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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Antigens, CD44 B-Lymphocytes Lymphocyte Activation“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Antigens, CD44 B-Lymphocytes Lymphocyte Activation"
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Zhang, Jinyi, Amro Shehabeldin, Luis A. G. da Cruz, Jeffrey Butler, Ally-Khan Somani, Mary McGavin, Ivona Kozieradzki et al. „Antigen Receptor–Induced Activation and Cytoskeletal Rearrangement Are Impaired in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein–Deficient Lymphocytes“. Journal of Experimental Medicine 190, Nr. 9 (01.11.1999): 1329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.9.1329.
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The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) has been implicated in modulation of lymphocyte activation and cytoskeletal reorganization. To address the mechanisms whereby WASp subserves such functions, we have examined WASp roles in lymphocyte development and activation using mice carrying a WAS null allele (WAS−/−). Enumeration of hemopoietic cells in these animals revealed total numbers of thymocytes, peripheral B and T lymphocytes, and platelets to be significantly diminished relative to wild-type mice. In the thymus, this abnormality was associated with impaired progression from the CD44−CD25+ to the CD44−CD25− stage of differentiation. WASp-deficient thymocytes and T cells also exhibited impaired proliferation and interleukin (IL)-2 production in response to T cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation, but proliferated normally in response to phorbol ester/ionomycin. This defect in TCR signaling was associated with a reduction in TCR-evoked upregulation of the early activation marker CD69 and in TCR-triggered apoptosis. While induction of TCR-ζ, ZAP70, and total protein tyrosine phosphorylation as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and stress-activated protein/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) activation appeared normal in TCR-stimulated WAS−/− cells, TCR-evoked increases in intracellular calcium concentration were decreased in WASp-deficient relative to wild-type cells. WAS−/− lymphocytes also manifested a marked reduction in actin polymerization and both antigen receptor capping and endocytosis after TCR stimulation, whereas WAS−/− neutrophils exhibited reduced phagocytic activity. Together, these results provide evidence of roles for WASp in driving lymphocyte development, as well as in the translation of antigen receptor stimulation to proliferative or apoptotic responses, cytokine production, and cytoskeletal rearrangement. The data also reveal a role for WASp in modulating endocytosis and phagocytosis and, accordingly, suggest that the immune deficit conferred by WASp deficiency reflects the disruption of a broad range of cellular behaviors.
2
Nakayama, K., K. Nakayama, L. B. Dustin und D. Y. Loh. „T-B cell interaction inhibits spontaneous apoptosis of mature lymphocytes in Bcl-2-deficient mice.“ Journal of Experimental Medicine 182, Nr. 4 (01.10.1995): 1101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.182.4.1101.
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Bcl-2 expression is tightly regulated during lymphocyte development. Mature lymphocytes in Bcl-2-deficient mice show accelerated spontaneous apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Stimulation of Bcl-2-deficient lymphocytes by anti-CD3 antibody inhibited the spontaneous apoptosis not only in T cells but also in B cells. The rescue of B cells was dependent on the presence of T cells, mainly through CD40L and interleukin (IL)-4. Furthermore, we generated Bcl-2-deficient mice transgenic for a T cell receptor or an immunoglobulin, both specific for chicken ovalbumin, to test for antigen-specific T-B cell interaction in the inhibition of the spontaneous apoptosis. The initial T cell activation by antigenic peptides presented by B cells suppressed apoptosis in T cells. Subsequently, T cells expressed CD40L and released ILs, leading to the protection of B cells from spontaneous apoptosis. These results suggest that the antiapoptotic signaling via CD40 or IL-4 may be largely independent of Bcl-2. Engagement of the Ig alone was not sufficient for the inhibition of B cell apoptosis. Thus, the physiological role of Bcl-2 in mature lymphocytes may be to protect cells from spontaneous apoptosis and to extend their lifespans to increase the opportunity for T cells and B cells to interact with each other and specific antigens in secondary lymphoid tissues. Bcl-2, however, appears to be dispensable for survival once mature lymphocytes are activated by antigen-specific T-B cell collaboration.
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Maltzman, J. S., J. A. Carman und J. G. Monroe. „Role of EGR1 in regulation of stimulus-dependent CD44 transcription in B lymphocytes.“ Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, Nr. 5 (Mai 1996): 2283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.5.2283.
