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1
Lam, Melissa. „Diasporic literature“. Cultural China in Discursive Transformation 21, Nr. 2 (05.07.2011): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.21.2.08lam.
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Only since the 1960s has the Asian Diaspora been studied as a historical movement greatly impacting the United States — affecting not only socio-historical cultural trends and geographic ethnography, but also culturally redefining major areas of Western history and culture. This paper explores the reverse impact of the Asian America Diaspora on Mainland China or the Chinese Motherland. Mainland Chinese writers Ha Jin and Yiyun Li have left China and today teach in major American universities and reside in America. However, the fiction of both authors explores themes and landscapes that remain immersed in Mainland Chinese culture, traditions and environment. Both authors explore the themes of “cultural collisions” between East and West, choosing to write in their adopted English language instead of their mother Putonghua tongue. Central to this paper is the idea that ethnicity and race are socially and historically constructed as well as contested, reclaimed and redefined
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Thompson, Kenneth W. „The Literature of Decline“. Ethics & International Affairs 3 (März 1989): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1989.tb00225.x.
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This article compares reflections from four sources on the state of the American democracy in the international community (The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, by Paul Kennedy; 1999: Victory Without War, by Richard Nixon; “Communism at Bay,”The Economist; Long Cycles in World Politics, by George Modelski) within the framework of the 1980s, which was portrayed by leaders as “an era of good feelings.” Yet drastically different positions on American rise or decline are propounded by historians and officeholders, former presidents and scholars, journalists and aspiring candidates for political office. These four writings reveal the complexity of the analysis of the American decline. Yet, it is crucial for leaders to maintain public devotion to their nation, not through passion, but rather, in the words of Abraham Lincoln, through “the solid quarry of sober reason,”. America's capacity to preserve a strong and healthy resilience, the author concludes, is the exceptional value it continues to offer the world.
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Ghosh, Ritwik. „Marxism and Latin American Literature“. SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, Nr. 4 (28.04.2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i4.10539.
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In the aftermath of the collapse of the U.S.S.R Marxism remains a viable and flourishing tradition of literary and cultural criticism. Marx believed economic and social forces shape human consciousness, and that the internal contradictions in capitalism would lead to its demise.[i] Marxist analyses can show how class interests operate through cultural forms.[ii] Marxist interpretations of cultural life have been done by critics such as C.L.R James and Raymond Williams.[iii]
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Cook, Weston F. „Islamic Expressions in Art, Culture, and Literature“. American Journal of Islam and Society 15, Nr. 2 (01.07.1998): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i2.2191.
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The Fourteenth Annual Conference of The American Councilfor the Study of islamic Societies, held on May 2 and 3, 1997,at The Connelly Center, Villanova University, Villanova, PAThe American Council for the Study of Islamic Societies (ACSIS), isone of the oldest continuing organizations in the United States that focusesspecifically on Muslim states, societies, and the problems confrontingMuslim communities throughout the world. Composed of American andforeign scholars, non-Muslims as well as Muslims, ACSIS encompassesthe full range of humanities and social science disciplines. The representeddisciplines include the familiar areas of political science, history,linguistics, philosophy, religion, economics, anthropology, internationalrelations, and sociology; moreover, artists, musicians, media specialists,poets, folklorists, architects, agronomists, bankers, educators, and businessconsultants are involved in the Council‘s work. Along with this professionaldiversity, ACSIS has always taken special pride in providing aforum for younger and innovative students to present their ideas andresearch and encouraging them to publishTrue to these founding goals, the Board of Directors chose “Cultural,Artistic, and Popular Expressions in Islam” as the theme for this conference.Papers on Muslim works from the Americas, Europe, South Asia,China, Africa, and the heartlands of the ummah were solicited. The callfor papers also struck new directions for ACSIs-seeking music andperformance presentations, calligraphy, textile art, film and animation,calligraphy, cuisine, and other original formats different from the standardconfenmce panel modes. The Board also designated long-timemember Weston F. Cook, Jr. as program chair and organizer. Dr. Dale F.Eickelman of Dartmouth College, currently a scholar-in-residence at the ...
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Conger, D. „Economics and the American Family: A Review of Recent Literature“. Choice Reviews Online 46, Nr. 01 (01.09.2008): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.46.01.33.
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Lawson, V., und T. Klak. „An Argument for Critical and Comparative Research on the Urban Economic Geography of the Americas“. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, Nr. 8 (August 1993): 1071–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251071.
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The authors identify problems associated with the treatment of Latin American topics in the Anglo-American social science literature, particularly in geography. Latin American research has been peripheralized and the flow of concepts and learning between Latin and Anglo America has been almost entirely from North to South. To explain why research by Latin Americans, and by Latin Americanists, has had relatively limited influence on recent geographic debates over theory and method, the authors employ contemporary discourse analysis. This method assists us in (1) deciphering how development geography presents Latin America, (2) in posing questions about the character and origins of the concepts that shape writing and, indeed, thinking, and (3) in identifying the perspective biases that must be confronted for interregional dialogue to occur. This critical commentary on Latin and Anglo-American research is highly relevant to reconstructed regional geography. It, too, is confronting issues such as the role of theory in contextually grounded research, and how to operationalize research that spans several geographical scales of analysis.
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Tahir, Muhammad, und Siddiq ‘Ali. „Literature About Islam in America“. American Journal of Islam and Society 4, Nr. 1 (01.09.1987): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v4i1.2742.
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Information explosion is a modern phenomenon. This explosion can beseen in all areas of knowledge. In an attempt to keep track of this growth,secondary sources of information have also mushroomed. Each subject fieldhas its own secondary sources of information. For instance, art has Art Index,education has Education Index, library science has Library Literature.Despite these developments in indexing, and despite the progress in interdisciplinarystudies, internationally in general and American in particular,literature on Islam and Muslims rarely gets the place it deserves. Sources ofseeondaq information should be scanned to determine how far they cover informationon Islam and Muslims. This would help us to understand the importancegiven to Islam and Muslims by American writers.A scholar looking for sources of infannation on Islam in the United Statesis bound to be disappointed. It is surprising that no exhaustive attempt has asyet been made to gather information on Islam in one place. This despite thefact that Islam has emerged as one of the important religions followed by asubstantial number of Americans. In addition, the emergence of the Arab andGulf nations as important centres of economic power in the world has ledmany Americans to take an interest in Islam and Muslims. As against theneglect by the Americans, the Eumpeans have come out with an index ofIslamic literature in European languages entitled Index Islamicus. This comprehensivework finds no parallel anywhere in the world.As no attempt has been made yet to bring together all the informationabout Islam available in the United States, it is necessary to look deep intoevery book, journal, newspaper, film, and tape, etc. It is both surprising andshocking to note a sordid treatment meted out to literature on Islamic Studies.The population of Muslims in the United States is not so negligible as to warrantsuch a stepmotherly treatment at the hands of those who are at the helm of ...
