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Parviainen, Jari, Peter Furu und Conor Kretsch. „Tools for assessment of human health dimensions in forests | Tools for assessment of human health dimensions in forests“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, Nr. 3 (01.03.2010): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0114.
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Human health related to forests can be evaluated by Health Impact Assessment (HIA) methodologies and by using indicators of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM). The HIA systematically reviews the health aspects associated with a development policy, plan or project for a forested area, whereas the indicators of SFM can be used to monitor and give information on the existing forests, and their management, including planning. A prerequisite for the assessment of human health aspects in forestry context is defining the relevant indicators. The physical and mental aspects of human health as well as human diseases related to forest conditions are not covered comprehensively and in an operational way for use in current forest management. The health aspects need more multidisciplinary research on the cause-effect relationships between health, forest management and biodiversity. It is also necessary to develop methodologies for the estimation of the economic value of the non-market forest ecosystem services. This article outlines several possibilities to collaborate and develop joint approaches between forest and health sector to assess the health aspect in forests and to ensure that the health aspects in forest management are taken into consideration.
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Spathelf, Peter. „Seminatural silviculture in Southwest Germany“. Forestry Chronicle 73, Nr. 6 (01.12.1997): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73715-6.
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A brief historical overview shows the mainstream development pattern in German silviculture and outlines the adjacent role of naturally-oriented silviculture. The rationale for seminatural silviculture is discussed with reference to its ecological and economical aspects. Elements of seminatural silviculture of the Baden-Württemberg-concept are introduced. This concept is not purely a preservation strategy, but recognises the importance of timber production. Some aspects of selection forests, such as the special case of uneven-aged forests with a long tradition in Southwest Germany, are mentioned. As there are still a lot of even-aged (pure) forests in Southwest Germany, transformation strategies towards uneven-aged mixed forests are shown with the aid of some examples.Criteria and indicators for seminatural silviculture which have to be developed on a regional or local scale, can be used as a basis for establishing a certification process for Southwest German forests. Seminatural silviculture is suited as a rational and integrating silvicultural system to fulfil future requirements on forests in a dynamically changing world. Key words: seminatural silviculture, selection forests, transformation strategies, indicators of seminatural silviculture
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Zaldívar Jiménez, Arturo, Jorge Herrera Silveira, Carlos Coronado Molina und David Alonzo Parra. „Estructura y productividad de los manglares en la reserva de biosfera Ría Celestún, Yucatán, México“. Madera y Bosques 10 (01.09.2016): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/myb.2004.1031264.
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Una zona importante de distribución de manglares en Yucatán está asociada al sistema lagunar de la Reserva de la Biosfera Ría Celestún, localizada al noroeste de la Península. Los principales impactos hacia este ecosistema son la interrupción de flujos de agua, el crecimiento urbano no controlado, el cambio en el uso del suelo y la deforestación. El suelo de la región es cárstico y altamente permeable; al no existir ríos, la única fuente de agua son la precipitación pluvial (760 mm año-1) y las descargas de agua subterránea las cuales tienen su mayor influencia en la parte interna de la laguna, reflejándose en un gradiente de menor a mayor salinidad hacia la boca de la laguna que la conecta con el Golfo de México. Debido a este gradiente se observaron diferentes grados de estructura, dominancia de especies y productividad, registrándose las mayores estructuras y valores de caída de hojarasca de 4,09 g m2 día-1 en la parte interna y de 2,59 g m2 día-1 en la zona de la boca. Temporalmente la productividad de la laguna está relacionada con la variabilidad climática de la región (nortes, secas y lluvias). Los diferentes patrones de estructura y producción de hojarasca fueron determinados por características del suelo como la salinidad y del clima. Por lo tanto las estrategias de manejo deben considerar estos aspectos, así como la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la hidrología, ya que modificaciones, incluso pequeñas, de este aspecto producirían impactos negativos de mayor escala, sugiriendo la vulnerabilidad de este ecosistema a los cambios hidrológicos y ambientales climáticos.
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Toivonen, H. „Integrating forestry and conservation in boreal forests: ecological, legal and socio-economic aspects“. Forestry 73, Nr. 2 (01.02.2000): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/73.2.129.
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ADHIKARI, BHIM. „Poverty, property rights and collective action: understanding the distributive aspects of common property resource management“. Environment and Development Economics 10, Nr. 1 (17.01.2005): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001755.
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This study examines, in a developing-country context, the contribution of community forestry to household income with particular emphasis on group heterogeneity and equity in benefit distribution. The economic analysis of household-level benefits reveals that poorer households are currently benefiting less in absolute terms from community forestry than less poor households. In terms of the contribution of forests to total household income, the study results suggest that the poor are actually less dependent on forests than the rich, a finding that is somewhat contradictory to results from other similar studies. The average ‘poor’ household obtains Nepalese rupees (Nrs) 7,756 gross income from community forest annually, while the more ‘rich’ households obtain on average Nrs 24,466 per year. In terms of the contribution of forests to net household income, the study results seem to suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship – as income increases dependency on forest resources may decline. Econometric analysis suggests that income from the community forests is related to socio-economic attributes and private endowments of households. Households with land and livestock assets and upper caste households gain more from the commons, while better-educated households depend less on forest resources. Female-headed households benefit less from community forests, further aggravating the inequity in distribution of benefits. The study makes a number of recommendations to improve community forestry in Nepal.
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Boni, Jan. „La diversité de la propriété forestière privée dans le canton de Neuchâtel | The diversity of privately owned forests in Canton Neuchâtel“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 157, Nr. 7 (01.07.2006): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2006.0287.
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The Canton of Neuchâtel has more than 12 000 ha privately owned forests. Some of the private owners are at the head of patrimonial forests. The diminution of revenues from the sale of wood combined with an intensification and diversification of increasing demand for the non-material aspects of the forest encourage certain owners to throw themselves into forest management with a particular aim. Some owners have a questing soul, experimenting and studying their forests. Faced with the choice of ways to realise these goals, the most suitable and most widely spread is a multifunctional management by the means of near-to-nature silviculture. It is by mastering these principles that the forest professional is and will continue to be an acknowledged and estimated forest expert.
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Keca, Ljiljana, und Nikola Jovanovic. „Key economic aspects of forestry development in the area of the Kolubara district“. Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, Nr. 113 (2016): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1613047k.
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The Kolubara district covers the north western part of Serbia. A total of 62,330 ha or 25.3% of the Kolubara district is forest covered. Out of the total forest area, app. 18.7% are state owned, and 81.3% are private forests. The average annual volume of wood that is exported from the forests of the Kolubara district is 60,000 m? of hardwood and 670 m? of softwood. In the total volume of harvested timber, beech as a species participates on average with 60%. The aim of the research is to determine the amount of the purchase, marketing/ placement and price of wood and non-wood forest products (NWFPs) in the municipalities of Valjevo, Ub and Lajkovac. The purpose of this research is to investigate and determine the possibilities for the development of forestry, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, which are directed towards the use of wood and NWFPs in the are of Kolubara. The subjects of research are: companies that do business in this area, the quantities that are purchased and marketed, the prices at which the products are implemented, as well as strategic documents of local self-government, which are important for economic analysis. The research was conducted in the territory of the Kolubara District, and covers 6 companies. Decreasing trends in the placement of technical wood with an average growth rate of -20% and stacked wood with an average growth rate of -12% of private forests as well as the declining trend in placements of beech logs for cutting first class with an average growth rate of -10% indicate that the wood stocks in forests is each year less and that they must be taken appropriate steps to correct the situation. The inadequate utilization of roe deer, as a resource, point percentages of realized shooting plans and projected revenues. However, it is present growth trends of shooting, with an average growth rate of 8% and placement of roe deer meat, with an average growth rate of 9.9%.
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Zając, Stanisław, Adam Kaliszewski und Wojciech Młynarski. „Forests and forestry in Poland and other EU countries“. Folia Forestalia Polonica 56, Nr. 4 (01.12.2014): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2014-0021.