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The immediate-early gene egr-1 encodes a transcription factor (EGR1) that links B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signals to downstream activation events through the regulation of previously unidentified target genes. Here we identify the gene encoding the lymphocyte homing and migration protein CD44 as a target of EGR1 regulation in B cells. BCR-induced increases in CD44 mRNA expression and transcription levels are shown to occur in EGR1-expressing but not in nonexpressing subclones of the B-cell line WEHI-231. Kinetics of egr-1 transcription and the appearance of nuclear EGR1 protein precede CD44 induction and occur within 30 min after stimulation in the EGR1-expressing subclone. A single EGR1 binding motif is demonstrated at bp -301 of the human CD44 promoter. Cotransfection of a CD44 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct with an egr-1 expression vector resulted in a 6.5- to 8.5-fold induction of transcriptional activity relative to an empty expression vector. The EGR1 binding motif was shown to be necessary for stimulus-induced expression of a CD44 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct in nontransformed B lymphocytes and was required for transactivation by an EGR1 expression vector in a B-cell line. These studies identify EGR1 as an intermediary linking BCR-derived signals to the induction of CD44. The relevance of these molecular events to BCR signal transduction and antigen-stimulated B-cell-mediated immune responses is discussed.
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DeGrendele, H. C., P. Estess, L. J. Picker und M. H. Siegelman. „CD44 and its ligand hyaluronate mediate rolling under physiologic flow: a novel lymphocyte-endothelial cell primary adhesion pathway.“ Journal of Experimental Medicine 183, Nr. 3 (01.03.1996): 1119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.3.1119.
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The extravasation of leukocytes from the blood into tissues occurs as a multistep process: an initial transient interaction ("rolling"), generally thought to be mediated by the selectin family of adhesion molecules, followed by firm adhesion, usually mediated by integrins. Using a parallel plate flow chamber designed to approximate physiologic flow in postcapillary venules, we have characterized a rolling interaction between lymphoid cells and adherent primary and cultured endothelial cells that is not selectin mediated. Studies using blocking monoclonal antibodies indicate that this novel interaction is mediated by CD44. Abrogation of the rolling interaction could be specifically achieved using both soluble hyaluronate (HA) and treatment of the adherent cells with HA-reactive substances, indicating that HA is the ligand supporting this rolling interaction. Some B and T cell lines, as well as normal lymphocytes, either constitutively exhibit rolling or can be induced to do so by phorbol ester or in vivo antigen activation. These studies indicate that CD44 and its principal ligand hyaluronate represent another receptor/carbohydrate ligand pair mediating a novel activation-dependent pathway of lymphocyte/endothelial cell adhesion.
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Krinzman, S. J., G. T. De Sanctis, M. Cernadas, L. Kobzik, J. A. Listman, D. C. Christiani, D. L. Perkins und P. W. Finn. „T cell activation in a murine model of asthma“. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 271, Nr. 3 (01.09.1996): L476—L483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1996.271.3.l476.
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To determine the mechanisms by which inhaled antigens produce pulmonary inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity, we have developed a murine model of asthma. BALB/c mice are sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Compared with mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), OVA-treated mice developed increased lung resistance, decreased dynamic compliance, and greater methacholine reactivity. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed significant increases in the proportion of neutrophils and eosinophils. Tissue sections of OVA-treated mice demonstrated goblet cell metaplasia and focal perivascular and peribronchial infiltrates composed of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Analysis of thoracic lymphocytes via flow cytometry revealed an expansion of both CD4+ and B cell populations, with increased expression of interleukin-2 receptor on CD4+ T cells, indicated increased activation. There was also increased expression of CD44 on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, suggesting an expansion of the local memory cell population. These findings support the hypothesis that activation of T lymphocytes mediates allergic pulmonary inflammation and bronchial reactivity in asthma.
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Maltzman, J. S., J. A. Carmen und J. G. Monroe. „Transcriptional regulation of the Icam-1 gene in antigen receptor- and phorbol ester-stimulated B lymphocytes: role for transcription factor EGR1.“ Journal of Experimental Medicine 183, Nr. 4 (01.04.1996): 1747–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.4.1747.
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Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1/CD54 plays an important role in T cell dependent B cell activation and for function of B lymphocytes as antigen-presenting cells. ICAM-1 expression is upregulated as a consequence of B lymphocyte antigen receptor (BCR) signaling, thereby serving to render antigen-stimulated B cells more receptive to T cell-mediated costimulatory signals. We have investigated BCR-induced expression of the Icam-1 gene in primary B cells and B cell lines and have found it to be dependent on BCR-induced expression of the transcription factor EGR1. Icam-1 transcription, induced by BCR cross-linking or bypassing the BCR with phorbol ester, is absent in a B cell line in which the EGR1-encoding gene (egr-1) is methylated and not expressed. A potential EGR1-binding site was located at -701 bp upstream of the murine Icam-1 gene transcription start site and shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay to bind to murine EGR1. Mutation of this site in the context of 1.1 kb of the Icam-1 promoter significantly abrogated transcriptional induction by phorbol ester and anti-mu stimulation in primary B cells. A direct effect of EGR1 on the Icam-1 promoter is suggested by the ability of EGR1 expressed from an SV40-driven expression vector transactivate the wild-type Icam-1 promoter, whereas mutation of the EGR1 mutation of the EGR1 binding motif at -701 bp markedly compromises this induction. These data identify EGR1 as a signaling intermediate in BCR-stimulated B cell functional responses, specifically linking BCR signal transduction to induction of the Icam-1 gene. Furthermore, similar findings for BCR-induced CD44 gene induction (Maltzman, J.S., J.A. Carman, and J.G. Monroe. 1996. Role of EGR1 in regulation of stimulus-dependent CD44 transcription in B lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. In press) suggest that EGR1 may be an important signaling molecule for regulating levels of migration and adhesion molecules during humoral immune responses.
