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1
Průšková, Kristýna. "Návrh sídelní struktury soudobého města v historickém prostředí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414280.
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The assignment for this thesis was to prepare an architectural plan for barracks in Černé Pole in Brno. As part of the assignment, I attempted to rejuvenate and open up the given territory to the town and to its people and to connect it to the surrounding structures. I expanded the territory in question with adjacent panel construction from the north, as one of the objectives was to gradually incorporate this development in a way so that it does not create a barrier. The second objective was to revive two historical barracks buildings and a panel building dormitory, which serve as a reference for the image of the place. The thesis is split into two parts - analysis and proposal. In the proposal I discuss specific materials, transportation and public spaces. Most of the territory is made up of residential spaces with civil and commercial spaces, which together make the entire area functional. In my proposal I try to show how the entire territory can be solved, with the involvement of the historic and panel buildings, and not just building on an empty brownfield.
2
Haraštová, Nela. "Řešení brownfields v rámci České republiky - Tepna Náchod." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399920.
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The assignment of diploma thesis was processed the area of the textile factory in Náchod – named Tepna. As part of this work I tried to suggest a live continuation of the historical core of city Náchod and connect the new district to the Plhov housing estate. As a goal I have set revitalization of building Bílá Tepna whitch is actually abandoned. Bíla Tepna is the last standing object from original development and it indicates the indentity of the place. In one part of territory I put a new block bulding with mostly residential function. This area surrounds the main square and object Bíla Tepna. The second part of area consists of terraced family houses with children’s playground. By my suggestion I wainted residents to show how it is possible design the development if object Bílá Tepna will be preserved.
3
Kim, Chunho. "Fundamentals of area array solder interconnect yield." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16479.
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4
Bušinová, Eva. "Návrh udržitelné městské struktury - na bázi středověkého města - pro 21.století." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443680.
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The thesis deals with the design of a sustainable urban structure, based on a medieval city, in the 21st century. The main idea of the proposal is the creation of a new part of the town Náměšť nad Oslavou with the aim of connecting it with the existing urban structure and at the same time extending it to the missing elements of the developing city. The newly built area is designed with an emphasis on the construction of new residential housing with civil facilities services, while designing and creating public spaces and private parts of courtyards and villas. The aim of the thesis was to design a growing territory so that it adapts to the needs of today's society and at the same time became part of the existing city. From an urban point of view, based on the theme of the thesis, the aim is to combine elements of a medieval city with elements of a city built in the 21st century. The concept is based on a planned network of streets with multifunctional buildings designed for trade and production in the ground floor and housing on other floors, which originated in the medieval city. The emblem of the medieval city was the emotional perception of the connection of strict lines and strange shapes into one whole, and therefore buildings were designed in a new part of the city for living with almost clean geometric lines, while the objects of civil facilities are organic shapes.
5
Stinson-Bagby, Kelly Lucile. "Microstructural Evolution in Thermally Cycled Large-Area Lead and Lead-Free Solder Joints." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34573.
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Currently, there are two major driving forces for considering alternative materials to lead-
based products, specifically interconnections, in electronics applications, including the
impending legislation or regulations which may tax, restrict, or eliminate the use of lead
and the trend toward advanced interconnection technology, which may challenge the
limits of present soldering technology. The reliability of solder joints is a concern
because fracture failures in solder joints accounts for 70% of failures in electronic
components. Lead-free solders are being investigated as replacements for lead solders
currently used in electronics. Thermo-mechanical properties describe the stresses
accumulated due to thermal fatigue as a result of CTE mismatch within the system. By
understanding the failure mechanisms related to lead-free solders, the application of lead-
free solders could be more strategically designed for specific applications.
The objective of this thesis is to observe microstructural change in large-area solder joints
caused by thermal cycling and relate these changes to reliability issues in large-area lead
and lead-free solder constructed semiconductor power devices. This study focused on the
microstructural changes within the solder alloy of a large-area solder joint under thermal
cycling conditions. Two major primary observations were made from this research, they
are: 1) due to a combination of testing conditions and material properties, the lead-free
solders, Sn/3.5Ag and Sn/Ag/0.7Cu, sustained the most severe damage as compared to
Sn/37Pb, and 2) due to elevated stresses at the solder/substrate interface in a simulated
power semiconductor device sample damage was found to be most severe.<br>Master of Science
6
Jiang, Li. "Thermo-Mechanical Reliability of Sintered-Silver Joint versus Lead-Free Solder for Attaching Large-Area Devices." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36429.
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This study mainly evaluated the thermo-mechanical reliability of lead-free packaging techniques for attaching large-area chip. With 3 MPa pressure, a low-temperature (<300oC) sintering technique enabled by a nano-scale silver paste was developed for attaching 100 mm2 silicon die. This new lead-free packaging technique for die-attachment was compared with soldering by vacuum reflow. Lead-free solder SAC305 and SN100C were selected and used in this work since they were widely used in electronic packaging industry.
Inspection of as-prepared die-attachments by X-ray and optical microscopy (observation of cross-section) showed that the voids percentage in solder joint was less than 5% and no voids was observed at the scale of hundreds of micron in sintered silver joint. Then these die-attachment were thermal cycled with the temperature range from -40oC to 125oC. Deduction of curvature and residual stresses were found for both soldered and sintered die-attachment. After 800 cycles, the residual stresses in silicon-solder-copper sample already decreased to around 0.
The SEM images of solder and silver joint after 800 thermal cycles showed that cracks longer than 2.5 mm already grew in both kinds of solder joint (die-attachment of Si-Solder-Copper). In contrast, no cracks or voids at the scale of hundreds of micron were defected in silver joint. Based on these observation, different mode of stress-relaxation were proposed for sintered silver and solder, respectively. While solder joint released stresses by crack growth, the silver joint relied on the deformation of porous structure, and plastic deformation may occur.
The pressure-sintering process with double printing and drying was proved to be a reliable process to produce sintered - silver bonding with high strength. The reliability of silver joint was better than that of SAC305 or SN100C. Besides, the technique of measuring the curvature by laser scanning, introduced in this work, showed its significance by directly reflecting the bonding integrity of die-attachment. As a nondestructive testing technique, It was a cheaper and faster way to examine the die-attachment. Additionally, it overcame the disadvantage of X-ray Inspection: it was of the ability to differentiate between layers of die-attachment.<br>Master of Science
7
Dutka, Tomáš. "Návrh udržitelné městské struktury - na bázi středověkého města - pro 21.století." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443712.
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The assignment of diploma thesis was the design of a sustainable urban structure based on a medieval city in Náměšť nad Oslavou. As part of the work, I tried to find the best solution for this solved area, which is isolated by a railway corridor and suggest a new city district based on the principle of a medieval city, which will be linked to the existing city. The proposed development of city blocks is built on a system of platforms that level the terrain within the blocks and enable optimal parking spaces and the use of commercials. This development is complemented by several blocks with villa houses and a city SPA complex. The proposal supports the construction of cycle paths that connect parts of the solved area with the Rathan recreation pond. The design also includes a large park with a lookout tower and a sports ground on the city horizon ner the SPA complex. The accent was also placed on the public area near the new railway station, which serves to gather people for cultural and entertainment opportunities. This public space should not compete with an existing Masaryk square, which fulfills a representative and administration function.
8
Bruno, Felix. "An experimental study on voids in area array devices for mixed alloy assemblies." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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9
Fischer, Tiffany Brink. "A structural and energetic description of protein-protein interactions in atomic detail." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4775.
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Here, we present the program QContacts, which implements Voronoi polyhedra
to determine atomic and residue contacts across the interface of a protein-protein
interaction. While QContacts also describes hydrogen bonds, ionic pair and salt bridge
interactions, we focus on QContactsâ identification of atomic contacts in a protein
interface compared against the current methods. Initially, we investigated in detail the
differences between QContacts, radial cutoff and Change in Solvent Accessible Surface
Area (delta-SASA) methods in identifying pair-wise contacts across the binding interface.
The results were assessed based on a set of 71 double cycle mutants. QContacts
excelled at identifying knob-in-hole contacts. QContacts, closest atom radial cutoff and
the delta-SASA methods performed well at picking out direct contacts; however, QContacts
was the most accurate in excluding false positives. The significance of the differences
identified between QContacts and previous methods was assessed using pair-wise
contact frequencies in a broader set of 592 protein interfaces. The inaccuracies
introduced by commonly used radial cutoff methods were found to produce misleading
bias in the residue frequencies. This bias could compromise pair-wise potentials that are
based on such frequencies. Here we show that QContacts provides a more accurate description of protein interfaces at atomic resolution than other currently available
methods. QContacts is available in a web-based form at http://tsailab.tamu.edu/qcons
(Fischer et al., 2006).
10
Pyland, James. "Damage metric-based thermal cycling guidelines for area-array packages used in harsh thermal conditions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18851.
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11
APRAHAMIAN, EDWARD JR. "ROLE OF THE INTERFACE IN THE KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION SYSTEMS (DITHIZONE, OXINE, INTERFACIAL AREA, DISPERSION)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187968.
