Zeitschriftenartikel: „Analysis by backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD)“

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Goehner, R. P., und J. R. Michael. „Microdiffraction phase identification in the scanning electron microscope (SEM)“. Powder Diffraction 19, Nr. 2 (Juni 2004): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1757450.

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The identification of crystallographic phases in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been limited by the lack of a simple way to obtain electron diffraction data of an unknown while observing the microstructure of the specimen. With the development of charge coupled device (CCD)-based detectors, backscattered electron Kikuchi patterns, alternately referred to as electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) patterns, can be easily collected. Previously, EBSD has been limited to crystallographic orientation studies due to the poor pattern quality collected with video rate detector systems. With CCD detectors, a typical EBSD can now be acquired from a micron or submicron sized crystal using an exposure time of 1–10 s with an accelerating voltage of 10–40 kV and a beam current as low as 0.1 nA. Crystallographic phase analysis using EBSD is unique in that the properly equipped SEM permits high magnification images, EBSDs, and elemental information to be collected from bulk specimens. EBSD in the SEM has numerous advantages over other electron beam-based crystallographic techniques. The large angular view (∼70°) provided by EBSD and the ease of specimen preparation are distinct advantages of the technique. No sample preparation beyond what is commonly used for SEM specimens is required for EBSD.

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Hauegen, Christien G., Fabiane R. Freitas da Silva, Fernanda A. Sampaio da Silva, Jefferson Fabricio Cardoso Lins und Marcos Flavio de Campos. „EBSD Texture Analysis of NdFeB Magnets“. Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.135.

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The crystallographical texture is relevant information for NdFeB magnets, since the maximum energy product is directly related to orientation of the crystals. EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction) is a very suitable tool for preferred orientation measurement of NdFeB magnets. The advantages of EBSD against X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pole figures for texture determination are discussed. EBSD identifies misaligned grains, and this is not feasible with XRD pole figures. EBSD is also helpful on the identification of oxides.

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Wright, Stuart I., Matthew M. Nowell und David P. Field. „A Review of Strain Analysis Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, Nr. 3 (22.03.2011): 316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611000055.

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AbstractSince the automation of the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique, EBSD systems have become commonplace in microscopy facilities within materials science and geology research laboratories around the world. The acceptance of the technique is primarily due to the capability of EBSD to aid the research scientist in understanding the crystallographic aspects of microstructure. There has been considerable interest in using EBSD to quantify strain at the submicron scale. To apply EBSD to the characterization of strain, it is important to understand what is practically possible and the underlying assumptions and limitations. This work reviews the current state of technology in terms of strain analysis using EBSD. First, the effects of both elastic and plastic strain on individual EBSD patterns will be considered. Second, the use of EBSD maps for characterizing plastic strain will be explored. Both the potential of the technique and its limitations will be discussed along with the sensitivity of various calculation and mapping parameters.

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Zhao, Shan-Rong, Chang Xu und Chuan Li. „Identification of twins in muscovite: an electron backscattered diffraction study“. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 234, Nr. 5 (27.05.2019): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2018-2139.

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Abstract Twins in micas are difficultly identified due to mica’s hexagonal pseudosymmetry. Many theoretic studies on mica twins have been reported but experimental observations are very limited. In this paper, we present an electron backscattered diffraction analysis to identify twins in the muscovite in a quartz schist occurring in the UHP-HP metamorphic rock belt in Dabie Mountain, China. A trilling twin with twin law <310>/{110} is common in the muscovite. A six-couplet twin consisting of two trilling twins related by twin laws <110>/{130} and <001>/{001}(or <100>/{100}) has been discovered. This six-couplet twin contains many cross-twin relationships among the most common mica twin laws <310>/{110}, <110>/{130} and <001>/{001}. The composition plane for twin laws <110>/{130} and <001>/{001} is {001} which is reasonable in mica structure to form a twin by rotation around twin axes, and that for twin law <310>/{110} is irregular based on EBSD resolution. A possible misindexation of a trilling twin or a 3T polytype during EBSD test is discussed, which is helpful to distinguish a twin from a polytype in micas. The occurring frequency of twin law <310>/{110} is higher than that of twin laws <110>/{130} and <001>/{001}, which is consistent to the deducing result from mica structure analysis. This research provides a convenient and effective EBSD method to identify mica twins and an experimental method to distinguish a twin from a polytype in micas, which is a problem confusing researchers for many years.

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Dimitrova, Rositza, Roumen Petrov, Pavel Kuzmanov, Аngel Velikov und Valentin Manolov. „Electron Microscopy Investigations of А356 Alloy Modified with Nanoparticles“. Metals 9, Nr. 12 (01.12.2019): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121294.

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Two types of A356 alloy castings in initial and modified with nanoparticles condition produced by gravitational casting were studied. Samples, as-cut from the castings, were subjected to light optical microscopy (LM), thermal analyses, Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) analyses. Results, obtained by EBSD, confirmed that there is grain refinement in samples from castings with added nanoparticles compared to the initial ones. STEM analysis shows agglomerates of nanoparticles in examined foils. Nanoparticles’ position in the microstructure confirms the hypothesis that they act as nucleating sites during the alloy solidification, which is the reason for observed fine-grained microstructure.

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Small, J., und J. Michael. „Phase Identification of Individual Particles by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD)“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600014458.

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Backscattered electron Kikuchi patterns (BEKP) were first observed by Alam et al. in 1954. J.A. Venables and C.J. Harland made the initial observation of BEKP and in the scanning electron microscope in 1973. In 1996, Goehner and Michael developed an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) system that uses a 1024 × 1024 pixel CCD camera coupled to a thin scintillator rather than photographic film. In their system, the quality of the raw patterns is improved by the use of “flat fielding” which normalizes the raw image to a “flat field” reference image that contains the image artifacts, including background, but not the crystallographic information. Automated pattern analysis is carried out using a Hough transform to locate bands and band edges in the pattern. The resulting crystallographic information is coupled with the elemental information from energy or wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometry and the phase is identified is made through a link to a database such as the Powder Diffraction Files published by ICDD. An indexed pattern of the suspected phase is then synthesized for comparison to the unknown. This system is marketed commercially by Noran Instruments and offers the first practical method for rapid identification of unknown crystallographic phases in the SEM.

