Dissertationen: „Automotive Embedded Systems“

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Schmidgall, Ralf. "Automotive embedded systems software reprogramming." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7070.

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The exponential growth of computer power is no longer limited to stand alone computing systems but applies to all areas of commercial embedded computing systems. The ongoing rapid growth in intelligent embedded systems is visible in the commercial automotive area, where a modern car today implements up to 80 different electronic control units (ECUs) and their total memory size has been increased to several hundreds of megabyte. This growth in the commercial mass production world has led to new challenges, even within the automotive industry but also in other business areas where cost pressure is high. The need to drive cost down means that every cent spent on recurring engineering costs needs to be justified. A conflict between functional requirements (functionality, system reliability, production and manufacturing aspects etc.), testing and maintainability aspects is given. Software reprogramming, as a key issue within the automotive industry, solve that given conflict partly in the past. Software Reprogramming for in-field service and maintenance in the after sales markets provides a strong method to fix previously not identified software errors. But the increasing software sizes and therefore the increasing software reprogramming times will reduce the benefits. Especially if ECU’s software size growth faster than vehicle’s onboard infrastructure can be adjusted. The thesis result enables cost prediction of embedded systems’ software reprogramming by generating an effective and reliable model for reprogramming time for different existing and new technologies. This model and additional research results contribute to a timeline for short term, mid term and long term solutions which will solve the currently given problems as well as future challenges, especially for the automotive industry but also for all other business areas where cost pressure is high and software reprogramming is a key issue during products life cycle.

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Larses, Ola. "Architecting and Modeling Automotive Embedded Systems." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-543.

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Belaggoun, Amel. "Adaptability and reconfiguration of automotive embedded systems." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066252/document.

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Les véhicules modernes sont de plus en plus informatisés pour satisfaire les exigences de sureté les plus strictes et pour fournir de meilleures expériences de conduite. Par conséquent, le nombre d'unités de contrôle électronique (ECU) dans les véhicules modernes a augmenté de façon continue au cours des dernières années. En outre, les applications à calcul complexe offrent une demande de calcul plus élevée sur les ECU et ont des contraintes de temps-réel dures et souples, d'où le besoin d’une approche unifiée traitant les deux types de contraintes. Les architectures multi-cœur permettent d'intégrer plusieurs niveaux de criticité de sureté sur la même plate-forme. De telles applications ont été conçues à l'aide d'approches statiques; cependant, les approches dites statiques ne sont plus réalisables dans des environnements très dynamiques en raison de la complexité croissante et les contraintes de coûts strictes, d’où la nécessite des solutions plus souples. Cela signifie que, pour faire face aux environnements dynamiques, un système automobile doit être adaptatif; c'est-à-dire qu'il doit pouvoir adapter sa structure et / ou son comportement à l'exécution en réponse à des changements fréquents dans son environnement. Ces nouvelles exigences ne peuvent être confrontées aux approches actuelles des systèmes et logiciels automobiles. Ainsi, une nouvelle conception de l'architecture électrique / électronique (E / E) d'un véhicule doit être développé. Récemment, l'industrie automobile a convenu de changer la plate-forme AUTOSAR actuelle en "AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform". Cette