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A high speed stirring apparatus was constructed for following the kinetics of metal ion extraction by chelating agents. The semi-automated system is capable of measuring reactions with half lives of 20 seconds or more with data being collected every second. Experimental data obtained with the device are superior to those collected by batch shakers, fixed interface cells, falling drop, or other stirring devices. The use of a microporous Teflon membrane phase separator along with the thermodynamic relation, the Gibbs Equation, enabled the measurement of drop sizes in a two phase liquid-liquid dispersion. This allowed the determination of the quantity of interfacial area as a function of stir rate. The effect of interfacial area on the rate of extraction of five different chelating agents with various divalent metal ions was determined in this study. The role of the interfacial area in extraction kinetics was found in a system where diffusional effects are negligible. This information provides an answer to the question of whether the rate determining step of extraction occurs in either the bulk aqueous phase or in the interfacial region. The proportionality between rate and specific interfacial area was employed to find the magnitude of the contributions of the bulk and interfacial components and also allowed the calculation of the individual rate constants. Evaluation of the bulk and interfacial rate constants yields important fundamental information as to the chemical nature and differences between the chloroform/water interface and the bulk aqueous phase. The results appear to illustrate that the interface is a more conducive medium for reaction between metal and ligand than the aqueous phase. The role of foreign species, namely nonionic surfactants, on the rate of extraction was investigated to explore their applicability in solvent extraction. Nonionic surfactants were found to enhance the rates of extraction to different extents in different metal systems.
12
Majeed, Sulman. "Rework & reliability of area array components." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engfineering and Applied Science, Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references.
13
Ritola, Richard. "Forensisk undersökning av Solid State Drive." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-10059.
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Solid State Diskar (SSD) är relativt nya och mycket om dem är okänt. Detta examensarbete fokuserar på att läsa forensiskt viktig information från både lagringsutrymmet och reservutrymmet. Detta har försökts genom att ett program har byggts i C++, detta program använder ATA kommandon för att läsa information från disken. Även om programmet aldrig blev färdigt kunde det skicka och ta emot data från en SSD, dock inte reservutrymmet vilket var fokus i detta examensarbete.<br>Solid State Drives (SSD) are relatively new and not much is known about them. This thesis focuses on retrieving forensically important information, not only from the storage area of the SSD but also from the spare area. This was attempted by writing a program in C++ that, using ATA commands, could read information from the SSD. Although the program was not finished within the given time, it could read some information from the SSD, but not the spare area which was the main focus.
14
Monteiro, Marcella Martins Cará. "Características físicas, químicas e geoquímicas de um depósito de areia descartada de fundição (ADF) e sua implicação ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44137/tde-03062015-091318/.
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A falta de regulamentação ambiental no passado levou muitas indústrias, incluindo as de fundição (geradoras de grandes quantidades de areia de fundição), a destinarem seus resíduos de forma inadequada ao longo dos anos, criando passivos ambientais que perduram até hoje. A periculosidade destes passivos muitas vezes não está diretamente ligada à periculosidade dos resíduos depositados, pois acredita-se que ao longo dos anos, sob a ação do intemperismo, muitas reações químicas ocorrem levando à mobilidade dos elementos químicos presentes no depósito de resíduos. Este trabalho propõe avaliar o comportamento de um depósito de resíduos de areia de fundição não controlado, com mais de 30 anos e a mobilidade de elementos inorgânicos potencialmente tóxicos ao longo de um perfil vertical do depósito, como parte da gestão ambiental de uma área impactada. Para este objetivo foram utilizadas ferramentas como análise de umidade, análise granulométrica, análise morfológica por MEV, análise química qualitativa e quantitativa por MEV-EDS e por FRX. Os elementos químicos analisados foram divididos em grupos de forma a encontrar similaridades. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que os alcalinos, alcalinos terrosos, calcófilos e alguns litófilos (Al, Zr, P, Mn, Ti e V) migraram para a base do perfil e o comportamento do depósito de resíduos pode ser comparado ao comportamento diagênico clássico de evolução pedológica de perfis de solo em rochas em condições tropicais. Além disso, do ponto de vista micromorfológico, granulométrico e químico esse depósito de resíduo não é o mesmo ao longo do perfil vertical escavado e a divisão em blocos (base, meio e topo) só é verificada na análise granulométrica. E, apesar do resíduo ADF não ser considerado classe I, o mesmo pode apresentar risco ao meio ambiente quando depositado em locais não controlados e submetidos a condições climáticas supérgenas tropicais.<br>The lack of environmental regulation in the past has led many industries, including foundries (that generates large amounts of foundry sand), to place their waste improperly over the years, creating environmental passives that endure today. The danger of these passives is often not directly related to the dangerousness of waste landfilled because it is believed that over the years, under the action of weathering, many chemical reactions occur leading to mobility of chemical elements present in the waste deposit. This work proposes to evaluate the behavior of an uncontrolled waste foundry deposit, with more than 30 years, and the mobility of potentially toxic inorganic elements along a vertical profile of the deposit as part of the environmental management of an impacted area. For this purpose were used tools such as humidity analysis, granulometric analysis, morphological analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis by SEM with Energy Dispersive X-ray Detector (EDX) and X-ray Fluorescence. The chemicals analyzed were divided into groups in order to find similarities. From the results obtained it was concluded that the alkali, alkaline earth, chalcophile and some lithophile (Al, Zr, P, Mn, Ti e V) migrated to the base of the profile and behavior of the waste deposit can be compared to the classic diagenic behavior of pedological evolution of soil profiles in rocks in tropical conditions. Furthermore, from the standpoint of micromorphology, particle size and chemical this waste deposit is not the same along the vertical profile excavated and the three divisions (base, middle and top) is only checked on granulometric analysis. And despite the foundry sand residue is not considered class I, it may present a risk to the environment when deposited in non-controlled area and subject to tropical supergens weather conditions.
15
Chen, Zhong Wei. "Nanometer-scale electron beam lithography over large areas." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317706.
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16
Spamer, Ernus. "An investigation into sustainable solid waste management alternatives for the Drakenstein Municipal Area." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/944.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research report is to investigate sustainable alternative solid waste
management methods for the Drakenstein Municipal Area in particular and South African
municipalities in general. The point of departure is that landfilling alone is not sustainable
and that alternative and/or complementary methods are required.
Current solid waste management policies and practices in various countries all over the
world are investigated in order to understand the global context of municipal solid waste
management. The development of solid waste management in both developed and
developing countries is considered in order to appreciate the different approaches and
legal frameworks underpinning each approach.
Several solid waste treatment methods, both established and advanced, are considered
before the development of solid waste management in South Africa since 1992 is
reviewed. An important aspect of evaluating alternatives is the identification of relevant
stakeholders, key drivers for success and the constraints.
An important conclusion reached in the research is that the lack of funding and the
inherent inability of most municipalities in South Africa to render even basic municipal
services currently make the introduction of advanced solid waste treatment methods non-sustainable.
It is therefore suggested that the newly developed legal framework underpinning solid
waste management in South Africa, be implemented in such a manner that all
stakeholders are involved in the implementation of the basic principles of the waste
hierarchy. The author believes that the introduction of technologically advanced waste
treatment and disposal options will be premature if the basics of the waste hierarchy are
not practiced by all.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van hierdie navorsingsverslag is ‘n ondersoek na volhoubare, alternatiewe vaste
afvalbestuursmetodes vir Suid-Afrikaanse munisipaliteite in die breë en die Drakenstein
Munisipaliteit in die besonder. Die basiese uitganspunt is dat vaste afvalstorting alleen nie
volhoubaar is nie en dat alternatiewe/komplementêre metodes nodig word.
Die vaste afvalbestuursbeleid en –praktyke wat tans wêreldwyd gevolg word, word
ondersoek met die doel om die globale konteks daarvan beter te verstaan. Die
ontwikkeling van vaste afvalbestuur in beide ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande word
nagevors sodat die verskillende benaderings en wetlike raamwerke wat dit onderskryf,
bestudeer kan word.
Verskeie vaste afvalbestuursmetodes – beide gevestig en gevorderd – word bespreek
waarna die ontwikkeling van vaste afvalbestuur in Suid-Afrika sedert 1992 onder die loep
kom. ‘n Belangrike aspek van toepassing op die evaluering van alternatiewe, is die
identfikasie van alle rolspelers, kritiese suksesfaktore en beperkinge.
‘n Belangrike bevinding wat gemaak word, is dat die gebrek aan voldoende fondse sowel
as die inherente onvermoë van meeste Suid-Afrikaanse munisipaliteite om selfs basiese
munisipale dienste te kan lewer, die implementering van gevorderde vaste
afvalbestuursmetodes tans onvolhoubaar maak.
In die verslag word dus aanbeveel dat die nuut-ontwikkelde wetlike raamwerk wat vaste
afvalbestuur in Suid-Afrika reguleer, so geïmplementeer moet word dat alle rolspelers
betrek word om die afval-hiërargie se basiese beginsels prakties toe te pas. Die outeur is
van mening dat die implementering van nuwe, tegnologiesgevorderde vaste
afvalbsetuursmetodes sal faal indien dit geïmplementeer sou word voordat die afval
hiërargie voldoende toegepas word.
17
Perkins, Andrew Eugene. "Investigation and Prediction of Solder Joint Reliability for Ceramic Area Array Packages under Thermal Cycling, Power Cycling, and Vibration Environments." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14518.
