerial Roots of Ficus bengalensis L. (Moraceae)." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND BIO-SCIENCE 38, no. 02 (2024): 337. https://doi.org/10.59467/jebs.2024.38.337.
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Ficus bengalensis (Moraceae) is a medicinally significant plant widely used in our traditional medicines from the ancient period. It has been found that plant aerial roots are rich in various phytochemical components such as triterpene derivatives, phenolic compounds (such as gallic acid), flavonoids (such as quercetin and kaempferol), certain alkaloids, terpenoids (such as lupeol and beta-sitosterol), saponins, tannins, and steroidal glycosides. It is revealed that the aerial roots have a remarkably high ash and flavonoid content, offering significant advantages. It is also believed that aerial roots are beneficial in treating infertility in women. In addition, they also have potential pharmacological applications such as immunomodulatory, anti-diarrheal, anti-diabetic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardiovascular, neuroprotective, as well as wound healing properties due to various bioactive compounds. They are even used to cure obstinate vomiting, and oral disorders and promote hair growth. Diseases such as dysentery, cholera, fever, atrophy, and insanity are also treated using the tender roots. The extensive pharmacological and therapeutic potential of F. bengalensis (Barged in Hindi) aerial roots highlights the need for further research and development. . KEYWORDS :Aerial roots, Bioactive compounds, Ficus bengalensis, Moraceae, Therapeutic potential
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Jain, S. J., and T. A. Khan. "PRELIMINARY PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON AERIAL ROOTS OF FICUS BENGHALENSIS LINN." INDIAN DRUGS 52, no. 11 (2015): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.52.11.10376.
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The aerial roots of Ficus benghalensis Linn (Moraceae) have been reported to have immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial and hair growth promoting activities. There are no reports on pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigations of these aerial roots. The aim of the present study was evaluation of sectional microscopy, powder characteristics, preliminary phytochemical screening of successive solvent extracts (petroleum ether, toluene, dichloromethane, methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts) of the aerial roots. The result of the sectional microscopy indicated the presence of cork cells, phloem and xylem. The powder characteristics indicated the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, lignified fibers. Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenolics and saponins. An extract rich in flavonoids (ethyl acetate rich extract) of the aerial roots was prepared and a quantitative analysis of total flavonoid and total phenolic content was done.
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Bekoung Assoumou, Rudy, Norbert Ondo Zue Abaga, and Mohamed Tayebi. "Remediation of soil contaminated with Mn, Cu and Zn around the Mbembele mine in Gabon: Phytoremediation approach (Vetiveria zizanioides and Phacelurus gabonensis)." E3S Web of Conferences 412 (2023): 01089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341201089.
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The ability of Vetiveria zizanioides and Phacelurus gabonensis to accumulate copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in the aerial parts and to mobilise them in the roots is applied. This investigation is based on the in situ observation of these plants, their biomass and the evaluation of the translocation capacity of each metal from roots to aerial parts. A proliferation of both plants in culture was observed for three months, then harvested and analysed. Significant metal contents, on 250 mg of samples taken, are observed in the aerial parts of Phacelurus gabonensis (2028 ppm of Cu, 9 ppm of Zn and 7456 ppm of Mn) whereas (3854 ppm Cu, 268 ppm Zn 43005 ppm of Mn) in the roots. Vetiveria zizanioides records in the aerial parts 83 ppm Cu, 31 ppm Zn and 8761 ppm, Mn while in the roots there are 83 pm Cu, 1974 ppm Zn and 11930 ppm Mn. The ability to transfer these metals from the roots to the aerial parts is greater in Vetiveria zizanioides than in Phacelurus gabonensis despite the high metal concentrations in the aerial parts in Phacelurus gabonensis.The high concentrations of metals purified by Phacelurus gabonensis and Vetiveria zizanioides place them among the top ranks of phytoremediation.
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Abasolo, W. P., M. Yoshida, H. Yamamoto, and T. Okuyama. "Stress Generation In Aerial Roots Of Ficus Elastica (Moraceae)." IAWA Journal 30, no. 2 (2009): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000216.
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Release strain measurements were conducted on the aerial roots of Ficus elastica Roxb. to understand stress generation in roots. Regardless of whether the roots are small roots that are directly attached to the ground (Type I), small roots that have merged with other roots without reaching the ground (Type II), or large roots that are directly attached to the ground (Type III), all gave negative strain values indicating that they were under tensile stress prior to measurements. Such strains were inversely affected by the strain gauge distance from the root attachment (either to the ground or to other roots) and by the root diameter. Tensile stresses emanated from the gelatinous fibers found near the pith of the roots.
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Vivek, Krishna, S. Gupta G., and Sing Pahup. "Acetylenic derivatives from some compositae plants." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 76, Nov-Dec 1999 (1999): 689–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5862248.
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Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, India <em>Manuscript received 6 September 1999</em> The acetylenic derivatives isolated from six Compositae plants, viz. Ecllpta erecta (roots), <em>Dicoma zeyheri</em> (roots), <em>lnula cuspidata</em> (aerial parts), <em>Cineraria fruticulorum</em> (whole plant), <em>Blainvillea acmella</em> (roots) and <em>Moscharia pinnatijida</em> (aerial parts) have been reviewed.
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Chandra, P., K. Kishore, and A. K. Ghosh. "EFFECT OF DAUCUS CAROTA AND FUMARIA INDICA ON GASTRIC TISSUE GLUTATHIONE LEVEL IN INDOMETHACIN INDUCED ULCERS." INDIAN DRUGS 52, no. 05 (2015): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.52.05.10226.
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The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of roots of Daucus carota and aerial parts of Fumaria indica on gastric tissue glutathione level in experimental rats with indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration. Ethanol extract from roots of D. carota and aerial parts of F. indica was administered at the doses 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o. Ulcer index, gastric GSH level and gastric wall mucus level were estimated. The functioning of liver was also assayed. The effects of roots of D. carota and aerial parts of F. indica were significant and comparable to reference treated group of rats. The gastric GSH levels were replenished by both D. carota and F. indica in 200 mg/kg each. From this study, it was concluded that ethanol extracts each from roots of D. carota and aerial parts of F. indica posses significant ulcer protection by replenishing Gastric GSH and increasing gastric mucus level.