plate-forme est développée par le consortium AUTOSAR en tant que couche supplémentaire de la plate-forme classique. Il s'agit d'une étude de faisabilité continue basée sur le système d'exploitation POSIX qui utilise une communication orientée service pour intégrer les applications dans le système à tout moment. L'idée principale de cette thèse est de développer de nouveaux concepts d'architecture basés sur l'adaptation pour répondre aux besoins d'une nouvelle architecture E / E pour les véhicules entièrement électriques (VEF) concernant la sureté, la fiabilité et la rentabilité, et les intégrer à AUTOSAR. Nous définissons l'architecture ASLA (Adaptive System Level in AUTOSAR), qui est un cadre qui fournit une solution adaptative pour AUTOSAR. ASLA intègre des fonctions de reconfiguration au niveau des tâches telles que l'addition, la suppression et la migration des tâches dans AUTOSAR. La principale différence entre ASLA et la plate-forme Adaptive AUTOSAR est que ASLA permet d'attribuer des fonctions à criticité mixtes sur le même ECU ainsi que des adaptations bornées temps-réel, tant dis que Adaptive AUTOSAR sépare les fonctions temps réel critiques (fonctionnant sur la plate-forme classique) des fonctions temps réel non critiques (fonctionnant sur la plate-forme adaptative). Pour évaluer la validité de notre architecture proposée, nous fournissons une implémentation prototype de notre architecture ASLA et nous évaluons sa performance à travers des expériences
Modern vehicles have become increasingly computerized to satisfy the more strict safety requirements and to provide better driving experiences. Therefore, the number of electronic control units (ECUs) in modern vehicles has continuously increased in the last few decades. In addition, advanced applications put higher computational demand on ECUs and have both hard and soft timing constraints, hence a unified approach handling both constraints is required. Moreover, economic pressures and multi-core architectures are driving the integration of several levels of safety-criticality onto the same platform. Such applications have been traditionally designed using static approaches; however, static approaches are no longer feasible in highly dynamic environments due to increasing complexity and tight cost constraints, and more flexible solutions are required. This means that, to cope with dynamic environments, an automotive system must be adaptive; that is, it must be able to adapt its structure and/or behaviour at runtime in response to frequent changes in its environment. These new requirements cannot be faced by the current state-of-the-art approaches of automotive software systems. Instead, a new design of the overall Electric/Electronic (E/E) architecture of a vehicle needs to be developed. Recently, the automotive industry agreed upon changing the current AUTOSAR platform to the “AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform”. This platform is being developed by the AUTOSAR consortium as an additional product to the current AUTOSAR classic platform. This is an ongoing feasibility study based on the POSIX operating system and uses service-oriented communication to integrate applications into the system at any desired time. The main idea of this thesis is to develop novel architecture concepts based on adaptation to address the needs of a new E/E architecture for Fully Electric Vehicles (FEVs) regarding safety, reliability and cost-efficiency, and integrate these in AUTOSAR. We define the ASLA (Adaptive System Level in AUTOSAR) architecture, which is a framework that provides an adaptive solution for AUTOSAR. ASLA incorporates tasks-level reconfiguration features such as addition, deletion and migration of tasks in AUTOSAR. The main difference between ASLA and the Adaptive AUTOSAR platform is that ASLA enables the allocation of mixed critical functions on the same ECU as well as time-bound adaptations while adaptive AUTOSAR separates critical, hard real-time functions (running on the classic platform) from non-critical/soft-real-time functions (running on the adaptive platform). To assess the validity of our proposed architecture, we provide an early prototype implementation of ASLA and evaluate its performance through experiments