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Lee, Tae-Ho, Heon-Young Ha, Byoungchul Hwang, Sung-Joon Kim, Eunjoo Shin und Jong Wook Lee. „Scale-Bridging Analysis on Deformation Behavior of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Steels“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S5 (August 2013): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613012385.

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AbstractScale-bridging analysis on deformation behavior of high-nitrogen austenitic Fe–18Cr–10Mn–(0.39 and 0.69)N steels was performed by neutron diffraction, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two important modes of deformation were identified depending on the nitrogen content: deformation twinning in the 0.69 N alloy and strain-induced martensitic transformation in the 0.39 N alloy. The phase fraction and deformation faulting probabilities were evaluated based on analyses of peak shift and asymmetry of neutron diffraction profiles. Semi in situ EBSD measurement was performed to investigate the orientation dependence of deformation microstructure and it showed that the variants of ε martensite as well as twin showed strong orientation dependence with respect to tensile axis. TEM observation showed that deformation twin with a {111}⟨112⟩ crystallographic component was predominant in the 0.69 N alloy whereas two types of strain-induced martensites (ε and α′ martensites) were observed in the 0.39 N alloy. It can be concluded that scale-bridging analysis using neutron diffraction, EBSD, and TEM can yield a comprehensive understanding of the deformation mechanism of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic steels.

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Zhang, Yucheng, Ping Lai, Huiping Jia, Xinhua Ju und Guibin Cui. „Investigation of Test Parameters on EBSD Analysis of Retained Austenite in TRIP and Pipeline Steels“. Metals 9, Nr. 1 (16.01.2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010094.

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In this article we discuss the effect of different test parameters on the analysis of retained austenite in TRIP590, TRIP780 and X90 steels, by means of Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. By analyzing the measuring retained austenite content under different conditions, the optimal test parameters were obtained. The retained austenite content measured both by the EBSD and XRD methods were also compared. The results showed that the test parameters had a great influence on the measured results of retained austenite content in steel by the EBSD method. The higher the indexing rate, the better the precision of the measured results. The step size used for EBSD analysis should not exceed 1/5 of the average grain size of retained austenite. The scanning area for EBSD retained austenite analysis in TRIP and pipeline steels should be no less than 0.068 mm2, which is recommended to be performed by multiple small fields.

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Osborn, William A., Mark J. McLean und Brian Bush. „Selected Area Electron Beam Induced Deposition of Pt and W for EBSD Backgrounds“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, Nr. 1 (Februar 2019): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927618016173.

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AbstractApplying high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) to materials without regions that are amenable to the acquisition of backgrounds for static flat fielding (background subtraction) can cause analysis problems. To address this difficulty, the efficacy of electron beam induced deposition (EBID) of material as a source for an amorphous background signal is assessed and found to be practical. Using EBID material for EBSD backgrounds allows single crystal and large-grained samples to be analyzed using HR-EBSD for strain and small angle rotation measurement.

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Russakova, Alyona, Darya Alontseva und Tatyana Kolesnikova. „The Effect of Deformation and Irradiation with High-Energy Krypton Ions on the Structure and Phase Composition of Reactor Steels“. Advanced Materials Research 702 (Mai 2013): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.702.88.

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The paper presents some results of a complex research of 12Cr18Ni10Ti stainless steel in the initial, deformed and irradiated ( 8436Kr+14, E=130MeV, Fmax=9x1015 ions/сm2) states using magnetometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD – analysis). Application of the EBSD method revealed differences between the non-irradiated and irradiated 12Cr18Ni10Ti steel specimens consisting in the fact that in the surface layer of an irradiated sample α-and ε - phases are formed. It was established that the fluence value affects the amount of magnetic α-phase. The study of the martensite α-phase morphology showed that in the deformed steel specimens there is αʹ- martensite of two scale levels.

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Mingard, Ken, und Bryan Roebuck. „Interlaboratory Measurements of Contiguity in WC-Co Hardmetals“. Metals 9, Nr. 3 (14.03.2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030328.

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The contiguity of a hardmetal is a measure of the proportion of the carbide grain boundaries that are in direct contact with other carbide grain boundaries. Recent analysis of data available in the literature shows a large scatter in results and a significant difference in values measured from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping. An interlaboratory exercise has been carried out with the measurement of a range of WC-Co hardmetal grades. For each grade, SEM images were acquired from both an etched surface and an ion beam polished surface and EBSD maps with two different processing routes. These maps and images were provided to the participants for measurement to eliminate variability from sample preparation and image acquisition. It was shown that measurement of contiguity from EBSD maps is likely to lead to an overestimation of contiguity, largely because EBSD maps do not have the resolution of SEM images to identify small binder phase regions between WC grains. Ion beam polishing combined with backscattered electron imaging was found to provide the best images of the microstructure to underpin a confident measurement of contiguity. However, high resolution SEM images of etched surfaces gave values close to those from ion beam polished samples so it is recommended that, as etching is much more widely available, high-resolution imaging of a lightly etched WC surface should be promoted as the preferred method for measurement of contiguity, in combination with backscattered imaging where possible. Even with good images, variation between operators can give uncertainties of approximately ±10%.

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Reddy, S. M., C. Clark, N. E. Timms und B. M. Eglington. „Electron backscatter diffraction analysis and orientation mapping of monazite“. Mineralogical Magazine 74, Nr. 3 (Juni 2010): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2010.074.3.493.

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AbstractElectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis of monazite requires a comparison of empirically collected electron backscatter patterns (EBSPs) with theoretical diffraction data, or ‘match units’, derived from known crystallographic parameters. Published crystallographic data derived from compositionally varying natural and synthetic monazite are used to calculate ten different match units for monazite. These match units are used to systematically index EBSPs obtained from four natural monazite samples with different compositions. Analyses of EBSD data, derived from the indexing of five and six diffraction bands using each of the ten match units for 10,000 EBSPs from each of the four samples, indicate a large variation in the ability of the different match units to correctly index the different natural samples. However, the use of match units derived from either synthetic Gd or Eu monazite crystallographic data yield good results for three of the four analysed monazites. Comparison of sample composition with published monazite compositions indicates that these match units are likely to yield good results for the EBSD analysis of metamorphic monazite. The results provide a clear strategy for optimizing the acquisition and analysis of EBSD data from monazite but also indicate the need for the collection of new crystallographic structure data and the subsequent generation of more appropriate match units for natural monazite.