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Nikolova, Milena, Ina Aneva, Petar Zhelev, et al. "Metabolic Profiles, Genetic Diversity, and Genome Size of Bulgarian Population of Alkanna tinctoria." Plants 12, no. 1 (2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010111.
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Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch Boraginaceae is a medicinal plant whose root is used for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. A. tinctoria roots have been subject to numerous studies. However, the aerial parts have been explored less. The objective of the present study was to compare the chemical profile of aerial parts and roots as well as the total alkannin content in roots of 11 populations of the species from different floristic regions of Bulgaria. Methanolic extracts from 22 samples were analyzed by GC/MS. Phenolic, fatty, and organic acids, sterols, polyols, fatty alcohols, and sugars were identified. Ononitol (4-O-methyl-myo-inositol) was found as the main compound in the aerial parts. The total alkannin content in the roots was evaluated by the spectrophotometric method and compared with that of the commercial product. Populations with high alkannin content and rich in other bioactive compounds were identified. A relatively low genetic diversity in the studied populations was observed. The present study is the first comprehensive study on metabolite profiles and genetic diversity of the Bulgarian populations of A. tinctoria. The occurrence of ononitol in the aerial parts of the species is reported for the first time, as well as the phenolic acid profiles of the species in both aerial parts and roots. The results showed that aerial parts of the plant are also promising for use as a source of valuable biologically active substances.
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Mursaliyeva, Valentina Kadamovna, Tlek Manarbekovich Mukhanov, Nadezhda Gennad'yevna Gemejiyeva, and Balakyz Kymyzgalievna Yeskaliyeva. "CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF TURKESTAN SOAPROOT ALLOCHRUSA GYP-SOPHILOIDES (REGEL) SCHISCHK GROWING IN THE SOUTH OF KAZAKHSTAN." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 3 (October 2, 2023): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20230311993.
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Allochrusa gypsophiloides (Regel) Schischk. Turkestan soaproot (TSR), a Central Asian endemic has commercial value as a producer of triterpene saponins. Spectrophotometric determination of saponins was carried out in the roots and the aerial part of wild plants during vegetation in the south of Kazakhstan. The level of saponins, phenols, and flavonoids in the seeds, aerial parts, and roots was assessed. The following ascending order in the saponins content: seeds-aerial part-root, was revealed. An increase in the saponins levels in the roots during the growing season with a maximum of 9.6% in fruiting was established. A high saponins amount (6%) was detected in the aerial part during the flowering which decreased twice at the fruiting. The antioxidant activity and foaming index of the total ethanol extracts from the initial and deposited plant materials were determined. The maximum antioxidant activity (35.5%) and antiradical properties (IC50 1480) in vitro were found in extracts from the aerial part with the highest content of flavonoids and phenols. It was revealed that long-term storage of roots contributes to an increase in saponins levels and in their surfactant properties. The data obtained indicate the possibility of alternative use of the aerial parts of Allochrysa gypsophiloides at the flowering for obtaining triterpene saponins and phenolic substances with antioxidant activity.
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Teyeb, Hassen, Olfa Houta, Hanen Najjaa, et al. "Biological and Chemical Study of Astragalus gombiformis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 67, no. 7-8 (2012): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2012-7-803.
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Extracts of aerial parts and roots of wild Astragalus gombiformis Pomel were tested for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities and contents of phenolic compounds. Antibacterial activity was tested by the paper disk agar diffusion method and determination of the minimal inhibitor concentration. Among the tested extracts, three extracts (methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) from aerial parts and two extracts (water, methanol) from roots exhibited diameters of inhibition zone equal or above 12 mm (at 150 μg/ disk) and minimal inhibitor concentrations ranging between 233 and 1250 μg/ml. Spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses showed that contents of both total polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activity were higher in the methanolic extract of aerial parts as compared to roots. No insecticidal activity of the extracts of the aerial parts was found against Culex pipiens.
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N.X., Mikayilova, and Sarkarov S.V. "Study of Chemical Components of Bilacunaria microcarpa (Bieb.) M.Pimen et V.Tichomirov in Roots and Overground Parts by Chromato-Mass-Spectrometry." Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 69, no. 3 (2014): 27–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7430082.
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The chemical components of resins of the roots and aerial parts of Bilacunaria microcarpa (Apiaceae) were studied by the method of chromato-mass-spectrometry. Fourteen components, including seven and nine coumarin derivatives have been revealed and identified in the roots and the aerial parts of the plant, respectively.
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Conterato, Ionara Fátima, Paula Juliane Barbosa De Oliveira, Jorge Dubal Martins, et al. "Reproductive strategies in the persistence of polymorph clover, an amphicarpic species." Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha 30, no. 1 (2024): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36812/pag.202430138-47.
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Amphicarpic plants produce aerial and subterranean fruits on the same plant. Trifolium polymorphum Poir. is an amphicarpic legume that also reproduces vegetatively by regrowing storage roots. Because of this, resource allocation information for different reproductive strategies is of great interest. In this study, the production of aerial and subterranean seeds and storage roots was evaluated in populations of T. polymorphum. The Pinheiro Machado and Eldorado do Sul populations produced on average the highest (165.50) and lowest (61.87) number of inflorescences per plant, respectively. Total aerial seed production did not differ between populations. Aerial flowers produced more seeds than subterranean flowers. There were positive correlations between number of inflorescences and total aerial seeds (r = 0.73), the number of subterranean legumes and total subterranean seeds (0.94) and between number and weight of storage roots (r = 0.83). Amphicarpy associated with vegetative reproduction is an important strategy for the persistence and increase frequency of T. polymorphum in the natural pastures of the Rio Grande do Sul, where intense grazing and trampling can destroy periodically the aerial part of the plants.