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Zanetta, J. P., J. Wantyghem, S. Kuchler-Bopp, A. Badache und M. Aubery. „Human lymphocyte activation is associated with the early and high-level expression of the endogenous lectin CSL at the cell surface“. Biochemical Journal 311, Nr. 2 (15.10.1995): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3110629.
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Lymphocytes undergo activation in response to antigens, cytokines, lectins and antibodies interacting with specific cell-surface molecules or through substances influencing signal transduction pathways. This study shows that human T- and B-cells stimulated using phorbol esters or plant lectins express early (2 h using phorbol esters and 24 h using plant lectins) a high level of a polyvalent carbohydrate-binding protein, the cerebellar soluble lectin (CSL), which is in part externalized. The lectin, immunologically related to CDw70, interacts with specific glycoprotein ligands of the lymphocyte surface, including CD3 on T-cells and CD24 on B-cells. Major changes in phosphorylations associated with activation appear as largely CSL-dependent since they are specifically inhibited by anti-CSL Fab fragments. It is suggested that the lectin induces the clustering of specific cell-surface glycoproteins and plays the role of an endogenous amplifier of activation signals.
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Maynadie, Marc M., Romain Casey, Karine Piazzon, Jean Claude Capiod und Paule-Marie Carli. „Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Subpopulations and Apoptotic Markers in Patients with Lymphoid Malignancies and in Controls: An Epidemiologic Case-Control Study.“ Blood 104, Nr. 11 (16.11.2004): 3858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.3858.3858.
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Abstract Few references ranges of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes subpopulations are available in the literature and fewer data were available regarding activation, proliferation and apoptosis antigen expression on such populations. We studied these parameters in patients included in an epidemiologic case-control study on risk factors of lymphoid malignancies conducted within European countries. Cell surface staining of peripheral blood lymphocyte antigens were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry in 300 cases and 300 controls. We determined CD3+, CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, CD3−/CD56+CD16+, CD19+, CD19+/CD5+, CD19+/CD5− and CD57+ populations. Expression of CD25, CD16, CD40, CD154, CD95 and CD178 were studied on these populations. CD expressions were compared by multiple regressions between controls and diseases, after stratification on circulating phase. In controls we observed a significant decrease of B cells and an increase of NK cells with age. No difference was found according to sex, smoking status and Body Mass Index. In Follicular Lymphoma, Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma and Marginal Zone Lymphoma (MZL) without circulating phase cases, we observed a decrease of the B cell subset and an increase of the NK cell subset instead of only a trend was found in Multiple Myeloma, Mycosis Fongoides, Hodgkin Disease and Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma. CD95 expression was increased in HD, DLBCL, MZL without circulating phase and Hairy Cell Leukemia but decreased in B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and MZL with circulating phase. CD40 was decreased on B cells in HD, FL, MZL, B-ALL and CLL. This study was one of the most important, in term of number of patients included, particularly concerning data on activation, proliferation and apoptosis markers in normal subjects but also in several lymphoid malignancies.
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Cooke, M. P., A. W. Heath, K. M. Shokat, Y. Zeng, F. D. Finkelman, P. S. Linsley, M. Howard und C. C. Goodnow. „Immunoglobulin signal transduction guides the specificity of B cell-T cell interactions and is blocked in tolerant self-reactive B cells.“ Journal of Experimental Medicine 179, Nr. 2 (01.02.1994): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.179.2.425.
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The specificity of antibody (Ab) responses depends on focusing helper T (Th) lymphocyte signals to suitable B lymphocytes capable of binding foreign antigens (Ags), and away from nonspecific or self-reactive B cells. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that prevent the activation of self-reactive B lymphocytes, the activation requirements of B cells specific for the Ag hen egg lysozyme (HEL) obtained from immunoglobulin (Ig)-transgenic mice were compared with those of functionally tolerant B cells isolated from Ig-transgenic mice which also express soluble HEL. To eliminate the need for surface (s)Ig-mediated Ag uptake and presentation and allow the effects of sIg signaling to be studied in isolation, we assessed the ability of allogeneic T cells from bm12 strain mice to provide in vivo help to C57BL/6 strain-transgenic B cells. Interestingly, non-tolerant Ig-transgenic B cells required both allogeneic Th cells and binding of soluble HEL for efficient activation and Ab production. By contrast, tolerant self-reactive B cells from Ig/HEL double transgenic mice responded poorly to the same combination of allogeneic T cells and soluble HEL. The tolerant B cells were nevertheless normally responsive to stimulation with interleukin 4 and anti-CD40 Abs in vitro, suggesting that they retained the capacity to respond to mediators of T cell help. However, the tolerant B cells exhibited a proximal block in the sIg signaling pathway which prevented activation of receptor-associated tyrosine kinases in response to the binding of soluble HEL. The functional significance of this sIg signaling defect was confirmed by using a more potent membrane-bound form of HEL capable of triggering sIg signaling in tolerant B cells, which markedly restored their ability to collaborate with allogeneic Th cells and produce Ab. These findings indicate that Ag-specific B cells require two signals for mounting a T cell-dependent Ab response and identify regulation of sIg signaling as a mechanism for controlling self-reactive B cells.
