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1
Chao, Y. J. „Minimum Stress Design of Nozzles in Pressure Vessel Heads“. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 110, Nr. 4 (01.11.1988): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3265630.
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In the early design stage of pressure vessels the configuration of the piping systems is not yet established; hence forces transmitted by the piping systems to the nozzles in the pressure vessels cannot be determined. This often leads to the design of nozzles in pressure vessels guided by consideration of pressure loadings such as the area-replacement method. However, it is true that in many cases the stresses due to external loads can be more critical than those due to the internal pressure. Therefore, engineers often redesign the piping system several times by adding more pipe bends or special restraints for a hot piping system to reduce the reactions at a previously designed nozzle so that the resulting stresses at the nozzle are within the acceptable limit. This paper introduces a rational mechanism whereby the stresses due to the unforeseen external loads can be minimized in the early design stage of the nozzle. An appropriate analysis is discussed which is based on the classical thin shell theory. Analyses using this method allow one to obtain the minimum stresses at a nozzle in a pressure vessel head or a spherical vessel for moment and thrust loadings.
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Al-Dabbas, Mohammed Awwad Ali. „The Description of “Temperature Self-Limiting” in Jordanian Solar Generators with Natural Cooling“. International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, Nr. 3 (30.06.2021): 938–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390330.
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This study helps to make the sustainability of the experiential system reg of solar generator device better, particularly the unexpected inactiveness of drainage liquid throughout the solar system which is generating power. Stagnation situations can be disastrous for solar system units. Various methods to mitigating the consequences of the stagnation state have been established and tested. Some suggested approaches are not appropriate for all device designs and implementations. The tested reg generator systems in experiments can continue to work although the collector of the piping system is cut off. furthermore, the absorber layer is a challenge because it absorbs general solar incandesce regardless of cell temperature, causing the piping system to become inactive. This research depicts the experiential data that was tracked and mentioned in dealing with stagnation. The hydrodynamic flowing in the experiential solar generator was simulated using rigid flow. The measuring and processing of the data allowed the identification of excessive heat and stagnation issues in real-world operating environments. Daily, the test logging data of the prototype reg device was monitored to guide the incipience of inactivity and excessive heat. Most items have been utilized in the study; solenoid check valve and the Reflux Pipe in the Check Valves have been utilized as primary control items within the experimental reg unit, while normal cooling was utilized as the subaltern control element. Under stagnation phases, an air path is installed at the rear of the absorber to cool it normally. In general, there are agreement between the experimental and simulation results.
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Elmardi Suleiman, Dr Osama Mohammed, und Mansour Hamad Elmamoun. „A REVIEW STUDY IN TROUBLESHOOTING OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS IN CEMENT INDUSTRIES“. International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, Nr. 8 (01.12.2022): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i08.006.
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Behind every hydraulic system there exists critical components that influence power transmission. To improve talent you should recognize how these components operate and affect the system i.e. learn the kinds of filter and piping used in hydraulic systems, describe the types and functions of hydraulic seals, and explain the operating principles of different types of pumps, and further learning the types and uses of accumulators, control valves, relief valves, cylinders, and even actuators. In this research study appropriate problem-solving processes are applied, and this helps to comprehend the hydraulic concepts and hydraulic schematic representations. Therefore, it will enhance the knowledge and the capacity of troubleshooting the different hydraulics systems in the cement industry. This will enable the person to stay on top of the industry practices in hydraulics, explore the basics of a hydraulic system by reviewing the types and properties of hydraulic fluids, identifying the symbols used on hydraulic schematic representations, and explaining hydraulic circuit operations based on a schematic design.
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Chmelko, Vladimír, Martin Garan, Miroslav Šulko und Marek Gašparík. „Health and Structural Integrity of Monitoring Systems: The Case Study of Pressurized Pipelines“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 17 (31.08.2020): 6023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176023.
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In the operation of some structures, particularly in energy or chemical industry where pressurized pipeline systems are employed, certain unexpected critical situations may occur, which must be definitely avoided. Otherwise, such situations would result in undesirable damage to the environment or even the endangerment of human life. For example, the occurrence of such nonstandard states can significantly affect the safety of high-pressure pipeline systems. The following paper discusses basic physical prerequisites for assembling the systems that can sense loading states and monitor the operational safety conditions of pressure piping systems in the long-run. The appropriate monitoring system hardware with cost-effective data management was designed in order to enable the real-time monitoring of operational safety parameters. Furthermore, the paper presents the results obtained from the measurements of existing real-time safety monitoring systems for selected pipeline systems.
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Isranuri, Ikhwansyah, und Nur Asnah Sitohang. „Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Bersih dengan Metode Appropriate Technology di Kelurahan Mekar Sari Kecamatan Rambutan Pemko Tebing Tinggi“. Jurnal Riset Hesti Medan Akper Kesdam I/BB Medan 6, Nr. 1 (01.06.2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34008/jurhesti.v6i1.230.
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Planning for a clean water supply system is a community service program carried out by USU in collaboration with the Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa(PMD) of the Pemko Tebing Tinggi. The problem encountered is the unavailability of clean water. This condition can interfere with people's daily activities such as the need for households. The clean water supply system that is implemented is the application of appropriate technology in the sense that it is easy to operate and all components are easy to care for by the public. The purpose of this activity is to provide clean water that meets health requirements, namely colorless, tasteless and odorless. This system is also planned to provide clean water for the next few years. The projection of population growth is also a consideration, which is calculated based on the average population growth data. Based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), the need for clean water for a population with a population of 300 households with the household category is 120 liters per person per day, so the water requirement is 1.67 liters/second. The source of water is obtained by digging 15 meters deep by installing 15 concrete rings with a diameter of 80 cm and a height of 100 cm. Then a pump is installed to suck water and then it is pumped into a poly tank (capacity 2100 liters) storage tank which is located at a height of 5-6 meters. Before flowing from the tank to the pipe, the water is filtered using a filter. For this purpose, a piping installation complete with a valve and a float is designed to automatically close the pipe when the tank is full. The result of water from this system is clean water and suitable for consumption by residents.
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Adhi, Tri Partono, Tanti S. Rosyid, Yusrin Ramli und Antonius Indarto. „Dynamic Evaluation: Centrifugal Compressor’s Operation in Determining Anti-Surge Controller“. Jurnal Otomasi Kontrol dan Instrumentasi 14, Nr. 2 (2022): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/joki.2022.14.2.6.
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Anti-surging is developed for a compressor system consisting of a booster compressor and a high-pressure compressor in a serial circuit. This evaluation presented 6 options of anti-surge systems with variations of the number of Anti-surge Valve (ASV) and its combination with the addition of a Hot Gas Bypass Valve (HGBV) and Cold Gas Bypass Valve (CGBV). From the model evaluation, the option that involves a special ASV (dedicated) for each compressor and coupled with a dedicated CGBV or HGBV is the best because the compressor can be back to normal in less than 1 second (maximum time to return to normal condition is 3 seconds. Referring to these options, a dedicated ASV for each compressor provides more benefits to the security of compressor operation. However, the most appropriate option in the field will return to the issue of cost or ease of modification. For facilities that are running (brownfield), the use of tools that already exist in the field and do a little modification is the most appropriate option, while for the new facility (grassroots project), the single ASV for a compressor circuit is the most optimum as it only involves minimum equipment and configuration as simple as possible piping/instrumentation.
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Ogawa, Akihisa, Shimpei Ono und Hiroshi Onoda. „Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Mechanical Biological Treatment System for Municipal Waste Considering the Political Framework in Ichihara City“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 21 (02.11.2021): 10296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110296.