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Eriksson, John. "Formal Requirement Models for Automotive Embedded Systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191558.

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Embedded systems are a crucial part of modern vehicles today and are used widely by the automotive industry to control safety-critical functions. To verify that the software will work correctly, formal verification can be used to prove that the code will always behave correctly according to some specification. This report will look into how to formulate the specification in such a way that it is easy to use, consistent and can be used efficiently for code verification. Two different models are looked into in the report, and applied to real automotive embedded code. From this, conclusions are made about the different models.
Inbäddade system är en viktig del av moderna motorfordon idag, och används av stora delar av fordonsindustrin för att kontrollera säkerhetskritiska funktioner. För att verifiera att mjukvaran fungerar korrent, kan man använda formell verifiering för att bevisa att koden alltid fungerar korrekt enligt en specifikation. Den här rapporten kommer att studera hur man bäst formulerar en sådan specifikation så att den är lätt att använda, konsekvent och kan användas effektivt för kodverifiering. Två olika modeller används i rapporten, och appliceras till en riktig kodmodul från fordonsindustrin. Från detta görs sedan slutsatser om de olika modellerna.

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Dhouibi, Mohamed Slim. "Optimization approach for the critical automotive embedded systems." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0006/document.

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La conception des systèmes embarqués est une tâche complexe. Les ingénieurs sont confrontés à divers contraintes liées à la technologie, au coût,à la complexité et aux contraintes de sécurité. Toutes ces contraintes ont un grand impact sur l’architecture du système et par conséquence sur le coût final. Nous proposons dans cette thèse une approche pour la conception des système et l’optimisation de l’architecture guidée par les contraintes de sécurité et de coût. Elle s’agit d’une approche de synthèse de l’architecture qui prend en compte les contraintes de sécurité dans le contexte du standard ISO 26262. Elle permet, d’une part, d’atteindre une architecture préliminaire du système en choisissant les éléments de l’architecture permettant de réduire le coût global. D’autre part, elle conduit à une allocation des fonctions aux éléments de l’architecture qui respecte les contraintes liées aux niveaux de sécurité et les défaillances de ces éléments. Nous utilisons des algorithmes exhaustive et génétique pour l’exploration de l’espace de conception. En l’appliquant sur un cas d’étude industriel, nous démontrons sa contribution pour parvenir à la conception conforme et sa capacité à réduire les coûts entraîne par les contraintes de sécurité
The embedded system design is a challenging task. The engineers are faced with technological, cost, complexity and safety constraints. These constraints have a big impact on the system architecture and consequently on the final cost. we propose in this thesis an approach for system design and architecture optimization driven by safety and cost constraints. It consists of an architecture synthesis approach that takes into account the safety constraints in the ISO 26262 context. It allows, at one hand, to reach a system preliminary architecture by choosing the architecture elements that reduce the overall cost. On the other hand, it leads to a functions mapping that respects the safety constraints related to the integrity levels and to the dependent failures. We use exhaustive and genetic algorithm for the design space exploration. By applying it on an industrial study-case we demonstrate its contribution in reaching compliant design and its capability in reducing the safety constraints costs

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Marinescu, Raluca. "Model-driven Analysis and Verification of Automotive Embedded Systems." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-32463.

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Modern vehicles are equipped with electrical and electronic systems that implement highly complex functions, such as anti-lock braking, cruise control, etc. To realize and integrate such complex embedded systems, the automotive development process requires an updated methodology that takes into consideration the system’s intricate features and examines both their functional and extra-functional requirements. Early design artifacts like architectural models represent convenient abstractions for reasoning about the system’s structure and functionality. In this context, the EAST-ADL language has been developed as a domain-specific architectural language that targets the automotive industry and is aligned with the AUTOSAR automotive standard. To fully enjoy the benefits of these abstract system descriptions, architectural models need to be integrated into a model-driven development framework that enables also verification by, e.g., model checking and model-based testing. One major drawback in developing such a framework lies in the fact that architectural models, while capturing the system’s structure and inter-component communication, often lack direct means to represent the desired internal behavior of the system in a semantically well-defined way. To overcome this, one needs to provide means of integrating both structural as well as behavioral information, desirably within the same framework backed by formal semantics, in order to enable the model’s formal verification. In this thesis, we propose a tool-supported integrated formal modeling and verification framework tailored for automotive embedded systems that are originally described in the EAST-ADL architectural language. To achieve this, we first provide formal semantics to the architectural model and its behavior by proposing an equivalent formal description as a network of timed automata. This enables us to analyze the resulting network of timed automata formally by model checking, using both the UPPAAL PORT and UPPAAL SMC model checkers. UPPAAL PORT is providing efficient component-aware verification via the partial order reduction technique, while UPPAAL SMC is extending UPPAAL with statistical model-checking capabilities via probabilistic algorithms. We focus the analysis on functional and timing requirements, but also on the system’s resource usage with respect to different resources specified in the model, such as memory and energy. In an attempt to narrow the gap between the original architectural model and the eventual system implementation, we define an executable semantics of the UPPAAL PORT components that guarantees that the implementation preserves the invariant properties of the model. Assuming a system implementation that conforms to the formal model, we investigate how to provide test cases suitable for the eventual verification of such implementation, by exploiting the model checker’s ability to generate witness traces for reachability verification. Such a witness trace represents a execution of the system from its initial state to the goal state encoded by the reachability property, and becomes our abstract test case. By pairing the automated model-based test case generator with an automatic transformation from the abstract test cases to Python scripts, we enable the execution of the generated Python scripts on the system under test, which ends up in pass/fail testing verdicts. Dependency analysis is a method that is able to identify crucial intra- and inter-component dependencies early in the system’s development life cycle, if applied on architectural models. In this thesis, we also investigate how such dependencies, resulting from applying dependency analysis on EAST-ADL models, can be exploited during formal verification in order to reduce the verified state-spaces during model checking. The framework is supported by the ViTAL tool and its applicability is shown on an automotive industrial prototype, namely a Brake-by-Wire system.

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Kozhakenov, Temirzhan. "MODEL-BASED SIMULATION OF AUTOMOTIVE SOFTWARE SYSTEMS." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-48851.