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Wyszkowski, Mirosław, Jadwiga Wyszkowska, Natalia Kordala, and Magdalena Zaborowska. "Molecular Sieve, Halloysite, Sepiolite and Expanded Clay as a Tool in Reducing the Content of Trace Elements in Helianthus annuus L. on Copper-Contaminated Soil." Materials 16, no. 5 (2023): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16051827.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of copper soil contamination on the trace element content of sunflower aerial parts and in roots. Another aim was to assess whether the introduction of selected neutralizing substances (molecular sieve, halloysite, sepiolite and expanded clay) into the soil could reduce the impact of copper on the chemical composition of sunflower plants. Copper soil contamination with 150 mg Cu2+ kg−1 of soil and 10 g of each adsorbent per kg of soil were used. Soil contamination with copper caused a significant increase in the content of this element in the aerial parts (by 37%) and roots (by 144%) of sunflower. Enriching the soil with the mineral substances reduced the amount of copper in the aerial parts of sunflower. Halloysite had the greatest effect (35%), while expanded clay had the smallest effect (10%). An opposite relationship was found in the roots of this plant. In copper-contaminated objects, a decrease in the content of cadmium and iron and an increase in the concentrations of nickel, lead and cobalt in the aerial parts and roots of sunflower were observed. The applied materials reduced the content of the remaining trace elements more strongly in the aerial organs than in the roots of sunflower. Molecular sieve had the greatest reducing effect on the content of trace elements in sunflower aerial organs, followed by sepiolite, while expanded clay had the least impact. The molecular sieve also reduced the content of iron, nickel, cadmium, chromium, zinc and, especially, manganese, whereas sepiolite reduced the content of zinc, iron, cobalt, manganese and chromium in sunflower aerial parts. Molecular sieve contributed to a slight increase in the content of cobalt, while sepiolite had the same effect on the content of nickel, lead and cadmium in the aerial parts of sunflower. All materials decreased the content of chromium in sunflower roots, molecular sieve—zinc, halloysite—manganese, and sepiolite—manganese and nickel. The materials used in the experiment, especially the molecular sieve and to a lesser extent sepiolite, can be used effectively to reduce the content of copper and some other trace elements, particularly in the aerial parts of sunflower.
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Mundkinajeddu, Deepak, Laxman P. Sawant, Rojison Koshy, et al. "Development and Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Flavonoid Glycosides in Withania somnifera Aerial Parts." ISRN Analytical Chemistry 2014 (March 10, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/351547.
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Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) commonly known as ashwagandha, is an important plant in Ayurveda and is believed to increase longevity and vitality. The root is considered to be the medicinally important part of the plant as per classical texts and accordingly is the subject of most Pharmacopeial monographs. The aerial parts, being less expensive, are sometimes mixed with roots to prepare “standardized” extracts of W. somnifera, and in cases with false declaration of plant part used as roots on the certificate of analysis. The present study described a new, simple, accurate, and precise HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of flavonoid glycosides as unique constituents of the aerial parts, being absent in roots of the plant. The RSD for intra- and interday analyses was less than 2.5% and the recovery was 90–108%. The method was used to analyze samples of roots and aerial parts of the plant collected from India and Egypt. The samples of commercially available extracts of W. somnifera were also analyzed and many samples were found to contain flavonoid glycosides indicating a possible undeclared use of aerial parts in the extracts derived from roots in commercial practice.
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Vivek, Krishna, та Singh Pahup. "Rare tricyclic sesquiterpene lactones and related compounds from Moschαriα and Trixis species". Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 90, Oct 2013 (2013): 1767–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792018.
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Emcure Pharmaceutical Ltd., Plot No.2, ITBT Park, Phase-II, MIDC Hinjwadi, Pune-411 057, Maharashtra, India Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, Rajasthan, India <em>E-mail </em>: pahupsingh@yahoo.co.uk <em>Manuscript received 31 July 2013, accepted 01 August 2013</em> The chemistry of eight isocedrenolides and an a-isocedrenedial from the aerial parts of <em>\(Moscharia\)</em> <em>\(pinnatifida\)</em>, trixiparadoxin, its isovalerate and 2-methyl butyrate from the aerial parts of <em>\(Trixis\) \(inula\)</em>, five trixikingolides alongwith trixiparadoxin esters from the roots and the aerial parts of <em>\(Trixis\) \(paradoxa\)</em>, four trixikingolides from the aerial parts, 14β-methoxytrixic acid methyl ester and trixiparadoxin isovalerate from the roots of <em><em>\(Trixis\)</em> \(vautheri\)</em> and further rive trixikingolides in addition to trixiparadoxin isovalerate from the roots and the aerial parts of <em><em><em>\(Trixis\)</em></em> </em>\(antimenorrhoea \)have been reviewed.
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Wilder, George J. "Comparative morphology and anatomy of absorbing roots and anchoring roots in three species of Cyclanthaceae (Monocotyledoneae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 1 (1992): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-006.
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Asplundia sp., Evodianthus funifer, and Thoracocarpus bissectus are root-climbing lianas that each have absorbing roots and anchoring roots. On stems appressed to the trunks of host trees, both types of roots arise mainly from internodes, generally emerging from those halves of stem surfaces facing the trunks (Asplundia sp., E. funifer), and may form nonreplacement roots and replacement roots. Aerial portions of absorbing roots differ from anchoring roots according to direction of growth, abundance of nonreplacement roots, diameter 1 cm distal to base, length, abundance, and color (T. bissectus). In all species the anchoring roots (with or without replacement roots) are interpretable as determinate because on long specimens their distal portions appear anatomically narrowed and reduced. In contrast, aerial parts of absorbing roots are indeterminate. The determinate aspects of anchoring roots and the general restriction (on stems appressed to tree trunks) of roots to trunk-facing stem surfaces are advantageous as means for conserving biomass. Key words: roots, root morphology, root dimorphism, Cyclanthaceae.
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Vivek, Krishna, K. Gupta Pradeep, Jain Sonakshi, and Singh Pahup. "Highly oxygenated guaianolides from some compositae plants." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 78, Oct-Dec 2001 (2001): 779–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5910639.
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Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, India <em>Manuscript received<sup>.</sup> 21 September 2001</em> The isolation of twenty new highly oxygenated guaianolides along with several known guaianolides from <em>Vernonia arkansatta</em><em> </em>(aerial parts and roots), <em>Pseudostifftia kingii </em>(aerial parts), <em>Diconta anontala </em>(roots),<em>Hypochoeris cretensis, Saussurea, S. involuerata, S. candicans, Bishopanthus soliceps </em>and <em>Blainvillea latifolia </em>(aerial parts) have been reviewed
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SU, J. J., Y. J. CHEN, and Y. C. CHANG. "A study of a pilot-scale biogas bio-filter system for utilization on pig farms." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 2 (2013): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612001086.