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Japan’s declining population has caused changes in the amount and characteristics of municipal waste. In order to optimize waste incineration plants as a countermeasure to this problem, we analyzed the performance of the integration of the plants with the Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) system. In the integrated system, food waste and sewage sludge from waste incineration plants, sewage treatment plants, and industrial facilities were mixed and fermented to produce methane gas. In this study, we evaluated the environmental and economic performance of the integrated system in four case scenarios. The integrated system is located in Ichihara City in Chiba Prefecture, where the Keiyo Coastal Industrial Zone is located and where petroleum and chemical industries are concentrated. The MBT system in which the heat generated from the incineration of waste was transferred to the Keiyo Coastal Industrial Zone was found to be the best. This method could reduce CO2 emissions by 1341 t-CO2/Y, and the annual cost was the lowest at 1.60 billion yen/Y. However, the results of the sensitivity analysis of the food waste ratio and the piping distance suggested that it may be impossible to obtain appropriate evaluation results without considering the regional characteristics.
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Hamdani, Hamdani, Adi Saputra Ismy und Muhammad Rizki. „Pengaruh Variasi Arus Pengelasan Kombinasi GTAW dan SMAW terhadap Sifat Mekanik pada Carbon Steel A53 GR B“. Jurnal Teknologi 22, Nr. 2 (29.10.2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/teknologi.v22i2.3265.
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The piping system in process industry plays an important role and generally is connected by welding where the welding uses a certain current, therefore this study analyzes the appropriate current variation for welding combinations between GTAW and SMAW on A 53 GR B material using 3 variations of currents, namely 70A, 100A, and 120A. The results of the stable hardness test occurred in specimens with a holding time of 20 seconds with a hardness value of 33.67 HRC on base metal 1, on HAZ 1 of 36.00 HRC, 38.83 HRC on weld metal, 38.83 HRC on HAZ 2, on base metal 2 of 32.00 HRC. The value of the impact energy of the A3 specimen with a value of 142 joules and an impact value of 3.55 j/mm2, The value of the impact value of the B3 specimen with a value of 92 joules and an impact value of 2.30 j/mm2.
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Sutrisno, Sutrisno. „Analysis Of Fuel Installation System Design At The Enviromental Of Naval Base“. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 34, Nr. 2 (24.10.2022): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v34.2.4651.
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The fuel installation system is necessary to support the Indonesian Naval ships to carry out operations. The current condition in the field is that Second Fleet Command does not yet have a fuel installation system. So far, to support Indonesian Naval Warship in carrying out operations using Pertamina's fuel installation pipes which are directly distributed from Pertamina's bunker. As a result, the Navy has become very dependent on Pertamina's performance and this is quite an obstacle. Therefore, the author has an idea to design a fuel installation system that must be owned by the Navy, especially in the Second Fleet Command work area. In this final project, the fuel pipe installation system planning is first carried out starting from the bunker, piping, fittings, and support as a support for the installation based on a standard pipe installation design with a flow capacity of 100 kL/hour. The next stage is the calculation of the head which includes the head loss along the pipe due to friction between the fuel and the surface along the pipe and the head loss due to fittings in the installation so that the total head value of the installation will be obtained. In addition to manual calculations, numerical calculations were also carried out using pipe flow expert v5.12 software. The next step is to determine the power required for both pumps and motors to overcome the installation head and flow capacity designed and select the appropriate pump.
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Hwang, Soon-kyu, Byung-gun Jung und Jong-kap Ahn. „A Novel Proposal for Optimal Performance of Blanket Gas System for FPSOs“. Energies 15, Nr. 18 (18.09.2022): 6820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186820.
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The energy required for the transportation of raw materials and the production of most manufactured goods depends on crude oil. For these reasons, FPSOs (Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading) have become the primary production units of crude oil offshore. It is leading to an increase in the number and expanding of the production and storage facilities of the FPSOs. An increase in the oil production at the topside facilities of FPSOs will contain more gases, which leads to a rise in blow-by gas. Changes to the blanket gas system may be necessary as the flow rate of the blow-by gas is expected to increase. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a novel blanket gas system with a proper control method for controlling the cargo tank pressure when the blow-by gas is occurring. Unlike the existing system, in this proposal, the purge header that supplies the inert gas is possible for a use of the vent purpose in the situation where the blow-by gas is generated. By using the vent header and purge header for the purpose of venting, the pipe size can be drastically reduced. To quickly convert the purge header for the purpose of venting, the application of an appropriate control method is essential. A simulation was carried out for confirming the efficacy of the pressure control and the processible blow-by gas quantity compared to the existing system. In addition, as the amount of blow-by gas increased, a study on the possibility of installing large pipes used in the existing system configuration and the dual pipes suggested by this proposal was investigated. As a result of the simulation, this proposal presented better results in terms of both the pressure control performance of the cargo tanks and the arrangement of the piping compared to the existing system.
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Amirhooshang, Alvandi, Abiri Ramin, Aryan Ehsan, Rezaei Mansour und Bagherabadi Shahram. „High frequency of Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water in Kermanshah, Iran, during June–November 2012“. Journal of Water and Health 12, Nr. 3 (30.11.2013): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.150.
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To gain a better understanding of transmission and selecting appropriate measures for preventing the spread of Helicobacter pylori, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori in drinking water samples in Kermanshah, Iran. Drinking water samples were collected from around Kermanshah and filtered through 0.45 μm nitrocellulose filters. The bacterial sediment was subjected to DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for H. pylori detection using newly designed primers targeted at the conserved region of the ureC gene. The overall detection rates for H. pylori DNA in the water samples were 56% (66/118) with a frequency of 36% (25/70) in tap water samples and 85% (41/48) in wells. The detection limit was 50 bacteria per liter of filtered water and a pure H. pylori DNA copy number of 6 per reaction. Based on the evidence we may suggest that recontamination occurred and H. pylori entered into the water piping system through cracked or broken pipes or was released from established H. pylori biofilms on pipes. In conclusion, a high prevalence of H. pylori was detected in drinking water samples that strengthens the evidence of H. pylori transmission through drinking water.
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Harsem, Trond Thorgeir, Behrouz Nourozi, Amirmohammad Behzadi und Sasan Sadrizadeh. „Design and Parametric Investigation of an Efficient Heating System, an Effort to Obtain a Higher Seasonal Performance Factor“. Energies 14, Nr. 24 (15.12.2021): 8475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248475.
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The present work introduces an innovative yet feasible heating system consisting of a ground source heat pump, borehole thermal energy storage, an auxiliary heater, radiators, and ventilation coils. The concept is developed by designing a new piping configuration monitored by a smart control system to reduce the return flow temperature and increase the temperature differential between the supply and return flows. The radiators and ventilation heating circuits are connected in series to provide the heat loads with the same demand. The investigation of the proposed model is performed through developed Python code considering a case study hospital located in Norway. The article presents, after validation of the primary heating system installed in the hospital, a parametric investigation to evaluate the effect of main operational parameters on the performance metrics of both the heat pump and the total system. According to the results, the evaporator temperature is a significant parameter that considerably impacts the system performance. The parametric study findings show that the heat pumps with a thermal capacity of 400 kW and 600 kW lead to the highest heat pump and total seasonal performance factors, respectively. It is also observed that increasing the heat pump capacity does not affect the performance indicators when the condensation temperature is 40 °C and the heat recovery is 50%. Moreover, choosing a heat pump with a smaller capacity at the heat recovery of 75% (or higher) would be an appropriate option because the seasonal performance values are not varied by changing the heat pump capacity. The results reveal that reducing return temperature under a proper parameters selection results in substantially higher seasonal performance factors of the heat pump and total system. These outcomes are in-line with the United Nations sustainable development goals including Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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Rahman, Abu Bakar, Noorlaile Jasman, Normawati Ahmad, Kamarul Zaman Salleh, Siti Nur Farhana Harun und Manimaran Krishnan. „Scoping Review: Barrier to The Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Dengue Prevention“. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, Nr. 4 (10.04.2022): e001421. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i4.1421.