8
Walker, Timothy. „Atlantic Dimensions of the American Revolution: Imperial Priorities and the Portuguese Reaction to the North American Bid for Independence (1775-83)“. Journal of Early American History 2, Nr. 3 (2012): 247–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00203003.
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This article explains and contextualizes the reaction of the Portuguese monarchy and government to the rebellion and independence of the British colonies in North America. This reaction was a mixed one, shaped by the simultaneous but conflicting motivations of an economic interest in North American trade, an abhorrence on the part of the Portuguese Crown for democratic rebellion against monarchical authority and a fundamental requirement to maintain a stable relationship with long-time ally Great Britain. Although the Lisbon regime initially reacted very strongly against the Americans’ insurrection, later, under a new queen, the Portuguese moderated their position so as not to damage their long-term imperial political and economic interests. This article also examines the economic and political power context of the contemporary Atlantic World from the Portuguese perspective, and specifically outlines the multiple ties that existed between Portugal and the North American British colonies during the eighteenth century. The argument demonstrates that Portugal reacted according to demands created by its overseas empire: maximizing trading profits, manipulating the balance of power in Europe among nations with overseas colonies and discouraging the further spread of aspirations toward independence throughout the Americas, most notably to Portuguese-held Brazil. The Portuguese role as a fundamental player in the early modern Atlantic World is chronically underappreciated and understudied in modern English-language historiography. Despite the significance of Portugal as a trading partner to the American colonies, and despite the importance of the Portuguese Atlantic colonial system to British commercial and military interests in the eighteenth century, no scholarly treatment of this specific subject has ever appeared in the primary journals that regularly consider Atlantic World imperial power dynamics or the place of the incipient United States within them. This contribution, then, helps to fill an obvious gap in the historical literature of the long eighteenth century and the revolutionary era in the Americas.
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F. Gentle, Paul. „The experience of an American economics visiting faculty member in China“. Knowledge and Performance Management 3, Nr. 1 (24.04.2019): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/kpm.03(1).2019.02.
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Some American economists have contemplated taking a visiting academic post at a Chinese University. This article is to help inform an American economist what some facets of the experience may be like. There is a literature review, which includes the work of Gregory Chow who was one of the most influential economists, who ascertained the economic education needs of China, once Deng Xiaoping wished to implement a much less Maoist economic model. The experience of an American economist who was a visiting faculty member in China for almost twelve years serves as the basis of this story. The results of this article several cities in China have produced an outlook of what contemplating American faculty to be mindful of. One can learn a lot through assignments in China. Knowing how to convey a respectful attitude towards Chinese will usually increase the respect the Chinese show visiting American economics faculty.
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Gyimah-Brempong, Kwabena. „Crime and Race: A Plea for New Ideas“. Review of Black Political Economy 34, Nr. 3-4 (Dezember 2007): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12114-008-9016-0.
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A review of the economics of crime literature provides an unsatisfactory explanation of the higher crime rates among African Americans compared to crime rates for whites in the US. This address challenges economists, particularly African American economists, to come up with new and credible ideas to explain the observed crime differential that could influence policies to decrease crime in the African American community.
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Stolzer, J. M. „Boys and the American Education System: A Biocultural Review of the Literature“. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 10, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2008): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.10.2.80.
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Over the past 15 to 20 years, feminist scholars, the media, and various governmental agencies have asserted that girls are facing an unprecedented crisis in the American education system. According to this relatively recent feminist-based theory, the American public school system is built on an oppressive, patriarchal foundation, and as a direct result of this foundation, an innate and measurable masculine bias exists in schools throughout America. This article challenges feminist theory constructs and instead focuses on male children and the problems that they are currently experiencing in the education system throughout the United States. Political, economic, neurobiological, contextual, phenomenological, cultural, and evolutionary corollaries are explored in depth in order to gain new insight into the gender differences that exist in the American education system. The goal of this article is to offer a theoretically sound alternative to current feminist theory and to challenge the existing perceptions of maleness in the American school system.
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Bernstein, Michael A. „Professional Authority and Professional Knowledge: Understanding American Economics in the American Century“. Poetics Today 19, Nr. 3 (1998): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1773425.
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SHELTON, LOIS M., SHARON M. DANES und MICKI EISENMAN. „ROLE DEMANDS, DIFFICULTY IN MANAGING WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT, AND MINORITY ENTREPRENEURS“. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 13, Nr. 03 (September 2008): 315–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946708000983.
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By exploring difficulty in managing work-family conflict for minority entrepreneurs, this study considers work-family issues for business persons who have received little attention in the literature, yet form new businesses at rates exceeding the national average. We employ a role theory perspective to examine two major research questions using a nationally representative sample of African-American, Mexican-American, Korean-American, and White business owners. Specifically, we ask: do minority business owners experience greater difficulty in managing conflicts between work and family roles when compared to White entrepreneurs? And does difficulty in managing work-family conflict negatively impact business performance? Empirical results show that Korean-American and Mexican-American entrepreneurs have greater role demands, and subsequently, higher levels of difficulty in managing work-family conflict than African-Americans and Whites. Furthermore, difficulty in managing work-family conflict negatively impacts business performance whether performance is measured through the perception of the business owner, or through more objective financial measures. We contribute to the literature on minority entrepreneurs as well as expand the work-family conflict literature by shifting the focus from employed individuals to entrepreneurs, and by emphasizing the effect of such conflict on performance rather than well-being.
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Ogene, Mbanefo S., Esther Chikaodi Anyanwu und Ngini Josephine Ojiaku. „A Comparative Analysis of Racial Discrimination in Claude McKay’s Home to Harlem and Kenneth Kaunda’s Zambia Shall be Free“. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, Nr. 3 (24.05.2017): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n3p343.
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Abstract One major problem confronting the definition of Comparative Literature is that of the involvement (on the one hand) of more than one literature under comparison and (on the other hand) that of the consideration of the multidimensional aspects of such literature, such as social, historical, linguistic, religious, economic and cultural aspects of divergent societies. This study is guided by the above factors in analyzing the concept of Racial Discrimination in Southern Africa and African American literatures in the sense that the former’s experiences were on African soil, while the latter’s were on the NewFound land (America). The paper observes that racial discrimination was much severe and oppressive without much resistance in America than in Southern Africa where Africans withstood and fought back against an unjust, wicked and oppressive system.