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Microelectronic systems are subjected to thermal cycling, power cycling, and vibration environments in various applications. These environments, whether applied sequentially or simultaneously, affect the solder joint reliability. Literature is scarce on predicting solder joint fatigue failure under such multiple loading environments. This thesis aims to develop a unified modeling methodology to study the reliability of electronic packages subjected to thermal cycling, power cycling, and vibration loading conditions. Such a modeling methodology is comprised of an enriched material model to accommodate time-, temperature-, and direction-dependent behavior of various materials in the assembly, and at the same time, will have a geometry model that can accommodate thermal- and power-cycling induced low-cycle fatigue damage mechanism as well as vibration-induced high-cycle fatigue damage mechanism. The developed modeling methodology is applied to study the reliability characteristics of ceramic area array electronic packages with lead-based solder interconnections. In particular, this thesis aims to study the reliability of such solder interconnections under thermal, power, and vibration conditions individually, and validate the model against these conditions using appropriate experimental data either from in-house experiments or existing literature. Once validated, this thesis also aims to perform a design of simulations study to understand the effect of various materials, geometry, and thermal parameters on solder joint reliability of ceramic ball grid array and ceramic column grid array packages, and use such a study to develop universal polynomial predictive equations for solder joint reliability. The thesis also aims to employ the unified modeling methodology to develop new understanding of the acceleration factor relationship between power cycling and thermal cycling. Finally, this thesis plans to use the unified modeling methodology to study solder joint reliability under the sequential application of thermal cycling and vibration loading conditions, and to validate the modeling results with first-of-its-kind experimental data. A nonlinear cumulative damage law is developed to account for the nonlinearity and effect of sequence loading under thermal cycling, power cycling, and vibration loading.
18
Madhura, Hande Handattu Lall Pradeep. "Prognostics health management and damage relationships of lead-free components in thermal cycling harsh environments." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/8.
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19
Parker, Thomas Martin. "The creation of nanoscale structures on copper surfaces." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366007.
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20
Yuan, Yue. "Morphology-driven superhydrophobic polystyrene webs: fabrication and characterization." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32893.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design<br>Jooyoun Kim<br>Seong-O Choi<br>Superhydrophobicity (water contact angle, WCA >150˚) can be achieved by introducing surface roughness and decreasing surface energy. Polystyrene (PS) electrospun web can be used as an excellent substrate for superhydrophobic surface due to its low surface energy (~33 mN/m) and processibility to form various roughness. As the Cassie-Baxter model explains, the presence of roughness amplifies anti-wettability of materials whose surface energy is low (hydrophobic, WCA >90˚). This study aims to fabricate superhydrophobic PS nonwoven webs by electrospinning process and vapor deposition of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFDTS) and to investigate the influence of fiber morphology and surface energy on wettability. To this end, PS webs with various fiber morphologies were electrospun under different polymer concentrations and solvent mixtures. PS substrates were treated by air plasma to attach –OH groups before the vapor deposition of PFDTS. Air plasma treatment itself increased the surface energy of PS; however, with PFDTS coating, the surface energy was decreased. The wettability was characterized by WCA and sliding angle measurement. WCAs on the electrospun webs were greater than that of flat PS film (WCA=95˚) due to the increased roughness of the web. The web with beads or grooved fibers achieved superhydrophobicity (WCA>150˚). PFDTS deposition lowered the surface energy of PS surface to about 15.8 mN/m. PS web with PFDTS deposition presented high water contact angle up to 169˚ and low sliding angle about 3˚. Also it was attempted to characterize the interfacial area between water and a solid surface on irregular fibrous webs. The fraction of solid surface area wet by the liquid (solid fraction) was observed by staining the rough electrospun web with a hydrophobic fluorescent dye, coumarin. The actual solid fraction corresponded fairly well with the theoretical solid fraction calculated by the Cassie-Baxter equation, demonstrating that the treated superhydrophobic surface follows the Cassie-Baxter wetting state.
21
Goldby, Ian Michael. "Dynamics of molecules and clusters at surfaces." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364529.
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22
Oztas, Nur Banu. "Pesticide Pollution In Surface And Ground Water Of An Agricultural Area, Kumluca, Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609445/index.pdf.
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Concentrations of 17 organochlorine and 14 organophosphorus pesticides were measured in 27 ground and 11 surface water samples collected from a heavily agricultural area, Kumluca, in spring and fall seasons of 2005. The samples were preconcentrated by Solid Phase Extraction. GC-ECD and GC-NPD systems were used for quantitative determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides respectively.
The quality check/quality assurance tests were performed by the analysis of field and laboratory blanks, standard reference materials, spiked control and sample matrices, surrogate standards, sampling and analysis replicates. It is observed that, sample matrix lowers average percent recoveries from 89% to 76%.
The uncertainties of measurements were calculated to determine major factors affecting the analysis results. It was observed that uncertainty arising from extraction procedure was generally the highest.
The most commonly observed pesticide was endosulfan (70%) and chlorpyriphos (53%) for organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides. The highest average concentration was observed for heptachlor (26 ng/L) and fenamiphos (184 ng/L).
Generally pesticides were detected more often in surface waters, where the concentrations were also higher. The concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in spring, and organochlorine pesticides in fall season were higher.
The high occurrences and detection of degradation products of chlorinated pesticides clearly indicate their intense use before 1980s. It is shown that, in Kumluca environment, degradation of these pesticides mostly occurs in surface waters.
It is observed that agricultural activities affect water quality in the region. The total concentration limit (500ng/L) was exceeded for 27% of surface and 14% of ground water samples, at least once in both seasons. The legal limit for a single pesticide (100ng/L) was exceeded by 32 % of surface, 24 % of ground water samples.
23
Foltýn, Pavel. "Aerodynamická analýza a optimalizace konfigurace letounu ARES." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232016.
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This thesis deals with the aerodynamic analysis and shape modifications of the ARES aircraft. The analysis focuses on the evaluation lift, drag, and pitching moment coefficient, and further to identify the locations of stripping stream which is characterized by high drag. Before the analysis calibration of the CFD solver is done with the model, which has been measured in the wind tunnel. The aim of calibration is to verify the accuracy and veracity of the methodology used in mesh creation and calculated values. Calculated values are compared with measured data. The shape modifications of the aircraft are focused on conceptual design of the suction inlets for cooling radiators and engine aircraft. Aerodynamic analysis is performed with the modified model in order to determine the variation of lift, drag and pitching moment coefficient from its original configuration.
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Parker, Andrews James. "Nanocluster technologies for electronics design." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369176.
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The work presented in this thesis covers an investigation into the use of metal nanoclusters in nanoelectronics design. Initial studies explored the interactions of the dodecanethiol passivated gold nanocluster, held in solution with toluene, and the native oxide covered silicon surface. Deposition of the clusters is achieved by pipetting u-litre quantities of the solution onto the surface, and allowing the solvent to evaporate leaving the clusters as residue. Patterning of the surface with micron scale photoresist structures prior to cluster exposure, led to the selective aggregation of cluster deposits along the resist boundaries. An extension of this technique, examined the flow of the cluster solution along photoresist structures which extended beyond the solution droplet. Investigation into the electronic properties of nanocluster arrays generated non-linear current-voltage curves, which are explained in terms of two very simple models. These results cast doubt over the suitability of the lateral approach to nanocluster device fabrication, and led to the exploration of vertical device design. Vertical devices, based around -50nm diameter silicon nanopillars with nanoc1usters on top, afford the necessary level of control over all aspects of nanocluster positioning; deposition of a single cluster layer is confined laterally to the pillar cross-section. Initial results of vertical device fabrication, show the considerable promise of this approach to cluster based electronic systems.
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Suresh, Angel D. "Modeling of Electrolytic Membranes for Large Area Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1282064764.
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Yang, Cha. "Municipal Solid Waste Management in an urban area of China: Case studies of Shanghai, China and Linköping, Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76770.
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With the rapid and large increase of waste quantities, China, surpassed the USA as the world’s largest municipal solid waste (MSW) generator since 2004. The phenomena and critical issues of MSWM in China inspired this paper to investigate and analyse the MSWM in an urban area of China. Comparing with the increasing rates of MSW generation, little has been done concerning the municipal solid waste management (MSWM). Not only the local government and authorities are responsible for the MSWM, but also the individuals are playing a significant role in MSWM. An integrated waste management system should be built in order to improve the holistic MSW system and reduce the waste production. The aim of the study is to investigate and analyse the current status and problems of MSWM in an urban area of China and to analyse to what extent a viable reduction of the MSW can be implemented and management systems to be improved in the near future. In this study, two case studies of Shanghai and Linköping are employed and compared to explore the challenges and potentials for improving the MSWM system in China. The result indicated that inadequate facilities and infrastructure, less advanced technology, insufficient public participation, low awareness of environmental protection, problems in policy and laws are the major barriers for the improvement of MSWM. Involving international environmental cooperation activities, planning a sustainable and comprehensive policy and framework for MSWM, introducing economic incentive approaches, promoting the capacities of waste management technologies, raising public environmental awareness are believed to be viable solutions to improve the MSWM system in China.
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Lindeberg, Tomas. "Indium Analysis and Small-scale Distribution in Sulphides from the Lindbom Prospect, Långban Area, Western Bergslagen Ore Province." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-196479.
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Indium is extensively used in LCD screens and solar cells. It is mainly produced as a byproduct during ore processing. With ever increasing demand for indium and most of the production being restricted to a few countries new sources for indium are needed. In Sweden, the westernmost Bergslagen is the only area, which is known to exhibit minerals with essential indium. The indium mineralisations at Långban, the Linbom prospect, which are studied in this bachelor’s thesis show several trends. The most notable is the copper indium trend seen in sphalerite. A likely substitution based on similar ionic radii and charges is Cu1++ In3+ ↔ 2Zn2+.Usually when cassiterite is associated with similar polymetalic indium bearing mineralisations as at Långban there is also high concentrations in cassiterite. This has previously not observed in Sweden, however during this project concentrations were indeed found in cassiterite.