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Boumedine, Radia Sidi, Gorazd Krosl, Marc Vaillancourt, Claude Perreault und Denis-Claude Roy. „Specific Elimination of Alloreactive T Lymphocytes Using Photodynamic Therapy Prevents GVHD and Enables Rapid Immune Reconstitution.“ Blood 104, Nr. 11 (16.11.2004): 4987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.4987.4987.
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Abstract Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and impaired immune reconstitution are the primary obstacles limiting the efficacy of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and impaired immune reconstitution are the primary obstacles limiting the efficacy of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). The purpose of this study was to determine whether selective depletion of donor alloantigen-specific T lymphocytes using photodynamic therapy (PDT) would prevent GVHD and enable immune reconstitution in the context of MHC-mismatched SCT. This question was addressed in an MHC-incompatible mouse model of GVHD. The donor (C57BL/6; H-2b) derived spleen cells were first activated against C3H/HeJ (H-2k) host spleen cells in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture and then exposed to photodynamic treatment, using dibromorhodamine methyl ester (TH9402) as a photosensitizer. Activated T cells showed preferential retention of this photosensitizer compared to resting lymphocytes. In addition, in vitro experiments revealed that PDT eradicated a significantly higher proportion of activated than resting T cells. When lethally irradiated H-2k mice (C3H/HeJ and B10BR) were transplanted with C57BL/6 derived T cell-depleted bone marrow cells supplemented with C57BL/6 derived spleen cells activated with C3H/HeJ targets, they rapidly succumbed to acute GVHD (within 10–47 days). In contrast, both mouse strains receiving histoincompatible C57BL/6 T cells previously exposed to PDT after activation against C3H/HeJ survived until the end of the observation period (>100 days)(p<0.0001). Additionally, transplantation of treated T cells induced lethal GVHD in C57BL/6 histoincompatible strains of mice (third party), suggesting PDT specifically eradicated activated T cells while sparing most resting T lymphocytes. Analysis of immune recovery, evaluating T and B cell populations in thymus and spleen, activated T cells components (CD44, CD62L, CD69), proliferative responses (anti-CD3 and conA), and Vβ repertoire indicated that T and B cell reconstitution in MHC-mismatched mice transplanted with treated primed cells was similar to that of mice transplanted with treated or control autologous cells indicating that immune cells were preserved and functional. These results demonstrate that PDT can selectively eliminate alloreactive T cells and prevent the development of GVHD, while sparing T cells reactive against non-host antigens, thus offering protection against infection and disease relapse.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Antigens, CD44 B-Lymphocytes Lymphocyte Activation"
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DiSanto, James Philip. „Molecular events in human T cell activation : CD4, CD8 and the human Lyt-3 molecules /“. Access full-text from WCMC, 1989. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=745024391&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8424&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Fournier-Conge, Anne-Marie. „Anomalies de l'activation des lymphocytes B circulants au cours de l'infection par le VIH-1 : implications physiopathologiques et cliniques“. Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON1T025.
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Delli, Joe. „Coreceptor and costimulatory signals organize proteins within the immunological synapse and augment proximal T cell signaling events /“. Connect to full text via ProQuest. IP filtered, 2006.
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Thesis (Ph.D. in Immunology) -- University of Colorado, 2006.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 277-285). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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Jellison, Evan Robert. „CD4 T Cell-Mediated Lysis and Polyclonal Activation of B Cells During Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection: A Dissertation“. eScholarship@UMMS, 2008. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/349.
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CD4 T cells and B cells are cells associated with the adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system is designed to mount a rapid antigen-specific response to pathogens by way of clonal expansions of T and B cells bearing discrete antigen-specific receptors. During viral infection, interactions between CD4 T cells and B cells occur in a dynamic process, where B cells that bind to the virus internalize and degrade virus particles. The B cells then present viral antigens to virus-specific CD4 T cells that activate the B cells and cause them to proliferate and differentiate into virus-specific antibody-secreting cells. Yet, non-specific hypergammaglobulinemia and the production of self-reactive antibodies occur during many viral infections, and studies have suggested that viral antigen-presenting B cells may become polyclonally activated by CD4 T cells in vivo in the absence of viral engagement of the B cell receptor. This presumed polyclonal B cell activation associated with virus infection is of great medical interest because it may be involved in the initiation of autoimmunity or contribute to the long-term maintenance of B cell memory.