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Cai, M., S. C. Langford, J. T. Dickinson und L. E. Levine. „Deformation of cube-textured aluminum studied using laser-induced photoelectron emission“. Journal of Materials Research 22, Nr. 9 (September 2007): 2582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0313.

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The evolution of the kinetic energy distribution of photoelectrons from a cube-oriented aluminum sample during tensile deformation was probed with a retarding field energy analyzer. Because of the anisotropy of the aluminum work function, the electron-energy distribution is altered as the area fractions of the major surface planes change during deformation. In cube-textured aluminum, deformation reduces the {100} area fraction and the relatively low energy electrons from these surfaces. Conversely, the {110} and {111} area fractions and the relatively high energy electrons from these surfaces both increase. These changes are quantitatively consistent with texture analysis by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). They reflect deformation-induced production of {111} surfaces by slip and the exposure of {110} surfaces by grain rotation. Photoelectron kinetic energy measurements supplement EBSD measurements and are readily acquired in real-time.

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Bunkholt, Sindre, Knut Marthinsen und Erik Nes. „Subgrain Structures Characterized by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD)“. Materials Science Forum 794-796 (Juni 2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.3.

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Subgrain structures are frequently characterized by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method, which is both accurate and provides good statistics. This is essential to better understand the subgrain growth mechanisms and e.g. establish the driving forces and motilities for comparison with physically based models. However, there is no commercially available software which can provide adequate subgrain boundary maps necessary for e.g. size and misorientation analysis. Here, a method that produces such maps utilizing only commercially available software is presented. The clue is to provide the EBSD-software with a parameter that can be used to identify all subgrains. By combining various maps exported from the EBSD-software into photo editing software, a new map is made in which all subgrain boundaries are identified. Missing and incomplete boundaries are traced manually before a reconstructed subgrain map is generated and imported back into the EBSD-software. With this method, the built-in algorithms in the EBSD-software can be readily used to e.g. characterize subgrain growth in aluminium with respect to orientation, size and misorientation.

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Picard, Yoosuf N., Ranga Kamaladasa, Marc De Graef, Noel T. Nuhfer, William J. Mershon, Tony Owens, Libor Sedlacek und Filip Lopour. „Future Prospects for Defect and Strain Analysis in the SEM via Electron Channeling“. Microscopy Today 20, Nr. 2 (28.02.2012): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929512000077.

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Electron diffraction in both SEM and TEM provides a contrast mechanism for imaging defects as well as a means for quantifying elastic strain. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is the commercially established method for SEM-based diffraction analysis. In EBSD, Kikuchi patterns are acquired by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and indexed using commercial software. Phase and crystallographic orientation information can be extracted from these Kikuchi patterns, and researchers have developed cross-correlation methods to measure strain as well.

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Yang, Cai-Ding, Ye Liu, Gao-Yang Zhou, Xing-Li Zou, Xiong-Gang Lu und Guang-Hui Cao. „Microstructural Evolution of SK85 Pearlitic Steel Deformed by Heavy Cold Rolling“. Materials 15, Nr. 23 (25.11.2022): 8405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238405.

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The microstructural evolution of SK85 pearlitic steel cold-rolled up to a 90% rolling reduction was characterized by scanning electron microscopy with electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). SK85 steel exhibits excellent cold rolling performance. The interlamellar spacing of pearlite is refined obviously and a tensile strength of 2318 MPa can be reached for SK85 steel after 90% rolling reduction, an increase of 83% from 1264 MPa before rolling. The EBSD observation indicates that the {001} <110> texture becomes pronounced at a 90% rolling reduction in cold-rolled Sk85 steel. A propagation and multiplication of dislocations occur during rolling as the kernel average misorientation (KAM) angles significantly increase from 0.72° to 2.11°. The XRD analysis reveals that bcc ferrite is transformed into a bct structure at a 90% rolling reduction. The strengthening mechanism was discussed.

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Popov, Vladimir V., Mikhail L. Lobanov, Stepan I. Stepanov, Yuanshen Qi, Gary Muller-Kamskii, Elena N. Popova, Alexander Katz-Demyanetz und Artemiy A. Popov. „Texturing and Phase Evolution in Ti-6Al-4V: Effect of Electron Beam Melting Process, Powder Re-Using, and HIP Treatment“. Materials 14, Nr. 16 (10.08.2021): 4473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164473.

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The research demonstrates microstructural changes and development of specific texture in Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by electron beam melting (EBM) under different conditions. The effect of two factors, namely, raw material (powder) recycling and hot isostatic pressing (HIP), on the EBM produced samples structure and properties, has been explored. The as-printed and treated samples were investigated using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Modification of mechanical properties after the EBM and HIP are explained by the EBSD data on microstructural phenomena and phase transformations. The work is devoted to assessing the possibility of reusing the residual titanium alloy powder for the manufacture of titanium components by the combination of EBM and HIP methods.

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Dong, Jiawei, Kemin Zhang, Yang Cai, Zhimin Zhang, Yuan Lei und Tao Zhang. „Formation of Ultrafine-Grained Ti3Al on a Ti48Al2Cr2Nb Intermetallic Alloy Induced by Pulsed Electron Beam Treatment“. Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/389594.

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The microstructure modifications, phase, and texture formations encountered in a TiAl based Ti48Al2Cr2Nb intermetallic alloy induced by the high current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) treatment were carefully investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The initial material contains the majorityγ-TiAl phase and the minorityα-Ti3Al phase. After the HCPEB treatment, the initialα-Ti3Al was dissolved into the melted layer and the very top surface is covered by ultrafine-grainedα-Ti3Al phase having thermal stress induced cracks. EBSD analyses showed thatα-Ti3Al phase on the very top surface has a001//ND fiber texture and its texture intensity increases with the number of pulses. The superfast thermal stress cycles and the selective evaporation induced by the HCPEB treatment account for the microstructure modifications and formations of ultrafineα-Ti3Al in the TiAl based intermetallic alloy.