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Perboni, Acácio. "Sensibilidade de gotejadores à obstrução por partículas de areia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-19042016-103353/.
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Os fatores envolvidos na obstrução dos gotejadores são divididos em químicos, físicos e biológicos, os quais, dependem da qualidade da água utilizada na irrigação e dos adubos utilizados em fertirrigação. Dentre os fatores físicos estão as partículas de areia, que são classificadas como sólidas inertes, pois não sofrem agregação com outras partículas já presentes na água e nem dispersão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tamanho e concentração de partículas de areia e da velocidade de escoamento da água nas linhas laterais na obstrução de um único modelo de gotejador do tipo cilíndrico, não regulado, com vazão nominal de 2 L h-1. Foram realizados ensaios de obstrução com areia misturada em água destilada, combinando os seguintes fatores: três faixas granulométricas de partículas de areia (53-105; 105-250 e 250-500 μm), três concentrações de areia na água destilada (100, 250 e 500 mg L-1) e três velocidades de escoamento da água no início das linhas laterais (0,13; 0,25 e 0,94 m s-1). O tempo de ensaio para cada combinação de fatores foi de 48 horas. A vazão de 32 gotejadores foi medida a cada doze minutos por meio de um sistema automatizado desenvolvido durante esta pesquisa, sendo que esse operou adequadamente durante todo o período de ensaios de obstrução. Utilizaram-se oito linhas laterais conectadas em linha de derivação com bifurcações simétricas, cuja finalidade era distribuir uniformemente a água as partículas de areia entre as linhas laterais. Em ensaios com faixa granulométrica de 105 a 250 μm, ocorreu a obstrução nas concentrações de 250 e 500 mg L-1, para as velocidades de escoamento da água no inicío das linhas laterais V2 (0,25 m s-1) e V3 (0,94 m s-1). Já na faixa granulométrica de 250 a 500 μm, ocorreu obstrução nas concentrações de 100, 250 e 500 mg L-1, para V2 e V3. A obstrução de gotejadores ocorreu de forma aleatória nas oito linhas laterais. Após obstruídos os gotejadores não desobstruíram com o passar do tempo de ensaio, portanto fenômenos de autolimpeza não foram observados durante os experimentos.<br>Clogging of emitters is influenced by chemical, physical and biological agents that are associated with irrigation water quality and fertilizers, in case of adoption of fertigation practices. Among the physical agents, sand particles are one of the most important clogging sources. Sand particles are considered to be inert since it does not aggregate with other particles suspended in water. The purpose of this research was to assess influence of concentration, size of sand particles, and flow velocity within laterals on sensitivity of drippers to clogging. The results are limited to a cylindrical integrated dripper of 2 L h-1 nominal flow rate that is a nonpressure compensating emitter. Experiments were undertaken using distilled water and sand particles. The following levels were evaluated: (a) three ranges of particles sizes (0.053-0.105; 0.105-0.25 and 0.25-0.5 mm); (b) three concentrations of particles (100, 250 and 500 mg L-1); and, (c) three flow velocities at the laterals inlet (0.13, 0.25 and 0.94 m s-1). Each testing level had 48 hours duration. The flow rate of 32 drippers was measured every 12 minutes by an automated system developed and successfully validated during this research. A manifold with symmetrical bifurcations was designed to assure uniform water distribution among eight parallel laterals installed on the testing bench. Within the range of particle sizes from 105 to 250 μm, clogging of emitters was observed under concentration of particles of 250 and 500 mg L-1 and under flow velocities of 0.25 and 0.94 m s-1. Within the range of particles sizes from 250 to 500 μm, clogging was observed under all concentrations and under flow velocities of 0.25 and 0.94 m s-1. Apparently, clogging of emitters of the eight laterals occurred randomly. Once clogged, emitters did not recovered its initial flow rate, therefore self-cleaning phenomena was not observed during the experiments.
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Chifari, Rosaria. "Integrated assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Metabolism. The case of the Metropolitan Area of Naples, Italy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399508.
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Esta tesis propone un método cuantitativo para la evaluación integrada del rendimiento de Sistemas de Gestión de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (SGRSU) a diferentes escalas y dimensiones, integrando el análisis de flujos biofísicos con variables socio-económicas. La utilidad y limitaciones de este procedimiento se han ilustrado a través de la aplicación a un caso de estudio: el Área Metropolitana de Nápoles (MAN), región de Campaña, sur de Italia.
El método propuesto se puede utilizar para apoyar procesos de decisión entre diferentes opciones tecnológicas considerando simultáneamente diversos indicadores. Para ello se combinan dos elementos:
(a) Un marco de análisis holístico que permite realizar análisis multi-escala y multi-criterio de: (i) un determinado SGRSU; (ii) las opciones tecnológicas derivadas de cambiar el sistema existente; (iii) las transformaciones generadas por nuevas tecnologías.
(b) Un conjunto integrado de indicadores relacionados con los diferentes criterios y escalas de análisis. Éstos pueden ser seleccionados "a la carta" por actores sociales a través de procesos participativos con el objetivo de aumentar la calidad de la información utilizada en el proceso de gobernanza.
Este innovador marco está basado en la teoría de redes metabólicas y en el método de contabilidad MuSIASEM (Análisis Multi-Escala Integrado del Metabolismo de la Sociedad y de los Ecosistemas). Siguiendo este enfoque, un SGRSU se percibe como un órgano de un sistema socio-ecológico que modula la interacción entre los procesos metabólicos de un área urbana, que consume productos y genera residuos. Este órgano además se relaciona con los ecosistemas que le proporcionan algunos de los suministros que necesita para operar, así como capacidad de sumidero local.
El método de análisis integrado es capaz de caracterizar: (i) los flujos de residuos generados por el sistema urbano en términos de cantidad y calidad; (ii) el conjunto de requerimientos necesarios para el funcionamiento de las etapas del proceso (tecnología, empleo, energía, agua y flujos de materiales); (iii) el grado de apertura del sistema, es decir, los flujos de residuos urbanos importados o exportados en las diferentes etapas; (iv) los productos finales que se depositan en el medioambiente.
Los datos preliminares del caso de estudio se han utilizado para ilustrar el método propuesto. El enfoque de la red metabólica se aplica para generar una representación multi-escala integrada del funcionamiento del actual SGRSU de MAN y una herramienta de apoyo a las decisiones que permite explorar posibles opciones tecnológicas. Esta herramienta se aplica a la evaluación de dos alternativas: “internalización del procesado de residuos” versus “aumento de la tasa de reciclaje”. El análisis señala los diferentes costes asociados a cada una de las alternativas.
La aplicación del método propuesto muestra su utilizad: (i) es semánticamente abierto puesto que se puede aplicar a diferentes contextos geográficos y culturales; (ii) es capaz de evaluar el efecto de condiciones impuestas por diferentes dimensiones como son la tecnológica, la económica y al social (viabilidad y deseabilidad) así como la ambiental (factibilidad); ilustra la inexistencia de soluciones óptimas en las intervenciones tecnológicas. Sin embargo, las herramientas analíticas testeadas demandan una gran cantidad de datos procedentes de múltiples y diversas fuentes. Realizar una evaluación robusta de la calidad de la información requiere tiempo y compromiso por parte de actores sociales que es difícil de mantener. Por último, la interacción con expertos en diferentes pasos del proceso ha mostrado la dificultad de generar discusiones más complejas sobre la ‘foto amplia’ del SGRSU.
Este resultado abandera la importancia del desarrollo del conjunto de herramientas propuesto puesto que es capaz de aportar una visión más holística del funcionamiento de los SGRSU así como datos útiles para una toma de decisiones mejor informada.<br>This dissertation develops a procedure for the integrated assessment of the performance of Municipal Solid Waste Management System (MSWMS) across dimensions and scales interfacing the quantitative analysis of biophysical flows with the socio-economic analysis. The usefulness and the shortcomings of this procedure have been tested in a real case study (The Metropolitan Area of Naples (MAN), Campania Region, Southern Italy).
This procedure can be used as decision support system for carrying out an informed choice, based on the simultaneous consideration of different criteria of performance, when deciding about technological choices. The proposed decision support system combines two elements:
(a) a holistic framework of analysis making it possible to carry out a multi-scale and multi-criteria analysis of: (i) the performance of a given MSWMS (ii) the option space of future changes in the existing network; (iii) the changes implied by the introduction of innovative technologies.
(b) an integrated package of indicators referring to different criteria and scales that can be selected “à la carte” by social actors through participatory processes increasing the quality of the information used in the process of governance.
The innovative holistic framework builds on the theory of metabolic networks and the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) accounting method.
In this approach a MSWMS is perceived as an organ of a socio-ecological system that modulates the interaction between the metabolic processes of the urban area, which consume a flow of inputs and generate a flow of wastes, and those of the embedding ecosystems providing both some of the inputs used by the MSWMS and local sink capacity.
The tool-kit for integrated analysis can characterize: (i) the waste flows produced by the urban system in terms of quantity and quality; (ii) the mix of inputs required for the operation of the stages of the waste management process, such as technology, employment, energy, water and material flows; (iii) the degree of openness of the system, that is, the imports and exports of urban waste flows in the stages of its operation; (iv) the final outputs released into the local environment.