In order to directly examine the interactions that occur between T cells and B cells, I asked what would happen to a polyclonal population of B cells that are presenting viral antigens, if they were transferred into virus-infected hosts. I performed these studies in mice using the well-characterized lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model of infection. I found that the transferred population of antigen-presenting B cells had two fates. Some antigen-expressing B cells were killed in vivo by CD4 T cells in the first day after transfer into LCMV-infected hosts. However, B cells that survived the cytotoxicity underwent a dynamic polyclonal activation manifested by proliferation, changes in phenotype, and antibody production.
The specific elimination of antigen-presenting B cells following adoptive transfer into LCMV-infected hosts is the first evidence that MHC class II-restricted killing can occur in vivo during viral infection. This killing was specific, because only cells expressing specific viral peptides were eliminated, and they were only eliminated in LCMV-infected mice. In addition to peptide specificity, killing was restricted to MHC class II high cells that expressed the B cell markers B220 and CD19. Mice depleted of CD4 T cells prior to adoptive transfer did not eliminate virus-specific targets, suggesting that CD4 T cells are required for this killing. I found that CD4 T cell-dependent cytotoxicity cannot be solely explained by one mechanism, but Fas-FasL interactions and perforin are mechanisms used to induce lysis.
Polyclonal B cell activation, hypothesized to be the cause of virus-induced hypergammaglobulinemia, has never been formally described in vivo. Based on previous studies of virus-induced hypergammaglobulinemia, which showed that CD4 T cells were required and that hypergammaglobulinemia was more likely to occur when virus grows to high titer in vivo, it was proposed that the B cells responsible for hypergammaglobulinemia may be expressing viral antigens to virus-specific CD4 T cells in vivo. CD4 T cells would then activate the B cells. However, because the antibodies produced during hypergammaglobulinemia are predominantly not virus-specific, nonvirus-specific B cells must be presenting viral antigens in vivo.
In my studies, the adoptively transferred B cells that survived the MHC class II-restricted cytotoxicity became polyclonally activated in LCMV-infected mice. Most of the surviving naïve B cells presenting class II MHC peptides underwent an extensive differentiation process involving both proliferation and secretion of antibodies. Both events required CD4 cells and CD40/CD40L interactions to occur but B cell division did not require MyD88-dependent signaling, type I interferon signaling, or interferon γ signaling within B cells. No division or activation of B cells was detected at all in virus-infected hosts in the absence of cognate CD4 T cells and class II antigen. B cells taken from immunologically tolerant donor LCMV carrier mice with high LCMV antigen load became activated following adoptive transfer into LCMV-infected hosts, suggesting that B cells can present sufficient antigen for this process during a viral infection. A transgenic population of B cells presenting viral antigens was also stimulated to undergo polyclonal activation in LCMV-infected mice. Due to the high proportion of B cells stimulated by virus infection and the fact that transgenic B cells can be activated in this manner, I conclude that virus-induced polyclonal B cell activation is independent of B cell receptor specificity. This approach, therefore, formally demonstrates and quantifies a virus-induced polyclonal proliferation and differentiation of B cells which can occur in a B cell receptor-independent manner.
By examining the fate of antigen-presenting B cells following adoptive transfer into LCMV-infected mice, I have been able to observe dynamic interactions between virus-specific CD4 T cells and B cells during viral infection. Adoptive transfer of antigen-presenting B cells results in CD4 T cell-mediated killing and polyclonal activation of B cells during LCMV infection. Studies showing requirements for CD4 T cells or MHC class II to control viral infections must now take MHC class II-restricted cytotoxicity into account. Polyclonal B cell activation after viral infection has the potential to enhance the maintenance of B cell memory or lead to the onset of autoimmune disease.
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Evans, Dean E. „CD40 Sustains T Cell Activation During Cognate Communication with Resting B Cells: a Dissertation“. eScholarship@UMMS, 1998. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/178.
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T and B-lymphocytes play an important role in an adaptive immune response. Communication between these two cells may result in either a humoral immune response or tolerance. Communication between T and B-lymphocytes involves a number of inducible cell surface molecules on both T and B-lymphocytes. It was the aim of this project to gain a greater understanding of the role of CD40 in the dynamic communication that occurs between naïve T-lymphocytes and resting B-lymphocytes during cognate communication. Because in vivo antigen specific T-lymphocytes are at low frequency, it is difficult to examine antigen-specific naïve T-lymphocytes. Thus, an in vitro system employing naïve antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells and small resting B-lymphocytes that did not express CD40 was devised to examine the role of CD40 in cognate communication between naïve T-lymphocytes and resting B-lymphocytes.