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Freire-Gibb, L. Carlos, und Geoff Gregson. „Innovation systems and entrepreneurial ecosystems: Implications for policy and practice in Latin America“. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 34, Nr. 8 (Dezember 2019): 787–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094219896096.
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This paper examines the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems and the more established concept of systems of innovation and considers their application in Latin America, where many countries are currently experiencing political and economic upheaval. The paper finds that current entrepreneurial ecosystem literature is not directly applicable to most of Latin America, as it takes for granted features of an advanced economy, while the innovation system literature favours studies of well-functioning economies and innovation in high-technology sectors. Findings suggest that network and institutional perspectives may enrich both concepts in theoretical and analytical term and complementary innovation system and entrepreneurial ecosystem perspectives appear well suited in further defining the needs and demands of local production structures and existing resource and knowledge capabilities. The paper suggests the need for measurable transformations in Latin American production and support structures that include embracing social, organisational, and interactional innovation and socially oriented entrepreneurial activity. The paper encourages further research to identify the drivers and economic consequences of distinctive Latin American entrepreneurial ecosystems and for researchers to adopt an evolutionary perspective that acknowledges historical trajectories in different regions, where local social, political, and economic regimes will influence the trajectory and success of future innovation policy initiatives.
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LEI, DAPHNE. „The Production and Consumption of Chinese Theatre in Nineteenth-Century California“. Theatre Research International 28, Nr. 3 (Oktober 2003): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883303001147.
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The history of the earliest documented Chinese opera performances in California (1852) and their successors during the following decades reveal how Chinese theatre in the diaspora was produced and consumed by Chinese immigrants, European visitors and Americans. On the one hand, a familiar repertoire eased the nostalgia and reinforced the national consciousness of Chinese immigrants, while on the other, the ethnocentric reading and writing of Chinese theatre helped establish an eternal frontier in the ‘old West’ to protect American national identity in late nineteenth-century California's periods of economic and political turmoil. Finally, the exoticism of California's Chinese theatre in America contributed to a European sense of American cultural uniqueness. Chinese opera performances played a crucial role in the invention of Californian identity.
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Murillo, M. Victoria. „Privatization South American Style. By Luigi Manzetti. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 373p. $74.00.“ American Political Science Review 95, Nr. 1 (März 2001): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401662014.
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Luigi Manzetti fills an important gap in the literature on market reforms in Latin America by providing a comparative analysis of privatization in Argentina, Brazil, and Peru. He engages the literature on economic reform in developing countries by focusing on the implementation of this single policy and complements a burgeoning scholarship on the economics of privatization in the region. The main contribu- tion lies in underlining the relevance of political factors for explaining the success of privatization policies. The "South American" style, he suggests, reinforces the view of those who, like John Williamson and Stephen Haggard ("The Political Conditions of Economic Reform," in Williamson, ed. The Political Economy of Reform, 1994) and Guillermo O'Donnell ("Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy 5 [January 1994]: 5369), associate the rapid implementation of market reforms with the concentration of executive au- thority at the expense of the checks and balances of liberal democracies.
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Chakkalakal, Tess. „“Uncle Tom” and the Making of a Modern African American Literature“. Review of Black Political Economy 33, Nr. 2 (01.06.2005): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12114-005-1017-7.
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Altwaiji, Mubarak. „American Orientalist Discourse: the Linguistic Formation and Transformation“. International Journal of English Linguistics 9, Nr. 1 (31.12.2018): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n1p261.
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The Middle East region had been the epicentre of American orientalist discourse since the American independence from Britain. After independence, American linguists, travellers, missionaries, politicians, sailors and traders scrutinized the anarchy and uncertainty of that region and employed them to produce works that prioritized American identity formation. This research rests on conducting an analysis of how American orientalism was created and how the various encounters between Arabs and America affected the linguistic course of this academia. This study considers the major encounters in the course of Arab-America relationship that brought major transformations to orientalism such as: the Barbary war, the creation of Israel, oil and terrorism. Since the American independence, American orientalism focused on building American identity in comparison with Arabs and their practices. Modern American orientalism has undergone various and huge transformations resulted mostly from formidable threats to American interests and the American retaliations to those threats. These encounters, whether political, economic or military, brought representation of Arabs to the top of American orientalist agenda and left a huge impact on image of Arabs in literature. Therefore, this study is based on the analysis of these different factors in order to know the different perspectives of this orientalism through its different stages.
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Leonard, Thomas M. „Search for Security: The United States and Central America in the Twentieth Century“. Americas 47, Nr. 4 (April 1991): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006686.
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The fall of Nicaraguan strongman Anastasio Somoza in July 1979 contributed to the publication of an abundance of literature on United States-Central American relations and, like the literature before it, focused largely upon the crisis at hand. Two historical surveys appeared. Walter LaFeber's Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America represented a revisionist approach, charging that United States economic imperialism is responsible for the present crisis. John Finding's Close Neighbors, Distant Friends: United States-Central American Relations is a straightforward account describing Washington's response to various crisis. Still an analysis of the literature is absent. In an effort to address that issue, this article examines the literature on United States-Central American relations in the twentieth century and concludes that the United States acted on behalf of its own security interests, whether or not the threat of foreign intervention had been real or imagined. In effect, the United States maintained the status quo and failed to deal with the structural problems responsible for the contemporary crisis.
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Lopez-Morales, Jose Satsumi. „Multilatinas: a systematic literature review“. Review of International Business and Strategy 28, Nr. 3/4 (16.11.2018): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-05-2018-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a systematic literature review on the subject of multilatinas during 2007-2017, through a review of 55 papers published in 35 journals. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative technique for conducting a systematic literature review was used. To systematize and make the literature review more accurate, it was divided in four stages: data collection, coding, analysis and interpretation of data. Several tables and figures were developed to provide a better interpretation of the literature. Findings The phenomenon of multilatinas is still a regional topic. Nine specific gaps in the literature were identified: the role of the state; impact of “home-country reputation”; the role of the host country in the expansion of multilatinas; multilatina selection of markets with geographical closeness and cultural affinity; multilatinas from small economies (mainly Central American countries); studies of multilatinas operating in the service sector; the role of family ownership; studies analysing the multinationality–performance relationship; and the study of collaboration networks between researchers. Research limitations/implications The access of academic databases, where more published studies may have been available, and the level of precision in the search for papers that meet the necessary characteristics were included in the review. Practical implications This paper contributes to not only the body of knowledge about multilatinas but also, in a wide scope, to the knowledge of multinationals from emerging countries. Furthermore also this paper provide some research directions for academics interested in multinationals. Originality/value The general contribution of this paper is in its addressing the topic of multinationals from emerging economies such as Latin America, a less-studied emerging region. Moreover, this work specifically contributes to understanding multilatinas and identifies research gaps and characteristics of the scientific papers on this phenomenon, potentially increasing knowledge about multinationals from emerging countries, and specifically Latin America.