Preliminary data from the case study have been used to develop and illustrate the proposed theoretical framework. The metabolic network approach is then used to generate: (i) a multi-scale integrated representation of the current performance of the MSWMS of the MAN and (ii) a decision support tool to explore the policy option space. In relation to the last point, two alternative political options have been checked: “internalization of waste processing” and “increasing recycling rate”. The analysis pinpoints the different trade-offs associated to each of them.
The application of the proposed method shows its usefulness: (i) it is semantically open since it can be applied in different geographic and cultural contexts; (ii) it can evaluate the effects of constraints belonging to different incommensurable dimensions such as technical, economic and social (viability and desirability) and environmental (feasibility) and (iii) it illustrates that there are not optimal solutions when coming to technological interventions. However, the analytical tool-kit demands large amounts of data from multiple and variegated sources. A robust quality check of the information requires time and commitment of the different actors that is difficult to maintain. Last but not least, the interaction with experts on the different steps of the process has proven the difficulty in opening a more complex discussion about the “big picture” of MSWMS.
This discovery flags again the importance of the development of the presented analytical tool-kit, capable of providing a more holistic vision of the functioning of the MSWMS and useful inputs for better informed decisions.
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Ddiba, Daniel Isaac Waya. "Estimating the potential for resource recovery from productive sanitation in urban areas." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190740.
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To-date, sanitation has mainly been approached from a public and environmental health perspective and this implies that excreta and other organic waste streams are seen not only as a hazard to quickly get rid of but also as a very costly menace to manage. However, looking at sanitation management from a resource recovery perspective provides an avenue for solutions with multiple co-benefits. Revenues from sanitation end-use products can act as an incentive for improving sanitation infrastructure while also covering part or all of the investment and operation costs for the same. Until now, estimating the potential for resource recovery from sanitation systems and technologies has largely been done on a case by case basis according to project or geography with no standardized universal tools or methodologies being used across the world. This study is aimed at developing a generic model for the rapid estimation of the quantities of various resources that can be recovered from sanitary waste streams in urban areas. Key waste streams from sanitation systems in low and middle income countries were identified and their major characterization parameters identified. The mathematical relationships between key waste stream characterization parameters and the potential amounts of resource products derived from treatment were determined and then used to develop the model in MS Excel. The model was then tested with waste stream flow rates and characterization data (for faecal sludge, sewage sludge and organic municipal solid waste) from the city of Kampala with two scenarios; the current collection amounts (390 m3 of faecal sludge, 66 tonnes of sewage sludge and 700 tonnes of organic solid waste) and the potential amounts with increased collection efficiency and coverage (900 m3 of faecal sludge, 282 tonnes of sewage sludge and 2199 tonnes of organic solid waste). The results were shared with Kampala city authorities to obtain feedback. The results showed that there is significant potential in utilizing the daily amounts of the three waste streams collected in Kampala. With increased collection coverage and efficiency, they could altogether yield; up to 361,200 Nm3 of biogas per day which could meet the daily energy needs of 824,000 people that are currently met by firewood. Alternatively, the three sources could produce, 752 tonnes of solid combustion fuel per day which could meet the daily energy needs of 1,108,700 people that are currently met by firewood. As a third alternative, the three sources could produce 198 tonnes of Black Soldier Fly prepupae per day which could substitute for 134 tonnes of dry fish per day currently used as animal feed ingredient and up to 909 tonnes of compost fertilizer per day which is enough to substitute two tonnes of urea that is currently used by farmers. The model thus proved to be a simple way to provide decision support by making rapid estimations of the potential for resource recovery in urban areas, without the burden of having to do full scale feasibility studies. It is expected that this model could be a useful complement to the excreta flow diagrams (SFDs) developed within the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) and hence give a holistic picture of the potential of a closed loop approach to excreta and waste management in cities.
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Elliner, David I. "Quantitative depth profiling of near surface semiconductor structures using ultra low energy SIMS analysis." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343114.
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Khosravi, Mardkhe Maryam. "Facile Synthesis and Characterization of a Thermally Stable Silica-Doped Alumina with Tunable Surface Area, Porosity, and Acidity." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3968.
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Mesoporous γ-Al2O3 is one of the most widely used catalyst supports for commercial catalytic applications. The performance of a catalyst strongly depends on the combination of textural, chemical and physical properties of the support. Pore size is essential since each catalytic system requires a unique pore size for optimal catalyst loading, diffusion and selectivity. In addition, high surface area and large pore volume usually result in higher catalyst loading, which increases the number of catalytic reaction sites and decreases reaction time. Therefore, determination of surface area and porosity of porous supports is critical for the successful design and optimization of a catalyst support. Moreover, it is important to produce supports with good thermal stability since pore collapsing due to sintering at high temperatures often results in catalyst deactivation. In addition, the ability to control the acidity of the catalyst enables us to design desirable acid sites to optimize product selectivity, activity, and stability in different catalytic applications. This dissertation presents a simple, one-pot, solvent-deficient method to synthesize thermally stable silica-doped alumina (SDA) without using templates. The XRD (X-ray diffraction), HTXRD (high temperature X-ray diffraction), SS NMR (solid state nuclear magnetic resonance), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), TGA(thermogravimetric analysis), and N2 adosorption techniques are used to characterize the structures of the synthesized SDAs and understand the origin of increased thermal stability. The obtained SDAs have a surface area of 160 m2/g, pore volume of 0.99 cm3/g, and a bimodal pore size distribution of 23 and 52 nm after calcination at 1100◦C. Compared to a commercial SDA, the surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of synthesized SDAs are higher by 46%, 155%, and 94%, respectively. A split-plot fractional-factorial experimental design is also used to obtain a useful mathematical model for the control of textural properties of SDAs with a reduced cost and number of experiments. The proposed quantitative models can predict optimal conditions to produce SDAs with high surface areas greater than 250 m2/g, large pore volume greater than 1 cm3/g, and large (40-60 nm) or medium (16-19 nm) pore diameters. In my approach, I control acid sites formation by altering preparation variables in the synthesis method such as Si/Al ratio and calcination temperatures. The total acidity concentration (Brønsted and Lewis) of the synthesized SDAs are determined using ammonia temperatured program, pyridine fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and MAS NMR. The total acidity concentration is increased by introducing a higher mole ratio of Si to Al. In addition, the total acidity concentration is decreased by increasing calcination temperature while maintaining high surface area, large porosity, and thermal stability of γ-alumina support. I also present an optimized synthesis of various aluminum alkoxides (aluminum n-hexyloxide (AH), aluminum phenoxide (APh) and aluminum isopropoxide (AIP)) with high yields (90-95%). One mole of aluminum is reacted with excess alcohol in the presence of 0.1 mole % mercuric chloride catalyst. The synthesized aluminum alkoxides are used as starting materials to produce high surface area alumina catalyst supports. Aluminum alkoxides and nano aluminas are analyzed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 27Al NMR, gCOSY (2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), IR (infrared spectroscopy), XRD, ICP (induced coupled plasma), and elemental analysis.
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Bueno, Rafael Ivens da Silva. "Aproveitamento da areia gerada em obra de desassoreamento - caso: Rio Paraibuna/SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-18112010-124317/.
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Em decorrência do assoreamento do leito do Rio Paraibuna, no município de Paraibuna/SP, a captação de água para a Estação de Tratamento de Águas (ETA) desse município vem enfrentando problemas com a sucção de areia e outros detritos, fato este que diminui a capacidade de captação e aumenta o desgaste de equipamentos. No presente caso, o problema de assoreamento caracteriza uma situação emergencial em virtude do risco iminente de paralisação das bombas na ETA e, consequentemente, do serviço público essencial de distribuição de água potável para o município. Em 2008, o volume de areia acumulado próximo à área de captação de água era tão elevado que foram formados verdadeiros bancos de areia, prejudicando o abastecimento da cidade, que necessita da captação de 200 litros de água por segundo. Desta forma, fez-se necessário o desenvolvimento do plano de desassoreamento do leito do rio Paraibuna, sendo este avaliado em conjunto com a viabilidade ambiental e econômica da implantação de atividade de explotação de areia como agregado para Construção Civil, na busca de sustentabilidade para tal obra, uma vez que se admite a possibilidade de minimização do impacto ambiental ao desenvolvê-lo em área já degradada. A realização de uma pesquisa mineral mostra-se necessária para viabilização da implantação de um empreendimento minerário, juntamente com a avaliação das técnicas utilizadas no beneficiamento e na lavra aplicados na atividade de explotação de areia no local. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa indicaram que a caracterização granulométrica está situada entre areia média à fina, nas análises por peneiramento. Também foi observado um considerável nível de impurezas orgânicas no sedimento, e nas análises de composição mineralógica, a predominância de quartzo, além de rutilo, muscovita, microclínio, albita e a possível presença de goethita. Por estas análises foi possível concluir que esta areia tem potencial para aproveitamento industrial.<br>As a result of a silting up of the riverbed of the Paraibuna river, the water capitation for the water treatment plants (WTP) of the city have been facing problems with the sand and other debris suction, fact that diminishes the capitation capacity and increases the equipment consuming. In the present case, the problem characterizes an urgent situation in virtue of the imminent risk of stoppage of the bombs in the WTP and, consequently, of the essential public service of drinking waters distribution for the city. The development of a plan of sand and silt removal in the riverbed of the Paraibuna river has became necessary. In this study it is being evaluated in set with the environmental and economic viability of sand exploitation for construction. A part from the sustainability, it also admits the possibility of reducing the environment impact if developed in area already degraded. The development of a mineral research revealed necessary to make possible the implantation of a mineral enterprise. The results showed that the particle size distribution is situated of a fine to medium sand in the sieving analyses. It was also observed considered level of organic impurities in the sediment and the analyses of mineral composition the quartz predominance beyond rutile, muscovite, microcline, albite and the possible presence of goethite. As a result, it concludes that the sand has a potential and economical evaluation and it can be used in industrial applications.