Upon recognition of antigen on resting B-lymphocytes that expressed CD40, T-lymphocytes proliferated, expressed the activation antigens CD69 and CD25, and remained responsive to subsequent antigen challenge. In the absence of CD40, resting B-lymphocytes did not induce sustained proliferation or sustained expression of the activation markers CD69 and CD25 on naïve T-lymphocytes, and their recovery was decreased compared to naïve T-lymphocytes that recognized antigen on resting B-lymphocytes that expressed CD40. Naïve T-lymphocytes, however, remained responsive to subsequent antigen challenge after recognition of antigen on resting CD40-/- B-lymphocytes. Recognition of antigen on resting CD40-/- B-lymphocytes also resulted in increased recovery and antigen responsiveness of T-lymphocytes when compared to controls without antigen, The role of CD40 in sustaining activation of naïve T-lymphocytes may be unique to resting B-lymphocytes, since proliferation of naïve T-lymphocytes in response to dendritic cells that did not express CD40 was similar to proliferation of naïve T-lymphocytes in response to dendritic cells that expressed CD40. The mechanism by which CD40 sustained activation of naïve T-lymphocytes was investigated by examining the induction of various costimulatory molecules on resting CD40+/- and CD40-/- B-lymphocytes during cognate interaction with naive T-lymphocytes. Induction of B7-1, upregulation of CD44 and ICAM-1, and sustained but not initial induction of B7-2 required that CD40 be expressed on resting B-lymphocytes. Expression of B7-1 and CD44H was not required for proliferation of naïve T-lymphocytes in response to antigen presented on resting B-lymphocytes. However, sustained expression of B7-2 was crucial for proliferation of naïve T-lymphocytes in response to antigen presented on resting B-lymphocytes.
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Hermann, Patrice. „Recherche du ligand du CD40 : étude du rôle de son interaction avec le CD40 dans la réponse lymphocytaire B“. Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T120.
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Fournel, Sylvie. „Étude des mécanismes de contrôle de l'activation, de l'anergie et de l'apoptose des cellules T par la molécule CD4“. Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T124.
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Esquerré, Michael. „Influence des lymphocytes T CD4+ CD25+ régulateurs sur la dynamique de formation de la synapse immunologique entre un lymphocyte T CD4+ effecteur et une cellule présentatrice d'antigène“. Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/51/.
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La rencontre entre un lymphocyte T et une cellule présentatrice d'antigène (CPA) est un évènement central dans l'initiation et le développement de la réponse immunitaire adaptative. L'interaction entre ces deux cellules entraîne de nombreuses réorganisations moléculaires au niveau de l'aire de contact intercellulaire conduisant à la formation d'une structure dynamique et spécialisée remplissant diverses fonctions biologiques : la Synapse Immunologique (SI). Cette interaction permet à un lymphocyte T CD4+ helper (TH) de s'activer et de mettre en place une signalisation intracellulaire nécessaire à la production de cytokines. Le second aspect crucial de cette interaction consiste en la polarisation de la machinerie sécrétoire du lymphocyte TH vers la CPA permettant ainsi une activation sélective de la CPA présentant l'antigène spécifique et donc une amplification sélective de la réponse immunitaire. Les lymphocytes T CD4+ CD25+ régulateurs naturels (Treg) jouent un rôle capital dans le maintien de la tolérance périphérique au soi, leur absence conduisant au développement de syndromes lymphoprolifératifs auto-immuns. Les Treg sont également impliqués dans le contrôle des réponses immunitaires anti-infectieuses et ont un rôle délétère lors des réponses immunitaires anti-tumorales. Différents mécanismes de régulation impliquant le contact cellulaire ou bien la sécrétion de molécules effectrices solubles ont à ce jour été décrits. Mon travail de thèse a été de déterminer si les Treg humains pourraient inhiber les réponses immunitaires en altérant la polarisation des lymphocytes TH vers les CPA. Afin de répondre à cette question, nous avons utilisé des approches de microscopie confocale afin de visualiser un Treg et un lymphocyte TH interagissant simultanément avec une même CPA. Nous avons pu observer que les Treg inhibent la polarisation de la machinerie sécrétoire des lymphocytes TH (appareil de Golgi et cytosquelette de tubuline) vers la CPA via la production locale de TGF-bêta. L'obtention de ces résultats nous a permis d'identifier un nouveau mécanisme de suppression, qui pourrait permettre de mieux appréhender l'incroyable potentiel des Treg à réguler finement les réponses immunitairesThe encounter between a T lymphocyte and an antigen presenting cell (APC) is a central event in the initiation and development of adaptative immune responses. Interaction between these two cells leads to multiple molecular reorganizations of the intercellular contact site leading to the formation of a dynamical and specialized structure filling diverse biological functions: the Immunological Synapse (IS). This interaction enables a CD4+ T helper lymphocyte (TH) to activate and to put into place an intracellular sustained signaling necessary for cytokine production. The second key feature of this interaction consists in TH lymphocyte secretory machinery polarization towards APC thereby allowing a selective activation of the APC presenting the specific antigen and thus a selective amplification of the immune response. CD4+ CD25+ natural regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) play a pivotal role in the maintenance of peripheral self tolerance, their absence leading to the development of autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorders. Treg are also involved in controlling anti-infectious immune responses and have a deleterious role during anti-tumoral immune responses. To date, different regulation mechanisms involving cellular contact or the secretion of soluble effector molecules have been described. My thesis work was to determine if human Treg could inhibit immune responses by altering polarization of TH lymphocytes towards APC. In order to answer this question we used confocal microscopy approaches so as to visualize a Treg and a TH lymphocyte simultaneously interacting with a same APC. We were able to observe that Treg inhibit secretory machinery polarization of TH lymphocytes (Golgi apparatus and tubulin cytoskeleton) towards APC via local TGF- production. These results enabled us to identify a novel suppression mechanism that could allow to better apprehend the incredible potential of Treg to finely regulate immune responses
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Hernandez, Maria Genevieve H. „The Role of CD40 in Naïve and Memory CD8+ T Cell Responses: a Dissertation“. eScholarship@UMMS, 2007. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/346.