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The car is the most common vehicle in the world. Millions of cars are produced annually. In order for each car to find its buyer, car companies are forced to constantly improve the design of the car. Modern models are emerging, new car systems are being developed and implemented. All this is accompanied by a huge flow of information, in which it is easy to get lost. This master’s work is devoted to the trace analysis and connection of two different files. The paper proposes a developed algorithm of trace analysis for some functions of the vehicle in the C++ programming language. The files that we use to trace analysis relate to the model and the final result of its simulation.EATOP is a tool with which a model based on the EAST-ADL language was developed. Adapt is an event simulator with which our model of automotive functionality was simulated. The purpose of the study is to identify possible ways to meet timing requirements. The work is carried out in collaboration with Volvo Group Truck Technology. This company provided the LogFile, which presents results of the simulation, and model. We get an analysis of performance, one of the ways to trace data and timing. The results of our implementation are presented and discussed.

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Johansson, Henrik. "Evaluation of Communication Interfaces for ElectronicControl Units in Heavy-duty Vehicles." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78869.

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The number of electronic control units in heavy-duty vehicles has grown dramatically overthe last few decades. This has led to the use of communication buses to reduce the complexityand weight of the networks. There are reasons to believe that the de facto standardcommunication interface in the automotive industry, the Controller Area Network, is obsoletein some areas. Hence an evaluation of available communication interfaces is needed.This study focuses on lower levels of the Open Systems Interconnect (osi) model. Initially atheoretical study is presented in order to give an overview of automotive embedded systemsin general and different communication interfaces in particular. Ethernet and FlexRay areidentified as two interfaces of interest for future use in Scanias vehicles. The former is new inautomotive applications but is believed to become popular over the years to come. A possibleuse of this interface could be as a backbone to take the load off other interfaces. The use ofFlexRay in Scanias vehicles is limited because of the modular system used and the staticscheduling needed. It could however be used between mandatory ecus where the nodes andthe messages are all known beforehand.The report also contains the result from emission measurements on a number of interfacesperformed using a stripline antenna in a shielded enclosure. Strong conclusions can not bedrawn since it’s hard to tell what the transceivers, circuit boards and interfaces contributedto in the spectra with the method used. The FlexRay hardware is worse than for the otherinterfaces. Similarities can be seen between low-speed and high-speed can but it could becharacteristics of the transceivers used rather than the interface itself.

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Joshi, Prachi. "Design Space Exploration for Embedded Systems in Automotives." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82839.

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With ever increasing contents (safety, driver assistance, infotainment, etc.) in today's automotive systems that rely on electronics and software, the supporting architecture is integrated by a complex set of heterogeneous data networks. A modern automobile contains up to 100 ECUs and several heterogeneous communication buses (such as CAN, FlexRay, etc.), exchanging thousands of signals. The automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers face a number of challenges such as reliability, safety and cost to incorporate the growing functionalities in vehicles. Additionally, reliability, safety and cost are major concerns for the industry. One of the important challenges in automotive design is the efficient and reliable transmission of signals over communication networks such as CAN and CAN-FD. With the growing features in automotives, the OEMs already face the challenge of saturation of bus bandwidth hindering the reliability of communication and the inclusion of additional features. In this dissertation, we study the problem of optimization of bandwidth utilization (BU) over CAN-FD networks. Signals are transmitted over the CAN/CAN-FD bus in entities called frames. The signal-to-frame-packing has been studied in the literature and it is compared to the bin packing problem which is known to be NP-hard. By carefully optimizing signal-to-frame packing, the CAN-FD BU can be reduced. In Chapter 3, we propose a method for offset assignment to signals and show its importance in improving BU. One of our contributions for an industrial setting is a modest improvement in BU of about 2.3%. Even with this modest improvement, the architecture's lifetime could potentially be extended by several product cycles, which may translate to saving millions of dollars for the OEM. Therefore, the optimization of signal-to-frame packing in CAN-FD is the major focus of this dissertation. Another challenge addressed in this dissertation is the reliable mapping of a task model onto a given architecture, such that the end-to-end latency requirements are satisfied. This avoids costly redesign and redevelopment due to system design errors.
Ph. D.

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Khosrowjerdi, Hojat, and Sorin Dan Tatar. "Recovering and Modeling Sensor and Actuator Architecture in Automotive Embedded Systems." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168942.