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Abstract The paper provides general information about forests and forestry in Poland against a background of other EU Member States. Based on the data published in various international sources of statistical data it presents the information of forest resources, forest health condition, protection of forests, occurrence of forest fires, employment in forestry and related sectors, as well as selected aspects of production and trade of wood and wood products and also generation and use of renewable energy. The paper concludes that Poland is characterized by vast forest and timber resources, however in view of a large area of the country and large population share of forest lands in the total area of the country and the average forest area per inhabitant are low. The high share of protected areas makes Poland one of the leaders in forest protection, however Polish forests are very vulnerable to fires. Poland is a significant producer of wood-based panels, sawnwood and pulpwood, as well as paper and cardboard.
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Dorren, Luuk, Frédéric Berger, Monika Frehner, Markus Huber, Kathrin Kühne, Roland Métral, Arthur Sandri, Raphael Schwitter, Jean-Jacques Thormann und Berchthold Wasser. „Das neue NaiS-Anforderungsprofil Steinschlag“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 166, Nr. 1 (01.01.2015): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2015.0016.
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The new NaiS target profile for rockfall Due to new findings on the protective function of forests against rockfall, the Federal Office for the Environment started in 2008 with a revision of the Swiss target profiles for rockfall protection forests. Until now, fall velocity of rocks, rock mass, as well as the forested slope length, were not considered for the determination of the target profile. In order to incorporate all of these important factors, an Internet-based form has been developed which calculates the target profile. This article firstly gives a short overview of the most important aspects of rockfall in protection forests and secondly presents the approach used for the calculation of the new target profile. Although the German word “Steinschlag” only refers to small rock particles, forests also have a protective effect against large blocks (e.g. >5 m3), however, a long forested transit zone with a sufficient number of trees with larger stem diameters is required for a relevant energy and risk reduction. The new target profile offers possibilities to account for such situations as well.
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B. Lindenmayer, D., und H. F. Recher. „Aspects of ecologically sustainable forestry in temperate eucalypt forests - beyond an expanded reserve system“. Pacific Conservation Biology 4, Nr. 1 (1998): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980004.
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The utilization of native forests is one of the most contentious and socially-divisive issues in Australia. Much of the recent conflict over the conservation and exploitation of Australia's temperate forests has focussed on the expansion of the reserve system. Even if this aspect of forest conflict is resolved, there will be a number of major changes required before the forest sector can be regarded as having made the transition to ecological sustainability. The expansion of the reserve system must not result in a reduction in off-reserve conservation efforts as most of the nation's forest biodiversity will still occur outside the protected area network. This means that progress toward ecological sustainability will involve an overall reduction in timber and pulpwood production from native forests. There needs to be a concerted research and monitoring effort to better understand forest ecosystems targeted for management. Such efforts must not only provide better knowledge of forest biota, but they should assist foresters to develop more ecologically-sensitive silvicultural systems ? including the partial replacement of traditional cutting methods with new ones. As part of this effort, there is a need for better stand inventory to assist more accurate resource and yield estimates, and the implementation of mechanisms to assess adherence to environmental codes for timber harvesting.
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Benz, J. Philipp, Shaolin Chen, Shuangren Dang, Matthias Dieter, Eric R. Labelle, Guangzhe Liu, Lin Hou et al. „Multifunctionality of Forests: A White Paper on Challenges and Opportunities in China and Germany“. Forests 11, Nr. 3 (27.02.2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030266.
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Both in Germany and in China, there is strong expertise regarding the different aspects of forest management, as well as forest products management. Nevertheless, forestry in both countries is facing challenges, some of which are regional, but many of which are shared. Therefore, experts from both countries (Technical University of Munich Germany; Northwest A&F University Yangling, China; Forestry Academy of Shaanxi, China; Thünen Institut, Germany; FEDRC GIZ Forest Policy Facility (Forestry Economics Development and Research Center of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH), Germany; and Center for Natural Forest Protection in Shaanxi, China) met to share their knowledge and deduce recommendations for future multifunctional forest management for the temperate zone. The workshop, held at the Northwest A&F University in September 2018, included presentations and intensive discussions, as well as a field tour. The results of the workshop that are summarized in this white paper are meant to provide an overview of the multi-faceted nature of the topic for interested scientists and forest practitioners, describe tools that can be used to analyze various aspects of multifunctionality and, in an exemplary fashion, highlight gathered experience from long- and short-term experiments. Included are social demands, economic goals, and scientific baselines. The topics reach from economic evaluations of forest ecosystem services over forest management practices, including afforestation, restoration, and preparations to face climate change, to wood/forest products utilization and participation of local people for poverty reduction. Overall, an optimistic picture emerges, showing that by using adapted forest management practices, which try to embrace the concept of multifunctionality, various use schemes and demands can be integrated at single sites, allowing us to achieve both environmental protection and productive forests, including societal demands, as well as aspects of tradition and national identity.
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Arnott, J. T., und W. J. Beese. „Alternatives to clearcutting in BC Coastal Montane Forests“. Forestry Chronicle 73, Nr. 6 (01.12.1997): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73670-6.
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The Montane Alternative Silvicultural Systems (MASS) partnership was formed in 1992 to test new approaches to harvesting high-elevation old-growth forests of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Uniform Shelterwood (SW), Green Tree Retention (GT) and Patch Cuttings (PC) were tested as alternatives to Clearcutting (CC). All systems were compared to an Old Growth (OG) control. Harvesting was completed in 1993. This paper summarizes the conclusions from the operational aspects of the study and reviews some early results from studies of the biological impacts. Harvesting costs to roadside were about 12% greater for the PC and GT and 49% greater for the SW. Cumulative losses to windthrow after three years were 25% in the GT and 5% in the SW. Site disturbance, soil compaction and rates of organic matter decomposition were low across all harvested treatments. Rates of organic matter decomposition and N mineralization on SW, GT and PC were intermediate between CC and OG. Nutrient loss in soil solution was reduced with partial harvesting but lack of available nitrogen is limiting the early growth of coniferous regeneration among all systems. During spring and summer, SW and CC treatments were generally cooler than PC or GT. Damage to understory vegetation and advanced conifer regeneration was least in the SW, which also provided the greatest amounts of seedfall among all harvested treatments. Key words: Abies amabilis, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, harvesting costs, site impacts, silvicultural systems, shelterwood
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Ares, Adrian, Cheryl Bright und Klaus Puettmann. „Mesoscale Variation in Snag and Hardwood Densities and Sizes in Old-Growth Forests in Western Oregon“. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 27, Nr. 1 (01.01.2012): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/27.1.12.
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Abstract Snags and hardwoods contribute to biological, structural, and functional diversity in old-growth forests. In the US Pacific Northwest, only general knowledge about regional patterns is available to determine target density of snags and hardwood trees. To investigate their variability at relevant scales for silviculture, we examined snag and hardwood densities and sizes in 20 old-growth units in northern and southern aspects in the Coast Range and the Willamette Valley foothills of Oregon. Snag densities varied largely between subregions and aspects, with aspect affecting densities more than subregion. In the Coast Range, snag density was 2.8 times greater on northern aspects than on southern aspects, whereas in the Willamette Valley foothills snag density was 1.4 times greater on northern aspects than on southern aspects. Density of snags larger than 101.6 cm in diameter was very low. Hardwood densities were also greater on northern aspects than on southern aspects. The negative exponential distribution of hardwood density frequency by size classes could be explained by cohort growth under a wide range of competitive pressures or repeated-recruitment events. Aspect and subregion should be taken into account when defining management targets. Allowing for flexibility at these smaller spatial scales would better reflect the variability in ecological conditions and land use history that led to the development of old-growth stands.