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Stimulation of CD40 on APCs through CD40L expressed on helper CD4+ T cells activates and “licenses” the APCs to prime CD8+ T cell responses. While other stimuli, such as TLR agonists, can also activate APCs, it is unclear to what extent they can replace the signals provided by CD40-CD40L interactions. In this study, we used an adoptive transfer system to re-examine the role of CD40 in the priming of naïve CD8+ T cells. We find an approximately 50% reduction in expansion and cytokine production of TCR-transgenic T cells in the absence of CD40 on all APCs, and on dendritic cells in particular. Moreover, CD40-deficient and CD40L-deficient mice fail to develop endogenous CTL responses after immunization and are not protected from a tumor challenge. Surprisingly, the role for CD40 and CD40L are observed even in the absence of CD4+ T cells; in this situation, the CD8+T cell itself provides CD40L. Furthermore, we show that although TLR stimulation improves T cell responses, it cannot fully substitute for CD40.
We also investigated whether CD40-CD40L interactions are involved in the generation, maintenance, and function of memory CD8+ T cells. Using a virus infection system as well as a dendritic cell immunization system, we show that the presence of CD40 on DCs and other host APCs influences the survival of activated effector cells and directly affects the number of memory CD8+ T cells that are formed. In addition, memory CD8+ T cell persistence is slightly impaired in the absence of CD40. However, CD40 is not required for reactivation of memory CD8+ T cells. It seems that CD40 signals during priming also contribute to memory CD8+ T cell programming but this function can be independent of CD4+T cells, similar to what we showed for primary responses.
Altogether, these results reveal a direct and unique role for CD40L on CD8+ T cells interacting with CD40 on APCs that affects the magnitude and quality of primary as well as memory CD8+ T cell responses.
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Siracusa, Francesco. „Maintenance and re-activation of antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ memory T lymphocytes in the bone marrow“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19335.
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Das Knochenmark (BM) beherbergt wesentliche Komponenten des adaptiven Immunsystems, die einen langfristigen Schutz gegen wiederkehrende Pathogene vermitteln können, sodass es sich als Reservoir für ein immunologisches Gedächtnis qualifiziert. Neben langlebiger Antikörper-produzierender Plasmazellen bleiben auch Antigen (Ag)-spezifische CD8+ und CD4+ T-Gedächtniszellen dauerhaft im Knochenmark erhalten, auch wenn sie in den sekundären lymphoiden Organen (SLOs) und im Blut abwesend sind. Es wird angenommen, dass diese T-Gedächtniszellen bei erneutem Kontakt mit den gleichen systemischen Pathogenen schnell reagieren können. Allerdings sind die biologischen Mechanismen für ihre langfristige Aufrechterhaltung immer noch umstritten und demnach ungeklärt. Unklar ist auch, wie die T-Gedächtniszellen des Knochenmarks bei erneuter Konfrontation mit demselben Antigen reagieren. Hier wird dieser Frage begegnet, indem durch klassiche Immunisierung mit definieren Antigenen eine stabile Population Ag-spezifischer CD8+ und CD4+ T-Gedächtniszellen im Knochenmark erzeugt wird.The bone marrow (BM) harbors critical components of the adaptive immune system being able to provide long-lasting protection against previously encountered pathogens, thus qualifying as a reservoir of immunological memory. In addition to long-lived antibody producing plasma cells, antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ and CD4+ memory T lymphocytes are maintained long-term in the BM even when they are absent from secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and blood. Those memory T cells are thought to respond fast upon re-encounter of systemic pathogens. However, the biological mechanisms behind their long-term maintenance in the BM are still a matter of debate and thus remain unclear. Similarly, it is also unclear how the memory T cells of the BM react to antigenic re-challenge. Here we address these issues by generating a stable pool of Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ memory T lymphocytes in the BM by classical immunizations with defined antigens.