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Dengue fever is a vector-borne endemic disease that affects over 30 million Malaysians. Preventing the elimination of Aedes breeding sites is a necessary precautionary measure to strengthen the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the community. The aim of this study is to identify barriers to the knowledge, attitudes and practices of dengue prevention in the community through the study of selected articles published between 2010 and 2018. The present paper carried out a scoping review of available literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The title and abstract of each study were screened and relevant studies were further assessed for eligibility. A total of 1352 related articles were selected for this scoping review. Of these, 349 articles were found to be in line with the study objectives and 25 articles related to dengue prevention knowledge, attitudes and practices were discussed in this study. Conclusions and Recommendations: This review suggests that factors interfering with dengue prevention behaviours are divided into two factors, namely, the internal factors that encompass attitudes and perceptions of dengue prevention behaviours, and the environmental factors such as weather, drainage systems, buildings designed with unreachable rain gutters and also poor drainage and piping system have found to be the Aedes habitats. Therefore, interventions are normally performed to prevent an incident to re-instil positive attitudes and perceptions among the community members should be strengthened through appropriate and ongoing community programs such as COMBI and Search & Destroy campaign organized by Ministry of Health Malaysia.
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Wardhani, Eka, und Rosmeiliyana Rosmeiliyana. „Pemilihan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik di DAS Cisangkan“. Jurnal Reka Lingkungan 10, Nr. 1 (04.06.2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekalingkungan.v10i1.67-78.
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AbstrakKota Cimahi merupakan wilayah penyumbang beban pencemaran yang besar terhadap Sungai Citarum. Terdapat 5 sungai di Kota Cimahi yang terindikasi tercemar berat diantaranya adalah Sungai Cisangkan. DAS Cisangkan ditempati oleh penduduk dengan kepadatan tinggi dan belum dilengkapi dengan sistem pengelolaan air limbah domestik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi pengendalian pencemaran air yang sesuai untuk Sungai Cisangkan. Pengendalian difokuskan kepada air limbah domestik sesuai dengan PerMenPUPR No. 4 Tahun 2017. Hasil penelitian menyebutkan bahwa mutu air Sungai Cisangkan masuk katagori cemar berat dengan parameter yang tidak memenuhi bakumutu diantaranya BOD, COD, TSS, Fecal coli dan Total Coli. DAS Cisangkan meliputi 10 kelurahan, berdasarkan hasil penapisan 7 diantaranya akan menerapkan sistem terpusat dan 3 kelurahan menerapkan sistem setempat. Pengelolaan secara terpusat akan menggunakan perpipaan yang akan menyalurkan ke instalasi pengolahan air limbah. Sistem setempat direncanakan dengan menggunakan tangki septik biofilter berkapasitas 200 kepala keluarga per unit.Kata kunci: Sungai Cisangkan, limbah, domestik, pengelolaanAbstractCimahi City is an area that contributes a large pollution load to the Citarum River. There are five rivers in Cimahi City that are indicated to be heavily polluted, including the Cisangkan River. The Cisangkan watershed is occupied by a high- density population and is not equipped with a domestic wastewater management system. This study aims to determine the appropriate water pollution control strategy for the Cisangkan River. Control is focused on domestic wastewater in accordance with the regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 4/2017. The results stated that the quality of Cisangkan River water was categorized as heavily polluted with parameters that did not meet the quality standards, including BOD, COD, TSS, Fecal Coli and Total Coli. The Cisangkan watershed covers ten sub-districts; based on the results of the screening, 7 of them will implement a centralized system, and three villages will apply the local system. Centralized management will use piping that will supply the wastewater treatment plant. The local system is planned using a biofilter septic tank with a capacity of 200 households per unit.Keywords: Cisangkan River, domestic, wastewater, management
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Hamidah, Noor, Dwi Anung Nindito, Tatau Wijaya Garib, Waluyo Nuswantoro und Mahdi Santoso. „Desain Bilik Sterilisasi "White Box"“. INERSIA: lNformasi dan Ekspose hasil Riset teknik SIpil dan Arsitektur 17, Nr. 1 (28.05.2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/inersia.v17i1.39497.
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ABSTRACT The sterilization chamber is designed to sterilize the body using a filler formulation that is not harmful to the skin surface. Formulation, namely the composition of filler fluids (type, dose and amount) using substances that are safe for the body accordingly, certainly provides benefits. The use of the sterilization booth uses the correct and safe filling fluid. The sterilization chamber uses a mist nozzle sprayer (with the appropriate discharge) to spray the filling liquid so that the user is safe. This sterilization booth is named "White Box". This "White Box" research aims to design (functional and structural) and test (function test and performance test) on a system and mechanism for condensing the condensation of a humidifier that can fill the sterilization room optimally. The design method of the "White Box" sterilization booth uses a qualitative method with the following phases: (1) The preparation stage, namely the functional design and the structural design of the "White Box"; (2) The implementation stage is analyzing the use of tools and materials and making sterilization booths; (3) Post-implementation stage, namely testing the sterilization chamber, including the function test and performance test of the sterilization chamber. The design activity of the "White Box" sterilization booth was carried out by testing various variations of the prototype, including variations in the dimensions of the distribution pipe, the shape of the distribution pipe, and variations of the piping system. The validation process includes: (1) The diameter of the pipe against humidifier dew bursts; (2) The shape of the piping against humidifier dew spray; and (3) the length of the pipe passage to the humidifier dew spray. ABSTRAKBilik sterilisasi didesain untuk mensterilisasi tubuh dengan menggunakan formulasi zat pengisi yang tidak berbahaya bagi permukaan kulit. Formulasi yaitu komposisi cairan pengisi (jenis, takaran dan jumlah) menggunakan zat yang aman bagi tubuh yang sesuai, tentu memberi manfaat. Penggunaan bilik sterilisasi menggunakan cairan pengisi yang benar dan aman. Bilik sterilisasi menggunakan mist nozzle sprayer (yang debitnya sesuai) untuk menyemprotkan cairan pengisinya sehingga pengguna aman. Bilik sterilisasi ini diberi nama "White Box". Penelitian "White Box"ini bertujuan merancang (fungsional dan struktural) dan menguji coba (uji fungsi dan uji kinerja) pada sebuah sistem dan mekanisme penyaluran pengembunan dari alat humidifier yang mampu memenuhi ruang bilik sterilisasi secara optimal. Metode rancang bangun bilik sterilisasi "White Box" menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan tahap kegiatan meliputi: (1) Tahap persiapan yaitu rancangan fungsional dan rancangan struktural"White Box"; (2) Tahap pelaksanaan yaitu analisa penggunaan alat dan bahan dan Pembuatan bilik sterilisasi; (3) Tahap Pasca Pelaksanaan yaitu pengujian bilik sterilisasi antara lain uji fungsi dan uji kinerja bilik sterilisasi. Muatan kegiatan rancang bangun bilik sterilisasi "White Box" dilakukan dengan cara menguji coba berbagai variasi prototipe, meliputi variasi dimensi pipa penyaluran, bentuk pipa penyalur, variasi sistem perpipaan. Proses validasi yang dilakukan meliputi: (1) Diamater pipa terhadap semburan embun humidifier; (2) Bentuk pipa penyalur terhadap semburan embun humidifier; dan (3) Panjang lintasan pipa terhadap semburan embun humidifier.