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Stuber, Martin, und Matthias Bürgi. „Agrarische Waldnutzungen in der Schweiz 1800–1950. Waldweide, Waldheu, Nadel- und Laubfutter | Agricultural use of forest in Switzerland 1800–1950. Wood pasture, wood hay collection, and the use of leaves and needles for fodder“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 152, Nr. 12 (01.12.2001): 490–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2001.0490.
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The suppression of agricultural uses of the forests was a prerequisite for the successful introduction of sustainable wood production in the 19th and early 20th century. Today, these agricultural uses of the forests, which have been neglected for a long time, are being re-evaluated. They foster less dense and more open forest stands, which are of interest to nature conservation. In the present review paper we discuss the characteristics,extent, and intensity of historical agricultural uses of forests in Switzerland. We especially focus on the relationships between local people with entitlement rights of supply, the interests of the forestry officials, and more general processes,such as agricultural modernization and changes in the infrastructure of transportation. We also consider the ecological aspects of the resulting changes in forest structure. In the first part presented here, we focus on wood pasture and wood hay collection, both of which conflicted with wood production and with the concept of protective forests. As a third type of forest use we discuss the use of leaves and needles for fodder. In a second paper we will later review litter collecting and the temporary use of clearings in the forest as agricultural fields.
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Johann, Elisabeth. „Soziale und kulturelle Dimensionen einer nachhaltigen Waldwirtschaft: Neue Chancen für die Forstgeschichte in Europa? | Social and cultural aspects of sustainable forest management: a chance for forest history in Europe?“ Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 155, Nr. 8 (01.08.2004): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2004.0338.
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Forests and other wooded land cover about 1000 million ha in Europe and thus represent a very characteristic element of the natural landscape. Multi-disciplinary research into the role of the social and cultural aspects of sustainable forest management is growing in importance, in particular with regard to the overall goal of sustainable development and the role of traditional forest-related knowledge. The need for such research was manifested in April 2003 by the adoption of the Vienna Declaration and Vienna Resolutions at the Fourth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe. There is therefore a need to provide society with historical information on a host of issues surrounding the forest, such as land use,changing social perceptions of and attitudes to woodlands and forests, wood culture, traditional woodland pasture and management,and historical experiences with woodland conservation and restoration. Forest historians can make a significant contribution to the on-going discussion in Europe with the results of scientific findings and empirical insights.
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(Hamish) Kimmins, J. P. „Old-growth forest: An ancient and stable sylvan equilibrium, or a relatively transitory ecosystem condition that offers people a visual and emotional feast? Answerit depends“. Forestry Chronicle 79, Nr. 3 (01.06.2003): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79429-3.
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As a species, humans depend heavily on their visual sense, make decisions as much from their hearts as from their heads (emotion-and value-based decisions versus analytical, logic- and knowledge-based decisions), and dislike environmental and other change. Societies in early stages of development have generally revered old people for their wisdom and experience, whereas many societies at more advanced stages of development have adopted a culture of youth. Attitudes toward forests have shown a similar trend. Respect for large and old trees was a feature of some early societies, whereas societies in and after the industrial revolution became more interested in younger, faster growing trees for technical and utilitarian reasons. However, as human population growth caused the area of unmanaged forest, old forest, and forests of large trees to decline, reverence has revived for large, old trees and for old forests. This trend has not been matched by a renewed respect for scientific knowledge about forests and for wisdom about forests based on long experience. Reflecting the pervasive effects of the culture of youth, issues in forestry, including the issue of old forests, are being judged largely on an aesthetic basis, on human emotional response to snapshot visual aspects, and on a dislike for changethe Peter Pan syndrome. "Old-growth" forest, whatever it is, has been deified as a symbol of the mythical "balance of nature," a concept discredited by ecologists as a Victorian anachronism. There are important spiritual, aesthetic, wildlife, and environmental values associated with old forests, and the area of such forests is declining. There are many valid reasons (social, scientific, and environmental) for sustaining significant and representative areas of such forests. However, conservation of such forests and ensuring a future supply of the values they provide will not be achieved unless the reverential respect for such forests is matched by another meaning of respect: understanding such forests and basing our relationship with them on that understanding. This paper challenges forest managers and forest scientists to gain a significant understanding of "old growth" to provide a logical, knowledge-based, and experience-based foundation for the identification, inventory, conservation, and management of this forest ecosystem condition, and to assert this understanding as a counterbalance to the necessary, but insufficient, value-based attitude toward old forests that arises largely from visual snapshots and the emotions they arouse. Key words: old growth, biodiversity, sustainability, stability, succession, stand dynamics, respect for nature
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Sears, Robin, Kinley Choden, Tshewang Dorji, Dorji Dukpa, Sonam Phuntsho, Prem Rai, Jigme Wangchuk und Himlal Baral. „Bhutan’s Forests through the Framework of Ecosystem Services: Rapid Assessment in Three Forest Types“. Forests 9, Nr. 11 (27.10.2018): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110675.
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Forests in mountain ecosystems provide a diversity of services and goods in mountain landscapes, and the immediate utility of the forest to upstream residents must be balanced with the insurance forests provide for downstream residents in the form of, especially, the services of water regulation and soil stabilization. Little empirical data exist for Bhutan that confirm a causal link between upstream forest use and downstream security. To help to fill this gap, we summarize the results of two literature reviews related to forest ecosystem services and human well-being, using the framework of Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness (GNH). We report preliminary findings of three field-based assessments of forest ecosystem services on hillsides. We conducted an assessment of the perceptions of local residents about the forest ecosystem services in three distinct forest areas of Bhutan. The studies were carried out in high-altitude oak forests, forest management units (FMUs) in government reserve forests, and community plantations. We engaged villagers in focus group discussions and conducted key informant interviews. The strongest evidence in the literature for linkages between forests and GNH was found for the role forests play in socio-economic development and good governance, particularly through the community forestry program. Regulating services of forests were cited as crucial to several aspects of human well-being, but little empirical evidence was provided. To local residents in the three study locations, the provisioning services of forests were highly ranked, as were water regulating services. At the plantation sites, residents felt that the new forests did improve soil stability and water provisioning services. Cultural services were identified but not highly prioritized. Awareness of forest ecosystem services was high among participants in the study, but understanding of the causal links between forest use and human well-being was mixed. Lack of direct evidence about causal pathways between upstream forest condition and downstream security leaves gaps in our knowledge and even perpetuates myths and misconceptions about the role that forests play. We encourage further research at multiple scales and using mixed methods to test hypotheses on the linkages between forests and human well-being in mountain landscapes.
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Coleman, Evelyn. „Schweizer Wald und die CO2-Problematik – ein Diskussionsbeitrag | The CO2-problem and forests in Switzerland – towards a discussion“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 153, Nr. 5 (01.05.2002): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2002.0176.
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Implementing the decisions taken in Bonn and Marrakech to meet resolutions set out in the Kyoto protocol provides Switzerland with the possibility of using the forest to reduce CO2 and to help meet the Swiss reductions goal. But how are climate policy and forest policy goals related in Switzerland?Using data from Switzerland's forests, climate and forest policy goals are set side by side and compared. We ascertain that many of the fixed goals have a common basis. The use of fossil fuels, for example, as far as wood is concerned, benefits both climate protection and Swiss forest management. However,from the point of view of the forests, negative incentives were created by the Kyoto protocol, that lead to the temptation of maximising the storage function of the forest which overlooks aspects of biological and agricultural diversity. Accordingly, this contribution is a call to all interested parties in Switzerland's forests to involve themselves in finding an active solution, which takes both climate and forestry policy into account.
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Schärer, Werner. „Nachhaltigkeit in Wald und Gesellschaft trotz «Überalterung» und «Unterjüngung» (Essay)“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, Nr. 8 (01.08.2013): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0236.
