Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „After-dinner speeches“

The book After-dinner Declarations published in 2006 is a selection of five speeches pronounced by Nicanor Parra between 1991 and 1997. This article set out into reading those texts as the Literary Testament of his author and the antipoetic response to “canonization” process it would symbolise the awards and ceremonies they were conceived for. In order to it, this study considers a corpus beyond the one established by the edition of 2006 and analyses Literary Testament as a traditional writing whose older samples go back into and old tradition.

Abstract Johannes Mathesius (1504-1565) and the church order of Joachimsthal (1551): Legal history notes on the works of a Wittenberg scholar in Bohemia. The contribution deals with the „reformator of the second order/contingent“, Johannes Mathesius, rector and pastor in Joachimsthal in Bohemia. He is famous in reference to the history of Reformation because he kept a record of Luthers private after-dinner speeches in 1540 and he wrote the first biography of Luther. Furthermore he was author of a specific local ecclesiastical order for Joachimsthal, which followed the practice in Wittenberg, Leipzig and Nürnberg and was under specific ecclesiastical premise in the instruction for the visitators.

Abstract Soon after the accession of George II, in 1730, a small club of local men sat drinking in the snug parlour of a Westminster alehouse, gathered together to learn mathematics, so that ‘by their mutual assistance and indefatigable industry they are now become masters of logarithmical arithmetic and some of them greatly advanced in algebra’. The sanctity’s aim, along with drinking and socializing, was collective improvement-for it was ‘a fundamental rule of this society not to conceal any new improvement from another member before tackling mathematics they had taught themselves trench. In Scotland, at the small town of Culross on the north bank of the Forth, the brethren of a bee-keeping club, a group of town tradesmen, met every fortnight from the 1750s to hear discourses about bees and to discuss the movement of their hives, their business leavened by a quarterly dinner of fish and bread and butter. About the same time on the other side of the Atlantic, at the port town of Annapolis, with its elegant wooden houses by the dock, an expatriate Scotsman, Alexander Hamilton, offered in his ‘History of the Ancient and 1-Ionourablc Tuesday Club’ a delicious mock-heroic, politically satirical, account of club meetings there, replete with the speeches, sallies, scuffles, songs, and ceremonies, as well as the wit and wisdom of members, mostly gentlemen, merchants, and professional men.

Abstract He enters the room, assured and confident. A wry smile plays on his lips. He casts an indulgent eye over his audience. They in turn stop their chatter and take their measure of the man. This after-dinner speech has been well publicized. Most of those present are there because they fear the consequences of being absent, but they have not articulated this thought. The man is middle- aged. He is not handsome but, at the same time, he is not unattractive. His clothes are expensive and conservative: they make a statement. The man stands before them, examines his manicured nails and then, with the same perceptive eye, scrutinizes the menage of middle management gathered to hear him.

Abstract This chapter extends Chapter 2’s discussion of international law to the Nuremberg war crimes trials. Taking its starting point from an after-dinner speech about the Anglo-American ‘special relationship’, it discusses ‘Law and Literature’ principles of advocacy, particularly those of Sir Norman Birkett, who looked to Shakespeare for the ‘insight, the understanding and the judgment’ that defend ‘the virtue of the bench’. It applies these ideas to USA v Oswald Pohl et al. (1947), one of the Nuremberg ‘Subsequent’ Trials, in which seventeen members of the SS were tried for crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy, and where Shakespearian quotation creates a comic, perhaps even shocking, conviviality between American and German lawyers engaged in the prosecution and defence of Nazi war criminals. It considers the question of Shakespeare’s implication in the ‘culture of forgetting’ that followed the establishment of West Germany in 1949.

English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.