Bücher zum Thema "Antigens, CD44 B-Lymphocytes Lymphocyte Activation"
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Voll, Reinhard E., und Barbara M. Bröker. Innate vs acquired immunity. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0048.
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The innate and the adaptive immune system efficiently cooperate to protect us from infections. The ancient innate immune system, dating back to the first multicellular organisms, utilizes phagocytic cells, soluble antimicrobial peptides, and the complement system for an immediate line of defence against pathogens. Using a limited number of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like, RIG-1-like, and NOD-like receptors, the innate immune system recognizes so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are specific for groups of related microorganisms and represent highly conserved, mostly non-protein molecules essential for the pathogens' life cycles. Hence, escape mutants strongly reduce the pathogen's fitness. An important task of the innate immune system is to distinguish between harmless antigens and potentially dangerous pathogens. Ideally, innate immune cells should activate the adaptive immune cells only in the case of invading pathogens. The evolutionarily rather new adaptive immune system, which can be found in jawed fish and higher vertebrates, needs several days to mount an efficient response upon its first encounter with a certain pathogen. As soon as antigen-specific lymphocyte clones have been expanded, they powerfully fight the pathogen. Importantly, memory lymphocytes can often protect us from reinfections. During the development of T and B lymphocytes, many millions of different receptors are generated by somatic recombination and hypermutation of gene segments making up the antigen receptors. This process carries the inherent risk of autoimmunity, causing most inflammatory rheumatic diseases. In contrast, inadequate activation of the innate immune system, especially activation of the inflammasomes, may cause autoinflammatory syndromes.
Buchteile zum Thema "Antigens, CD44 B-Lymphocytes Lymphocyte Activation"
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Rudd, Christopher E., Elizabeth K. Barber, Kristine E. Burgess, Julie Y. Hahn, Andreani D. Odysseos, Man Sun Sy und Stuart F. Schlossman. „Molecular Analysis of the Interaction of p56lck with the CD4 and CD8 Antigens“. In Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation III, 85–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5943-2_10.
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Gualandris, Federica, Laura Castellani und Anna Falanga. „The Association of HLA-DQ2 with Celiac Disease“. In Celiac Disease. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95837.
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DQ2 is a surface receptor of class II MHC exposed on APC immune-competent cells. Its function is to recognize non-self-antigens and present them to CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes, which activate cytokine <21> production and control antibody production and cell response. The activation of T lymphocytes by peptides derived from gluten proteins and the production of antibodies directed against tTG in tissues where it is localized is the basis of the etiopathogenesis of celiac disease (CD). CD is frequently associated with the presence of specific HLA system genes encoding heterodimers DQ2 and DQ8, identifiable by the DQA1*0501/DQB1*0201 or DQA1*0501/DQB1*0202 and DQB1*0302 alleles. DQ2 is also associated with genetic, endocrinological and neurological diseases such as: type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis, pancreatitis and multiple sclerosis. Interactions between DQ2 and T lymphoma have also been demonstrated. The correlation between autoimmune diseases in patients with CD and therefore DQ2 is much more frequent than in healthy subjects.
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Voll, Reinhard E., und Barbara M. Bröker. „Innate vs acquired immunity“. In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology, 356–64. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0048_update_001.
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The innate and the adaptive immune system efficiently cooperate to protect us from infections. The ancient innate immune system, dating back to the first multicellular organisms, utilizes phagocytic cells, soluble antimicrobial peptides, and the complement system for an immediate line of defence against pathogens. Using a limited number of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like, RIG-1-like, and NOD-like receptors, the innate immune system recognizes so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are specific for groups of related microorganisms and represent highly conserved, mostly non-protein molecules essential for the pathogens’ life cycles. Hence, escape mutants strongly reduce the pathogen’s fitness. An important task of the innate immune system is to distinguish between harmless antigens and potentially dangerous pathogens. Ideally, innate immune cells should activate the adaptive immune cells only in the case of invading pathogens. The evolutionarily rather new adaptive immune system, which can be found in jawed fish and higher vertebrates, needs several days to mount an efficient response upon its first encounter with a certain pathogen. As soon as antigen-specific lymphocyte clones have been expanded, they powerfully fight the pathogen. Importantly, memory lymphocytes can often protect us from reinfections. During the development of T and B lymphocytes, many millions of different receptors are generated by somatic recombination and hypermutation of gene segments making up the antigen receptors. This process carries the inherent risk of autoimmunity, causing most inflammatory rheumatic diseases. In contrast, inadequate activation of the innate immune system, especially activation of the inflammasomes, may cause autoinflammatory syndromes.