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Lasebikan, B. A., A. R. Akisanya und W. F. Deans. „Autoclave design for high pressure-high temperature corrosion studies“. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 13, Nr. 4 (05.10.2015): 539–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-08-2013-0057.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an autoclave that can be used to assess corrosion behaviour of suitable material in high-pressure–high-temperature (HPHT) environments. Many new discoveries of oil and gas field are in HPHT environments. The development of such fields requires appropriate selection of materials that are able to withstand not just the service loads but also corrosive production fluids in the HPHT environment. Design/methodology/approach – The exposure of material samples to elevated pressure and temperature is usually done using an autoclave. The suitability of an existing autoclave for HPHT corrosion studies is provided together with suggestions on necessary design modifications. An alternative design of the autoclave is proposed based on functionality requirements and life cycle cost assessment. Findings – It is concluded that the existing autoclave was unsuitable for HPHT corrosion tests, and modifications were very expensive to implement and/or not foolproof. A new autoclave was designed, manufactured, tested and successfully used to study the effect of aqueous solution on the corrosion of a pipe subject to a combination of axial tension, internal pressure and elevated temperature. Research limitations/implications – The maximum design pressure of 15 MPa is more than sufficient for high-pressure corrosion studies in aqueous solution where partial pressure of the dissolved gas is one of the main controlling parameters. However, the design pressure is only suitable for corrosion studies in a seawater environment of up to 1,500 m water depth. Originality/value – A new design of autoclave together with all the necessary piping, assembly and control system is proposed for HPHT corrosion studies. The autoclave can be used as standalone or integrated with a mechanical testing machine and thus enables corrosion studies under a wide range of loading.
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Usiabulu, Godsday Idanegbe, Ogbonna Joel, Livinus Nosike, Victor Aimikhe und Emeka Okafor. „A New Pressure-Based Modeling Approach for Early Leak Detection in Gas Processing Plants Using Machine Learning“. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 25, Nr. 6 (11.07.2023): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i6919.
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Natural gas is composed mostly of methane, the simplest hydrocarbon molecule, with only one carbon atom. But most gas at the wellhead contains other hydrocarbon molecules known as Natural Gas Liquids (NGL). Heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as propane (C3H8), normal butane (n-C4H10), isobutane (i- C4H10) and pentanes, may also be processed in gas plants and exported as Liquified Natural Gas (LNG). During operational services in gas plant from inlet to outlet piping, gas leaks tend to occur undetected at some points in the facility. Apart from loss of gas resources, leaks and venting at natural gas processing plants release other pollutants besides methane (e.g., benzene, hexane, hydrogen sulfide) that can threaten air quality and public health. Hence, the need for early detection of gas leaks by using appropriate Machine Learning (ML) models. Insight from existing general flow equations was used to develop a new modelling approach for Machine Learning, in a test case: Gas Plant JK – 52. Input gas pressure data is calibrated and evaluated for consistency in real-time. The data is then corrected for lag-time and used to compute tolerance. Indicated time of alarm is checked against events such as residual gas, supply, pumping, etc. Where alarm is eventless, leak is suspected and eventually confirmed, suggesting that action should be taken to mitigate against the leakage. Following the input of a split training dataset, different types of regressions were used for the machine learning before automating the system for real-time evaluation and detection. Linear regression provided a 39% test accuracy, which was considered too low. This led to the use of random forest regression, which provided a 95% test accuracy and was considered excellent. It is hoped that with continuing data acquisition in gas plants employing this algorithm, further modelling will become more predictive as machine learns from experience.
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Szewczyk, Piotr. „Modyfikacja znormalizowanej metody prowadzenia prób ciśnieniowych celem jej wykorzystania do badania szczelności gazociągów z poliamidu PA 12“. Nafta-Gaz 77, Nr. 6 (Juni 2021): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.06.04.
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Before being put into operation, gas pipelines are subjected to leakage and strength pressure testing. In the case of plastic gas pipelines, a combined leakage and strength test is performed at a pressure of 1.5 ´ MOP. In Poland, in accordance with the applicable regulations, the plastic material from which gas pipelines can now be built is polyethylene. In other countries gas pipelines are also built of another material, which is PA12 polyamide. Piping systems made of this material are used to transmit gas at a pressure of 1.6 MPa. Both polyethylene and polyamide gas pipelines, after loading them with internal pressure, will undergo deformation with time, which is called the material creep phenomenon. As a result, in pressure leakage tests of gas pipelines made of thermoplastics, such as polyethylene and polyamide, it is necessary to take this phenomenon into account. Due to the different properties of polyethylene and polyamide, the amount of deformation per unit time will be different, and therefore the test procedures that are used for polyethylene gas pipelines cannot be directly used for testing polyamide gas pipelines. An example of such a procedure is the one described in point A.27 of PN-EN 805: 2002. It is mainly used for leakage testing of polyethylene water pipelines and its application for leakage testing of PA12 polyamide gas pipelines with a MOP of 1.6 MPa requires changes in the test conditions. The article presents the concept of modifying the parameters of the hydrostatic method, taking into account the different properties of PA12 pipes compared to polyethylene pipes. Particular attention was paid to the higher value of Young's modulus and the related ring stiffness of PA12 polyamide pipes compared to polyethylene pipes. In order to obtain the appropriate deformation of the pipe resulting from the material creep, the time of holding the sample under pressure was experimentally extended before starting the actual test. After establishing the required test conditions for the sealed system, tests with simulated leaks were carried out. The obtained results of tests on airtight samples and with simulated leakage confirmed the possibility of using the modified method to test the tightness of PA 12 polyamide gas pipelines with a MOP of 1.6 MPa.
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Muhammad Rifaldi, Abuijal, Agus Arip Munawar und Ichwana Ramli. „Analisis Kehilangan Tekanan Air pada Jaringan Perpipaan dalam Rangka Menuju Kampus Hijau Universitas Syiah Kuala Menggunakan Software EPANET 2.2“. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 7, Nr. 4 (16.11.2022): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i4.22275.