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SUMMARYCombustion of biogas containing hydrogen sulphide (H2S) yields highly corrosive sulphur oxides, thereby limiting the use of biogas for heat and power generation. The current study developed and tested a pilot-scale biogas bio-filter system (BBS) to replace conventional water scrubbing systems at a commercial pig farm in Miaoli County, Taiwan. A 62·8-litre pilot-scale BBS, packed with dried aerial roots from the common tree fern (Sphaeropteris lepifera) and a mixture of dried aerial roots and plastic rings as bio-carriers and inoculated with sulphur oxidizing bacteria, was installed at a commercial pig farm. H2S concentration was 5600 mg/m3 and the biogas flow rate was 4 litres/min. The pilot-scale BBS could remove 26·9 g H2S/m3/h using a bio-filter that operated at a 7% (v/v) O2 level continuously for >200 days. It was found that most H2S was oxidized to elemental sulphur (S0) and accumulated on the surface of the dried aerial roots (0·084 g S0/g aerial root) in the BBS. The dried aerial roots and plastic Raschig ring mixture was more efficent at sulphur dioxide removal than the dried aerial roots on their own. The pH and sulphate (SO42−) concentrations of water dropping from the BBS were 1·6 ± 1·0 and 28 680 ± 8253 mg/l, respectively. However, sulphur is the dominant product of sulphur oxidizers at the 7% O2 level. Periodical flushing of the bio-filter with the effluent from the wastewater treatment system on the farm can maintain high efficiency of H2S removal.
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Maggio, Antonella, Maurizio Bruno, Carmen Formisano, Daniela Rigano, and Felice Senatore. "Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Three Species of Apiaceae Growing Wild in Sicily: Bonannia graeca, Eryngium maritimum and Opopanax chironium." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 6 (2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800640.
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In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oils from aerial parts of Bonannia graeca (L.) Halácsy and Opopanax chironium (L.) Kock, and from aerial parts and roots of Eryngium maritimum L. was evaluated by GC and GC-MS. α-Pinene (15.2%) and β-pinene were recognized as the main constituents of B. graeca, whereas the aerial parts of O. chironium contained mainly the diterpene cembrene and the coumarin angelicin. In both aerial parts and roots of E. maritimum germacrene D (10.4% and 15.9%, respectively) and 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (8.3% and 6.7%) were the most abundant components.
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Abdel-Hamed, Asmaa R., Alaa S. Wahba, Dina M. Khodeer, et al. "Metabolomic Profiling and In Vivo Antiepileptic Effect of Zygophyllum album Aerial Parts and Roots Crude Extracts against Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling in Mice." Metabolites 14, no. 6 (2024): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo14060316.
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The chemical profiles of both Zygophyllum album (Z. album) aerial parts and roots extracts were evaluated with LC-ESI-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Twenty-four compounds were detected. Among them, some are detected in both the aerial parts and the roots extracts, and others were detected in the aerial parts only. The detected compounds were mainly flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenes and other miscellaneous compounds. Such compounds contribute to the diverse pharmacological activities elicited by the Z. album species. This study aimed to elucidate the antiepileptic effect of Z. album aerial parts and roots crude extracts against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice. Male albino mice were divided into four groups, eight animals each. All groups, except the control group, were kindled with PTZ (35 mg/kg i.p.), once every alternate day for a total of 15 injections. One group was left untreated (PTZ group). The remaining two groups were treated prior to PTZ injection with either Z. album aerial parts or roots crude extract (400 mg/kg, orally). Pretreatment with either extract significantly reduced the seizure scores, partially reversed the histological changes in the cerebral cortex and exerted antioxidant/anti-inflammatory efficacy evinced by elevated hippocampal total antioxidant capacity and SOD and catalase activities, parallel to the decrement in MDA content, iNOS activity and the TXNIB/NLRP3 axis with a subsequent decrease in caspase 1 activation and a release of IL-1β and IL-18. Moreover, both Z. album extracts suppressed neuronal apoptosis via upregulating Bcl-2 expression and downregulating that of Bax, indicating their neuroprotective and antiepileptic potential. Importantly, the aerial parts extract elicited much more antiepileptic potential than the roots extract did.
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Karakaya, Songul, Mehmet Koca, Serdar Yılmaz, et al. "Molecular Docking Studies of Coumarins Isolated from Extracts and Essential Oils of Zosima absinthifolia Link as Potential Inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Disease." Molecules 24, no. 4 (2019): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040722.
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Coumarins and essential oils are the major components of the Apiaceae family and the Zosima genus. The present study reports anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of extracts and essential oils from aerial parts, roots, flowers, fruits and coumarins—bergapten (1); imperatorin (2), pimpinellin (3) and umbelliferone (4)—isolated of the roots from Zosima absinthifolia. The investigation by light and scanning electron microscopy of the structures of secretory canals found different chemical compositions in the various types of secretory canals which present in the aerial parts, fruits and flowers. The canals, present in the aerial parts, are characterized by terpene hydrocarbons, while the secretory canals of roots, flowers and fruits include esters. Novel data of a comparative study on essential oils constituents of aerial parts, roots, flowers and fruits of Z. absinthfolia has been presented. The roots and fruits extract showed a high content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity. The GC-FID and GC-MS analysis revealed that the main components of the aerial parts, roots, flowers and fruits extracts were octanol (8.8%), octyl octanoate (7.6%), octyl acetate (7.3%); trans-pinocarvyl acetate (26.7%), β-pinene (8.9%); octyl acetate (19.9%), trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol (4.6%); octyl acetate (81.6%), and (Z)-4-octenyl acetate (5.1%). The dichloromethane fraction of fruit and flower essential oil was characterized by the highest phenolics level and antioxidant activity. The dichloromethane fraction of fruit had the best inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase enzyme (82.27 ± 1.97%) which was higher then acetylcholinesterase inhibition (61.09 ± 4.46%) of umbelliferone. This study shows that the flowers and fruit of Z. absinthifolia can be a new potential resource of natural antioxidant and anticholinesterase compounds.
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Lamb, Thomas G., David W. Tonkyn, and Daniel A. Kluepfel. "Movement of Pseudomonas aureofaciens from the rhizosphere to aerial plant tissue." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 11 (1996): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-143.