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Sustainability in forest and society despite “overmaturity” and “lack of regeneration” (essay) This essay compares efforts to move towards sustainability in the forests with those in the care for the elderly in Switzerland, and tries to draw conclusions which may promote sustainability. It is wrong, for forests and human populations, to talk of “overmaturity”, as this assumes the primacy of economic reasoning. To guarantee sustainability, the balance between all aspects is crucial. To attain true sustainability, we need binding guidelines and the “right” scale of implementation programme. Civil society organisations have been working for decades – often longer than the state itself – to improve sustainability. In many different areas, good cooperation and effective distribution of tasks between these institutions can be observed. This is important, among other things, because the ever greater speed of technical progress may overwhelm the adaptive capacity of both forests and people, which would influence sustainability in a negative way.
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Nunes, Leonel Jorge Ribeiro, Catarina Isabel Rodrigues Meireles, Carlos José Pinto Gomes und Nuno Manuel Cabral de Almeida Ribeiro. „Socioeconomic Aspects of the Forests in Portugal: Recent Evolution and Perspectives of Sustainability of the Resource“. Forests 10, Nr. 5 (26.04.2019): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050361.
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Portuguese forests have always played an essential role in the socioeconomic development of national rural areas, but also in several forest-based industrial sectors, such as the cork, pulp and paper, and wood panels industries. In addition to these dominant sectors, there are also several other uses for forest timber, such as being the major raw materials to the production of furniture or devoted to the growing biomass pellets production industry. This review article presents the evolution of the forest industrial sector throughout the recent past, and its impact on the development of the rural environment, from a socioeconomic perspective, namely concerning the jobs and value-added creation, as well as the importance of the forest in national industrial development. It shows the importance of sustainable forest management for the development of the rural environment, as an essential sector for the creation of wealth and for the establishment of populations in the interior regions of the country.
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Paudel, S. „Community forestry in Nepal“. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1, Nr. 1 (22.11.2006): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v1i1.190.
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Establishment of community forestry in Nepal is a successful step in conservation of forest. Community forestry programme through the local forest users group has shown its positive impacts in the society. This paper discusses an overview of the present scenario of the community forestry in Nepal. It describes the brief historical background, some important forest legislations, and organization of forest. The paper also describes the internal conflicts between forest users and district forest offices, and possible resolution. It also suggests some of the aspects of community forestry in which the research needs to be focused for the better management of the forests in Nepal.
Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1(1): 62-65, 2003
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Castilla, Guillermo, Jennifer Hird, Bryce Maynes, Doug Crane, John Cosco, Jim Schieck und Greg McDermid. „Broadening modern resource inventories: A new protocol for mapping natural and anthropogenic features“. Forestry Chronicle 89, Nr. 05 (Oktober 2013): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-121.
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Conventional forests inventories narrowly focus on timber attributes and often neglect other aspects that may be relevant for other purposes. In an effort to broaden the usefulness of these inventories, we introduce a new protocol based on softcopy photo-interpretation for efficiently capturing both natural and anthropogenic features across a variety of landscapes. Salient aspects of this protocol include (1) the combined use of polygon, point and line feature representation; (2) over 50 fields per attribute table; and (3) semi-automated quality control tools. We show an application example over a 3-km by 7-km sample area in central-eastern Alberta.
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Parker, William C., Stephen J. Colombo, Marilyn L. Cherry, Sylvia Greifenhagen, Chris Papadopol, Michael D. Flannigan, Robert S. McAlpine und Taylor Scarr. „Third Millennium Forestry: What climate change might mean to forests and forest management in Ontario“. Forestry Chronicle 76, Nr. 3 (01.06.2000): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76445-3.
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Climate change may profoundly influence Ontario's forest ecosystems and their management. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, increased temperature and altered precipitation regimes will affect forest vegetation through their influence on physiological (e.g., photosynthesis, respiration) and ecological processes (e.g., net primary production, decomposition), and may result in dramatic northward shifts in the natural range of forest types and species. More importantly, climate change is expected to increase the frequency of natural disturbances. Silvicultural intervention will increasingly be relied on to maintain forest health, manage declining stands, regenerate disturbed areas and cutovers with desired species and genotypes, maintain genetic diversity, and assist in species migration. Given the increasingly important role of Ontario's forests in national and provincial efforts to meet greenhouse gas emission reduction targets of the Kyoto Protocol, afforestation, conservation of existing forests, and increased forest management activities to accelerate the storage of carbon in Ontario's forests will be key aspects of forestry at the start of the third millennium. Key words: adaptation, afforestation, bioenergy, carbon dioxide, climate change, disturbance, intensive forest management, migration, mitigation, sequestration, succession
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Chernyavskyy, M., und P. Telish. „Geographic aspects of optimization forests of Upper Dniester Beskids on close to nature forestry“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 2, Nr. 40 (12.12.2012): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2012.40.2114.
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Proved system of measures aimed at the reconstruction of the derivatives forest Upper Dniester Beskydy. Within the high-altitude forest zones and high-altitude landscape areas the tree stands options, targeted measures to approximate the natural forest and the recommended methods of felling have been proposed. Key words: Upper Dniester Beskids, high-altitude forest zones, forest harvesting methods, the target stands.
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Schmidt, R. A., C. A. Troendle und J. R. Meiman. „Sublimation of snowpacks in subalpine conifer forests“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, Nr. 4 (01.04.1998): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-033.
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This effort to improve prediction of forest snowpack evaporation was aimed at understanding differences in winter snowpack among forested aspects. Theoretical arguments combined air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiation into a sublimation index. Monitoring weather factors and the mass of a 65-cm-diameter pan of snow set in a forest snowpack provided calibration of the index. Changes in snow surface structure caused a decrease with time in the empirical ratio of snowpack-to-index sublimation. This decrease was proportional to total sublimation since snowfall. We applied the model to compute daily snowpack sublimation on two adjacent forested slopes in central Colorado, U.S.A., during a 40-d accumulation period in March and April 1996. The estimate for both slopes combined was 0.52 mm/d, with sublimation from a south slope snowpack (0.61 mm/d) averaging 1.2 times that from an adjacent north-facing slope (0.43 mm/d). Extending the average difference of 0.18 mm/d through a winter season (150 d) would account for a 27-mm difference in snowpack water between the two aspects. Sublimation of 78 mm in a snow season, estimated from the combined average daily rate, represents about 20% of the normal peak water equivalent of these snowpacks. Effects of surface structure on snowpack sublimation should also apply to surfaces of snow intercepted by canopies.
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Bałazy, Ciesielski, Waraksa, Zasada und Zawiła-Niedźwiecki. „Deforestation Processes in the Polish Mountains in the Context of Terrain Topography“. Forests 10, Nr. 11 (14.11.2019): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10111027.
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In the 1980s, the Western Sudety Mountains were affected by a forest dieback process, resulting in large-scale deforestation covering an area of about 15,000 ha. A similar phenomenon is presently being observed in the Western Beskidy and Eastern Sudety Mountains, where the course of the process and the final effects are similar. The presented study analyzed the relationships between forest dieback processes today and in the past. Among others, the impact of the following factors was examined: exposure, slope, altitude, and topographic index, which was generated based on the airborne LIDAR (also airborne laser scanning abbreviated as ALS) data. The identification of forest dieback areas in the past was carried out based on the archived Landsat satellite imagery, as well as data obtained from the Polish State Forests. The identification of forest dieback areas at present was carried out based on the ALS data (single-tree detection approach) and color infrared aerial images. In the study, inter-dependencies between forest dieback today and in the past were compared. The performed analyses show significant differences between forests’ dieback specifics in all three areas. The process first occurred at 800–900 m a.s.l., and afterwards at over 900 m. Mortality was especially intensive on the western and southwestern slopes. Below 700 m a.s.l., forests survived quite well. In the 1980s, significantly higher concentrations of hazardous chemical compounds were noted, which resulted in respectively greater deforestations on aspects open to the operation of prevailing winds (mainly west). Nowadays, a proportionately higher number of trees die on the southern aspects, which is particularly visible in the Western Sudety Mountains.
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Kempf, Alois. „Von Waldbildern und Bildern zum Wald | On forestry photography and historical images of forests“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 155, Nr. 8 (01.08.2004): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2004.0345.