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Abstrak . Kehilangan aliran dalam sistem perpipaan menunjukkan kinerja sistem perpipaan. kehilangan tekanan merupakan kehilangan yang tidak dapat dihindari pada aliran fluida, yang akan menyebabkan tekanan pada aliran menjadi berkurang, sehingga menurunkan kecepatan aliran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kehilangan udara dan penurunan tekanan pada jaringan perpipaan distribusi air bersih di lingkungan kampus USK. Untuk menentukan headloss digunakan rumus Hazen-Williams . Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan kriteria yang ditetapkan oleh American Water Work Association, kehilangan kehilangan tekanan pada jaringan distribusi udara pada lingkungan kampus USK 3 tahun pengujian yaitu tahun 2019, 2020 dan 2021 sudah sesuai. Kriteria tersebut menyatakan bahwa untuk kisaran optimum yang boleh terjadi adalah 1-4 m/km dan tidak boleh melebihi 10 m/km. Sementara tekanan kehilangan yang terjadi pada lingkungan kampus USK masih berkisar 1-4 m/km. Hasil kampus kehilangan tekanan yang dilakukan pada kawasan lingkungan USK menggunakan software EPANET 2.2 menunjukkan bahwa, pada tahun 2019, 2020 dan 2021 kehilangan tekanan atau unit headloss yang terbesar terjadi pada pipa 76 sebesar 0,29 m/km pada tahun 2019, 0,23 m/ km pada tahun 2020 dan 0,4 m/km pada tahun 2021. Sementara untuk kehilangan tekanan yang terkecil terjadi pada beberapa pipa, diantaranya 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 60, 61, 65, 66, 69. 70, 71 , 72, 74, 81, 90 dan 92 dengan nilai sebesar 0 m/km. hasil Berdasarkan simulasi tekanan (Pressure ) pada tiap junction yang dilakukan menggunakan software EPANET dalam 3 tahun pengujian menunjukkan bahwa, junction yang mengalami tekanan terbesar terjadi pada junction 53 dan 56 sebesar 4218,25 m di tahun 2019. Tahun 2020 terjadi pada junction 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 66 dan 69 sebesar 4.740,34 m. Tahun 2021 terjadi pada junction 53 dan 56 sebesar 3.544,96 m. Sementara itu untuk 3 tahun pengujian terjadi pada yang sama yaitu 2 dan 3 sebesar 0,19 m.Analisis Headloss Pada Jaringan Perpipaan Dalam Rangka Green Campus Universitas Syiah Kuala Menggunakan Software Epanet 2.2Abstrak.Loss of flow in the piping system indicates the performance of the piping system. Pressure loss is an unavoidable loss in fluid flow, which will cause the pressure in the flow to decrease, thereby reducing the flow velocity. This study aims to determine water loss and pressure drop in the clean water distribution pipeline network in the USK campus environment. To determine the headloss, the Hazen-Williams formula is used. The results of the study indicate that based on the criteria set by the American Water Work Association, the loss of pressure on the clean water distribution network in the USK campus environment for 3 years of testing, namely 2019, 2020 and 2021 is appropriate. The criteria state that the optimum range that may occur is 1-4 m/km and should not exceed 10 m/km. Meanwhile, the pressure loss that occurred in the USK campus environment was still in the range of 1-4 m/km. The results of the pressure loss simulation carried out in the USK campus environment using EPANET 2.2 software show that, in 2019, 2020 and 2021 the largest pressure loss or headloss unit occurred in pipe 76 at 0.29 m/km in 2019, 0.23 m/km. km in 2020 and 0.4 m/km in 2021. Meanwhile, the smallest pressure loss occurred in several pipes, including 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 60, 61, 65, 66, 69. 70, 71 , 72, 74, 81, 90 and 92 with a value of 0 m/km. Based on the results of the pressure simulation (Pressure) at each junction carried out using EPANET software in 3 years of testing, it shows that the junction experiencing the greatest pressure occurs at junction 53 and 56 at 4218.25 m in 2019. In 2020 it occurs at junction 53, 54 , 55, 56, 59, 60, 66 and 69 of 4,740.34 m. In 2021 it will occur at junctions 53 and 56 of 3,544.96 m. While the smallest pressure for 3 years of testing occurred at the same junction, namely 2 and 3 of 0.19 m.
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Hadjian, A. H., S. F. Masri und A. F. Saud. „A Review of Methods of Equivalent Damping Estimation From Experimental Data“. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 109, Nr. 2 (01.05.1987): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264902.
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The computational problems associated with the estimation of damping, particularly in piping systems, is discussed in detail and appropriate procedures are recommended to minimize their impact. The theoretical background and the related basic assumptions in each of these methods is given first in order that the approximations introduced in practical problems is better understood. This understanding then leads to alternative procedures where more adequate and useful results are expected. The objective of this effort is to help homogenize the existing damping data by the use of systematic procedures and hence to reduce the variability of damping estimates in piping systems.
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Terao, D. „A Regulatory Perspective on Appropriate Seismic Loading Stress Criteria for Advanced Light Water Reactor Piping Systems“. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 117, Nr. 2 (01.05.1995): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842107.
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Sampaio, Silvio Cesar, Elisandro Pires Frigo, Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas, Manoel M. F. de Queiroz, Benedito Martins Gomes und Larissa Schmatz Mallmann. „PERDA DE CARGA EM TUBULAÇÕES E CONEXÕES CONDUZINDO ÁGUA RESIDUARIA DA AVICULTURA“. IRRIGA 12, Nr. 2 (10.08.2007): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2007v12n2p225-234.
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PERDA DE CARGA EM TUBULAÇÕES E CONEXÕES CONDUZINDO ÁGUA RESIDUARIA DA AVICULTURA Silvio Cesar Sampaio; Elisandro Pires Frigo; Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas; Manoel M. F. De Queiroz; Benedito Martins Gomes; Larissa Schmatz MallmannRecursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR 1 RESUMO O presente trabalho visou estimar a perda de carga em tubulações comerciais utilizando como fluido circulante água residuária de avicultura (ARA). As tubulações utilizadas foram de aço galvanizado e PVC, com diâmetros variando entre32 a75 mm. Construiu-se bancadas de testes para perdas de carga localizada e distribuída. Registrou-se dados de vazão e pressão para os variados tubos e conexões, utilizando os diferentes materiais. Na avaliação dos dados encontrados, os mesmos foram tabelados e ajustados a modelos potenciais para a perda de carga distribuída e fator “k” para perda de carga localizada. Como parâmetro de comparação e avaliação também foram registrados dados utilizando como fluído circulante água de abastecimento urbano (AAU). A ARA apresentou em média uma diminuição de 42 e 21% no valor do coeficiente “C” de rugosidade da equação de Hazen-Williams, quando comparado com a AAU, para os tubos de PVC e aço galvanizado, respectivamente. Para a perda de carga distribuída, estima-se um aumento que varia de31 a8% com a ARA em relação à AAU, porém essa diferença é sujeita a variação da vazão. Nas conexões soldáveis a perda de carga localizada com a ARA foi maior que na AAU, ao contrário das conexões rosqueáveis. UNITERMOS: perda de carga, irrigação, hidráulica. SAMPAIO, S. C.; FRIGO, E. P.; VILAS BOAS, M. A.; QUEIROZ, M. M. F. de; GOMES, B. M.; MALLMANN, L. S. HEAD LOSSES IN PIPELINES AND CONNECTIONS CARRYING POULTRY WASTEWATER 2 ABSTRACT An appropriate hydraulics system project requires knowledge on liquid behavior in pressurized piping. This work aimed to evaluate head losses in pipelines and connections carrying poultry wastewater. Commercial pipelines made of galvanized iron and PVC and diameters from1”to3”were used. Poultry wastewater presented an average decrease of 42 and 21% inHazen-Williams´s coefficient values, when compared to water in PVC and galvanized ion pipelines, respectively. In general, head loss in all pipelines increased from 31 to 8% with poltry wastewater in relation to water. The connection type affected the results in localized head loss with poultry wastewater. KEYWORDS: wastewater, irrigation, hydraulics
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Slagis, G. C. „Experimental Data on Seismic Response of Piping Components“. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 120, Nr. 4 (01.11.1998): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842358.
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Experimental data from the EPRI Piping and Fitting Dynamic Reliability Program are evaluated. High-amplitude, seismic time history loads were applied to 32 piping components in a cantilevered configuration. Components included elbows, tees, reducers, a reinforced fabricated tee, a nozzle, and lugs. The test levels were about 2 to 8 times Level D. The seismic capability of elbows is shown to be remarkable. The seismic performance of lugs is judged to be poor. The tests demonstrate that collapse is a potential failure mode, particularly in low-frequency systems. The tests also demonstrate that a fatigue failure in a single, high-level, seismic event is possible. Of the 15 nonelbow tests that failed by fatigue, six (40 percent) failed during the first high-level seismic test. Design and fabrication details are crucial to seismic performance. Trends in the data need to be assessed to determine appropriate Section III stress limits for seismic loads. In particular, the impact of component frequency on seismic capability has to be quantified.
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Spanos, P. D., A. Sofi, J. Wang und B. Peng. „A Method for Fatigue Analysis of Piping Systems on Topsides of FPSO Structures“. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 128, Nr. 2 (03.10.2005): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2185126.