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Following inoculation onto seeds, the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aureofaciens Ps3732RNL11 (L11), which contains the constituitively expressed lacZ and lacY genes from Escherichia coli, was recovered from the interior of aerial tissues of all 16 monocot and dicot plants tested, and the exterior of aerial surfaces of 15. In more detailed studies with corn, wheat, and broccoli, both Ps3732RNL11 and its nonengineered parent strain PS3732RN (RN) rapidly established large populations on all root systems and smaller densities within the aerial tissues, all of which persisted at stable levels throughout 12- to 23-day test periods. There were no differences in the behavior of L11 and RN on any of the three plant species. L11 invaded the aeriel tissues of corn in at least two distinct ways. First, it moved into the interior of leaves following inoculation of guttation drops, suggesting that the bacteria may contaminate the developing shoot prior to its emergence from the soil and then invade through natural openings. However, when this route was blocked by inoculating the roots after shoot emergence in either soil or hydroponic systems, the bacteria still invaded the aerial tissues within 24 h, suggesting direct vascular transport from the roots. Such bacterial movement is an important consideration in future field releases of both native and genetically modified rhizobacteria.Key words: rhizosphere, genetically engineered microorganism, Pseudomonas aureofaciens.
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Inoue, Tomomi, Ayato Kohzu, and Ayako Shimono. "Tracking the route of atmospheric nitrogen to diazotrophs colonizing buried mangrove roots." Tree Physiology 39, no. 11 (2019): 1896–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz088.
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Abstract Nitrogen-fixing activity has been observed in the rhizosphere of mangrove ecosystems, suggesting a close mangrove–diazotroph relationship. In regularly flooded soil, however, the pathway by which atmospheric nitrogen reaches the diazotrophs in the rhizosphere is unknown. This study provides evidence that mangrove aerial roots serve as pathways that supply nitrogen gas to the diazotrophs colonizing buried roots. A plastic chamber was attached on the exposed part of a Rhizophora stylosa Griff prop root, and 15N2 tracer gas was injected into it. The entire root, including the below-ground part, was collected for analysis of 15N labelling and nitrogenase activity. We detected 15N labelling in buried root materials 2 h after gas injection. Compared with the δ15N contents in root material from an untreated tree, the increment was &gt;10‰ in lateral roots. The nitrogenase activity measured on the other R. stylosa roots was highest in lateral roots, matching well with the results of 15N labelling. Our results indicate that atmospheric nitrogen is taken into aerial mangrove roots through lenticels, diffuses into the buried root system and is fixed by diazotrophs. The unusual appearance of mangrove aerial roots, which has intrigued researchers for many years, could be a key to the high productivity of mangrove ecosystems.
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Mesquita, Evandro Franklin de, Francisco de Oliveira Mesquita, Caio da Silva Sousa, Daniel da Silva Ferreira, Josinaldo Lopes Araujo Rocha, and Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante. "Water stress mitigation by silicon in sweet-potato." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 12, no. 7 (2021): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2021.007.0033.
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The objective was to evaluate the effect of the reduction in the irrigation blades under silicate fertilization via soil on growth, branch emission, production of fresh phytomass of aerial part, yield of marketable tuberous roots, and agricultural water use efficiency by plants of the sweet-potato variety Campina, with purple skin. The treatments were arranged in subdivided plots, distributed into randomized blocks, using a 2x5 factorial scheme with three repetitions, totaling 30 experimental units. The plots were two irrigation blades of 100 and 50% of the crop evapotranspiration – (ETc) and the subplots corresponded to the silicon doses of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g plant-1. At the end of the experiment, the following variables were evaluated: stem diameter, branch emission, fresh phytomass of aerial part, phytomass of marketable tuberous roots, yield, and water use efficiency by plants. According to the results, the reduction from 100 to 50% of the ETc caused inhibition of growth, production of fresh phytomass of aerial part, and yield of marketable tuberous roots. The crop revealed to be more sensitive to water stress regarding yield than regarding growth or biomass formation by the aerial part and marketable tuberous roots.
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Chiang, Yi-Ming, and Yueh-Hsiung Kuo. "Novel Triterpenoids from the Aerial Roots ofFicusmicrocarpa." Journal of Organic Chemistry 67, no. 22 (2002): 7656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo020262e.
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GOLU, Roxana Maria, Ludovic Everard BEJENARU, Andrei BIŢĂ, et al. "PRELIMINARY HPTLC INVESTIGATION OF TWO GALEOPSIS SPP. (LAMIACEAE) FROM SOUTHWEST ROMANIA FLORA." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 54, no. 1 (2025): 138–43. https://doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v54i1.1548.
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The paper highlights the phenolic acids content of roots, aerial parts and leaves of two Galeopsis spp. (Lamiaceae) from the southwest Romania (Oltenia Region) flora, using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with photodensitometry. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) was identified and quantified in all 70% ethanolic extracts of Galeopsis spp. The highest CGA amount was determined in G. speciosa leaves (9.192 mg/g), followed by G. bifida leaves (9.017 mg/g), G. speciosa roots (8.283 mg/g), G. speciosa aerial parts (7.317 mg/g), G. bifida aerial parts (3.392 mg/g), and G. bifida roots (1.825 mg/g). Our research used HPTLC for the assessment of phenolic acid content, emphasizing the pharmacological potential of Galeopsis spp., mainly the antioxidant properties, which may contribute to their traditional applications in treating respiratory and inflammatory disorders.
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Marčetić, Mirjana, Silvana Petrović, Marina Milenković, and Marjan Niketić. "Composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the extracts of Eryngium palmatum Pančić and Vis. (Apiaceae)." Open Life Sciences 9, no. 2 (2014): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0247-0.
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AbstractThe chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Eryngium palmatum, an endemic plant species from the Balkan Peninsula, were investigated. The flavonoids apigenin (9.5±0.3 mg g−1) and apigenin 7-O-glucoside (2.4±0.1 mg g−1) were determined in a methanol extract of aerial parts using HPLC analysis. The methanol extract of roots contained catechin (5.0±0.1 mg g−1), epicatechin (2.9±0.1 mg g−1), chlorogenic acid (1.6±0.0 mg g−1), gallic acid (0.9±0.0 mg g−1) and rosmarinic acid (0.9±0.2 mg g−1). GC-FID and GCMS analysis of a chloroform extract of aerial parts showed that the main volatile constituents were falcarinol, linoleic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl linoleate (comprising 32.6%; 24.4%; 19.9; 13.2% of the volatile fraction, respectively), while octanoic acid, tetradecanol and dodecanol dominated in the chloroform extract of the roots (34.9%; 25.8%; 22.2% of the volatile fraction, respectively). Investigation of antimicrobial activity by broth microdilution showed that the methanol and chloroform extracts of aerial parts and roots exerted a significant effect (MIC 3.5–15.6 μg mL−1) against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The methanol extracts of aerial parts or roots exerted moderate ferric reducing antioxidant power, DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.