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The Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, holds several historical collections of images related to forestry and forests in Switzerland. A majority of the photographs, negatives and slides in the collections are stored on glass plates. The archives also contain some paper copies and special thematic sub-collections on cardboard. This contribution describes various aspects of forest images dating from the first half of the 20th century. A photograph of a wood pasture taken by Hermann Knuchel (1884–1964) near the village Sufers, Canton Grisons, in June 1913 serves as a starting point.
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Langor, David W., und John R. Spence. „Arthropods as ecological indicators of sustainability in Canadian forests“. Forestry Chronicle 82, Nr. 3 (01.05.2006): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82344-3.
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The high functional and unmatched biological diversity represented by arthropods demand that these organisms be considered as ecological indicators of sustainable forest management. Successful use of arthropods in this capacity will require a systematic and rigorous process, including selection of potential indicators, definition of relationships between indicators and disturbance variables, optimization of the useful range of the indicator and application of the indicator(s) in monitoring. In Canada, the single greatest impediment to the use of arthropods as ecological indicators is the importance of accurate species-level identification and the difficulty achieving it. Consequently, most work has focused on a few relatively well-known groups (e.g., epigaeic carabid and staphylinid beetles and spiders, saproxylic beetles, butterflies and larger night flying moths).Many recent studies have provided baseline data about the range of natural variation and have begun to quantify arthropod responses to natural and anthropogenic disturbances in the context of preplanned experiments or through various retrospective approaches. Carabid beetles are the best-studied group and sufficient sets of data now exist to permit a meta-analysis of the robustness of carabids as indicators across multiple spatial scales and in terms of how well they represent broader ecological responses to disturbances. There is good potential to incorporate arthropod indicators into monitoring programs in Canada, but it is necessary to first complete a scientifically credible selection process for specific ecological indicators. Future research should focus on completing the process for taxa under current study as this develops the best presently understood opportunities for using arthropod indicators in assessing various aspects of environmental change. Researchers should also consider other means of monitoring arthropod biodiversity by the use of surrogate ecological parameters such as ecological land classification and habitat classification systems. Key words: arthropods, ecological indicators, monitoring, biodiversity, taxonomy, sustainability
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López Paniagua, Cristopher, Manuel de Jesús González Guillén, José René Valdez Lazalde und Héctor Manuel De los Santos Posadas. „Demanda, disponibilidad de pago y costo de oportunidad hídrica en la Cuenca Tapalpa, Jalisco“. Madera y Bosques 13, Nr. 1 (30.08.2016): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/myb.2007.1311232.
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Para conocer la factibilidad de la creación de un mercado de servicios ambientales hidrológicos, se requiere contar con información sobre la oferta y demanda hídrica del lugar. Este estudio pretende aportar información sobre el último aspecto, al estimar la demanda hídrica en la cuenca de Tapalpa, Jalisco, México, en cuya superficie de 21 000 ha, la mitad es forestal. Adicionalmente, se estimó la disponibilidad a pagar (DAP) por el recurso hídrico (RH), además de un análisis del costo de oportunidad del uso del suelo para “producción” de agua. El análisis indicó que el RH utilizado asciende a23 171 885 m3/año. El 93% de éste se utiliza en el sector agrícola, principalmente en la producción de hortalizas y cultivos básicos. La DAP calculada por el RH es mayor en el sector servicios (76,7% de los casos dijeron estar dispuestos), en comparación con los otros sectores encuestados. Sin embargo, la mayor participación monetaria en la DAP total estuvo dada por el sector doméstico, con 46 ,5% del total, con $3 064 301 pesos al año. Adicionalmente se determinó que la escolaridad tiene una relación directa con la DAP por RH, mientras que la edad presentó una relación inversa. El valor estimado de la DAP total fue menor que el costo de oportunidad para conservar la superficie boscosa de la cuenca, presentando un déficit anual de $27 201 313 pesos, y sólo cubre el 10% de dicho costo de oportunidad. Al agregar el costo asociado a la recuperación de la superficie forestal actualmente en otro uso (áreas en conflicto), el déficit anual se incrementaría a $45 130 988 pesos y la DAP se reduce a sólo 6% del costo de oportunidad total.
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López-Marrero, Tania, Tamara Heartsill-Scalley, Carlos F. Rivera-López, Isabel A. Escalera-García und Mariangelí Echevarría-Ramos. „Broadening Our Understanding of Hurricanes and Forests on the Caribbean Island of Puerto Rico: Where and What Should We Study Now?“ Forests 10, Nr. 9 (21.08.2019): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090710.
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Hurricanes shape ecosystems. A broad range of forested ecosystems is particularly affected by hurricanes, thus creating the need for studies addressing the effects of these disturbances. There is a long history of hurricane and forest research on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. In this study, we present results from a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles regarding ecological research conducted in Puerto Rico on the topic of hurricanes and forests published from 1900 through 2017. We present a summary of cyclonic activity on the island during the study period and the results from the systematic literature review within this cyclonic context. We discuss findings in terms of aspects of forests studied, geographical distribution of study areas, and time scales at which research was conducted. These findings allow us to determine what was studied about hurricanes and forests, identify gaps in the information, and suggest possible areas of research and production of new knowledge that recent and future storms can bring. We conclude with recommendations identifying research needs and propose additional approaches to complement existing information. Our goal is to generate future knowledge from hurricane and forest research with the broadest applications possible.
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Thürig, Esther, und Edgar Kaufmann. „Waldbewirtschaftung zur Senkenerhöhung? Mögliche Konfliktfelder und Synergien | Increasing carbon sinks by forest management? Conflicts and synergies“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, Nr. 9 (01.09.2008): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0281.
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A new function of forests was brought into focus by the Kyoto Protocol: forests as carbon sinks. Switzerland decided to have forest management taken into account under the Kyoto Protocol (Art. 3.4). This new forest function brings about new conflicts. The Swiss Forestry statistics and the Swiss National Forest Inventory show harvesting amounts are increasing and the trend seems set to continue. In a study by the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) different forest management scenarios were analyzed as was their influence both on the amount harvested in the long term and the forest sink effect. The study focussed on the following question: How can increased forest management be combined with forest carbon sinks and where are the limits? The scenarios range from reduced forest management and corresponding forest carbon sinks to a reduction of growing stock with corresponding carbon sources. Results show that for a limited time span both aspects can be considered on a national scale. Further studies should focus on interactions with other forest functions such as preservation of biodiversity, damage to forests and the effect of climate change.
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Koуnova, Iryna, und Maksym Terletskyi. „Foresty land use optimization on the mountainous territory in Ukrainian Carpathians (Terlo community in Stary Sambir district in Lviv region“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, Nr. 49 (30.12.2015): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2015.49.8616.
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In this research, characteristics of the forestry land use within a typical mountainous territory of the Terlo community were explained. Local economic and natural processes were characterized and connections between forestry land use and sustainable development of all community were found. Forestry land use enterprises backgrounds were discovered. Negative aspects of two different forestry administration systems were found and main causes of modern states of the forest stands were explained. Modern forest stands were compared with optimal forest stand characteristics, recommended by the FORZA project for Ukrainian Carpathians. A forest stand structure which characterized by forest species, an age structure, a tree canopy, a number of forest tiers within the smallest part of forestry enterprises were analyzed, using a map visualization tools. Based on the results of this research, optimization measures for sustainable forestry development were recommended. Key words: forestry land use, forests of exploitation, nature protected forests, sustainable forestry development.
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Iranparast Bodaghi, Afraz, Mehrdad Nikooy, Ramin Naghdi, Rachele Venanzi, Francesco Latterini, Farzam Tavankar und Rodolfo Picchio. „Ground-Based Extraction on Salvage Logging in Two High Forests: A Productivity and Cost Analysis“. Forests 9, Nr. 12 (22.11.2018): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9120729.