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Pluta, Nina. „The New Man in Spanish American Essay and Literature at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Century“. Politeja 17, Nr. 1(64) (26.02.2020): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.64.13.
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This paper aims to show how the “New Man” was defined in different literary and political conceptions that abounded in Spanish American culture at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Although both Americas were perceived through the stereotype of newness from the very beginning of the colonial era, it is at the end of the 19th century when the necessity to integrate the extremely heteregenous Spanish American societies brought forth a variety of renewal propositions. Focused on the spiritual or economic aspects of a given social or ethnic group (the elites, implicitly white, for Rodó or the working classes, mostly Indian, for the Indigenistas), those conceptions were not able to provide overall solutions for the Spanish American republics, struggling with a deepening neocolonial dependency. Nevertheless, many tendencies and formulas defined in that period – idealistic or politically subversive – have survived through the 20th century and resurfaced in new forms (e.g. the nuevo hombre bolivariano in Venezuela at the beginning of 21st century).
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Nwanji, Tony Ike, und Kerry E. Howell. „Shareholdership, Stakeholdership and the Modern Global Business Environment: A Survey of the Literature“. Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 18, Nr. 4 (Juli 2007): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x07001800406.
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This paper surveys literature relating to the Anglo-American model (shareholder theory) and stakeholder theory of corporate governance in the modern global business environment. Stakeholder theory emerged during the 1970–80s and suggested that corporations should look beyond the shareholder perspective of profit maximisation. Through a survey of the literature we examine why the traditional Anglo-American model of corporate governance had difficulties when dealing with certain unethical business practices of corporate boards. Overall, this study investigates whether an application of deontological and teleological ethical theories may illustrate how boards of directors could manage stakeholder issues and deal with problematic moral dilemmas and ethical decisions.
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Imamura, Makiko, Yan Bing Zhang und Jake Harwood. „Japanese sojourners’ attitudes toward Americans“. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 21, Nr. 1 (16.03.2011): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.21.1.09ima.
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Guided by the intergroup contact hypothesis, the authors examined the associations among Japanese sojourners’ (N = 94) perceived linguistic competence with English, communication accommodation of their most frequent American contact, relational solidarity with the contact, and their attitudes toward Americans as a cultural group. Results indicated that participants’ linguistic competence with English and perceptions of Americans’ communication accommodation positively predicted their relational solidarity with their most frequent American contact. In addition, relational solidarity mediated the relationships between both linguistic competence and communication accommodation and cognitive and behavioral attitudes. Results were discussed in light of communication accommodation theory, the contact hypothesis and prior literature in intergroup and intercultural communication.
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Harde, Roxanne. „‘What should we do in America?’: Immigrant Economies in Nineteenth-Century American Children's Fiction“. International Research in Children's Literature 4, Nr. 1 (Juli 2011): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2011.0007.
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This essay examines narratives about immigrants in a sampling of nineteenth-century American children's texts and grows out of my work on reform writing by major women authors. Many of the stories they published in the leading children's periodicals seem to welcome the immigrant contributor to American society even as they defined that immigrant's place in economic/class structures. The goal of this paper is to trace certain strains of the systematic discipline by which American culture tried to manage the immigrant in terms of class. I therefore consider the role of economics in immigrant stories written for children by a number of American women writers, with analyses of the ways in which these stories situate the dependent and independent immigrant in the marketplace.
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Gerber, Larry G. „Corporatism and State Theory“. Social Science History 19, Nr. 3 (1995): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017399.
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Over the last twenty years political scientists and sociologists concerned primarily with western European developments since 1945 have attempted to define corporatism as an ideal model for use in analyzing this region's political economies. Several influential American historians in recent years have also employed the concept of corporatism in examining the development of the modern American political economy. Although these historians have not ignored the contemporary European-oriented social science literature, the relationship between the work of historians describing the evolution of America's political economy and the theoretical literature based primarily on more recent European experiences and European concerns remains problematic.
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Nenci, Silvia, und Carlo Pietrobelli. „Does Tariff Liberalization Promote Trade? Latin American Countries in the Long-Run (1900-2000)“. Global Economy Journal 8, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2008): 1850147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1364.
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This paper estimates the effect of trade liberalization on import performance of selected Latin American countries (which account for about 85 per cent of total Latin America imports). The novelty of this study is that it applies a long-term approach covering the whole XX century using times series and panel data analyses. The empirical exercise shows that the relationship between (lower) tariffs and import growth in Latin America cannot be taken for granted, as it often happens in the literature, and whenever it exists, it is not always quantitatively substantial. In particular, our analysis shows the existence of a long run relationship between tariffs and imports only from the second half of the XX century. It follows that trade liberalization appears effective in fostering Latin America's trade growth only when integrated within a wider process, implying a multilateral and negotiated approach to trade policy. In this sense, multilateral and regional agreements appear to have played a key role not only through tariff reduction but remarkably thanks to the creation of a rule-based system governing global trade relations, through which uncertainty was reduced and the spread of best practices promoted. This result would confirm the thesis of those who endorse the existence of a formalized trading system to guarantee tariff liberalization and foster trade growth.
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Areneke, Geofry, Fatima Yusuf und Danson Kimani. „Anglo-American governance adoption in non-Anglo-American settings“. Managerial Auditing Journal 34, Nr. 4 (01.04.2019): 486–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-12-2017-1733.
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Purpose Albeit the growing academic research on emerging economies corporate governance (CG) environments within accounting and finance literature, there exists a dearth of cross-country studies using a qualitative approach to understand practitioners’ behaviour vis-a-vis diffusion of international CG practices in emerging economies. This study aims to fill this oversight through a comparative analysis of the divergence and convergence of CG systems operational in three emerging economies (Cameroon, Kenya and Pakistan) while highlighting different institutional and contextual impacts on behaviour of governance actors. The paper uses an interface between critical realism and new institutional economics theory to explore the implementation and execution of CG in Cameroon, Kenya and Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach The study analysed 24 in-depth semi-structured interviews and conducted with key governance practitioners across the three countries. Findings The findings show that CG implementation processes in Cameroon, Kenya and Pakistan are nascent and driven by international forces rather than local initiatives. CG lacks institutional identity across the three countries as regulatory coercion acts as a key driver for CG adoption and practitioner accounts are mixed regarding the impact of CG on firm performance. Practical implications The paper evidences that the lack of governance identify, compliance and slow implementation process of governance regulations and its impact on firm performance in emerging economies is caused by the fact that local institutional characteristics prevalent in these economies may not be suitable for a “copy and paste” of Western form of governance regulations. Furthermore, governance actors do not see the relevance of recommended CG practices except as a regulatory burden. Originality/value The paper contributes to close the lacuna in the seemingly little qualitative comparative study that has examined practitioner’s perception vis-à-vis the diffusion of international governance practices in emerging economies. Specifically, it uncovers how different institutional and contextual factors impact on the behaviour of governance actors and how their behaviours may constrain adoption, implementation and compliance with recommended governance practices.