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Under det senaste årtiondet har mängden kod som används i fordon ökat exponentiellt. På grund av detta skiftar bilindustrin mot att vara software-intensive. Som i de flesta mjukvaruintensiva branscher, drivs systemets utveckling i snabbtakt av marknadens krav. Återanvändningen av värdefull legacy-code är en effektiv metod för att minska tiden till marknaden. Vid Scania är mjukvaruutveckling främst baserat på en omfattande legacy plattform. I detta sammanhang är det nödvändigt för systemförståelse, återanvändning, underhåll, systemverifiering och säkerhetsanalys att upprätthålla en omfattande beskrivning av mjukvaruarkitekturen. Men för att skapa en sådan beskrivning behövs ytterligare resurser, och det är svårt att upprätthålla följdriktighet med föränderliga implementationer. Ett sättet att lösa detta problem är Reverse Engineering. Mjukvaruarkitekturen kan hämtas automatiskt från inbäddad källkod och presenteras på ett sätt som ärspecifikt för domänen.Denna avhandling är en del av ESPRESSO-projektet. En del av ESPRESSOprojektetgår ut på att återvinna lastbilens mjukvaruarkitektur från källkoden.Syftet med detta arbete är att utöka täckningen av arkitektursåterhämtningengenom att lägga till kopplingar mellan hård- och mjukvara. För att uppnå detta haren hårdvarumodell, inspirerad av EAST-ADL hårdvaru-meta-modell, utvecklats och använts i den befintliga infrastrukturen. Hårdvarumodellen användes för att samla in och bearbeta information för att lagra den i Neo4J grafdatabas. Förslag på användargränssnitttillhandahölls för interaktion med databasen, men implementationen var inte en del av examensarbetet. Utmaningarna under arbetets gång uppstod främst på grund av det faktum attvarje Scania-avdelning använder sin egen partiella systemmodell av lastbilsarkitekturen.Flera vyer och begrepp från olika avdelningar skulle slås samman i en enda modell. För att uppnå validering till en viss grad, användes databasen i samband med användargränssnittet. Gränssnittet var medelvärdet med vilket några scenarier kontrollerades både mot intern teknisk dokumentation och ingenjörer som arbetar med dessa system.
From the past decade onward, a trend has been seen in which the amount of code used in a vehicle is increasing exponentially. Because of this growing factor, the automotive industry is gradually shifting towards software-intensive. As in most software-intensive industries, the system’s evolution is driven at a fast pace by the market’s requirements. The re-usability of valuable legacy code is an effective method of reducing the time to market. In Scania, software development is predominantly based on an extensive legacy platform. In this context, maintaining a comprehensive software architecture description is necessary for system understanding, re-usability, maintenance, system verification and safety analysis. However, to develop such a description involves additional resources, and it is difficult to maintain consistency with evolving implementations. One way to solve this problem is Reverse Engineering. The software architecture can be retrieved automatically from embedded source code and presented in a manner specific to the domain. This thesis is part of the ESPRESSO project. One part of ESPRESSO is to recover the truck’s software architecture from source code. The objective of this work is to extend the coverage of the architecture recovery by adding connections between hardware and software. To achieve this, a hardware model, inspired by the EAST-ADL hardware meta-model, has been developed and employed in the existing infrastructure. The hardware model was used to gather and process information in order to store it to the Neo4J graph database. User interface suggestions were provided for querying, but the implementation was not part of the thesis. The challenges facing this work arose mainly due to the fact that each Scania department uses its own partial system model of the truck’s architecture. Multipleviews and concepts from different departments had to be merged in a single model. To achieve validation to a certain degree, the populated database was used in connection with the user interface. The interface was the mean by which a few scenarios were checked both against internal technical documentation and the engineers that are working with those systems.

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Pham, Hung-Manh. "Embedded computing architecture with dynamic hardware reconfiguration for intelligent automotive systems." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S139.