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Reddell, Paul, Michael S. Hopkins, and Andrew W. Graham. "Functional association between apogeotropic aerial roots, mycorrhizas and paper-barked stems in a lowland tropical rainforest in North Queensland." Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 6 (1996): 763–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010014.
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ABSTRACTThe root and trunk characteristics of species in a complex, lowland, evergreen, tropical rainforest at a seasonally inundated, coastal site on siliceous sands were examined. Roots in the soil were predominantly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi although ectomycorrhizas were found on four species which contributed almost 25% of total basal area. Surface root mats were not a characteristic of the study site. In contrast, the ability to produce apogeotropic (upwardly growing) aerial roots which grew on and within the bark on trunks and branches was a consistent feature of the dominant species of trees in this forest. Eleven species representing eight families and constituting more than 85% of the basal area at the site produced these roots. Most trunks with DBH greater than 20 cm supported apogeotropic aerial roots produced by a range of species including themselves. Apogeotropic roots were most frequently found on the basal 0.5 m of trunks; however, they did occur up to 5 m above the forest floor. Apogeotropic aerial roots originated both from epicormic buds under the bark and from soil, and they were frequently colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi. There was a strong association between the ability to support these upwardly growing roots and the occurrence of laminated papery and flaky bark. We postulate that production of apogeotropic roots may provide a mechanism for nutrient uptake and root respiration during periods of inundation, for intercepting nutrients in stemflow and/or for extracting nutrients from bark.
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Conterato, Ionara Fatima, Maria Teresa Schifino-Wittmann, Divanilde Guerra, and Miguel Dall'Agnol. "Amphicarpy in Trifolium argentinense: morphological characterisation, seed production, reproductive behaviour and life strategy." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 2 (2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12321.
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Trifolium argentinense Speg. is an amphicarpic species that occurs naturally in native pastures of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Amphicarpy is a rare mode of reproduction in which aerial and subterranean seeds are produced by the same individual. In the present paper, we compare morphology, anther number, pollen viability, seed production and mode of reproduction of T. argentinense flowers, and comment on the life strategy of the species. Plants grown from aerial seeds and from the regrowth of storage roots of aerial plants had longer stolons and a larger plant diameter than did those grown from subterranean plants. Plants grown from seeds were also taller than plants grown from storage roots. More resources were allocated to subterranean reproduction in plants of subterranean origin than in those of aerial origin. Aerial flowers produced more seeds, presented more anthers and produced more pollen grains than did the subterranean ones. T. argentinense is a versatile species, self- and cross-pollinated, consistent with the values of high polymorphism information content. T. argentinense adopts the ‘pessimistic strategy’ (early allocation of energy to large subterranean propagules), common in amphicarpic species when growing in disturbed habitats, such as the native pastures of Rio Grande do Sul, where intense grazing and trampling, as well as long seasonal dry spells, may periodically destroy the aerial plants, thus assuring survival by germination of subterranean seeds and regrowth of storage roots.
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Vivek, Krishna, K. Gupta Pradeep, Jain Sonakshi, and Singh Pahup. "Highly oxygenated guaianolides from some compositae plants." Journal of Indian Chemistry Society Vol. 78, October-December 2001 (2001): 779–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5902212.
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Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, India <em>Manuscript received 21 September 2001</em> The isolation of twenty new highly oxygenated guaianolides along with several known guaianolides from <em>Vernonia arkansana</em> (aerial parts and roots),<em> Pseudostifftia kingii </em>(aerial parts), <em>Dicoma anomala</em> (roots),<em> Hypochoeris cretensis, Saussurea salicifolia, S. involucrata, S. candicans, Bishopantus soliceps and Blainvillea latifolia</em> (aecrial parts) have been reviewed.
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Conterato, Ionara Fátima, Maria Teresa Schifino-Wittmann, Diego Bitencourt David, and Jorge Dubal Martins. "Reproductive strategies and dimorphic seeds germination in Trifolium argentinense Speg., an amphicarpic species." Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha 25, no. 3 (2019): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36812/pag.201925366-79.
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Native from Rio Grande do Sul natural pastures, Trifolium argentinense Speg. has sexual reproduction through aerial and subterranean seeds (amphicarpy) and vegetative reproduction by regrowth from storage roots. In this study the seeds produced at the soil-surface flowers, the depth effect and scarification on the aerial and subterranean seeds germination and the storage roots produced by plants derived from the two types of seeds were evaluated. The aerial (0.10 cm) and soil-surface (0.11 cm) seeds were similar in size, but smaller than the subterranean seeds (0.14 cm), with no significant variation in the production of the three types of seeds. Aerial and subterranean seeds scarified at and sowed 2.5 cm deep germinated better than the scarified and non-scarified seeds sowed on the soil-surface and at 7.0 cm, evincing a depth effect on seed germination. Although amphicarpic, T. argentinense first invests in the production of the storage roots making sure the cloning of specific genotypes and allowing the plants to persist vegetatively year after year without the need for regeneration by seeds in unfavorable environments for sexual reproduction, such as in Rio Grande do Sul natural pastures, where hard grazing and trampling can destroy the aerial part of the plants.
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Georgieva, Yoana P., Petya A. Gardjeva, Mariana N. Katsarova, et al. "A study of flavonoid composition and antimicrobial activity of Scutellaria altissima L. from different floristic regions of Bulgaria." Folia Medica 64, no. 4 (2022): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.64.e64795.