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White, Lauren. "The Modification of Silica Aerogel Materials for Contemporary Use." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4204.
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Aerogel materials have had limited utility due to their fragility, geometrical limitations, fabrication costs and protracted fabrication times. The objective of this project was to eliminate these limitations. Native, cross-linked and hybrid aerogel monoliths have been fabricated using a newly developed one-pot method without the need for solvent exchange. The key to this technique is the use of an ethanol–water azeotrope mixture, which contains 4.4% water by volume, as both a gelation and supercritical drying solvent. The small water content allows for drying at temperatures close to the supercritical temperature of the dry solvent, where reactions such as silica dissolution and polymer degradation are negligible. This improvement on conventional fabrication processes is of particular importance since it decreases the total duration of aerogel fabrication from five days to one day. Cross-linked silica aerogel monoliths were fabricated using one-pot hydrolysis-condensation wet chemistry methods as well as a rapid photogelation method. Both native silica and cross-linked aerogel components were made with a minimum dimension of up to 3.6 cm and in customizable shapes. Fabrication of homogeneous aerogels using these methods required a maximum of one day, as demonstrated in this work. Finally, LEDs and Laser irradiation were both used to selectively embed cross-linked aerogel into a larger native silica component to provide reinforcement and/or a surface which can be used for labeling or affixing the aerogel component to another surface.
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Huang, Baiyu. "Facile Synthesis and Improved Pore Structure Characterization of Mesoporous γ-Alumina Catalyst Supports with Tunable Pore Size". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3553.
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Mesoporous γ-alumina is the most extensively used catalysts support in a wide range of catalytic processes. The usefulness of γ-alumina relies on its favorable combination of physical, textural, thermal, and chemical properties. Pore structure properties are among the most important properties, since high surface area and large pore volume enable higher loading of active catalytic phases, while design of pore size and pore size distribution is critical to optimize pore diffusional transport and product selectivity. In addition, accurate determination of surface area (SA), pore volume (PV) and pore size distribution (PSD) of porous supports, catalysts, and nanomaterials is vital to successful design and optimization of these materials and to the development of robust models of pore diffusional resistance and catalyst deactivation.In this dissertation, we report a simple, one-pot, solvent-deficient process to synthesize mesoporous γ-alumina without using external templates or surfactants. XRD, TEM, TGA and N2 adsorption techniques are used to characterize the morphologies and structures of the prepared alumina nanomaterials. By varying the aluminum salts or the water to aluminum molar ratio in the hydrolysis of aluminum alkoxides, γ-alumina with different morphologies and pore structures are synthesized. The obtained alumina nanomaterials have surface areas ranging from 210 m2/g to 340 m2/g, pore volumes ranging from 0.4 cm3/g to 1.7 cm3/g, and average pore widths from 4 to 18 nm. By varying the alcohols used in the rinsing and gelation of boehmite/bayerite precursors derived from a controlled hydrolysis of aluminum alkoxides, the average pore width of the γ-aluminas can be tuned from 7 to 37 nm. We also report improved calculations of PSD based on the Kelvin equation and a proposed Slit Pore Geometry model for slit-shaped mesopores of relatively large pore size (>10 nm). Two structural factors, α and β, are introduced to correct for non-ideal pore geometries. The volume density function for a log normal distribution is used to calculate the geometric mean pore diameter and standard deviation of the PSD. The Comparative Adsorption (αs) Method is also employed to independently assess mesopore surface area and volume.
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Novotny, Marian. "Applications of Structural Bioinformatics for the Structural Genomics Era." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7593.
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Slowik, Irma, Axel Fischer, Stefan Gutsche, et al. "New concept for organic lightemitting devices under high excitations using emission from a metal-free area." SPIE, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34847.
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In this work, a new organic light-emitting device (OLED) structure is proposed that allows light-emission from a metal-free device region, thus reducing the hurdles towards an electrically pumped organic solid state laser (OSL). Our design concept employs a stepwise change from a highly conductive but opaque metal part to a highly transparent but less conductive intrinsic emission layer. Here, the high current densities are localized to an area of a few micrometer in square, which is in the range of the mode volume of the transverse mode of an organic vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Besides these experimental results, we present findings from simulations which further support the feasibility of our design concept. Using an equivalent circuit approach, representing the current ow in the device, we calculate the time-dependent length of the emission zone and give estimations for appropriate material parameters.
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Morat, Fabien. "Influence des apports rhodaniens sur les traits d'histoires de vie de la sole commune (Solea Solea) : apports de l'analyse structurale et minéralogique des otolithes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22126/document.
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La sole commune présente au cours de son cycle de vie un changement ontogénétique d’habitat. Les larves sont marines et pélagiques, les juvéniles sont benthiques et vivent dans les nourriceries côtières (lagunes et estuaires) alors que les adultes sont benthiques et marins en zones plus profondes. Les otolithes sont des concrétions minéralisées de carbonate de calcium de l’oreille interne des téléostéens qui ne subissent ni dissolution ni résorption. Ils enregistrent les caractéristiques chimiques et isotopiques des milieux traversés.L’étude de la croissance, de la composition chimique et isotopique des otolithes des soles des nourriceries a confirmé l’existence de deux stocks de soles dans le golfe du Lion, un à l’Est et l’autre à l’Ouest. Les faibles valeurs de 13C et les fortes valeurs de Ba/Ca des otolithes des soles de l’Est du golfe ont été associées à une forte influence des apports rhodaniens sur la phase de vie larvaire lors des années où le débit du Rhône est normal. En période de crue, une forte influence du fleuve est visible sur les otolithes des soles des nourriceries de l’ensemble du golfe. La croissance des otolithes des juvéniles a été plus élevée lorsque la salinité a été proche de 20 et la température comprise entre 20 et 25°C (période estivale). Les signatures des otolithes de Mauguio et Berre ont présenté des 13C et Sr/Ca plus faibles que ceux de Thau (influences plus marines sur les proies et les masses d’eau). La spécificité des signatures chimiques et isotopiques des otolithes a permis d’élaborer des profils qui ont été retrouvés chez les populations de soles adultes du golfe, mais aussi vers Marseille et Bandol. Ces soles ont montré une influence du Rhône durant la phase de vie larvaire à 53%. Elles ont également montré une forte similarité avec les profils chimiques de type lagune de Thau (10-56%) et Rhône (19-30%) durant leur vie juvénile. Toutefois, une proportion non négligeable de soles originaires de nourriceries non caractérisées (26-50%) a été observée<br>The life cycle of the common sole shows an ontogenetic shift of habitats. The larvae are marine and pelagic, the juveniles are benthic in coastal nurseries (lagoons and estuaries) whereas adults are benthic and live in marine deeper areas. Otoliths are paired calcified structures from the inner ear of teletost fish. They are metabolically inert (neither resorption nor dissolution) and they record, both the age (daily and annual increments) and the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the environment inhabited. Otoliths study provides information on the life history traits of individuals.The study of growth, chemical and isotopic otolith composition of soles from nurseries confirmed the existence of two sole stocks in the Gulf of Lions, one in the Eastern part and the other in the Western part. Low values in 13C and higher values in Ba/Ca ratio measured in Eastern sole otoliths during the larval life were associated to a high influence of the Rhône River discharge during a normal flow rate periods. Conversely, the one hundred return flood of the 2nd of December 2003 was very high and visible on otoliths from all nurseries in the Gulf of Lions. Juvenile otolith growth was higher in nurseries with low salinity (~20) and temperatures between 20 and 25°C than in more marine nurseries. 13C and Sr/Ca ratios of otoliths from Berre and Mauguio coastal lagoons were lower than those observed in Thau coastal lagoon (more marine influences on preys and water masses). These specificities of otolith compositions were used for the elaboration of reference profiles, which have been identified in adult populations of the Gulf of Lions, Marseilles and Bandol. Adult have shown an influence of the Rhône River during their larval life at 53%. They have shown a similarity with Thau chemical profile (10-56%) and Rhône profile (19-30%) during their juvenile life. However, 26-50% of fish from uncharacterised nurseries have been observed
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Alali, Abdullah [Verfasser], Rafael [Akademischer Betreuer] Macián-Juan, and Vicent Sergio [Akademischer Betreuer] Chiva. "Development and validation of new solver based on the interfacial area transport equation for the numerical simulation of sub-cooled boiling with OpenFOAM CFD code for nuclear safety applications / Abdullah Alali. Gutachter: Sergio Chiva Vicent ; Rafael Macián-Juan. Betreuer: Rafael Macián-Juan." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1048677257/34.
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Tayyeba, Omid. "Benefits of GHG Reduction and Carbon Finance for Adjara project : a case study in Georgia." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33057.