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Pérez-Huerta, Alberto, und Maggie Cusack. „Optimizing Electron Backscatter Diffraction of Carbonate Biominerals—Resin Type and Carbon Coating“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, Nr. 3 (22.05.2009): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609090370.

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AbstractElectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is becoming a widely used technique to determine crystallographic orientation in biogenic carbonates. Despite this use, there is little information available on preparation for the analysis of biogenic carbonates. EBSD data are compared for biogenic aragonite and calcite in the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, using different types of resin and thicknesses of carbon coating. Results indicate that carbonate biomineral samples provide better EBSD results if they are embedded in resin, particularly epoxy resin. A uniform layer of carbon of 2.5 nm thickness provides sufficient conductivity for EBSD analyses of such insulators to avoid charging without masking the diffracted signal. Diffraction intensity decreases with carbon coating thickness of 5 nm or more. This study demonstrates the importance of optimizing sample preparation for EBSD analyses of insulators such as carbonate biominerals.

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Small, J., und J. Michael. „Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) of Sub 500 Nm Particles“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600027963.

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In our initial studies of the phase identification analysis of individual particles by EBSD, we observed that the quality of the EBSD patterns obtained from particles less than 1 micrometer in size decreased with decreasing particle size, density, and atomic number. This effect is shown in FIG. 1 by comparison of an EBSD pattern from a 12 um Al2O3 particle (FIG. la) and a 200 nm Al2O3 particle FIG. lb. Both particles were mounted on 2 mm thick carbon substrates. The Kikuchi bands from the larger particle are clearly visible while the bands from the smaller particle are not. This decrease in image quality is believed to be the result of a combination of 2 factors related to the electron scattering associated with these very small particles. First, as particle size decreases below about 1 micrometer, an increasing number of electrons are transmitted through the bottom of the particles.

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Isabell, Thomas C., und Vinayak P. Dravid. „Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) with a Cold Held Emission Gun (cFEG) SEM: Resolution, Sensitivity and Applications“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600009673.

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A thorough and complete assessment of microstructure of materials requires a wide variety of analytical techniques, which should be sensitive to at all length scales - from mms to atomic scale. While there have been rapid advances in imaging and spectroscopy techniques for microstructural analysis - at all length scales, techniques for crystallographic analysis of microstructure have primarily relied on bulk x-ray/neutron diffraction and TEM. X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques, though very powerful, are primarily bulk techniques and extraction of local crystallography is formidable if not impossible. On the other hand, TEM diffraction techniques provide precise crystallographic information, but at a much smaller length-scale and suffer from poor statistics and tedious specimen preparation procedures. With the advent of commercially available electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and orientational imaging (OIM) systems for SEM, and sophisticated pattern recognition procedures, it is now possible to bridge the length-scale gap between bulk and TEM diffraction techniques.

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Nowell, Matthew M., Ronald A. Witt und Brian W. True. „EBSD Sample Preparation: Techniques, Tips, and Tricks“. Microscopy Today 13, Nr. 4 (Juli 2005): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500053669.

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Automated analysis of Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) patterns for orientation imaging and phase identification in materials and earth sciences has become a widely accepted microstructural analysis tool. To briefly review, EBSD is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based technique where the sample is tilted approximately 70 degrees and the electron beam is positioned in an analytical spot-mode within a selected grain. An EBSD pattern is formed due to the diffraction of the electron beam by select crystallographic planes within the material. The EBSD pattern is representative of both the phase and crystallographic orientation of the selected area. The pattern is imaged by a phosphor screen and recorded with a digital CCD camera and then analyzed.

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Borkar, Hemant, Salem Seifeddine und Anders E. W. Jarfors. „Microstructure analysis of Al–Si–Cu alloys prepared by gradient solidification technique“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, Nr. 10n11 (23.04.2015): 1540015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215400159.

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Al – Si – Cu alloys were cast with the unique gradient solidification technique to produce alloys with two cooling rates corresponding to secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) of ~9 and ~27 μm covering the microstructural fineness of common die cast components. The microstructure was studied with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The alloy with higher cooling rate, lower SDAS, has a more homogeneous microstructure with well distributed network of eutectic and intermetallic phases. The results indicate the presence of Al – Fe – Si phases, Al – Cu phases and eutectic Si particles but their type, distribution and amount varies in the two alloys with different SDAS. EBSD analysis was also performed to study the crystallographic orientation relationships in the microstructure. One of the major highlights of this study is the understanding of the eutectic formation mechanism achieved by studying the orientation relationships of the aluminum in the eutectic to the surrounding primary aluminum dendrites.

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Mao, Fang Fang, Xian Hao Wang, Qiang Zheng, Fa Qiang Zhang, Zhao Quan Zhang und Hui Gu. „Grain Boundary Phase Analysis for Y₂O₃-Doped AlN Ceramics“. Key Engineering Materials 544 (März 2013): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.544.162.

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Y2O3 is a common sintering additive of AlN ceramics to achieve densification and remove the oxygen impurity, resulting in a typically grain boundary phase (GBP) Y3Al5O12 (YAG). Two AlN ceramics with 3wt% and 5wt% Y2O3 intended for thermal conductivity study were sintered at 1800 °C for 4h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that GBP could either be YAG or YAP (YAlO3) phase, while the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) in TEM identifies it as YAP instead of YAG. The electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) in SEM further confirms the general presence of YAP phase in both samples. In meanwhile, two types of Al-rich GBPs were also detected by TEM, which could account for extra dopant in the microstructure. GBP contents in the both samples were quantified by K-value method (XRD) and from backscattered electron images. Such analyses of GBPs are helpful to understand the sintering mechanism and evaluate their contribution to the thermal conductivity of AlN.

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Pinard, Philippe T., Marin Lagacé, Pierre Hovington, Denis Thibault und Raynald Gauvin. „An Open-Source Engine for the Processing of Electron Backscatter Patterns: EBSD-Image“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, Nr. 3 (06.05.2011): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611000456.