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L’omniprésence des calculateurs électroniques a conduit l’industrie automobile à faire face à de nouvelles exigences de sécurité et de performances pour intégrer les nouvelles applications du domaine. Il est maintenant reconnu que les circuits logiques reconfigurables répondent aux exigences de performances de traitement, de flexibilité et aux tendances industrielles sur la réduction du coût du produit. Nous démontrons dans cette thèse l’intérêt des nouvelles architectures reconﬁgurable dynamiquement dans le domaine de l’automobile et plus généralement dans le domaine de la sûreté de fonctionnement. L’utilisation de calculateurs reconﬁgurables dynamiquement permet de réduire le nombre de calculateurs et de diminuer les coûts de mise en œuvre. Malheureusement ces architectures sont très sensibles aux radiations et donc aux erreurs. Nous proposons, dans ce travail, des mécanismes de tolérances aux fautes faibles coûts pour palier à ce problème. En réalisant une détection de fautes sur les calculateurs reconﬁgurables et en la couplant avec un mécanisme de migration des tâches (matérielles et logicielles), il est alors possible d’augmenter de façon signiﬁcative la robustesse du système, tout en conservant des performances optimales
The omnipresence of electronic computers has led the automotive industry to face new security and performance requirements to integrate new applications in the field. The modern reconfigurable logic circuits meet now the requirements of processing performance, flexibility and industry trends on reducing product cost. We show in this thesis the importance of new dynamically reconfigurable architectures in the automotive field and more generally in the area of dependability. The use of dynamically reconfigurable computers can reduce the number of computers and reduce the costs of implementation. Unfortunately, these architectures are very sensitive to radiation and therefore to errors. We propose in this work, low cost fault-tolerant mechanisms to solve this problem. By performing a fault detection on reconfigurable computers and coupling it with a mechanism of tasks migration (hardware and software), then it is possible to significantly increase the robustness of the system, while maintaining high degree of performance

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Dohmke, Thomas. "Test-driven development of embedded control systems : application in an automotive collision prevention system." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/239/.

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With test-driven development (TDD) new code is not written until an automated test has failed, and duplications of functions, tests, or simply code fragments are always removed. TDD can lead to a better design and a higher quality of the developed system, but to date it has mainly been applied to the development of traditional software systems such as payroll applications. This thesis describes the novel application of TDD to the development of embedded control systems using an automotive safety system for preventing collisions as an example. The basic prerequisite for test-driven development is the availability of an automated testing framework as tests are executed very often. Such testing frameworks have been developed for nearly all programming languages, but not for the graphical, signal driven language Simulink. Simulink is commonly used in the automotive industry and can be considered as state-of-the-art for the design and development of embedded control systems in the automotive, aerospace and other industries. The thesis therefore introduces a novel automated testing framework for Simulink. This framework forms the basis for the test-driven development process by integrating the analysis, design and testing of embedded control systems into this process. The thesis then shows the application of TDD to a collision prevention system. The system architecture is derived from the requirements of the system and four software components are identiﬁed, which represent problems of particular areas for the realisation of control systems, i.e. logical combinations, experimental problems, mathematical algorithms, and control theory. For each of these problems, a concept to systematically derive test cases from the requirements is presented. Moreover two conventional approaches to design the controller are introduced and compared in terms of their stability and performance. The eﬀectiveness of the collision prevention system is assessed in trials on a driving simulator. These trials show that the system leads to a signiﬁcant reduction of the accident rate for rear-end collisions. In addition, experiments with prototype vehicles on test tracks and ﬁeld tests are presented to verify the system’s functional requirements within a system testing approach. Finally, the new test-driven development process for embedded control systems is evaluated in comparison to traditional development processes.

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Marinescu, Raluca. "Model-checking and Model-based Testing of Automotive Embedded Systems : Starting from the System Architecture." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-26501.

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Nowadays, modern vehicles are equipped with electrical and electronic systems that implement highly complex functions such as anti-lock braking or cruise control. The use of such embedded systems in the automotive domain requires a revised development process that addresses their particular features. In this context, architectural models have been introduced in system development as convenient abstractions of the system’s structure represented as interacting components. To enjoy the full benefits of such abstractions, the architectural models should be complemented by an analysis framework that provides means for formal verification, and ideally also model-based testing, tailored to complex automotive systems. One major difficulty in developing such a framework lies in the fact that architectural models represent the system’s structure as well as inter-component communication, often without the actual description of the behavior. This entails the need to integrate the two “views” (structural and behavioral) in order to integrate them in a formal framework for verification. In this thesis, we propose an integrated formal modeling and analysis methodology for automotive embedded systems that are originally described in the domain-specific architectural language EAST-ADL. Our analysis methodology relies on formal veri- fication of the original EAST-ADL model by model-checking with UPPAAL PORT for component-based analysis, and UPPAAL SMC for statistical model-checking. To enable this, we first propose a formal description of the EAST-ADL components as networks of timed automata (TA), which are UPPAAL’s modeling language. Since C code implementation is in fact what is deployed on the vehicle, it is highly desirable to narrow the gap between the code and the architectural model, but also to test the implementation for various requirements. To accomplish the former, we define an exe- cutable semantics of the UPPAAL PORT components. To be able to support testing of EAST-ADL based implementations, we take advantage of the model-checker’s ability to generate witness traces during verification of reachability properties. Consequently, we employ UPPAAL PORT to generate such traces that become our abstract test-cases. By pairing the automated model-based test-case generator with an automatic transformation from the abstract test-cases to Python scripts, we enable the execution of the generated Python scripts (our concrete test cases) on the system under test. The entire formal analysis and model-based testing framework is one solution to analyzing EAST-ADL models by model-checking techniques We show the framework’s applicability on an automotive industrial prototype, namely a Brake-by-Wire system.