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Pipelines located on the decks of FPSO systems are exposed to damage due to sea wave induced random loading. In this context, a methodology for estimating the fatigue life of fluid-conveying pipelines is presented. The pipeline is subjected to a random support motion that simulates the effect of the FPSO heaving. The equation of motion of the pipeline is derived by assuming small amplitude displacements, modeling the empty pipeline as a Bernoulli-Euler beam, and adopting the so-called “plug-flow” approximation for the fluid (Fluid-Structure Interactions Slender Structures and Axial Flow, Academic Press, San Diego, Vol. 1). Random vibration analysis is carried out by the Galerkin method selecting as basis functions the natural modes of a beam with the same boundary conditions as the pipeline. The discretized equations of motion are used in conjunction with linear random vibration theory to compute the stress spectrum for a generic section of the pipeline. For this purpose, the power spectrum of the acceleration at the deck level is determined by using the Response Amplitude Operator of the FPSO hull. Finally, the computed stress spectrum is used to estimate the pipeline fatigue life employing an appropriate S-N fatigue curve of the material. An illustrative example concerning a pipeline simply supported at both ends is included in the paper.
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Kim, Sunkuk, Inju Jeong und Donghee An. „A Study on the Installation of Measuring Instruments for Early Warning of Small-scale Reservoirs“. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, Nr. 6 (31.12.2022): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.6.321.
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Climate change is causing the collapse of 101 reservoirs due to localized torrential rains and continuous heavy rains. To minimize the damage to human life and property, this article focuses on selecting appropriate local instruments for the efficient maintenance and proper arrangement of these instruments to maximize the efficiency of the early warning and predictive warning systems. In this study, six small-scale reservoirs were studied, and two cases were considered and compared, namely an embankment with a central clay core and a simply earth-filled embankment. The results showed that to predict the collapse of the reservoir by piping, it was considered appropriate to apply 50% of the wetness ratio (<i>l/L</i>) by calculating the wet length (<i>l</i>) on the length (L) of the downstream slope of the embankment. Finally, a methodology was presented for selecting the location of the measuring device.
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Pan, Jin Ping, Shu Heng Tu, Ding Jun Chu, Xin Wei Zhu, Bin Hu und Lian Jiang Tan. „Study on High-Temperature Creep Behavior of T23 and T24 Steels“. Key Engineering Materials 789 (November 2018): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.789.182.
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A progressive increase of plant efficiency calls for new requirements of heat-resistantsteels used in the boiler and piping systems. In this paper, high-temperature creep behavior of T23and T24 steels were studied. Creep tests over a long period of time have been conducted for bothsteels at different temperatures. The creep mechanisms of the two steels have been clarified byanalyzing the minimum creep rate versus stress data. Besides, the creep rupture data from the creeptests were in good accordance with theoretical simulation on the basis of the CDM model over a longtime. Creep temperature has great effects on the rupture strength of the two steels. By creep ruptureexperiments and appropriate modelling, the high-temperature creep behavior can be well described.
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Zapata, V. J., W. M. Brummett, M. E. Osborne und D. J. Van Nispen. „Advances in Tightly Coupled Reservoir/ Wellbore/Surface-Network Simulation“. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, Nr. 02 (01.04.2001): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71120-pa.
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Summary One of the most perplexing and difficult challenges in the industry is deciding how to develop a new oil or gas field. It is necessary to estimate recoverable reserves, design the most efficient exploitation strategy, decide where and when to drill wells and install surface facilities, and predict the rate of production. This requires a clear understanding of energy distribution and fluid movements throughout the entire system, under any given operational scenario or market-demand situation. Even after a reservoir-development plan is selected, there are many possible facility designs, each with different investment and operating costs. An important, but not always considered, fact is that each facility scheme could result in different future production rates owing to various types, sizes, and configurations of fluid-flow facilities. Selecting the best design for the asset requires the most accurate production forecasts possible over the forecast life cycle. No other single technology has the ability to provide this insight, as well as tightly coupled reservoir and facility simulation, because it combines all pertinent geological and engineering data into a single, comprehensive, dynamic model of the entire oilfield flow system. An integrated oilfield simulation system accounts for all dynamic flow effects and provides a test environment for quickly and accurately comparing alternative designs. This paper provides a brief background of this technology and gives a review of a major development project where it is currently being applied. Finally, we describe some recent significant advances in the technology that make it more stable, accurate, and rigorous. Introduction Finite-difference reservoir simulation is widely used to predict production performance of oil and gas fields. This is usually done in a "stand-alone" mode, where individual well performance is commonly calculated from pregenerated multiphase wellbore flow tables that cover various ranges of wellhead and bottomhole pressures, gas/oil ratios (GOR's) and water/oil ratios (WOR's). The reservoir simulator determines the predicted production rate from these tables, normally assuming a fixed wellhead pressure and using a flowing bottomhole pressure calculated by the reservoir simulator. With this scheme it is not possible to consider the changing flow-resistance effects of the piping system as various fluids merge or split in the surface network. Neglecting this interaction of the surface network can, in many cases, introduce substantial errors into predicted performance. Basing multimillion- (in some cases, billion-) dollar exploitation designs on performance predictions that are suboptimal can be very detrimental to the asset's long-range profitability. To help eliminate this problem, considerable attention is being given to coupling reservoir simulators and multiphase facility network simulators to improve the accuracy of forecasting. Landscape Surface-network simulation technology was first introduced in 1976.1 Although successfully applied in selected cases, the concept was not widely adopted because of the excessive additional computing demands on computers of that era. In those earlier applications, the time consumed by the facility calculations could actually exceed the reservoir calculations.2,3 As computer performance has increased by orders of magnitude, this has become less of an issue. Reservoir model sizes have increased dramatically with much finer grids that take advantage of the increased computer power, but there was no need for a corresponding increase in the size of the facility models. Today, with tightly coupled reservoir/wellbore/surface models, the facility calculations are a fairly small part of the overall computing time and there is considerable effort in the industry to build these types of systems.4,5 Chevron's current tightly coupled oilfield simulation system is CHEARS®***/PIPESOFT-2™****. CHEARS® is a fully implicit 3D reservoir simulator with black-oil, compositional, thermal, miscible, and polymer formulations. It has fully implicit dual porosity, dual permeability options, and unlimited multiple-level local grid refinement. PIPESOFT-2™ is a comprehensive multiphase wellbore/surface-network simulator. It has black-oil, compositional, CO2, steam, and non-Newtonian fluid capabilities. It can solve any type of complex nested looping, both surface and subsurface. The coupling is done at the wellbore completion interval, which is the natural domain boundary between the flow systems. We refer to our implementation as "tightly coupled" because information is dynamically exchanged directly between the simulators without any intermediate intervention. A simple representation of the interaction between the simulators is shown in Fig. 1. Gorgon Field Example The following is an example of how this technology is currently being used. The Gorgon field is a Triassic gas accumulation estimated to contain over 20 Tscf of gas, located 130 km offshore northwest Australia in 300 m of water (Fig. 2). It is currently undergoing development studies for an LNG project. Field and Model Description. The field is 45 km long and 9 km wide, and it comprises more than 2000 m of Triassic fluvial Mungaroo formation in angular discordance with a Jurassic-age unconformity. It has been subdivided into 11 vertical intervals (or zones) on the basis of regional sequence boundaries and depositional systems. These 11 zones were first modeled individually with an object-based modeling technique before being stacked into a 715-layer full-field geologic model. This model was subsequently scaled up to a 46-layer reservoir simulation model, reducing the size of the model from 4.5 million cells to 290,000 cells. While the scaleup process preserved the original 11 zone boundaries, the majority of the layers were located in regions identified as key flow units. In addition to vertical subdivision, seismic and appraisal well data suggest structural compartmentalization, resulting in six major fault blocks. After deactivating appropriate cells, the final simulation model contained 50,000 active cells and was initialized with 35 independent pressure regions. Each of these regions corresponds to a single zone in a single fault block.
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Kumar, R. „Impacting of Pipes on Elastic Supports“. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 108, Nr. 4 (01.11.1986): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264830.