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Working time studies, work productivity, and cost assessments of forest logging are of interest to forest managers and planners. These aspects are particularly important in salvage logging, because of difficulties due to irregularly positioned fallen trees in forest areas, and due to particular aspects related to the absence of work planning. In this research, system productivity and the cost of salvage logging are analyzed for two mountain forests managed with close-to nature-silviculture: the Hyrcanian forest, using extraction by a skidder, and the Camaldoli forest, using extraction by tractors. The system productivity of salvage logging by skidders and tractors was calculated as 1.54 and 0.81 m3·h−1, respectively. In contrast to common logging, system productivity was about 6- to 15-fold lower in salvage logging. The effective cost consumptions for the skidder and tractor were calculated as $72.57 and $118.62 USD·m−3, respectively. For both yards, winching time increased due to increasing winching distance and winching load volume. The same result was determined for skidding time in relation to load volume and distance. The possible cost decreases for the skidder and tractor were calculated as 2.6% and 4.3%, respectively. The results revealed that operational costs for extracting wind-fallen trees are higher than for traditional standing-trees extraction for both situations studied. In both cases, the harvesting costs were higher than the timber price by 10% to 30%. Therefore, extraction of wind-fallen trees has no economic justification in these forests.
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Rutkowska, Agata, und Krzysztof Adamowicz. „Educational aspects of the profession of ‘forest machinery operator’ in view of survey results“. Forest Research Papers 79, Nr. 2 (01.06.2018): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2018-0020.
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Abstract In the early 1990s, an employment reduction in the State Forests caused the lowest-income employees to be transferred to external service providers. At the same time, due to the lack of students applying in this field, numerous vocational schools were shut down. At present, professions in the forestry sector are characterized by work under harsh conditions combined with low pay and are thus rarely chosen by young people. As a result, this service sector’s average age is increasing very visibly. The aim of this paper was to gather information about the motivation of the students who did decide to begin training in this field and their professional aspirations. Our work is based on data obtained from forestry schools and a 9-question survey. Questions in the survey concerned the motivation to become an operator of forest machines, family traditions related to this profession, professional interests and plans for the future. The data analysis revealed that forestry education at the level of vocational schools is practically inexistent. For the past six years, the only unit that trained new forestry workers continuously was the Forestry School in Rogoziniec. The school’s graduates primarily pick up the profession of harvester operator and forwarder operator. Even more alarming is the fact that most of this school’s students are aware of the present employment conditions in Poland and are considering going abroad to find jobs. Therefore, in order to retain the newly trained workforce, it is necessary to improve the attractiveness of the forestry professions and to introduce systemic solutions for the development of qualifications and competences, which should be of interest to both forestry entrepreneurs and the State Forests.
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Rout, Naresh. „Tribal Land Conflicts and State Forestry in Odisha: A Historical Study“. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 2, Nr. 2 (25.04.2015): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i2.12423.
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The history of human existence and civilizations are intertwined with forests and trees. Forests are crucial for the goods and services they provide, which people all over the world depend on. Strategies to enhance the contributions of the world’s forests to social development, livelihoods and poverty eradication are vital at a time when unsustainable practices and economic crises continue to threaten healthy forests and the people who depend upon them. The survival of tribal communities critically depends on land and forest resources. For historical and ecological reasons, most tribal people inhabit the forest and highly inaccessible regions of the state. These communities practise various customary land tenure systems, which have often been modified by state policies and legislation. The clan-based land tenure system was based on customary rights over land, trees and forest. The land use and tenure systems vary from tribe to tribe, as reflected in the practice and terraced cultivation. The relationship between tribal people and forest resources has been symbiotic in nature. The life-way processes of Odisha’s tribal people are reflected in their economy, religion, polity and social institutions, which cannot be understood without understanding various aspects of the forest surrounding them.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i2.12423 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-2: 143-147
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Roy, M. A. „Guided Change Through Community Forestry A Case Study in Forest Management Unit 17 – Newfoundland“. Forestry Chronicle 65, Nr. 5 (01.10.1989): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65344-5.
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For centuries the coastal forests of insular Newfoundland traditionally have been exploited as a common property resource for individual domestic purposes. Indiscriminate domestic cutting has led to deteriorated forests and to increased conflicts with commercial forestry interests. In recent years many approaches have been tried to manage domestic cutters. This article examines the process used by the staff of Forest Management Unit 17, on the Great Northern Peninsula, that led to a pilot community forestry project as a means of fostering responsibility and accountability in the wood cutting public. It is concluded that the process of changing the undesirable aspects of common property traditions requires adequate time and commitments of funding, staff, and community involvement. The community forest concept could be expanded to other Newfoundland Forest Management Units with high domestic demand and low supplies of accessible timber. Key Words: common property, domestic cutting, community forestry
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Pant, Harshit, und Ashish Tewari. „Green Sequestration Potential of Chir Pine Forests Located in Kumaun Himalaya“. Forest Products Journal 70, Nr. 1 (01.01.2020): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-19-00016.
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Abstract Himalayan forests act as reservoirs of carbon due to their high percentage of forest cover. The biomass values of these forests cluster around two different levels, which dwell between higher values (approximately 400 t/ha for Shorea robusta and Quercus leucotrichophora forests) and lower values (approximately 200 t/ha) for Pinus roxburghii forests. The present study is focused on assessment of variation in tree biomass and carbon sequestration at four sites dominated by chir pine (P. roxburghii Sarg.) forests located on two different slope aspects. We calculated the tree biomass following allometric equations based upon circumference at breast height by Chaturvedi and Singh (1982). The tree biomass values ranged between 97.87 ± 9.84 t/ha and 158.97 ± 9.39 t/ha; however, tree carbon values ranged between 46.48 ± 4.67 t/ha and 74.66 ± 7.17 t/ha across the study sites. Rates of carbon sequestration ranged between 0.2 ± 0.01 t/ha/yr and 3.96 ± 1.36 t/ha/yr. The rates were higher on slopes of northern aspect in comparison with southern aspect. The results emphasize that the biomass accumulation was higher in the trees located on northern aspects and can be better managed for developing a payment for ecosystem services strategy for following up of REDD+ in the country.
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Jaszczak, Roman, Piotr Gołojuch, Sandra Wajchman-Świtalska und Mariusz Miotke. „Aspects of Forest Management in the Maintaining of Forest Environment“. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 28, Nr. 1 (01.03.2018): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2018-0001.
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Abstract Forest management is a scientific discipline designed to develop methods of maintaining forest areas and to ensure the sustainable development of forest resources in terms and conditions of multifunctional forestry. This is a branch of practical forestry which deals with inventorying and assessing the state of forests, defines economic tasks and draws up a program of nature conservation for forest districts. The paper presents legal conditions related to the concept of forest management plan, as well as issues related to the area division, planning economic indications and their role for the forest environment. Authors present a forecast of impact of a forest management plan on the forest environment and the Natura 2000 sites.
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Winter, Susanne, Matthias Lüderitz und Michael Rzanny. „Unterirdische Kontinuität und Pilzvielfalt alter Waldstandorte“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 166, Nr. 2 (01.02.2015): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2015.0083.
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Underground continuity and fungi diversity of old forest sites Old-growth forests (old stands) and ancient forests (historically old forest sites) in general provide a higher biodiversity (number of species) than comparable younger ones. Thus the forest and forest site history in terms of continuity is fundamental for the biodiversity status. Underground continuity comprises several aspects, each of which impacts the biodiversity: continuity of carbon and nitrogen storage, undisturbed ageing of the ground surface (large terrestrial bryophyte cushions and lichen turfs), uninterrupted soil hydrological processes, continuity of natural processes such as bio- and cryoturbation, continuity of soil development and geological layers as well as underground and above ground structural diversity. We describe two approaches for assessing underground continuity. The first is based on records of indicator fungi species (signal species), and the second considers structural surface components. We show the relation between fungi species indicating forest continuity and total fungi diversity without signal species at plot level (500 m2) considering a continuity index and the classification of a regression tree. Finally we conclude that 1) the conservation of forests with long continuity should be prioritized as the high fungi species diversity of these sites contributes greatly to biodiversity, and 2) the underground diversity should be markedly considered in forest monitoring schemes.