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Introduction:Scutellaria extracts and its constituents, especially the characteristic flavonoids such as baicalein and its glycoside baicalin, exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Aim: To perform a comparative analysis of flavonoid composition and antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from aerial parts and roots of Scutellaria altissima from the regions of Mezek and Bachkovo, Bulgaria. Materials and methods: 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts of aerial parts and roots of S. altissima were used. HPLC analysis of S. altissima extracts was performed. Microbiological tests were done on clinical isolates of Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Minimal bactericidal and minimal bacteriostatic concentrations of S. altissima extracts were determined by the agar method. Results: The ethanol extracts contain flavonoids approximately twice as much in comparison with the aqueous extracts. The baicalin content in the aerial parts of S. altissima from the region of Mezek is 5 times higher than that in the roots. S. altissima extracts have effective antimicrobial activity against S. mitis only. The minimal bactericidal concentration of ethanol extracts of S. altissima aerial parts and S. altissima roots is 2000&nbsp;&micro;g/ml and 8000&nbsp;&micro;g/ml at 24 hours, respectively. The bactericidal effect of aqueous extracts occurs at 48 hours at minimal bactericidal concentration of S. altissima aerial parts &ndash; 2000&nbsp;&micro;g/ml and of S. altissima roots &ndash; 6000&nbsp;&micro;g/ml. Conclusions: The finding that extracts of Bulgarian S. altissima possess effective antimicrobial properties against S. mitis suggests that it can be used as a potential source for the development of natural antimicrobial agents to suppress oral pathogens and prevent some oral infections.
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Wajs-Bonikowska, Anna, Janusz Malarz, Łukasz Szoka, Paweł Kwiatkowski, and Anna Stojakowska. "Composition and Activities of Carpesium macrocephalum Franch. & Sav. Essential Oils." Molecules 29, no. 19 (2024): 4658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194658.
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Carpesium macrocephalum, a species native to China, Korea, Japan, and Russia, has been used medicinally in the countries of its origin. Though mono- and sesquiterpenoids are known constituents of C. macrocephalum, the complete analysis of essential oils produced by the roots and aerial parts of the plant has not been published until now. The present study discloses considerable differences in the composition and cytotoxic activity of essential oils distilled from roots and shoots of C. macrocephalum. The GC-MS-FID analyses have led to the identification of 131 compounds in all, of which 114 were found in aerial parts and 110 in the roots of the plants. The essential oil distilled from shoots contained a mixture of nerol and thymol methyl ether (c. 26%), neryl isobutyrate (c. 12%) and linalool (c. 9%) as major constituents, whereas alantolactone (c. 29%), thymol methyl ether (c. 7%) and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether, c. 7%) predominated in the essential oil obtained from the roots. The oils demonstrated weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and, at concentrations up to 2.08 mg/mL (oil from the aerial parts) and up to 3.38 mg/mL (oil from roots), were inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil from the roots of the plant demonstrated strong but not selective cytotoxic activity.
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Albérico Alvarenga, Ângelo, Murillo De Albuquerque Regina, J. C. Fráguas, A. Lima da Silva, and Nilton N. J. Chalfun. "Aluminum effect on nutrition and development of grapevine rootstocks (Vitis spp.)." OENO One 38, no. 2 (2004): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2004.38.2.920.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">The proposal work was to detect the growth capacity and absorption of minerals on grape rootstocks in acid soils with high contents of Al. The rootstocks tested were: ‘IAC 572’, ‘1045 P’, ‘RR 101-14’, ‘Kober 5BB’ and ‘Gravesac’, at 0 %, 13,5 %, 27 %, 40,5 % and 54 % aluminum (Al) saturation levels. Plants height, roots length, leaves, stems and total dry weight; roots, stems and leaves nutrients content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) and Al were evaluated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Development characteristic differences were observed only in rootstocks. ‘IAC 572’ showed the highest roots, stems and leaves development, followed by ‘Gravesac’ and ‘RR 101-14’. Rootstocks were different in soil Al and nutrient content, and some interactions occurred between both factors. ‘IAC 572’ had the highest: growth, Ca, Mg and Zn roots concentration and N, K in aerial part. ‘Kober 5BB’ had the smallest growth but accumulated more: N, Fe and S in roots, and Al, Cu and Fe in aerial part. ‘Gravesac’ had the highest concentration of N, P, K, S and B in aerial part.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Increasing Al soil contents reduced: Ca and S in roots, Ca in the stems and leaves; but increased: Cu and Zn contents in roots and Zn and Mn contents in the stems and leaves. ‘IAC 572’ and ‘Gravesac’, retained more Al in roots when Al contents increased in the soil.</p>
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Raal, Ain, Marel Jaama, Meeme Utt, et al. "The Phytochemical Profile and Anticancer Activity of Anthemis tinctoria and Angelica sylvestris Used in Estonian Ethnomedicine." Plants 11, no. 7 (2022): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070994.
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The aerial parts of Anthemis tinctoria L. and Angelica sylvestris L. and the roots of A. sylvestris have been used as traditional anticancer remedies in Estonian ethnomedicine. The aim of this study was to investigate content of essential oils (by gas chromatography) and polyphenolic compounds (using two different methods of high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS)) of both plant species, as well as the in vitro anti-cancer effects of their essential oils and methanolic extracts. The average (n = 5 samples) yield of essential oils was 0.15%, 0.13%, and 0.17%, respectively. The principal compounds of the essential oil from the aerial parts of A. tinctoria were palmitic acid (15.3%), p-cymene (12.6%), and α-muurolene (12.5%), and α-pinene (45.4%), p-cymene (15.5%), and β-myrcene (13.3%) in aerial parts of A. sylvestris, while isocaryophyllene oxide (31.9%), α-bisabolol (17.5%), and α-pinene (12.4%) were the main constituents in the roots. The most abundant phenolic compounds in aerial parts were the derivatives of caffeic acid, quinic acid, and quercetin; the main compounds in roots of A. sylvestris were chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, and naringenin. The strongest anticancer effects were observed in essential oils of A. sylvestris roots and aerial parts on human carcinoma in the mouth cells (KB, IC50 19.73 μg/mL and 19.84 μg/mL, respectively). The essential oil of A. tinctoria showed a strong effect on KB and LNCaP cells (27.75–29.96 μg/mL). The methanolic extracts of both plants had no effect on the cancer cells studied.
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Graper, David, and Will Healy. "ALSTROEMERIA CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1079f—1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1079f.