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AbstractAn open source software package dedicated to processing stored electron backscatter patterns is presented. The package gives users full control over the type and order of operations that are performed on electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns as well as the results obtained. The current version of EBSD-Image (www.ebsd-image.org) offers a flexible and structured interface to calculate various quality metrics over large datasets. It includes unique features such as practical file formats for storing diffraction patterns and analysis results, stitching of mappings with automatic reorganization of their diffraction patterns, and routines for processing data on a distributed computer grid. Implementations of the algorithms used in the software are described and benchmarked using simulated diffraction patterns. Using those simulated EBSD patterns, the detection of Kikuchi bands in EBSD-Image was found to be comparable to commercially available EBSD systems. In addition, 24 quality metrics were evaluated based on the ability to assess the level of deformation in two samples (copper and iron) deformed using 220 grit SiC grinding paper. Fourteen metrics were able to properly measure the deformation gradient of the samples.

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Wright, Stuart I., Matthew M. Nowell, René de Kloe und Lisa Chan. „Orientation Precision of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Measurements Near Grain Boundaries“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, Nr. 3 (28.02.2014): 852–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761400035x.

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AbstractElectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) has become a common technique for measuring crystallographic orientations at spatial resolutions on the order of tens of nanometers and at angular resolutions <0.1°. In a recent search of EBSD papers using Google Scholar™, 60% were found to address some aspect of deformation. Generally, deformation manifests itself in EBSD measurements by small local misorientations. An increase in the local misorientation is often observed near grain boundaries in deformed microstructures. This may be indicative of dislocation pile-up at the boundaries but could also be due to a loss of orientation precision in the EBSD measurements. When the electron beam is positioned at or near a grain boundary, the diffraction volume contains the crystal lattices from the two grains separated by the boundary. Thus, the resulting pattern will contain contributions from both lattices. Such mixed patterns can pose some challenge to the EBSD pattern band detection and indexing algorithms. Through analysis of experimental local misorientation data and simulated pattern mixing, this work shows that some of the rise in local misorientation is an artifact due to the mixed patterns at the boundary but that the rise due to physical phenomena is also observed.

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Koblischka-Veneva, A., M. R. Koblischka, X. L. Zeng, J. Schmauch und U. Hartmann. „TEM and electron backscatter diffraction analysis (EBSD) on superconducting nanowires“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1054 (Juli 2018): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1054/1/012005.

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Nowak, Wojciech J. „The Use of Ion Milling for Surface Preparation for EBSD Analysis“. Materials 14, Nr. 14 (16.07.2021): 3970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143970.

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An electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) method provides information about the crystallographic structure of materials. However, a surface subjected to analysis needs to be well-prepared. This usually requires following a time-consuming procedure of mechanical polishing. The alternative methods of surface preparation for EBSD are performed via electropolishing or focus ion beam (FIB). In the present study, plasma etching using a glow discharge optical emission spectrometer (GD-OES) was applied for surface preparation for EBSD analysis. The obtained results revealed that plasma etching through GD-OES can be successfully used for surface preparation for EBSD analysis. However, it was also found that the plasma etching is sensitive for the alloy microstructure, i.e., the presence of intermetallic phases and precipitates such as carbides possess a different sputtering rate, resulting in non-uniform plasma etching. Preparation of the cross-section of oxidized CM247 revealed a similar problem with non-uniformity of plasma etching. The carbides and oxide scale possess a lower sputtering rate than the metallic matrix, which caused formation of relief. Based on obtained results, possible resolutions to suppress the effect of different sputtering rates are proposed.

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Dalgaard, E., Frederik Coghe, L. Rabet, Mohammad Jahazi, Priti Wanjara und John J. Jonas. „Texture Evolution in Linear Friction Welded Ti-6Al-4V“. Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (Januar 2010): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.124.

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The linear friction welding (LFW) behavior of Ti-6Al-4V, a commercial α + β titanium alloy, was investigated using oscillation frequencies ranging from 30-70 Hz and axial pressures from 50-110 MPa. LFW samples were examined using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) to relate the texture to the welding parameters and to the estimated strain and strain rate. Characterization of the welds included analysis of the microstructure of the weld and of the thermomechanically affected zones (TMAZ) in relation to the parent material.

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Örs, Taylan, Jean-Sébastien Micha, Nathalie Gey, Vincent Michel, Olivier Castelnau und René Guinebretiere. „EBSD-assisted Laue microdiffraction for microstrain analysis“. Journal of Applied Crystallography 51, Nr. 1 (01.02.2018): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717017150.

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The X-ray Laue microdiffraction (µLaue) technique has been establishing itself as a reliable means for microstrain analysis for the past few decades. One problem with this technique is that when the crystal size is significantly smaller than the probed volume and when the diffracting crystals are closely oriented, a large number of individual µLaue patterns are superimposed in a complex way on the recorded diffraction images. In that case, because of the difficulty of isolating unambiguously a single-grain µLaue pattern, a reliable analysis of strains is tedious manually and hardly achievable with current automated methods. This issue is even more severe for low-symmetry crystals or when high-energy X-rays are used, since each single-crystal µLaue pattern already contains a large number of spots. This paper proposes overcoming this challenge through the development of a combined approach coupling µLaue and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The capabilities of this `EBSD-assisted µLaue' automated method are illustrated on a monoclinic zirconia-based specimen and µLaue diffraction patterns are analysed with the crystal orientation input from EBSD. The obtained results are statistically reliable, reproducible and provide a physical insight into the micromechanical characteristics of the material.

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Ashida, Koji, Daichi Dojima, Yasunori Kutsuma, Satoshi Torimi, Satoru Nogami, Yasuhiko Imai, Shigeru Kimura, Jun-ichiro Mizuki, Noboru Ohtani und Tadaaki Kaneko. „Evaluation of Polishing-Induced Subsurface Damage of 4H-SiC (0001) by Cross-Sectional Electron Backscattered Diffraction and Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Diffraction“. MRS Advances 1, Nr. 55 (2016): 3697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.433.

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ABSTRACTThe range of polishing-induced subsurface damage remaining in a commercially available production grade 4H-SiC (0001) epi-ready substrate was evaluated by the observation from the (-1100) cleavage plane using two kinds of highly strain-sensitive characterization methods. Firstly, the analysis using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) with a submicron spatial resolution was conducted on the exposed cross sectional plane. Then, for the further quantitative evaluation excluding the influence of roughness or contamination of the cleavage plane, a synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction experiment was carried out. The range of the subsurface damage evaluated in those experiments was ensured by confirming none of additional strain inserted at the cleavage, as compared with the damage-free substrate prepared by high temperature thermal etching. As a result, the depth of the residual strained region below polishing-induced scratches at the surface was estimated to be in the range of a few microns, which is much deeper than the previously reported value of 100 nm by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. It suggests a potential of EBSD for the conventional tool to characterize even a small amount of strain in SiC single crystal.