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Silva-Rodríguez de San Miguel, Jorge Alejandro. „Water management in Europe and Latin America“. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 29, Nr. 2 (12.03.2018): 348–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-05-2017-0044.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore water management practices in four criteria – access to potable water; despoilment or pollution levels; grade of sanitation architecture; and grade of delivery architecture – in a variety of different Latin American and European nations to establish techniques that are currently been utilised in Europe that could improve water management in Latin America. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review of the available literature on water management in Europe and Latin America is performed to uncover differences and similarities in Latin American and European nations. The documents find are mostly recent, ranging from the last five years (2012-2016). Findings Some best practices from Europe cannot be applied in Latin America due to lack of funding. Fortunately, this is likely to change, as many Latin American nations’ economies are rapidly improving. Tentative recommendations include installing a system of pipeline that passes through all rural areas, and governments partnering with local businesses to provide sanitation, and regular sanitation and environmental inspections to minimise water pollution. It is also advisable for serious consideration to be given to achieving a measure of universality vis-à-vis water management standards across Latin America. Originality/value There is limited information in literature on the analysis of water management in Europe and Latin America, so this paper serves as a reference to fill the gaps, mainly in Latin America because that region is in development compared to European countries with advanced water systems.
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Marrow, Helen B., und Amanda Klekowski von Koppenfels. „Modeling American Migration Aspirations: How Capital, Race, and National Identity Shape Americans’ Ideas about Living Abroad“. International Migration Review 54, Nr. 1 (28.11.2018): 83–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318806852.
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Recent scholarship proposes a “two-step” approach for better understanding mechanisms underlying the migration process, suggesting we study migration aspirations separately from migration behavior and that the one does not always translate directly into the other. Research on aspirations, however, concentrates on the Global South, despite growing migration flows originating in the Global North. Here, we fill this gap, drawing on a nationally representative online survey we commissioned in 2014 in the United States. Bivariate analysis shows that fully one-third of Americans surveyed reveal some aspiration to live abroad, a plurality of those primarily for the purpose of exploration. Multivariate analysis suggests that certain elements of cultural and social capital, including the networks Americans have with prior and current US citizen migrants, structure these aspirations, in tandem with strength of national attachment. Further, both cultural and economic aspects of class, alongside race and national attachment, shape where American aspirants envision going and why. While the existing literature addresses the motivations and profile of American migrants already living abroad, ours is the first study to examine Americans’ aspirations prospectively from the point of origin, thereby connecting the literature on Global North migration flows to that on migration aspirations.
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KIM, Mansu. „ASPECTS OF KOREAN LITERATURE ACCORDING TO THE STAGE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: FOCUSED ON THE VIEWS OF AMERICA“. International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences 2 (29.11.2016): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kr.2016.02.01.
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The main topic of this paper is how the economic growth has changed the aspect of Korean novel in the viewpoints of the theory of W. W. Rostow. But the additional topic is Korean's viewpoint on American which had been reflected in Korean novels. Korea has made a long relationship to the United States since 1882. Korea have kept friendly and cooperative relationship to American. But sometimes the relationship was changed rapidly to the opponent or critical attitudes. It should be the universal phenomenon that the people of weak nations begin to have strong nationalistic feelings with the pace of economic growth and gather to show a strong enmity against the strong nation especially against the United States. According to this universal patterns, Korean admired American at first. But after rising to the stage of ‘take-off’, they began to turn to the opponent and critical attitudes. Finally at the age of high mass consumption, they will not compare to America any more because they belong to the similar economic situation. The economy of Japan, Korea and China rose up to higher level at the rapid speed. But the strong nationalistic feelings remained incessantly among their nations. The “European Dream” is one of the attitudes in which individuals find security not through individual accumulation of wealth, but through connectivity and respect for other nations. Our neighbouring countries and Korea must learn the attitudes of European Dream and try to establish this system in East Asia.
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Kieh, George Klay. „The American style of development aid to Liberia“. Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 44, Nr. 2 (30.01.2015): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/71.
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There is a growing corpus of literature on the critical issue of the various styles used by donors in giving development aid to recipient states in various parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. This article seeks to contribute to the body of literature by examining the nature and dynamics of the American style of development aid to Liberia and the resulting implications for the latter’s social and economic development. Using the realpolitik model as its analytical framework, the article situates the American style of development aid giving within the broader context of Liberia-United States (US) relations. Based on this foundation, the article then interrogated the flows of US development aid to Liberia from 1946–2013. The findings indicate that the American style of aid giving is ostensibly designed to serve the economic, political, military and strategic interests of the US. In this vein, Liberia is required to serve as a foot soldier in the promotion of American national interests in the former and elsewhere. Accordingly, in terms of the implications for social and economic development, for the past six decades American development aid has not helped to advance the material conditions of Liberia’s subaltern classes. However, in order to change this situation, the US would need to rethink the realpolitik foundation of its development aid programme and the Liberian government would need to press for such a policy rethinking. However, both of these possibilities are highly unlikely, given the US’ determination to prosecute its imperial project and its clientelist relationship with the Liberian government.
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Stramskas, Arnoldas. „Latin America through the Literary Looking-Glass, And What Bolaño Found There“. International Journal of Area Studies 9, Nr. 1 (01.03.2014): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijas-2014-0004.
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Abstract This article provides a broad overview of social, economic, and cultural politics in Latin America, especially concentrating on what became known as the Latin American literary “boom” in the 1960s and 1970s, and the region’s political context - colonial past, neocolonial/neoliberal present, the role of intellectuals within the state and cultural affairs. The second part focuses on Roberto Bolaño - the writer who put Latin American literature on the world map which has not been seen since the boom years - and his novel The Savage Detectives. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that literature not only shares common elements and possible intentions with social and political critique, but that it can also be an effective form of social and political criticism. In such a case, Bolaño’s work may be read not as inferior fictional account but as a complex, intersectional investigation of socioeconomic as well as ontological condition in Latin America that other modes of inquiry may overlook.