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Limam, Mourad. "Conception and implementation of an agreement protocol for fault-tolerant automotive embedded systems." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-25128.

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Khan, Dawood Ashraf. "Schedulability analysis for the design of reliable and cost-effective automotive embedded systems." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL097N/document.

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Automobile système embarqué est une architecture distribuée de l'ordinateur des applications basées sur. La prolifération des systèmes embarqués dans une automobile a apporté de nombreux avantages,tels que le remplacement du système mécanique ancienne avec capteur électronique en réseau et desactionneurs, par exemple, dans des applications telles suspensions adaptatives. Le remplacement des systèmes mécaniques avec ceux électroniques et l'intégration de nouvelles fonctionnalités dans l'électronique soulève une grave préoccupation, c'est de fournir des garanties que ces systèmes embarqués seront en mesure d'effectuer, même dans des environnements difficiles, en particulier dans un système critique pour la sécurité comme un automobile. De plus, ceux-ci l'actualité informatique applications à la demande, imposée par un processus physique.Par exemple, pour éviter un événement catastrophique comme un accident de la demande de freinage doit répondre aux contraintes de minutage. Ce qui implique que la durée de temps entre l'instance de l'application du frein (à la pédale de frein) et l'instance de l'actionnement au niveau des roues d'un véhicule automobile doit être inférieure à la limite. En outre, l'application de freinage est généralement répartie sur le nombre de nœuds, qui sont embarqués communicants les uns avec les autres en utilisant une ressource de communication partagée. Par conséquent, il est important que nous fournissons des garanties que la demande, individuellement et collectivement, est atteinte de ses contrainte temporelle; qui est dans la composition de plusieurs nœuds embarqués. En outre, la prolifération des applications informatiques est également livré avec une hétérogénéité croissante et la complexité de l'architecture intégrée, ce qui conduira à l'augmentation de la complexité de l'analyse pour les systèmes automobiles.Par conséquent, il ya un besoin croissant d'assurer que ces systèmes automobiles embarqués répondre à des contraintes temporelles et de fournir des garanties de sécurité au cours de leur fonctionnement normal ou lors de situations critiques. Cette thèse vise à développer les analyses d'ordonnançabilité pour systèmes automobiles et les réseaux intégrés, avec le but de faciliter,d'une manière rentable et fiable, la conception et l'analyse des systèmes embarqués automobiles. Les analyses sont élaborées et appliquées dans le contexte de l'automobile; de façon à réduire le risque d'échec en raison de délai: les limites du matériel; frais généraux de mise en œuvre, et les interférences dues à la circulation probaliste
Automotive embedded system is a distributed architecture of computer-based applications. The proliferation of embedded systems in an automobile has brought numerous benefits; such as replacement of old mechanical system with networked electronic sensor and actuators, for example, in applications like adaptive suspensions. The replacement of mechanical systems with electronic onesand the integration of new functionality in electronics raises a serious concern; that is to provide guarantees that these embedded systems will be able to perform, even in harsh environments, particularly in a safety-critical system like an automobile.Moreover, these computer-based applications demand timeliness, imposed by a physical process. For example, to avoid a catastrophic event like a crash the braking application has to meet thetiming-constraints. This implies that the time duration between the instance of application of the brake (at brake pedal) and the instance of actuation at the wheels of an automobile should be less than the deadline. Moreover, the braking application is usually spread over number of embedded nodes, which are communicating with each other using a shared communication resource. Therefore, it is important that we provide some guarantees that an application, individually and collectively, is meeting its timing constraint; that is in the composition of multiple embedded nodes. Moreover, theproliferation of computer-based applications also comes with an increasing heterogeneity and complexity of the embedded architecture; which lead to the increase in the complexity of the analysis for the automotive systems Therefore, there is an increasing need to ensure that these automotive embedded systems meet temporal constraints and provide safety guarantees during their normal operation or during critical situations. This thesis aims at developing the schedulability analyses for automotive systems and embedded networks; with the aim to facilitate, in a cost-effective and reliable manner, the design and analysis of automotive embedded systems. The analyses are developed and applied in the automotive context; so as to reduce the risk of deadline failure due to: hardware limitations ; implementation overheads; and nterference due to probabilistic traffic

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Pruscha, Martin. "Infrastructure for the Generation of Functional Data-Flow Views for Automotive Embedded Systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143227.