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Piping systems are often provided with supports and restraints with gaps to reduce the thermal stresses and to limit the motion caused by other loads, e.g., due to pipe rupture or seismic effects. However, the presence of the gap causes the pipe to impact on the support under dynamic loading. In this paper the impacting effects have been studied using a simple model. The effect of support rigidity on the impact force, bending moment and deflection of the pipe has been evaluated. The bending moment at the impact loading is found to decrease up to a certain value of the support stiffness beyond which it increases. However, the impact force increases and the overall deflection at the impact location decreases continuously as the support stiffness is increased. The results are presented in nondimensional form as ratios of the appropriate quantities for the simply supported pipe with no elastic restraint. Thus, they provide useful information for design considering impact effects.
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Bojko, Marian, und Milada Kozubková. „Investigation of hydraulic fitting losses“. MATEC Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816802011.
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Fluid flow in hydraulic systems, fittings, and piping causes hydraulic losses due to the change of flow direction and friction in the fluid. The main consequence of the resulting losses is the increase in the overall pressure gradient of the circuit. The paper is focused on the investigation of valve losses and the determination of resistance coefficients, the definition of which depends on the valve type. Methods of determination are of two types, i.e. experimental methods and mathematical methods. In the case of experimental methods, the procedures prescribed by the standards and regulations must be respected. Mathematical methods are related to defining an appropriate mathematical model and numerical approach. Both methods are applied to the ball valve and model verification is performed at the same time. The output of the thesis is the methodology for determination of resistance coefficients of valves with other diameters and other flowing media based on verified mathematical modeling.
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Bill, Tobias, Ruth Acosta, Christian Boller, Kai Donnerbauer, Lukas Lücker, Frank Walther, Klaus Heckmann et al. „A Short-Time Approach for Fatigue Life Evaluation of AISI 347 Steel for Nuclear Power Energy Applications“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 23 (02.12.2021): 11405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311405.
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AISI 347 austenitic steel is, as an example, used in nuclear energy piping systems. Piping filled with superheated steam or cooled water is particularly exposed to high stresses, whereupon local material properties in the pipes can change significantly, especially in the case of additional corrosive influences, leading to aging of the material. In the absence of appropriate information, such local material property variations are currently covered rather blanketly by safety factors set during the design of those components. An increase in qualified information could improve the assessment of the condition of such aged components. As part of the collaborative project “Microstructure-based assessment of the maximum service life of core materials and components subjected to corrosion and fatigue (MiBaLeB)”, the short-time procedure, StrainLife, was developed and validated by several fatigue tests. With this procedure, a complete S–N curve of a material can be determined on the basis of three fatigue tests only, which reduces the effort compared to a conventional approach significantly and is thus ideal for assessing the condition of aged material, where the material is often rare, and a cost-effective answer is often very needed. The procedure described is not just limited to traditional parameters, such as stress and strain, considered in destructive testing but rather extends into parameters derived from non-destructive testing, which may allow further insight into what may be happening within a material’s microstructure. To evaluate the non-destructive quantities measured within the StrainLife procedure and to correlate them with the aging process in a material, several fatigue tests were performed on unnotched and notched specimens under cyclic loading at room and elevated temperatures, as well as under various media conditions, such as distilled water and reactor pressure vessel boiling water (BWR) conditions.
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Wu, Lan Ying, Yan Lin Wang, Zi Dong Wang und Ming Wen Chen. „Study on the Influence of Internal Flow Field in Pipeline Elbow by the Guide Plate“. Advanced Materials Research 142 (Oktober 2010): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.142.130.
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The liquid-conveying elbow is an very important part in the piping system, in this paper, the internal flow field in the pipeline elbow is studied, its structure is optimized, and the guide characteristic is improved. The results show that the internal total pressure difference in the original elbow is 29506.27 Pa, the Max-velocity is 7.12 m/s, and the internal flow field is very uneven；The internal total pressure difference can be greatly reduced through setting up the guide plates appropriately, its internal total pressure difference decreases as the number of guide plates increases, the Max-velocity decreases first and then increases as the number increases; When the number is a constant, the optimal result of guide plate according to the gold ratio arrangement is superior to the equidistance ratio arrangement; When the export length of guide plate is 50 mm, the total pressure difference is 14942 Pa in the elbow, comparing it to the result of the original elbow, it decreases 49.26%, the optimal design has an very obvious effect.
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Cohn, Marvin J. „Main Steam Piping Girth Weldment Stresses and Life Consumption Considering Malfunctioning Supports“. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 132, Nr. 5 (19.08.2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4002051.
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A high energy piping (HEP) program is important for the safety of plant personnel and reliability of the generating units. HEP weldment failures have resulted in serious injuries, fatalities, extensive damage of components, and significant lost generation. Since creep/fatigue is a typical failure mechanism, the probability of HEP failures increases with unit age. The main steam (MS) piping system is one of the most critical HEP systems. Weldment failures are typically due to a combination of high temperature creep and fatigue. Industry best practices include (1) the evaluation of historical operating conditions; (2) examinations of critical weldments to reveal nondestructive examination (NDE) indications, microstructural material damage, and detailed geometry data; (3) hot and cold walkdowns to document the field piping system behavior and anomalies; (4) simulation of as-found piping displacements to estimate actual stresses; (5) ranking of critical weldments; (6) recommendations for support repairs and adjustments; (7) recommendations for future examinations; and (8) remaining life estimates at critical weldments. Appropriate examinations, condition assessments, and recommendations for corrective actions are provided as a cost-effective life management process to maintain the piping system integrity. This paper provides examples demonstrating that the girth welds ranked below the top five to six welds are subject to significantly less applied stress and have substantially more creep/fatigue life than the top ranked welds. Hanger adjustments, along with selective identification, NDE, and possible repairs of top ranked welds provide substantially greater life to MS piping systems. Some fitness-for-service and risk-based programs for MS piping system girth weldments recommend a stress evaluation using typical pressure vessel or boiler tube calculations, in which the hoop stress is the principal stress. In some cases, the effective weldment stresses can be more than 50% above the hoop stress, resulting in the estimated remaining lives less than 15% of the life estimates using the hoop stress methodology. Some HEP life management programs may vaguely discuss using the principal stress based on a finite element analysis of the piping system. These principal stress values may be based on a conventional as-designed piping stress analysis. In the majority of the as-found piping stress analyses performed by the author, the maximum as-found stresses are substantially greater than the maximum conventional as-designed piping stresses. In the example case study, the maximum effective weldment stress was more than three times greater than the estimated as-designed piping stress at the same location. This paper illustrates than an as-designed piping stress analysis will typically overestimate the life of an HEP system and typically not predict the locations of maximum creep/fatigue damage.
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Dubey, Ankit R., Abhinav Gupta und Sung Gook Cho. „Characterization of Limit State for Seismic Fragility Assessment of T-Joints in Piping System“. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 142, Nr. 5 (04.06.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4047041.
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Abstract Fragility assessment requires characterization of a component or system's performance through a performance function/limit-state equation. The exceedance of limit-state is representative of failure or damage state. For the purposes of evaluating piping fragility, characterizing the behavior of T-joints through an appropriate performance function is critical, as failures in piping are generally localized at the location of T-joints, elbows, and nozzles. Past studies have utilized a monotonic rotation-based performance function. However, the existing criteria does not account for the effect of cyclic behavior. As observed during prior experimental studies, the T-joint behavior under cyclic loading is different from that under monotonic loading, and therefore, it is important to include the effects of cyclic behavior while characterizing a performance function. Moreover, the monotonic rotation-based performance function could not replicate all the leakage locations observed during experimental studies on a full-scale two-story piping system. Therefore, it is important to develop a new limit-state for accurate piping fragility assessment. This paper presents the development of a new limit state which considers the cyclic behavior of a T-joint and quantifies the number of cycles to failure.