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Wenk, H. R. „Texture Analysis of Earth Materials. Comparison of EBSD With Other Diffraction Techniques“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001446x.

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An important feature of polycrystalline materials is the orientation distribution of crystallites also known as crystallographic preferred orientation or texture [1]. Conventionally it is measured by x-ray diffraction, averaging over sample surfaces. With demands for more quantitative material characterization, both in engineering and earth sciences, new methods have been developed. Two dimensions are of interest: Averages over larger sample volumes give a better representation to estimate bulk physical properties. Here neutron diffraction is advantageous. Because of minimal absorption large sample volumes (1-50 cm3), rather than surfaces can be analyzed [2]. If textures are locally heterogeneous, it may be of importance to analyze small regions. With a synchrotron microfocus beam volumes as small as 5 μm3 can be characterized [3]. These methods have been quantified and are extensively applied in metallurgy and geology. They provide good statistics for appropriate sample grain size but they analyze bulk textures and contain no information on local orientation correlations. Furthermore, for geological samples with low crystal symmetry, the diffraction patterns are often very complex with many overlapping peaks, making identification difficult. In such cases orientation imaging, using electron backscattered diffraction patterns (EBSD) in the SEM is useful [4]. Though grain statistics are generally much inferior, new information can be gained.

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Lou, Yong Ping, Ming Chen, Jun Feng Li und Xiao Dong Hu. „Study on the Recrystallization of Deformation Microstructure of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy“. Solid State Phenomena 263 (September 2017): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.263.55.

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A real-time calculation model discretized by the cellular automata (CA) method was developed for the numerical simulation of AZ31 magnesium alloy microstructure evolution during recrystallization (RX). The RX processes under different strains were simulated, also, variations in morphologies of recrystallization grains are discussed. The results of numerical simulation were compared with those of experiment analysis, and the microstructure obtained by CA was found to well agree with the actual pattern obtained by EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction) analysis. The numerical simulation technique provides a flexible way of predicting the recrystallization of deformation microstructure evolution.

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Yadav, Devinder, und Ranjit Bauri. „Microstructure Development in Single and Double-Pass Friction Stir Processing of Aluminium“. Materials Science Forum 753 (März 2013): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.50.

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Single pass and double-pass friction stir processing was carried out on commercially pure aluminium at a rotation speed of 640 rpm and traverse speed of 150 mm/min and a detailed electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was carried out to understand the microstructure developed. The grain size was refined substantially after the first pass whereas there was no significant change in the grain size after the second pass. This indicates that the final grain size after friction stir processing does not depend on the starting grain size. The equiaxed fine grains were formed by dynamic recrystallization process as revealed by EBSD analysis. TEM observations showed banded contrast across the grain boundaries indicating grain boundaries to be in equilibrium. Free dislocations observed inside grains after the first pass were well arranged into subgrain boundaries after the second pass. EBSD also revealed some variation in microstructural features such as grain size, texture index, grain orientation spread and grain average misorientation across the surface and also in the cross section of the stir zone both after single and double pass.

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Choi, Z.-S., R. Mönig und C. V. Thompson. „Effects of microstructure on the formation, shape, and motion of voids during electromigration in passivated copper interconnects“. Journal of Materials Research 23, Nr. 2 (Februar 2008): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0054.

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In situ scanning electron microscope observations have been performed on passivated damascene Cu interconnect segments of different widths during accelerated electromigration tests. In some cases, voids form and grow at the cathode. However, an alternative failure mode is also observed, during which voids form distant from the cathode end of the interconnect segment and drift toward the cathode, where they eventually lead to failure. The number of observations of this failure mode increased with increasing linewidth. During void motion, the shape and the velocity of the drifting voids varied significantly. Postmortem electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis was performed after in situ testing, and a correlation of EBSD data with the in situ observations reveals that locations at which voids form, their shape evolution, and their motion all strongly depend on the locations of grain boundaries and the crystallographic orientations of neighboring grains.

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Müller, M., D. Britz und F. Mücklich. „Scale-bridging Microstructural Analysis – A Correlative Approach to Microstructure Quantification Combining Microscopic Images and EBSD Data“. Practical Metallography 58, Nr. 7 (01.07.2021): 408–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2021-0032.

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Abstract A comprehensive description of complex material structures may require characterization using different methods and observations across several scales. This work will present a correlative approach including light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, enabling microstructure quantification which combines microscopic images and electron backscatter diffraction data. The parameters obtained from electron backscatter diffraction such as misorientation parameters or grain and phase boundary data are an ideal source of information, complementing microscopic images. Two case studies performed on bainitic microstructures will be presented to demonstrate practical applications of this approach.

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Singh, Rahul, Surya Deo Yadav, Biraj Kumar Sahoo, Sandip Ghosh Chowdhury und Abhishek Kumar. „Phase transformation, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel Rolled at Room and Cryo Temperatures“. Defence Science Journal 71, Nr. 03 (17.05.2021): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.16721.

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The present work investigates the effect of rolling (90% thickness reduction) on phase transformation, mechanical properties, and corrosion behaviour of 304L-austenitic stainless steel through cryorolling and room temperature rolling. The processed steel sheets were characterised through X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The analysis of XRD patterns, EBSD scan, and vibrating sample magnetometer results confirmed the transformation of the austenitic phase to the martensitic phase during rolling. Cryorolling resulted in improved tensile strength and microhardness of 1808 MPa and 538 VHN, respectively, as compared to 1566 MPa and 504 VHN for room temperature rolling. The enhancement in properties of cryorolled steel is attributed to its higher dislocation density compared to room temperature rolled steel. The corrosion behaviour was assessed via linear polarisation corrosion tests. Corrosion resistance was found to decrease with increasing rolling reduction in both room temperature rolled and cryorolled specimens.