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Seybold, Matt. „Economics and American Literary Studies in the New Gilded Age, or Why Study the History of Bad Predictions and Worse Rationalizations?“ American Literary History 31, Nr. 4 (2019): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajz041.
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Abstract This introduction to the special issue on Economics and American Literary Studies in The New Gilded Age traces an underexplored history of dissent within the discipline of economics through presidential addresses to the American Economic Association and writings by John Maynard Keynes. It acknowledges the “vexed history” of interdisciplinary engagement between economists and literature scholars, including a recent, halfhearted call for “narrative economics” from 2013 Nobel Laureate Robert Shiller. Seybold suggests that new brands of econo-literary criticism have risen to promise in the last decade and that contributors to this special issue demonstrate the importance of historicism to this subfield, despite its apparent presentist tendencies.
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C. Peña-Vinces, Jesús, Francisco J. Acedo und José L. Roldán. „Model of the international competitiveness of SMNEs for Latin American developing countries“. European Business Review 26, Nr. 6 (07.10.2014): 552–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-03-2013-0039.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model for evaluating the international competitiveness of small and medium multinational enterprises (SMNEs) located in Latin American developing countries. Design/methodology/approach – Industrial economics and international business theories were linked for establishing the firm international competitiveness model. Literature on each variable determining of firm competitiveness is reviewed and the linkages between them are discussed. Findings – The use of a global strategy is one of the most important factors to compete abroad. Domestic environment and national industry might help its use. Human resources background of staff working within the SMNEs affects the global strategy as well. Practical implications – SMNEs should be more taken into account as they are the main generators of the economic development of countries and, consequently, foster the progress of underdeveloped countries through creating jobs. Originality/value – This study is one of the pioneers in developed a model for evaluating the international competitiveness of firms based on developing countries of Latin America. Researchers and professionals will count on a theoretical tool for evaluating the Latin American international competitiveness in global contexts. Additionally we include the full survey for testing the competitiveness model.
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Burnette, Jeffrey D. „Inequality in the Labor Market for Native American Women and the Great Recession“. American Economic Review 107, Nr. 5 (01.05.2017): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171144.
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This research paper builds on previous literature and documents general changes in the labor market for Native American women that occurred during the Great Recession using extracts of data from the Current Population Survey Annual Earnings file, known as the Merged Outgoing Rotation Groups (MORG). Wages, unemployment, and other labor market variables for Native American women are contrasted with those of Native American men and white women to determine the relative change in labor market inequality that occurred during the Great Recession.
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Arechavala-Vargas, Ricardo, Viridiana Núñez-López und Berta E. Madrigal-Torres. „Technology-based business opportunity identification in a Latin American country“. Acta Universitaria 29 (30.10.2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2019.2417.
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In recent years, the number and quality of entrepreneurial projects that pursue technology-based business opportunities in Latin America, specifically in Mexico, have been growing. To support such efforts, it is important to understand the process through which entrepreneurs discover and create a technology-based business opportunity with the available resources as well as its similarities and differences regarding those processes in industrialized economies. This research analyzes technology-based business opportunity identification processes in Mexico and compares it with what is reported in the specialized literature about such processes in industrialized economies. The findings are based on content analysis of eight in-depth interviews applied to technology-based entrepreneurs. Specific contributions are discussed for the analysis of the Latin American innovation ecosystems and to the available theory about technological business opportunity identification processes. The main contribution to the specialized literature is the identification of patterns in the technology-based opportunity discovery process in contexts where knowledge resources and infrastructure are less abundant than in industrialized economies. The results illustrate the importance of the processes and skills that technology entrepreneurs must deploy to gain knowledge they know exists and those they need to master in order to take advantage of knowledge-based economic opportunities.
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Dugan, Frank M., Shari L. Lupien und Jinguo Hu. „Fungal Plant Pathogens Associated with Emerging Crops in North America: A Challenge for Plant Health Professionals“. Plant Health Progress 18, Nr. 4 (01.01.2017): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-09-17-0052-rv.
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“Emerging crops” is a term typically applied to ethnic food plants or to plants used in traditional or ethnic medicine, some of which are becoming viable niche markets in North America. Information on crop protection of these plants is often scarce to lacking. Literature on diagnosis and management of fungal diseases of these crops in North America is concisely reviewed, with information gaps identified. Emphasis is placed on crops comprising recent niche markets for Asian, African, Oceanian, or Latino immigrants. Emerging crops are often tied to economic activities of immigrant populations. Crops of immigrants from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania are contrasted with crops established by immigrants of European origins, plants usually familiar to North American plant health professionals, and with Native American food and medicinal plants, some of which are experiencing a renaissance as emerging crops.
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Garcia, Agnaldo, Julia Sursis Nobre Ferro Bucher-Maluschke, Daniela Marisol Pérez-Angarita und Fábio Nogueira Pereira. „Friendship in Latin American social comparative studies“. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 10, Nr. 1 (30.06.2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v10i1.227.
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Friendship has been traditionally investigated in the field of interpersonal relationships using different theoretical frameworks and approaches. This paper discusses the possibility of investigating friendship from a comparative Latin American perspective, based on a wide literature review on the subject. Based on the theoretical proposals of Hinde (1997) for the investigation of interpersonal relationships, the paper considers that friendship involves several levels of complexity and affects and is affected by distinct dimensions of Latin American society. The paper recognizes that comparative studies have placed the importance of friends and friendship in areas such as economy, health, education, and migration, among others. As expected, Latin American comparative studies are more frequent in some disciplines, mainly those based on censuses data, and theoretically related to social-economic and demographic concepts, including social networks and social capital. The possibility of developing a Latin American perspective for the study of friendship requires not only the need of empirical but also theoretical advances, as well as scientific cooperation and innovation. Friendship is seen as relevant for the constitution of the social tissue of Latin American society, being affected and affecting different areas and levels. In the social economic dimension, friends are relevant, specifically in Latin America, to themes such as poverty and social vulnerability. Some future possibilities for investigation are discussed.
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Seclen Luna, Jean Pierre, und Pablo Moya Fernández. „Exploring the relationship between KIBS co-location and the innovativeness of the manufacturing firms in Latin America“. Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Reserach 48 (19.10.2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.20.021.