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Beese, W. J., und J. T. Arnott. „Montane Alternative Silvicultural Systems (MASS): Establishing and managing a multi-disciplinary, multi-partner research site“. Forestry Chronicle 75, Nr. 3 (01.06.1999): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75413-3.
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The Montane Alternative Silvicultural Systems (MASS) study was established on Vancouver Island, B.C. to develop operationally feasible and ecologically sustainable silvicultural systems in old-growth forests. The project addresses regeneration, biodiversity and aesthetic concerns over clearcutting at high elevations. Over twenty integrated studies are examining the biological and economic consequences of shelterwood, small patch clearcut, dispersed green tree retention and clearcut alternatives. Planning and pre-harvest studies began two years before the 1993 harvesting. The Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada (FERIC) documented the cost and feasibility of harvesting. Post-harvest studies have been underway for five years with funding by the Canada-B.C. Forest Resource Development Agreement (ERDA II), Forest Renewal BC (FRBC), Industry Canada and project cooperators. There are numerous challenges associated with establishing and managing a multi-disciplinary, long-term research site with multiple partners. This paper discusses the administrative aspects of integrated research based on our experience with the MASS project. Key words: research cooperative, silvicultural systems, old-growth forests
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Sharma, C. M., N. P. Baduni, Sumeet Gairola, S. K. Ghildiyal und Sarvesh Suyal. „Effects of slope aspects on forest compositions, community structures and soil properties in natural temperate forests of Garhwal Himalaya“. Journal of Forestry Research 21, Nr. 3 (18.08.2010): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-010-0079-y.
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Olschewski, Roland, Peter Bebi, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey und Norbert Kräuchi. „Wald und Klimawandel – Ansätze für eine ökonomische Bewertung | Forests and climate change – approaches to an economic valuation“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, Nr. 10 (01.10.2008): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0374.
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The impact of climate change on forest ecosystem services will differ depending on the regional situation. Based on findings of natural sciences the impact on society can be assessed by applying economic valuation methods. We distinguish between cost- and benefit-oriented approaches, both of which necessary to provide a comprehensive basis for decision-making. Aspects of uncertainty that are especially related to protection services are considered by extended approaches, such as Bayesian networks combined with geographic information systems. Following an adaptive management approach these new findings can be integrated in the decision process and thus contribute to a sustainable resource use, while taking climate change as well as society's diverse demands for forest ecosystem services into account.
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Smith, Lacey J., und Kirsten Stephan. „Nitrogen Fertilization, Stand Age, and Overstory Tree Species Impact the Herbaceous Layer in a Central Appalachian Hardwood Forest“. Forests 12, Nr. 7 (24.06.2021): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070829.
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Research Highlights: Herb-layer community composition, abundance, species richness, and Shannon–Wiener diversity index are shaped by nitrogen fertilization, disturbance history, and the overstory tree species in its immediate vicinity. Background and Objectives: While the herbaceous layer in deciduous forests is increasingly recognized for its importance in various aspects of forest ecosystem function, this study sought to describe the factors impacting the herbaceous layer. Specifically, this study’s objective was to quantify and compare herb-layer species composition, cover, and other community indices in watersheds with (a) different levels of N deposition, (b) different stand ages due to differing disturbance histories, and (c) different watershed aspects. This study also tested the hypothesis that herb-layer characteristics vary beneath tree species with contrasting nutrient dynamics (i.e., red and sugar maple). Materials and Methods: At the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia (USA), the cover of all herb-layer species was recorded directly under nine red maple and nine sugar maple trees in each of four watersheds (WS): long-term fertilized WS3 and unfertilized WS7, both with a stand age of about 50 years, and two unmanaged watersheds with 110-year-old stands and opposite watershed aspects (south-facing WS10, north-facing WS13). Community composition and plot-level indices of diversity were evaluated with multivariate analysis and ANOVA for watershed-level differences, effects of the maple species, and other environmental factors. Results: In the fertilized watershed (WS3), herb-layer diversity indices were lower than in the unfertilized watershed of the same stand age (WS7). In the unfertilized watershed with the 50-year-old stand (WS7), herb-layer diversity indices were higher than in the watershed with the 110-year-old stand of the same watershed aspect (WS13). WS10 and WS13 had similar herb-layer characteristics despite opposite watershed aspects. The presence of sugar maple corresponded to higher cover and diversity indices of the herb-layer in some of the watersheds. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of a case study, these findings bear relevance to future forest management since the forest herb layer plays important roles in deciduous forests through its influence on nutrient cycling, productivity, and overstory regeneration.
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Krajter Ostoić, Silvija, Dijana Vuletić, Špela Planinšek, Urša Vilhar und Anže Japelj. „Three Decades of Urban Forest and Green Space Research and Practice in Croatia and Slovenia“. Forests 11, Nr. 2 (23.01.2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020136.
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Background and Objectives: Urban forests and green space contribute to human wellbeing. Green infrastructure is recognized by the European Union as a planning tool that contributes to the implementation of many public policies, with urban forests and green space as its main building blocks. Croatia and Slovenia are young democracies and recent members of the European Union. Hence, they also need to contribute to the implementation of those policies. Previous review studies on urban forests and green space rarely addressed scientific or professional publications in those countries. Furthermore, the body of knowledge about urban forest and green space research and practice in post-socialist countries is still rather weak. The goal of the paper is (a) to show that urban forest and green space research and practice is much stronger in these countries than it is possible to assume based only on previous review papers or only by searching Scopus and Web of Science, and (b) to describe publications written by scientists and professionals in the past 30 years. Materials and Methods: We used a trilingual systematic literature review to identify scientific and grey literature in various databases, as well as a snowballing technique, and yielded 211 publications in Croatia and 84 in Slovenia. Results: We identified many more publications on urban forests and green space science and practice in Croatia and Slovenia than it was possible to assume based only on previous review papers and when searching solely publications in English. Croatian authors showed continuity over time in terms of number of publications, while Slovenian publications have been on the rise in the past decade. In both countries, scientific papers were most frequent, and the vast majority of studies addressed capital cities. Croatian publications mainly focused on parks and park-forests, while Slovenian publications focused on urban forests. Interestingly, Croatian authors were affiliated with over 60 organizations, and in comparison to Slovenian authors, have stronger preference towards publishing in their local language. Green space planning and design followed by resource inventory were the most frequent themes. The least addressed themes in both countries were resource management, economic aspects, policy, legislation or governance. Conclusions: Important discussion in the future, especially in Croatia, would be regulation of urban forestry as a profession. Cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary studies, as well as focusing on cities other than capitals in future, can help in addressing issues such as climate change or application of participatory approaches.
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Cherchyk, Larysa, Liubov Korchynska und Vitalina Babenko. „Using model forests as a form of balanced forestry in Ukraine“. Forestry Studies 71, Nr. 1 (31.12.2019): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2019-0013.
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Abstract The relevance of the research topic is prompted by the need to improve the practical instruments of forest management and make them in line with the principles of sustainable development. The research is aimed at facilitating the implementation of environmental, social and economic functions of forest ecosystems in a long-term perspective. The study made use of the following methods: systemic structural analysis, clustering and comparative analysis to identify groups of administrative areas that correspond to certain strategic areas of sustainable forestry. The research is based on cybernetic modeling which helps determining the strategic zones of sustainable forestry. The stages of creating model forests were defined alongside formulating economic, organizational, social and environmental aspects of forest management. The methodology envisages grouping of administrative districts on the basis of a number of factors, including the percentage of forest land, social and economic indicators prompted. The methodology was implemented when analysing official data from several administrative districts in the Zhytomyr region. Several scenarios of sustainable forestry were detailed for each group of administrative districts. Three strategic options were pursued: 1) preserving the viability of forest ecosystems in Ukraine, 2) contributing to the welfare of Ukrainians, 3) ensuring economic development of the forestry sector. It follows from the research that the model forest is a powerful form of cost-effective business interaction in the process of sustainable development that shall bring into action the conservation of nature, provision of comfortable living conditions for territorial communities as well as the most capital-productive utilization of forest resources.