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Laigo, Johanne, Franck Tancret, René Le Gall und Jader Furtado. „EBSD Phase Identification and Modeling of Precipitate Formation in HP Alloys“. Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (Februar 2006): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.702.

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Heat-resistant steels of HP series (Fe-25Cr-35Ni) are used as reformer tubes in petrochemical industries. Their composition includes Nb and Ti as strong carbide formers. In the ascast condition, alloys exhibit an austenite matrix with intergranular MC, M23C6 and/or M7C3 eutectic carbides. During exposure at high temperature, phase transformations occur: chromium carbides of M7C3 type transform into the more stable M23C6 type, intragranular M23C6 carbides precipitate, and a silicide, the G-phase (Ni16Nb6Si7), forms due to the instability of MC carbides (NbC). Thermodynamic simulation is of great help for understanding precipitate formation and transformations. Thermo-Calc and Dictra are used to simulate the precipitation of carbides in the austenite matrix during service. However, from an experimental point of view, M23C6 and M7C3 are not easy to distinguish in bulk alloys. Indeed, backscattered scanning electron microscopy does not bring any contrast between the two phases, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis does not lead to carbon content and consequently to the distinction between M23C6 and M7C3. With transmission electron microscopy (TEM), sample preparation is difficult and the observed area is extremely small. In the present work, HP alloys are investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) coupled to EDS. Carbides are identified on the basis of crystal structure, in the bulk, within their microstructural context, and the experimental procedure is both simpler and cheaper than TEM. Precipitates (M23C6, M7C3) could be identified by orientation mapping and single spot analysis.

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Carneiro, Íris, Filomena Viana, Manuel F. Vieira, José V. Fernandes und Sónia Simões. „EBSD Analysis of Metal Matrix Nanocomposite Microstructure Produced by Powder Metallurgy“. Nanomaterials 9, Nr. 6 (12.06.2019): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9060878.

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The development of metal nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) remains a focus of the scientific community due to the growing need to produce lightweight advanced materials with unique mechanical properties. However, for the successful production of these nanocomposites, there is a need to consolidate knowledge about how reinforcement influences the matrix microstructure and which are the strengthening mechanisms promoting the best properties. In this context, this investigation focuses on the study of the reinforcement effect on the microstructure of an Ni-CNT nanocomposites produced by powder metallurgy. The microstructural evolution was analysed by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The EBSD results revealed that the dispersion/mixing and pressing processes induce plastic deformation in the as-received powders. The dislocation structures produced in those initial steps are partially eliminated in the sintering process due to the activation of recovery and recrystallization mechanisms. However, the presence of CNTs in the matrix has a significant effect on the dislocation annihilation, thus reducing the recovery of the dislocation structures.

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Hou, Zi Yong, Yun Bo Xu, Di Wu und Guo Dong Wang. „Study of Microstructure and Texture of Nb-IF High Strength Steel after Cold Rolling and Annealing“. Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (Juni 2012): 1208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1208.

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The effects of annealing routes (batch annealing and continuous annealing) on the development of microstructure and texture in a cold-rolled Nb-IF high strength steel sheet were studied by means of optical microscopy(OM), electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD) and ODF analysis. The results show that the finer and more homogenous recrystallization grain can be observed in the CA steel. The CA process leads to an increase in the intensity of the γ-fibers, and the very sharp and uniform γ-fibers are found in this case, which is beneficial to the deep-drawability.

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Yang, Hua Shan, Yu Jun Che, Zhen Liao und Tian Lan. „The Structure of Glutinous-Lime Mortar: A Fuzzy Fractal System“. Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (Oktober 2014): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.606.

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The glutinous rice-lime mortar (M_GRL) is a high performance organic-inorganic composite, which has been commonly used as a building material since ancient times in China. However, the knowledge of nonlinear structure of M_GRL is limited. In this work, the nonlinear structure of traditional M_GRL was investigated. The particle size distribution (PSD) of fine and micro-aggregate were evaluated by fuzzy fractal set. The microstructure of M_GRL were tested by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis. Results shown that the structure of M_GRL is a fuzzy fractal system. And the fuzzy fractal dimension of the system is correlated to the fracture resistance of M_GRL.

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Rdzawski, Z., W. Głuchowski, J. Stobrawa und J. Sobota. „Effect of Rare-Earth Metals Addition on Microstructure and Properties of Selected Copper Alloys“. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, Nr. 2 (01.06.2014): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0105.

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Abstract Effect of addition of rare earth metals on microstructure and properties of copper alloys after casting, after cold working and after heat treatment was studies in this paper. Methodology consisted of microstructure investigations by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, distribution of alloying elements and electron backscattered diffraction results (EBSD) were presented. The mechanical properties of a wire after tension test and after hardness measurements were described. Electrical conductivity test was performed using Foerster Sigmatest and Thomson bridge. Analysis of the microstructure and mechanical properties of investigated alloys after casting and after metal working showed possibility to produce materials with preferred set of functional properties.

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Pabich, Stephanie, Christian Vollmer und Nikolaus Gussone. „Investigating crystal orientation patterns of foraminiferal tests by electron backscatter diffraction analysis“. European Journal of Mineralogy 32, Nr. 6 (13.11.2020): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-613-2020.

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Abstract. We studied the crystallographic orientation of calcite crystals in benthic foraminifers by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Individuals of two species, Gyroidinoides soldanii and Cibicidoides grimsdalei, featuring different test structures, were investigated for a time span covering 43 Myr. The aims of this study are to visualize test structure differences in foraminifers and to reveal potential changes in crystal orientation and grain size over time caused by diagenetic reactions such as recrystallization. Such recrystallization effects over time may aid in the interpretation of time-resolved geochemical data obtained on foraminiferal samples for paleo-environmental reconstructions. The EBSD patterns clearly resolve the different test structures of the two species. Cibicidoides grimsdalei has the c axes perpendicular to the test surface. An apparent shift in the preferred crystal orientation can most likely be attributed to a mismatch between the equatorial plane and cutting plane of the foraminiferal test, highlighting the importance of reproducible preparation techniques. In Gyroidinoides soldanii, the c axes of the calcite crystals show a broader distribution of the crystals with no preferred orientation. The specimens show no change in crystal sizes over time, with a frequency maximum corresponding to the spot size of the electron beam. Overall, the differences between the two species demonstrate that EBSD is a powerful tool to visualize and differentiate between foraminiferal test structures.