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Literature has provided empirical evidence showing the importance of location for understanding KIBS effective service provision. According to territorial servitization postulates KIBS are also fundamental for the development of the manufacturing firms. Despite KIBS can be an important source of innovation, limited attention is paid of KIBS in Latin America region. The purpose of this research is analysing the relationship between KIBS co-location and innovativeness of the manufacturing firms. Drawing on the World Bank Enterprise Survey 2017 for Latin-American countries, authors analyse 3,029 manufacturing firms using OLS method. Findings indicate that manufacturing firms’ location based on KIBS proximity is a critical determinant of innovativeness. This relationship is considerably stronger in Central American countries, where according to our data there is KIBS scarcity.
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Hochstetler, Kathryn, und Margaret E. Edwards. „Failed Presidencies: Identifying and Explaining a South American Anomaly“. Journal of Politics in Latin America 1, Nr. 2 (August 2009): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x0900100202.
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Are presidential democracies inherently unstable and prone to breakdown? Recent work on Latin America suggests that the region has seen the emergence of a new kind of instability, where individual presidents do not manage to stay in office to the end of their terms, but the regime itself continues. This article places the Latin American experiences in a global context, and finds that the Latin American literature helps to predict the fates of presidents in other regions. The first stage of a selection model shows that presidents who are personally corrupt and preside over economic decline in contexts where democracy is paired with lower levels of GDP/capita are more likely to face challenges to their remaining in office for their entire terms. For the challenged presidents in this set, the risk of early termination increases when they use lethal force against their challengers, but decreases if they are corrupt. These factors help account for the disproportionately large number of South American presidents who have actually been forced from office, the “South American anomaly” of the title.
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Alamo, Carlos. „DISPATCHES FROM A COLONIAL OUTPOST“. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 9, Nr. 1 (20.10.2011): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x11000312.
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AbstractOver the last few decades social movements and race scholars have begun to uncover and critically examine the social, economic, and political linkages shared between Puerto Ricans and African Americans. Much of this literature has focused exclusively on the period of the Civil Rights Movement with particular emphasis on the Young Lords and Black Panthers. Despite this rich and informative literature, we know very little of the connective social histories and relationships between African Americans and Puerto Ricans that preceded these later social movements. This article traces the historically contingent and multifaceted ways in which African American journalists, between 1942 and 1951, found new political meanings in Puerto Rico as the island underwent a massive economic and social transformation, and how they used that knowledge to reconceptualize challenges to Black personhood in the United States. Examining the Black popular press in Puerto Rico during this period reveals that Black journalists took an active interest in the island because it represented a useful point of comparison for understanding the internal colonial model of social inequality hampering the U.S. African American community during the first half of the twentieth century. The racialized nature of U.S. colonialism experienced by the island, the sociopolitical and economic effects of its monocultural sugar economy, and the second-class citizenship of Puerto Ricans were among the most salient factors that led African American journalists to a broader anti-imperialist understanding of racism, illuminating the lack of civil and economic rights Blacks experienced within the United States.
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Blanco, Maria Rita, und Miguel Angel Sastre Castillo. „CEOs' experience and career success in Latin American firms“. International Journal of Emerging Markets 15, Nr. 6 (02.03.2020): 1083–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-03-2019-0231.
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PurposeThis study investigates the influence of experience – organisational tenure, international experience and springboard role – upon Chief Executive Officers’ (CEOs) time to the top and the time taken by CEOs to reach that position. As work and careers are embedded in economic and institutional environments, although prior Western career studies have explored this relationship, this study aims to determine the suitability of experience as a human capital attribute to explain CEO career success in Latin American firms.Design/methodology/approach169 Latin American firms were considered (America Economia, 2014). Biographical data about CEOs were manually collected and systematically crosschecked, and multiple hierarchical regressions were employed.FindingsOrganisational tenure and lifetime experience were found to reduce the time to the top. International experience delays the time to the top. International assignments closer to HQ do not exert an influence on time to the top. In multilatinas, promoted CEOs who have held Corporate springboard roles get faster to the top than those having held Divisional positions. Findings offer partial support to the human capital theory experience in Latin America, stressing the relevance of cultural, socio-economic and institutional factors.Practical implicationsThe identification of career success predictors may enhance the career decision-making processes of individuals and organisations.Originality/valueThis study contributes to human capital and career literature, being the first one to explore the relationship between experience and time to the top in CEOs working for Latin American firms.
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Hernandez-Pozas, Olivia, Maria Jose Murcia, Enrique Ogliastri und Miguel R. Olivas-Lujan. „Management and sustainability dilemmas in Latin America: introduction“. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 34, Nr. 1 (19.03.2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-06-2020-0147.
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PurposeThis article introduces readers to the Special Issue (SI, 34-1) of ARLA, edited (not exclusively) with the best papers of the Academy of Management's Specialized Conference, scheduled for April 2020 in Mexico City. The COVID-19 pandemic forced its cancellation, but the expert peer review and editorial work continued, to contribute to the emerging literature on Latin American Management and Sustainability.Design/methodology/approachGuest editors contributed their expertise based on required editorial processes and focused literature reviews on Management and Sustainability.FindingsThere are large management and sustainability challenges to Latin American practitioners and researchers, resulting in an increasingly urgent need to systematically document similarities and differences in the fields of Management and Sustainability. It is so because the region has been affected as few others before, during and after the pandemic. Thus, this issue summarizes the literature, presents eight new studies and offers suggestions for future research.Research limitations/implicationsManagement and sustainability in Latin America are wide subjects, with different dimensions and issues. This is a specific contribution that leaves much ground to be covered in the different subfields of the area, in research methodologies and conclusions.Originality/valueAn agenda for advancing the field of management and sustainability in Latin America, highlighted by the COVID-19 disruption; additionally, eight of the most advanced research in the field are presented, chosen from two tracks of a large number of contributions to a recent specialized conference organized by the Academy of Management.
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Ahmed, Arooba, Jia Jun Joel Wen, Maribel Flórez, Pedro Iacobelli und Lilian Ferrer. „Overcoming Barriers in Higher Education Mobility between Latin America, Canada and Asia: A Scoping Review“. International Journal of Higher Education 11, Nr. 1 (08.07.2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v11n1p43.