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Jain, Hamender. „Scope of Energy Conservation in Pumping System“. IARS' International Research Journal 10, Nr. 2 (29.08.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.51611/iars.irj.v10i2.2020.105.
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Pumps consume about 22% of the world’s total energy generated, out of which 16% is consumed by centrifugal pumps and 6% by rotodynamic pumps. According to the American Hydraulics Institute, 30% of the total electrical energy consumed by pumping systems can be conserved either by designing highly efficient systems or by using appropriate pumps. As a result, the primary focus of global energy policy makers is to enhance energy efficiency in pumping systems. This paper aims to highlight the areas that need to be address in order to increase the pumping system efficiency. It is evident from studies that about 30% to 50% of the energy consumed by pumping systems could be saved through piping system components or control changes.
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Botros, Kamal, Vivian Liu und Jason Lu. „Pneumatic Testing of Piping Assemblies: Criteria for Stored Energy and Pinhole Leak Detectability“. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 17.09.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4052452.
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Abstract Pneumatic testing is beneficial as an alternative to hydrotesting particularly in remote areas where access to hydrotest fluids becomes logistically difficult or impossible. The present work is aimed at addressing two salient questions often face pneumatic testing. First is related to the appropriate piping volume to consider for calculating the stored energy in use with ASME PCC-2 calculation for determining the safe exclusion distance for a given piping geometry and test conditions. It was found that the 8D criteria specified in ASME PCC-2 cannot be generalized for all pipe sizes, different material toughness, grades, wall thicknesses and test conditions. A criterion is developed based on the ductile fracture arrest length that considers all these factors combined. The second criterion is related to the ability to detect pinhole leak from the pneumatic test data, again for a given geometry and test conditions, and what constitutes the minimum pinhole effective area in relation to the system total volume, measured uncertainties in the test pressure and temperature over the duration of the test. A semi-normalized physics-based parameter is suggested that can be applied to determine the effective pinhole leak size in relation to the volume of the piping assembly and conditions for detectability limit. A methodology is developed and applied to a pneumatic filed test on DN200, 12.2 km pipeline lateral.
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Barzegar, Leila, Ghader Ghanizadeh und Davoud Esmaeili. „Study of Gorge Fisher Plumbing System Effects on Growth Inhibition and Amplification of Legionella pneumophila by Culture and PCR Based on 16sRNA and mip Genes“. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies 9, Nr. 3 (23.06.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/mejrh-122683.
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Background: Legionella is an aquatic bacterium that causes Legionnaires' fever. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Legionella stopper pipes and fittings of George Fisher Company on controlling Legionella growth in indoor water supply systems. Methods: Fifty-six samples of hot and cold-water systems were collected and characterized. The culture was performed in BCYE agar. Molecular detection was performed by PCR. Results: The mean residual chlorine was 0.73 to 0.88 mg/L. Culture results were positive in 58.8% of George Fischer samples and 23.5% of Ray Ho samples. Sixty percent of Taleghani hospital samples were positive. The PCR results based on 16sRNA in the George Fischer system, Ray Ho piping, and Taleghani hospital were positive in 35.2%, 45.4%, and 54.5%, respectively. Based on the mip gene, 82.3% of George Fischer samples, 54.5% of RayHo samples, and 20% of Taleghani hospital samples were positive. Conclusions: GeorFischer's Legionella stopper pipes and fittings demonstrated appropriate antibacterial properties against Legionella pneumophila. Due to the growth inhibition of Legionella in the indoor water supply system, it can be a suitable option for plumbing systems.
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„Thermal System Design for Sulfuric Acid Dilution Device - A Case of Awash Melkassa Aluminum Sulphate and Sulfuric Acid S. Co“. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, Nr. 5 (30.01.2020): 5059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.e7004.018520.
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Preparation of the diluted sulfuric acid not only causes chemical burns, but also secondary thermal burns because of dehydration. However, the domestic acid company only supply the (98-98.5 percentage) of concentrated sulfuric acid to the customer. Thus, customers have no choice, and manually dilute the concentrated sulfuric acid at home while they face the problem of strong acid dilution hazards. In response to this problem, the main objective of this thesis is to design an acid dilution system of capacity that delivers (1 97 ⁄%) diluted acid concentration. The main components of the system are pipelines, heat exchanger, storage tanks, pumps, mixing device, valves and fittings. The method used for developing the overall conceptual design of the acid dilution system is inferring the existing worldwide acid dilution system experience using solid work 2016 for modelling and mathematical investigation, and M.S Excel 2016 for iteration. The required flow rate of both concentrated sulfuric acid and diluent water is calculated for each output concentration, and the heat load as well as final temperature during dilution is determined and validated. Considering the allowable velocity and surface roughness for each material as the design variable with two conflicting objectives of pressure drop and pipe diameter over each output concentration, among the seven recommended concentrated sulfuric acid pipe materials the carbon steel is selected. Moreover, stainless steel is used for diluent and cooling water piping and the appropriate dimension of the pipe is determined. In addition, the size of tank capacity per day with time is determined using a simple finite difference method. Moreover, other auxiliary system equipment’s, like pump, static mixer, valve is selected as per requirement.
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„A regulatory perspective on appropriate seismic loading stress criteria for advanced light water reactor piping systems“. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 32, Nr. 8 (Dezember 1995): A408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)99754-l.
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Hendrakusumah, Ernawati. „Pengelolaan Penjernihan Air Sederhana Secara Mandiri Di Level Komunitas Teori Dan Praktik“. ETHOS (Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian), 29.01.2017, 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/ethos.v0i0.2253.
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PKM activity is based on the phenomenon of many people who do not get access to drinking water services (SPAM) in standard quality. The PKM Objects is a community in Cikole village Lembang district, Bandung Barat regency whose predominantly work as farmers and use raw water sources to fulfil their needs and even for drinking water direct from the surface water comes from mountain spring water, without the appropriate water treatment standards. The water from the source accommodated through the water reservoirs and then distributed by gravity directly to each home with simple piping systems, without going through the process of screening and testing the water quality in advance. Regarding quality, the water requires the filtering, especially during the rainy season. Therefore through the PKM activity of "The Training of Environmental Sanitation Management: Water Treatment” hopes that the people, besides the understanding the standard criteria of water quality, are also able to do the water treatment through screening models / simple water purification that can be done independently by the community. The PKM activity has involved several related institutions, starting at the level community such as RT, RW, Kadus, water management, Cikole village officials and Lembang district, Bandung Barat regency.
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Oliveira, Catarina, Carla Leite, Helena Rodrigues und Fernando Fonseca. „A Legionella’s outbreak in a COVID-19 pandemic setting“. Access Microbiology 4, Nr. 5 (27.05.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/acmi.ac2021.po0343.
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In this report, the author intends to reinforce the need to test for another potencial causes of pneumonia which present with similar symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and can also be responsible for outbreaks and sometimes fatal, particularly Legionnaires’ disease. Legionellabacteria are aerobic, gram-negative, ubiquitous freshwater and soil inhabitants. Pneumonia is the most commonly described manifestation of Legionella infection (Legionnaires’ disease), acquired through inhalation of aerosolized water droplets containing the bacteria. Legionella pneumophilais the most consistently reported species, being an important cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia that often requires hospitalization and is fatal in approximately 10% of cases. Most cases present sporadically, however, outbreaks can occur when there are appropriate conditions for bacteria to grow and spread, like stagnating water in piping systems in large facilities. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of Legionella pneumonia is complex and it is clinically and radiographically similar to other forms of pneumonia. In the context of pandemic COVID-19, the use of Legionella urinary antigen testing continues to be crucial and strongly recommended. Thus, in the outbreak faced in the author’s hospital, this screening method proved to be effective and all cases of Legionellapneumonia were promptly recognized and notified, allowing public health measures to be taken to prevent the development of other potencial clusters.