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Non flowering Alstroemeria `Regina' plants were divided into aerial components: stems and apical and basal leaves or underground components: rhizome, storage roots, stele and fibrous roots. Samples were collected from distal and proximal ends of the rhizome to allow comparisons between structures of different ages. Ethanol soluble sugars were extracted and measured using HPLC. Starch was degraded to glucose using amyloglucosidase and measured.There were no age differences in the starch, total soluble sugar (TSUGAR) or total soluble carbohydrates (TCHO) in the rhizome or aerial portions of the plant. There was a preferential partitioning of starch, sucrose, TSUGAR and TCHO to underground plant parts. The storage roots were the primary sink for the stored carbohydrates. Stems contained large concentration of glucose while fructose was found in storage roots and old stems. Sucrose was found primarily in old steles and storage roots. Starch was partitioned almost exclusively into the storage roots with no difference due to age of the storage root. Up to 42% of the TCHO in the old storage roots was composed of a carbohydrate which co-chromatogramed with melezitose using HPLC.
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Jemia, Mariem Ben, Carmen Formisano, Svetlana Bancheva, Maurizio Bruno, and Felice Senatore. "Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Centaurea formanekii and C. orphanidea ssp. thessala, Growing Wild in Greece." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 8 (2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700830.
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The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Centaurea formanekii Halacsy and the aerial parts, capitula and roots of C. orphanidea Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss. ssp. thessala (Hausskn.) Dostál from Greece were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed. The main components in C. formanekii were hexadecanoic acid (13.6%), δ-elemene (9.1%), and spathulenol (6.9%). The main components in C. orphanidea ssp. thessala were γ-elemene (26.1%) and caryophyllene oxide (13.2%) in the aerial parts, hexadecanoic acid (33.5%) and heptacosane (6.3%) in the capitula, and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (22.0%) and α-chamigrene (14.0%) in the roots. The chemotaxonomic significance with respect to other previously studied species of the same sections (Phalolepis and Achrolopus, respectively) is discussed.
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Vázquez-Flota, Felipe, Jorge Rubio-Piña, Jorge Xool-Tamayo, et al. "TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSCRIPTS INVOLVED IN BIOSYNTHESIS OF BENZYLISOQUINOLINE ALKALOID IN MATURE PLANTS OF Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae)." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 41, no. 1 (2018): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2018.1.13-21.
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The distribution of berberine and sanguinarine was analyzed in roots, stems and leaves of mature Argemone mexicana plants, along with that of transcripts corresponding to selected genes involved in both early biosynthetic reactions, which are common to both alkaloids, and in the late specific reactions conducting to the formation of each of them. Roots were the main sites of alkaloid accumulation, though they showed the lowest accumulation of the analyzed transcripts. Results are discussed in terms of the operation of a possible transport mechanism of alkaloids between the aerial tissues and the roots, or the occurrence of different biosynthetic alternative reactions in both parts, aerial and underground tissues, involving different gene products, yet with similar catalytic capacities.
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Menezes, Nanuza L. de. "Rhizophores in Rhizophora mangle L: an alternative interpretation of so-called ''aerial roots''." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 78, no. 2 (2006): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652006000200003.
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Rhizophora mangle L., one of the most common mangrove species, has an aerial structure system that gives it stability in permanently swampy soils. In fact, these structures, known as "aerial roots" or "stilt roots", have proven to be peculiar branches with positive geotropism, which form a large number of roots when in contact with swampy soils. These organs have a sympodial branching system, wide pith, slightly thickened cortex, collateral vascular bundles, polyarch stele and endarch protoxylem, as in the stem, and a periderm produced by a phellogen at the apex similar to a root cap. They also have the same type of trichosclereid that occurs in the stem, with negative geotropism, unlike true Rhizophora roots, which do not form trichosclereids at all. On the other hand, these branches do not form leaves and in this respect they are similar to roots. These peculiar branches are rhizophores or special root-bearing branches, analogous to those found in Lepidodendrales and other Carboniferous tree ferns that grew in swampy soils.
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Hu, Yiming, Yoshinori Saito, Xun Gong, Yosuke Matsuo, and Takashi Tanaka. "Dihydrobenzofurans and Propynylthiophenes From the Roots of Eupatorium heterophyllum." Natural Product Communications 17, no. 1 (2022): 1934578X2110723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x211072331.
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Seven new dihydrobenzofurans and 2 new propynyl thiophenes were isolated from the roots of Eupatorium heterophyllum together with 13 known compounds. The compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR, infrared, and mass spectrometric techniques. Aerial parts of this plant have been known to contain various sesquiterpenoids and displayed high chemical diversity (several compounds isolated and/or identified) among their chemical constituents depending on the collection site. Nevertheless, we found that the chemical diversity in the roots was lower than in the aerial parts.
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Sindhu, Rakesh, and Sandeep Arora. "Anti-inflammatory potential of different extracts isolated from the roots of Ficus lacor buch. Hum and Murraya koenigii L. spreng." Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 3 (2014): 1261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1403261s.
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The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of Murraya koenigii root extracts petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform (MKPE, MKEA and MKCF, respectively) and Ficus lacor aerial root extracts petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol (FLPE , FLET, FLCF and FLET, respectively) at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) using animal models of acute inflammation (carrageenan-, histamine- and serotonin-induced inflammation). The results of the Murraya koenigii roots chloroform extract caused 66.4% inhibition and the ethanol extract of Ficus lacor aerial roots caused 68.3% inhibition at the dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. At a higher dose of 100 mg/kg b.w., MKPE and MKCF showed 55.10% and 70.10% inhibition, respectively. FLPE and FLET showed 74.50% and 75.40% inhibition, respectively, in the carrageenan-induced inflammation model. In histamine-induced inflammation, the MKCF showed 60% inhibition, and 67.01% and 68.02% inhibition with the petroleum ether and ethanol extracts, respectively, in Ficus lacor aerial roots at the dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. At a higher dose (100 mg/kg b.w.), MKCF showed 64% inhibition. FLPE and FLET showed 70.13%and 74.01% inhibition, respectively; 62.15% and 66.10% inhibition was observed with the petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of Ficus lacor aerial roots at 50 mg/kg b.w. At higher dose (100 mg/kg b.w.), FLPE and FLET showed 69.10% and 68.72% inhibition in serotonin-induced inflammation.
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Raghavan, V., and C. J. Goh. "The Quiescent Center in Aerial Roots of Orchids." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 122, no. 4 (1995): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996318.
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