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Latin America and Asia have been tied for hundreds of years through a transcontinental trade network, which has culminated in their current economic interdependence. This interdependence necessitates cooperation, which can be bolstered through cultural understanding between the two continents. International student mobility is one way to foster intercultural relations, which are currently quite low between these regions. Canada has faced a similar struggle as Latin America to attract students in the Americas when faced with competition from US universities, but has had some successes which Latin American countries could learn from. This study therefore completes a scoping review of the literature to categorize barriers and enablers to academic mobility between higher education institutions (HEIs) in Asia, Canada, and Latin America and synthesizes relevant suggestions. An integrative literature search of qualitative and quantitative studies was conducted using six different databases. After considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, 33 studies were selected and analyzed. The results were categorized into six themes: Cultural, Academic and Professional, Linguistic, Economic, Program Structure, and Political Climate. Each theme included factors which enabled or hindered student mobility between Asia and the Americas. The findings highlight the need for Latinamerican HEIs to emphasize relevant initiatives and qualities that go beyond rankings, boost the use of English among academics and staff, actively reach out to Asian partners, and collaborate to develop credit transfer policies compatible with Asian institutions. These considerations could be all the more timely considering students are currently more open to virtual international opportunities in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, generating possibilities of greater collaboration between these regions of the world.
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Adamik, Verena. „Making worlds from literature: W.E.B. Du Bois’s The Quest of the Silver Fleece and Dark Princess“. Thesis Eleven 162, Nr. 1 (Februar 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513621993308.
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While W.E.B. Du Bois’s first novel, The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911), is set squarely in the USA, his second work of fiction, Dark Princess: A Romance (1928), abandons this national framework, depicting the treatment of African Americans in the USA as embedded into an international system of economic exploitation based on racial categories. Ultimately, the political visions offered in the novels differ starkly, but both employ a Western literary canon – so-called ‘classics’ from Greek, German, English, French, and US American literature. With this, Du Bois attempts to create a new space for African Americans in the world (literature) of the 20th century. Weary of the traditions of this ‘world literature’, the novels complicate and begin to decenter the canon that they draw on. This reading traces what I interpret as subtle signs of frustration over the limits set by the literature that underlies Dark Princess, while its predecessor had been more optimistic in its appropriation of Eurocentric fiction for its propagandist aims.
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Goodall, Mimi. „The rise of the sugar trade and sugar consumption in early British America, 1650–1720*“. Historical Research 93, Nr. 262 (14.10.2020): 678–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htaa022.
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Abstract This article draws on new archival sources to explore how sugar pervaded British North America much earlier that previous scholarly literature has suggested. Sugar arrived in North America with the very first colonists, and was widely available to a variety of consumers across the socio-economic spectrum. The product was foundational to the development of the North American economic world – in the creation of rum distilleries, grocers’ shops and through the use of commodity money. While sugar brought North American colonists closer to Britain through similar consumption patterns and a shared sense of taste, it also began to pull the two countries apart. By 1733, sugar had become a central source of tension between the colony and the metropole; it allowed colonists’ economic relationships to spread much further than Britain, and consequently, as America’s sweet tooth developed, its relationship with Britain began to decay.
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Baena, Verónica. „European franchise expansion into Latin America“. Management Research Review 38, Nr. 2 (16.02.2015): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-08-2013-0185.
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Purpose This study aims to enhance the knowledge that managers and scholars have on franchising expansion. In this sense, it is worth mentioning that although the body of literature on international management focusing on emerging markets is growing, the attention paid to the Latin American context continues to be limited. This is surprising given the substantive economic importance of the region with a population over 590 million, and a gross domestic product of approximately US$5 trillion. To cover this gap, the present study examines how a number of market conditions may drive diffusion of franchising into Latin America: geographical distance, cultural distance, political stability and economic development. The authors also controlled for the host country’s market potential, transparency, unemployment rate and efficiency of contract enforcement. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach applied to a sample of 77 Spanish franchisors operating through 4,064 franchisee outlets across 21 Latin American countries in late 2012. They are: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. Findings Results conclude that geographical distance between the host and home countries, as well as the level of host country’s political stability, economic development, market potential and transparency are able to drive the spread of international franchising across Latin American nations. Research limitations/implications This study provides readers with a general overview of the current state of global franchising diffusion overseas. Results obtained in this study are useful for understanding and predicting the demand for franchising in Latin American countries. Practical implications Economics reports argue that by 2050, the largest economies in the world will be China, the USA, India, Brazil and Mexico. This fact highlights the substantive importance of Latin America for foreign investors willing to expand their business abroad. In an attempt to give insights from the Latin American context, the present paper develops and tests a model that can be useful to franchisors willing to establish new outlets in the region. In addition, our findings offer guidance to firm managers seeking to target their franchises in Latin America. Franchisors may then use the results of this study as a starting point for identifying such regions whose characteristics best meet their needs of expansion. Originality/value This paper explores how market conditions may drive international diffusion of franchising into Latin American markets. The scant theoretical or empirical attention given to this topic has usually been examined from the USA and British base and focused on developed markets. To fill this gap, the present study analyzes the international spread of the Spanish franchise system into Latin America as a market for franchising expansion.
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Poljak Rehlicki, Jasna. „Us vs. Them: Cultural Encounters in Warzones through Reading American War Literature“. ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 12, Nr. 1 (22.06.2015): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.12.1.91-103.
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In 1996, Samuel Huntington argued that the end of the Cold War Era marked the end of global instability based on ideological and economic differences and preferences. However, he did not predict any kind of a peaceful future for humankind but maintained that future conflicts will arise from cultural differences. The clashes are inevitable, he claims, as long as one side (usually the West) insists on imposing universalism to other civilizations whose cultural awareness is on the rise. Ever since the Vietnam War, American military tacticians have believed that the knowledge and understanding of the enemy’s culture will lead to victory, and American military academies and schools are dedicating more attention to cultural studies within their general strategy. This paper is based on the reading and analysis of several American fiction and non-fiction novels from the Vietnam and the Iraq Wars. Since all of these works are first-hand accounts of war experience and soldiers’ cultural encounters with their ‘adversaries’, the research is focused on the (im)possibility of soldiers’ true understanding and appreciation of different cultures/civilizations during wartime. It also suggests that knowing the enemy is to no avail if wars are fought with the goal of Westernizing other cultures.
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Zirakzadeh, Cyrus Ernesto. „Political Prophecy in Contemporary American Literature: The Left-Conservative Vision of Norman Mailer“. Review of Politics 69, Nr. 4 (2007): 625–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670507000988.
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AbstractPopular and prize-winning writer Norman Mailer has advanced a view of American politics and society that he calls “left conservatism.” This paper analyzes elements of Mailer's critique and describes how the parts fit together. Special attention is given to his interpretation of economic history and social psychology, his vision of moral health that he associates with the term “hipster,” and his fear of a new political mentality in the United States that he conveys through a neologism, the “wad.” The paper closes with a sketch of the ways Mailer's left conservatism both dovetails with and departs from the concerns and arguments of other contemporary American conservative thinkers.