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Pezdevšek Malovrh, Špela, Dženan Bećirović, Bruno Marić, Jelena Nedeljković, Stjepan Posavec, Nenad Petrović und Mersudin Avdibegović. „Contribution of Forest Stewardship Council Certification to Sustainable Forest Management of State Forests in Selected Southeast European Countries“. Forests 10, Nr. 8 (01.08.2019): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080648.
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In recent decades, the concept of forest certification under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has been widely adopted in selected Southeast European countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia). As sustainability is traditionally recognised as a leading principle in the forest management doctrine in these countries, the aim of this study was to understand whether, and how, FSC forest certification contributes to the sustainable management of state forests. The research was carried out in two phases. First, in order to assess forest management compliance with FSC standard, non-conformities for the period 2014–2018, identified in audit Public Summary Reports, were analysed in all public companies that managed state-owned forests in selected countries. Further, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with the professionals responsible for forest certification in these companies were conducted (n = 11) to determine the contribution of forest certification to the economic, ecological, and social aspects of sustainable forest management. In total, 185 non-conformities were analysed. The results showed that FSC certification was successful in addressing certain problems in forest management practices and contributed to sustainable forest management, mainly covering social and ecological issues. The most frequently identified non-conformities were those related to FSC Principle 4 Community relations and worker’s rights (32.3% of all non-conformities) and Principle 6 Environmental impact (30.4% of all non-conformities). The contribution of FSC certification to sustainable forest management is mainly reflected in the following aspects: Worker’s rights; health and safety of employees; availability of appropriate personal protective equipment; consultation with local people and interest groups; awareness of environmental impacts of forestry operations; waste disposal and storage of fuel; improving the image of forest companies and maintenance of high-conservation-value forests. The majority of non-conformities were minor and required procedural changes to be closed. Moreover, there are no statistically significant differences between the countries with regard to the number of non-conformities for all principles. It can be concluded that FSC certification, as a market-driven mechanism, plays an important role by influencing forest management practices and business operations of public forest companies in a positive manner.
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Hogland, John, Christopher J. Dunn und James D. Johnston. „21st Century Planning Techniques for Creating Fire-Resilient Forests in the American West“. Forests 12, Nr. 8 (13.08.2021): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081084.
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Data-driven decision making is the key to providing effective and efficient wildfire protection and sustainable use of natural resources. Due to the complexity of natural systems, management decision(s) require clear justification based on substantial amounts of information that are both accurate and precise at various spatial scales. To build information and incorporate it into decision making, new analytical frameworks are required that incorporate innovative computational, spatial, statistical, and machine-learning concepts with field data and expert knowledge in a manner that is easily digestible by natural resource managers and practitioners. We prototyped such an approach using function modeling and batch processing to describe wildfire risk and the condition and costs associated with implementing multiple prescriptions for risk mitigation in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, USA. Three key aspects of our approach included: (1) spatially quantifying existing fuel conditions using field plots and Sentinel 2 remotely sensed imagery; (2) spatially defining the desired future conditions with regards to fuel objectives; and (3) developing a cost/revenue assessment (CRA). Each of these components resulted in spatially explicit surfaces describing fuels, treatments, wildfire risk, costs of implementation, projected revenues associated with the removal of tree volume and biomass, and associated estimates of model error. From those spatially explicit surfaces, practitioners gain unique insights into tradeoffs among various described prescriptions and can further weigh those tradeoffs against financial and logistical constraints. These types of datasets, procedures, and comparisons provide managers with the information needed to identify, optimize, and justify prescriptions across the landscape.
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Maradiaga-Marín, Mª Fernanda, und Paloma Cariñanos. „An Indicator-Based Approach to Assess the Readiness of Urban Forests for Future Challenges: Case Study of a Mediterranean Compact City“. Forests 12, Nr. 10 (27.09.2021): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101320.
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Urban Forests (UFs) are key elements in Mediterranean compact cities, as they provide numerous ecosystem benefits and increase the resilience of cities against the anticipated impacts of climate change. It is, thus, necessary to review all the aspects that may have a negative effect on their ecosystem functions and the services that they provide. In this paper, a set of indicators is proposed that allow for a preliminary evaluation of some of the main disservices and factors that Mediterranean UFs present and the ways to maximize their benefits for users. For this purpose, 20 indicators, divided into three categories—Biodiversity, Accessibility/Facilities, and Infrastructure—were selected. Within these three categories, a range of values was established, from low to high or absence/presence. The indicators were tested in 24 urban forests of different types, all of which are representative of a medium-sized compact Mediterranean city. The results highlight that the UFs have adequate species richness and diversity, but among the species present are quite a few that emit BVOCs and allergens, as well as some that have invasive behavior. Poor cleaning, absence of night lightning, and scarcity of water points are aspects to improve in a good number of UFs; while a high surface area of impermeable soil, low tree cover, and extensive areas of grass that require large amounts of water for maintenance are the main issues of the infrastructure block that need medium-term planning to be addressed. It can be concluded that the proposed set of indicators allows for a general assessment of the readiness of UFTs in Mediterranean cities for the upcoming climatic, social, and ecological challenges.
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Morin, Mathieu B., Daniel Kneeshaw, Frédérik Doyon, Héloïse Le Goff, Pierre Bernier, Véronique Yelle, Anne Blondlot und Daniel Houle. „Climate change and the forest sector: Perception of principal impacts and of potential options for adaptation“. Forestry Chronicle 91, Nr. 04 (August 2015): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2015-069.
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As evidence points to the importance of climate change (CC) impacts on forests, it is critical to understand how forestry and forest-dependent communities will be affected. People active in the Quebec forest sector were consulted about their perceptions on the most important potential impacts and adaptation measures. Preoccupations covered many aspects of natural ecosystems, forest-based communities, and industries. Expected impacts and adaptation measures were grouped according to biomes and sectors. Prioritized impacts included increases in extreme meteorological events and natural disturbances. Impacts were also expected for human or economic systems such as reductions in wood volume and quality, difficulties in accessing forests, and additional costs for forest operations. Adaptation was perceived to come from new policies, a greater awareness, and local and regional adjustments to forest operations and management. Identified barriers to adaptation included lack of knowledge or understanding of CC impacts, lack of scientific support and knowledge transfer, and lack of leadership in CC issues at a regional scale. This synthesis will help orient future needs in climate-sensitive forest management planning and identify ways to increase adaptive capacity of the forest sector.
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Bargali, Surendra S., und Surendra P. Singh. „Aspects of productivity and nutrient cycling in an 8-year-old Eucalyptus plantation in a moist plain area adjacent to central Himalaya, India“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, Nr. 9 (01.09.1991): 1365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-193.
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In the present study we describe biomass, productivity, and nutrient cycling in an 8-year-old Eucalyptustereticornis Sm. (Eucalyptus hybrid) plantation and compare them with those of a Populusdeltoides Bartr. plantation of the same age and area, a natural sal (Shorearobusta Gaertn. F.) forest, and other natural forests of the central Himalaya. The total vegetation biomass of the Eucalyptus plantation (126.7 t•ha−1) was lower than that of the P. deltoides plantation (176 t•ha−1) and natural forests (163.4–786.7 t•ha−1). The net primary productivity of the Eucalyptus plantation (23.4 t•ha−1•year−1) was similar to that of the P. deltoides plantation (25 t•ha−1•year−1) and the natural sal forest (22 t•ha−1•year−1). The net nutrient uptake of Eucalyptus was lower than that of Populus plantation and natural forests.