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The grave concern over climate change threat and different economic incentives such as the clean development mechanism have given more weight to the potential of projects for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In Adjara solid waste management project, even though the greenhouse gas reduction was acknowledged, it was not one of the key factors for selecting the most practicable treatment option. In doing so, the study was addressed the benefit of various solid waste treatment methods for Adjara project in terms of greenhousegas emissions reduction. It is followed by analyzing the economic impacts of carbon finance on the financial feasibility of the project according to different economic scenarios. In considering the solid waste treatment technologies that could be suitable for developing countries, seven options were focused in the study: the baseline of open dumping, four options for landfill (no provision of landfill gas capture, landfill gas capture with open flaringsystem, enclosed flaring system and electricity generation), composting and an aerobicdigestion with electricity production. The applicable CDM methodologies were adopted toquantify the amount of reductions for scenarios. Anaerobic digestion scenario had by far thegreatest amount of reduction. In versely, the worst scenario was landfill without landfill gasrecovery which had even more contribution to climate change than the base case. In the economic assessment part, the internal rate of return was adopted as financial indicator and the feasibility study of the project was adjusted according to new economic condition in the presence of carbon finance. The scenario with additional incomes from the sales of both certified emission reductions and electricity maximized the profits of theproject. In case the project partners do not consider the possibility for generating electricity,they can maintain the project’s economic position through the sale of certified emissionreductions instead of the income from selling electricity. These conclusions were tested for uncertainty and sensitivity by modifying the price of the certified emission reductions and the input waste composition and were found to be robust.<br><p>www.ima.kth.se</p><p>External cooperation with SWECO</p>
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Pablos, Javier Mazariegos. "Estudo para a reutilização do resíduo sólido constituído pelas areias de fundição aglomeradas com argila, através da técnica de solidificação/estabilização em matrizes de cimento Portland, para aplicação no setor da construção civil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-27022009-093112/.
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A presente pesquisa realizou um estudo que investiga a viabilidade técnica para a reciclagem do resíduo sólido gerado pelo descarte das areias de fundição aglomeradas com argila, para aplicação no setor da construção civil. Para isso, o trabalho estabelece uma metodologia, a qual avalia a estabilização do resíduo em matrizes solidificadas de cimento Portland, melhoradas através de adições de argila bentonita sódica e/ou sílica ativa. A estabilização do resíduo foi verificada através de ensaio de solubilização, o qual submete as matrizes solidificadas a contatos dinâmico e estático com água destilada. Os desempenhos mecânico e físico das matrizes foram avaliados em ensaios de resistência à compressão, absorção de água e permeabilidade ao ar. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, tanto a bentonita sódica, quanto a sílica ativa contribuem para o aumento da eficiência de fixação dos metais \'AL\', \'FE\' e \'CR\' por parte das matrizes de cimento Portland. As composições que obtiveram os melhores desempenhos mecânico, físico e químico foram utilizadas na confecção de tijolos maciços, visando aplicação na execução de alvenarias. Para a moldagem dos tijolos foi empregada uma prensa hidráulica, o que possibilitou manter a regularidade dimensional das faces. Ao mesmo tempo, o formato dos tijolos foi concebido com design diferenciado, proporcionando modulação e encaixes que podem reduzir significativamente o consumo da argamassa de assentamento. Os tijolos foram submetidos aos ensaios de solubilização, resistência à compressão e absorção de água, apresentando resultados satisfatórios e comprovando a viabilidade técnica para aplicação na execução de alvenarias.<br>In this research, a study that investigates the technical feasibility for the recycling of solid waste generated by the disposal of the foundry sands bonded with clay, for implementation in the construction industry, was conducted. For this reason, the work establishes a method, which assesses the stabilization of waste in solidified matrices of Portland cement, improved by the additions of sodium bentonite clay and/or silica fume. The stabilization of the waste was verified by solubilization test, which puts the solidified matrices in static and dynamic contacts with distiled water. The mechanical and physical performances of the matrices were evaluated in tests of resistance to compression, absorption of water and air permeability. The results show that both the sodium bentonite, and the active silica contribute to increase the fixation efficiency of the metals \'AL\', \'FE\' and \'CR\' by the matrices of Portland cement. The compositions that have the best mechanical, physical and chemical performance were used in the manufacture of massive bricks, seeking their use in the implementation of masonry. For the molding of bricks a hydraulic press was used, which allowed to keep the dimensional regularity of the faces. At the same time, the format of the bricks was designed with different shapes, providing modulation and fitting that can significantly reduce the consumption of settlement mortar. The bricks were subjected to tests of solubilization, resistance to compression and absorption of water, showing satisfactory results that confirm the technical feasibility for being used in the implementation of masonry.
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Neto, Benedito Coutinho. "Avaliação do reaproveitamento de areia de fundição como agregado em misturas asfálticas densas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-10022011-101639/.
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A areia de fundição é um resíduo sólido industrial oriundo da etapa de desmoldagem de peças metálicas no processo de produção de fundidos. Esse resíduo, dependendo do processo de fundição utilizado (moldagem a verde, moldagem em casca, moldagem com resina sintética e outros) e do material moldado, pode conter elementos e/ou compostos químicos que podem causar impacto ambiental. As substâncias que podem estar presentes na areia de fundição são provenientes, em parte, do tipo de metal moldado e, em parte, do aglomerante utilizado no processo. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de alternativa para utilização desse rejeito com a finalidade de contribuir para a minimização do problema, reutilizando-o na composição dos agregados para concreto asfáltico. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de classificação de resíduos em amostras de areias virgem e de fundição e em misturas asfálticas, contendo areia virgem e de fundição, não compactadas, para verificar se este resíduo, quando incorporado à massa asfáltica, poluiria o meio ambiente. Realizou-se, também, ensaio de lixiviação com extrator soxhlet em corpo-de-prova de mistura asfáltica com 15% de areia de fundição para avaliar o comportamento, em termos ambientais, desse material a longo prazo. Para verificar o desempenho, da massa asfáltica contendo esse resíduo, na pavimentação, foram realizados ensaios de dosagem Marshall, dano por umidade induzida, cantabro, resistência à tração, módulo de resiliência e fluência estática. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir, em linhas gerais, que a reutilização de areia de fundição em pavimentação asfáltica é viável, pois as misturas asfálticas contendo esse resíduo apresentaram boas propriedades mecânicas de interesse à pavimentação. Além disso, os ensaios de classificação de resíduos sólidos realizados na massa asfáltica com areia de fundição, cuja classificação original é Classe II - não inerte, ) classificaram a massa asfáltica como resíduo Classe III - inerte, o que sugere um encapsulamento deste resíduo pela massa asfáltica.<br>Foundry sand is an industrial solid waste resulting from sand casting process in foundry industries. Depending on the type of foundry process (green sand molding, shell sand molding, molding using synthetic resin and others) and of the type cast metal, this waste may contain elements and/or chemical compounds that may cause environmental impact. The substances that may be found in foundry sand proceed partly from the type of the metal and partly from the agglutinant used on the process. The purpose of this research is to present an alternative study for the use of the foundry sand, reusing it in the composition of the aggregate for asphalt concrete and thus to contribute to minimize the environmental impact caused for this waste. To reach this purpose, classification tests of solid wastes were run in virgin sand and foundry sand and asphaltic mixtures not compacted containing both types of sand. This investigation considered the possibility of this waste when incorporated to asphaltic mixture to pollute the environment. Leaching with soxhlet extractor test in specimen of asphaltic mixture with 15% of foundry sand was also realized to evaluate the performance of this material a long-term period in environmental terms. In order to verify the performance in paving, the mixtures were submitted to Marshall method of mix design and to the tests of resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, cantabro, resistance of compacted bituminous mixture to moisture-induced damage and static creep. Based on the results, it could be concluded that, in a general way, the reuse of foundry sand in asphaltic paving is viable, once the asphaltic mixtures containing this residue presented good mechanical properties. Besides the classification tests of solid wastes realized in asphaltic mixture containing foundry sand, which original classification as class II - no inert, passed to a classification of asphaltic mixture class III - inerte, what suggests that the waste was encapsulated in hot mix asphalt.
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Costa, Sandro Luiz da. "Aspectos jurídicos e ambientais da gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos na Região Metropolitana de Aracaju." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4138.