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Bogucki, R., K. Sulikowska, M. Bieda, P. Ostachowski und K. Sztwiertnia. „Analysis of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Changes in AA1050 Aluminum Subjected to ECAP and KoBo Processes / Analiza Zmian Mikrostruktury I Własności Mechanicznych Aluminium AA1050 Po Procesie ECAP I KoBo“. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, Nr. 4 (01.12.2015): 3063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0489.

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Analysis of the results of the microstructure and the mechanical properties change in AA1050 aluminum alloy of technical purity processed using ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) and KoBo deformation methods are presented in the paper.. ECAP process was performed according to Bc scheme in the range from 1 up to 10 passes. Changes of microstructure were analyzed using scanning electrone microscope equipped with electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) system. Microstructure and fraction of high-angle grain boundaries in KoBo processed samples were similar to those observed in ECAP processed samples after four passes. The most significant microstructure refinement was observed in ECAP processed sample submitted to 10 passes. In ECAP method the systematic increase of mechanical properties was observed along with increase of deformation degree.

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Koblischka-Veneva, A., und M. R. Koblischka. „Analysis of twin boundaries using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique“. Materials Science and Engineering: B 151, Nr. 1 (Juni 2008): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2008.02.009.

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Ji, Bong Ki, Jun Hyung Lim, Dong Wook Lee, Min Woo Kim, Byung Hyuk Jun, Chan Joong Kim und Jin Ho Joo. „Effects of Processing Variables on the Development of the Cube Texture in Ni Tapes Fabricated by the Cold Working of Ni Powder Compact Rods“. Materials Science Forum 449-452 (März 2004): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.121.

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We studied the effects of the processing variables on the texture development of Ni tapes prepared from Ni powder compact rods. The Ni power was compacted into rods by cold isostatic pressing(CIP). The CIP-processed Ni rods were sintered for densification and made into Ni tapes of 100 microns by cold rolling. For the development of a cube texture, the rolled Ni tapes were annealed at various temperatures. The brass texture was converted into a cube texture during annealing and the degree of the formed cube textured was dependent on the annealing temperature. We analyzed the (200) cube texture by X-ray diffraction and pole figure analysis and EBSD(Electron beam backscattered diffraction pattern).

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Drozdenko, Daria, Gergely Farkas, Pavol Šimko, Klaudia Fekete, Jan Čapek, Gerardo Garcés, Dong Ma, Ke An und Kristián Máthis. „Influence of Volume Fraction of Long-Period Stacking Ordered Structure Phase on the Deformation Processes during Cyclic Deformation of Mg-Y-Zn Alloys“. Crystals 11, Nr. 1 (25.12.2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11010011.

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Deformation mechanisms in extruded Mg-Y-Zn alloys with different volume fractions of the long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) structure have been investigated during cyclic loading, i.e., compression followed by unloading and reverse tensile loading. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and in situ neutron diffraction (ND) techniques are used to determine strain path dependence of the deformation mechanisms. The twinning-detwinning mechanism operated in the α-Mg phase is of key importance for the subsequent hardening behavior of alloys with complex microstructures, consisting of α-Mg and LPSO phases. Besides the detailed analysis of the lattice strain development as a function of the applied stress, the dislocation density evolution in particular alloys is determined.

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Li, Lili, und Ming Han. „Determining the Bravais lattice using a single electron backscatter diffraction pattern“. Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, Nr. 1 (30.01.2015): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576714025989.

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Theab initioderivation of the Bravais lattice from the Kikuchi bands detected from a single electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) pattern is successfully performed. The as-measured band widths and azimuths always suffer from gnomonic distortions which need to be corrected. A primitive reciprocal cell is first reconstructed by means of the corrected data and the cell parameters are then refined by least-squares analysis of hugely over-determined equations. This allows one to further derive a Niggli reduced cell from the primitive cell. The algorithm presented is not related to any crystal symmetry information and is therefore applicable to all crystal systems. The feasibility of the determination of the Bravais lattice type and parameters from a single EBSD pattern is demonstrated using a mineral sample without anya prioriinformation about its crystal structure. The novel application developed in the present work opens the way to the determination of the Bravais lattice of crystalline materials using scanning electron microscopy combined with the EBSD technique.

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Šedivý, Ondřej, Viktor Beneš, Petr Ponížil, Petr Král und Václav Sklenička. „QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF PURE COPPER PROCESSED BY ECAP“. Image Analysis & Stereology 32, Nr. 2 (27.06.2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v32.p65-75.

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Orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) allows to measure crystallic orientations at the surface of the material. Digitalized data representing the orientations are processed to recognize the grain structure and they are visualized in crystal orientation maps. Analysis of the data firstly consists in recognition of grain boundaries followed by identification of grains themselves. Knowing the grain morphology it is possible to characterize the homogeneity of the structure and estimate structural parameters related to the physical properties of the material. The paper describes methods of imaging and quantitative characterization of the grain boundary structure in metals based on data from electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD).

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Królicka, Aleksandra, Aleksandra Janik, Andrzej Żak und Krzysztof Radwański. „The qualitative–quantitative approach to microstructural characterization of nanostructured bainitic steels using electron microscopy methods“. Materials Science-Poland 39, Nr. 2 (01.06.2021): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2021-0017.

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Abstract Both qualitative and quantitative analyses play a key role in the microstructural characterization of nanobainitic steels focused on their mechanical properties. This research demonstrates various methods of microstructure analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques, taking into account these two approaches. The structural constituents have been qualitatively characterized using TEM and selected area electron diffraction (SAED), together with quantitative analysis based on the misorientation angle (EBSD). Besides, quantitative measurement of austenite with both blocky and film-like morphologies has been carried out. Due to the scale of nanostructured bainite, it is also important to control the thickness of bainitic ferrite and film-like austenite; hence, a method for measuring their thickness is presented. Finally, the possibility of measuring the prior-austenite grain size by the EBSD method is also demonstrated and compared with the conventional grain boundary etching method. The presented methods of qualitative and quantitative analyses form a complementary procedure for the microstructural characterization of nanoscale bainitic steels.

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