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In pursuit of sustainable development there is a growing concern over solid waste policies to promote an integrated and participatory management system and activities that maximize the reuse and recovery, incorporating recycling and composting of waste and reintroducing them in productive chain. This research aims to demonstrate and assess the legal aspects and environmental management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the metropolitan area of Aracaju (MRA), comprising the cities of Aracaju, Nossa Senhora do Socorro, São Cristóvão and the Barra dos Coqueiros within a holistic view and under the legal and rational approach of environment. To reach it was to raise the MSW regulations in Brazil and actions technical, legal and social control of MSW management in the MRA. For this, besides the documentary
research, interviews were effective with the involved segments and visits to places of disposal of MSW and treatment of MRA. As a result, besides the compilation of the MSW legal system and environmental in Brazil and the retrospective of MSW management in the MRA in the past decades, observed that there is a legal sustainability as a rule of norms in the MRA and the municipalities of Sergipe, referring to the legal-ambient microsystems of RSU in the scope of these federative spheres. About MSW management, it was found that while sustainability is the rule, there are initial actions and even consolidated, as in the common collection and transportation of MSW, for the search of the sustainability of the system.<br>Na busca do desenvolvimento sustentável verifica-se uma preocupação crescente com as políticas de resíduos sólidos para que promovam um sistema integrado e participativo de
gestão e gerenciamento, que maximize a reutilização e a recuperação, incorporando a reciclagem e a compostagem destes resíduos e reintroduzindo-os na cadeia produtiva. O
presente trabalho pretende demonstrar e avaliar os aspectos jurídicos e ambientais da gestão e do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) na Região Metropolitana de Aracaju (RMA), composta pelos municípios de Aracaju, Nossa Senhora do Socorro, São Cristóvão e Barra dos Coqueiros, dentro de uma visão holística e sob o enfoque jurídico e racional de meio ambiente. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi feito levantamento das normas que disciplinam RSU no Brasil e dos encaminhamentos técnicos, jurídicos e de controle social da gestão de RSU na RMA. Para isto, além da pesquisa documental, foram efetivas entrevistas com os segmentos envolvidos e visitas aos locais de disposição final de RSU e de tratamento da RMA. Como resultados, além da compilação do sistema jurídico-ambiental de RSU no Brasil e da retrospectiva da gestão de RSU na RMA nas últimas décadas, observou-se a
sustentabilidade jurídica, como regra, das normas vigentes nos municípios da RMA e do Estado de Sergipe, referentes aos microssistemas jurídico-ambientais de RSU no âmbito
destas esferas federativas. Sobre a gestão de RSU, verificou-se que embora a insustentabilidade seja a regra, há ações iniciais e até consolidadas, como no caso da coleta e
transporte comum de RSU, para a busca da sustentabilidade do sistema.
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Stanislav, Silvestr. "Příprava nízkodimenzionálních III-V polovodičů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443735.
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Tato diplomová práce se zabývá přípravou nanostruktur z indium arsenidu (InAs) pomocí metody molekulární svazkové epitaxe (MBE). Důraz je kladen na výrobu struktur ve formě nanodrátů na křemíkovém substrátu. V úvodní části práce je popsána motivace pro studium III-V polovodičů a konkrétně InAs. Následující kapitoly vysvětlují dva základní princpy tvorby nanodrátů. Experimentální část práce diskutuje možnost přípravy indiového katalyzátoru pro samokatalyzovaný růst InAs nanodrátů v konkrétní aparatuře MBE. Následuje prezentace výsledků růstu InAs nanodrátů mechanismem selektivní epitaxe (SAE). Nanodráty byly vyrobeny na substrátu s termálně dekomponovaným oxidem a rovněž na substrátech s litograficky připravenou oxidovou maskou.
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Kumar, Manish. "High density and high reliability thin film embedded capacitors on organic and silicon substrates." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26655.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.<br>Committee Chair: Tummala Rao; Committee Member: Pulugurtha Raj; Committee Member: Wong C P. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Medgyesi, Danielle Nicolle. "Where children play: young child exposure to environmental hazards during play in public areas in a transitioning internally displaced persons community in Haiti." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6206.
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Globally, gastrointestinal (GI) infections by enteric pathogens are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five (≤5). While GI pathogen exposure in households has been rigorously examined, there is little data about young children’s exposure in public domains. Public areas in low-income settings are often used for waste disposal practices beyond human feces disposal, including trash dumping in open drainage canals and unused lots. If young children play in public domains unattended, they might be exposed to interrelated and highly concentrated microbial, chemical, and physical hazards. This study performed structured observations at 36 public areas in a transitioning internally displaced persons community in Haiti, to document how often young children play in public areas and to quantify behaviors that might lead to illness and injury. Children ≤5 yrs played at all public sites, including toddlers (92%/sites) and infants (44%/sites). Children touched and mouthed trash (metal, glass, plastic), food and other objects from the ground, ate soil (geophagia), drank surface water; as well as touched latrines, animals, animal feces, and open drainage canals. Hand-to-mouth contact was frequent and significantly different among developmental stages (infants: 18/hr, toddlers: 11/hr, and young children: 9/hr), providing evidence that children could ingest trace amounts of GI pathogens and other contaminants on hands. These findings demonstrate that water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions need to consider the unique risks posed by public domains that contribute to GI infection in young children. Furthermore, this highlights the need for waste related interventions to address the broader set of civil conditions that create unsafe, toxic, and contaminated public environments where young children play.
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Cardoso, Luís Fernando. "Avaliação do risco potencial de poluição e contaminação por resíduos sólidos: estudo de caso do lixão de Morro Agudo - São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-11102016-163551/.
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O crescente processo de industrialização e urbanização mundial acelerou a geração de resíduos. Sua disposição e tratamento adequados é hoje um grande problema de contaminação ambiental. Alguns países adotam medidas para o controle e gerenciamento das áreas de disposição de resíduos, consideradas de antemão como contaminadas. No Brasil, não existe legislação específica nem levantamento de tais áreas, com exceção da região metropolitana de São Paulo que identificou e cadastrou essas áreas através de convênio entre a CETESB e o governo da Alemanha, por intermédio da Sociedade de Cooperação Técnica GTZ. Deste convênio surgiu o manual de gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas, publicação destinada a orientar as ações de gerenciamento de áreas suspeitas ou contaminadas; este manual balizou a caracterização ambiental do lixão de Morro Agudo, objeto deste estudo, comprovando a contaminação da área e alertando para a necessidade de medidas, visando a proteção dos principais bens a proteger.<br>The increasing process of worldwide industrialization and urbanization accelerated the generation of residues. Nowadays its adequate disposal and treatment are a great problem of environmental contamination. Some countries adopt measures for the control and management of the residue disposal areas, considered beforehand as contaminated. In Brazil, it does not exist specific legislation nor survey of such areas, with exception of Sao Paulo metropolitan area, which identified and registered these areas through an agreement between CETESB and the government of Germany, mediated by Sociedade de Cooperação Técnica GTZ. From this agreement appeared the management manual of contaminated areas, publication destined to guide the actions of management of suspicious or contaminated areas; this manual determined the environmental characterization of Morro Agudo rubbish dump, subject of this study, proving the area contamination and alerting to the necessity of measures, aiming the protection of the main goods to be protected.
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Cooper, Celeste Eaton. "Degradation in Performance of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes Under Accelerated Testing." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1485524881843845.
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Kim, Hyuncheol. "Economic perspectives on the siting of a municipal solid waste facility." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=765031531&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233361937&clientId=23440.
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Chiarelotto, Marilete. "Saneamento básico rural: estudo de caso de propriedades na comunidade Água Verde no Município de Marmeleiro-Pr." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1518.
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Previous issue date: 2016-06-01<br>The Watershed Green Water located in the city of Marmeleiro, located in the Southwest of state Paraná has the main source of the river Marrecas located in the Community Green Water. The county is mainly agricultural and approximately 50% of farms are in the Rio Marrecas basin, which is the only supply source in the municipality of Francisco Beltrão / PR. The case study of properties in Green Water community was conducted throughout the year 2014-2015, with visits and application of questionnaire and interviews in 25 properties that are part of the Watershed Green Water ATER group. This study aimed to carry out a diagnosis of the current rural sanitation situation, analyzing the generation, treatment and disposal of liquid animal waste, household waste liquid and the solid waste in the watershed Green Water. The activities carried out in the watershed predominate in cattle milk and cereal production, and these activities are not managed properly cause serious environmental impacts. Home-based recyclable solid waste of all properties are directed to the selective collection which is held by the municipality every sixty days in the communities. Liquid waste from the dairy production activity and are cut by 32% referred to esterqueiras and later used as fertilizer in agriculture. All activities in the watershed directly interfere with the environment we live in, so the worry of making a diagnosis of the sanitation situation in the watershed Green Water, so that future actions can be taken to reduce caused environmental impacts and improve the quality of life of the residents of Green water community and also to improve the quality of the water that serves to capture the city of Francisco Beltrão / PR<br>A microbacia da Água Verde situada no município de Marmeleiro, localizada no Sudoeste do estado do Paraná tem as principais nascentes do rio Marrecas localizada na Comunidade Água Verde. O município é essencialmente agrícola e aproximadamente 50% das propriedades rurais encontram-se na bacia do Rio Marrecas, sendo esse o único manancial de abastecimento do município de Francisco Beltrão/PR. O estudo de caso de propriedades na comunidade Água Verde foi realizado no período de 2014 a 2016, com visitas e aplicação de questionário e entrevistas em 25 propriedades que fazem parte do grupo ATER da microbacia Água Verde. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um diagnóstico da situação atual do saneamento básico rural, analisando a geração, o tratamento e a destinação final dos resíduos líquidos de animais, resíduos líquidos domiciliares, bem como os resíduos sólidos domiciliares na microbacia Água Verde. As atividades realizadas na microbacia predominam na bovinocultura de leite e produção de cereais, sendo que estas atividades se não manejadas corretamente causam sérios impactos ambientais. Os resíduos sólidos recicláveis domiciliares de todas as propriedades são encaminhados para a coleta seletiva que é realizada pelo Município a cada sessenta dias nas comunidades. Os resíduos líquidos oriundos da atividade de bovinocultura de leite e corte são em 32% encaminhados para esterqueiras e posteriormente utilizados como fertilizante na lavoura. Todas as atividades realizadas na microbacia interferem diretamente no ambiente em que vivemos, por isso a preocupação de realizar um diagnóstico da situação do saneamento na microbacia Água Verde, para que ações futuras possam ser realizadas para diminuir os impactos ambientais causados e melhorar na qualidade de vida dos moradores da comunidade Água Verde bem como também de melhorar a qualidade da água que serve de captação para o Município de Francisco Beltrão/PR