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Data-flow visualization for source code can help software developers and software architects to understand code graphically. In this thesis, an infrastructure for dataflow visualization is created to analyze the C source code of an embedded system of a truck. Several commercial and open-source tools for data-flow analysis are investigated and a definition for data-flow is found. A data-flow analysis tool chain consisting of FLex, a lexical analyzer generator, Bison, a parser generator, and a hand-written data-flow analysis is implemented. The tool chain saves data-flow information from the source code into an intermediate representation which can be used to create visualizations. Software developers and architects are interviewed to gather information about how data-flow visualizations are used at Scania and how the tool chain can be improved.

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Alexandersson, Johan, and Olle Nordin. "Implementation of CAN Communication Stack in AUTOSAR." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119405.

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In the automotive industry today, embedded systems have reached a level of complexity which is not maintainable with the traditional approach of design- ing automotive embedded systems. For this purpose, many of the worlds leading automotive manufacturers have formed an alliance to apprehend this problem. This has resulted in AUTOSAR, an open standardized architecture for automotive embedded systems, which strives for increased flexibility and safety regulations. This thesis will explore the possibilities of implementing a CAN Communication stack using the AUTOSAR architecture and its corresponding methodology. As a result of this thesis, a complete AUTOSAR CAN communication stack has been implemented, as well has a simulator application with the purpose of testing its functionality.

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Khosrowjerdi, Hojat. "Learning-based Testing for Automotive Embedded Systems : A requirements modeling and Fault injection study." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Teoretisk datalogi, TCS, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247506.

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This thesis concerns applications of learning-based testing (LBT) in the automotive domain. In this domain, LBT is an attractive testing solution, since it offers a highly automated technology to conduct safety critical requirements testing based on machine learning. Furthermore, as a black-box testing technique, LBT can manage the complexity of modern automotive software applications such as advanced driver assistance systems. Within the automotive domain, three relevant software testing questions for LBT are studied namely: effectiveness of requirements modeling, learning efficiency and error discovery capabilities. Besides traditional requirements testing, this thesis also considers fault injection testing starting from the perspective of automotive safety standards, such as ISO26262. For fault injection testing, a new methodology is developed based on the integration of LBT technologies with virtualized hardware emulation to implement both test case generation and fault injection. This represents a novel application of machine learning to fault injection testing. Our approach is flexible, non-intrusive and highly automated. It can therefore provide a complement to traditional fault injection methodologies such as hardware-based fault injection.

QC 20190325

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Daghsen, Ahmed. "Methodology of analysis and optimization of real-time embedded systems : application to automotive field." Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2062.

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Dans le domaine de l'automobile, le nombre de fonctions émergentes augmente sans cesse dans le but d'offrir une large gamme de confort et qualité de service au conducteur. La plupart de ces fonctions électroniques sont modulaires et réparties sur plusieurs composants du véhicule. La complexité de telles fonctions telles que le "X-By-Wire" ainsi que l'interdépendance entre ces fonctions rendent l'intégration et la validation de ces systèmes assez complexe. Face à ces problématiques, le consortium AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System ARchitecture) a été créé par les principaux acteurs mondiaux de l'automobile. Cette initiative vise la mise en place d'un standard ouvert pour l'architecture embarquée de l'automobile. La méthodologie proposée par AUTOSAR ainsi que les outils de développement existants ne permettent pas de guider le concepteur d'application à établir l'architecture adéquate et optimale du système. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d'établir une méthodologie d'analyse et d'exploration à base des modèles afin de valider et optimiser les performances d'un système embarqué dans le but de guider le concepteur système. L'approche consiste en premier temps à valider analytiquement les performances temps-réel d'un système AUTOSAR. En second temps, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode d'exploration multi-objectives de l'espace de conceptions des architectures. La méthode d'optimisation repose sur un algorithme évolutionnaire multi-objectives. Nous proposons dans la suite l'exploration de trois espace de recherche identifiés durant le processus de développement AUTOSAR : (1) le placement des composants logiciel sur les calculateurs, (2) la configuration des tâches systèmes et (3) le placement des runnables (entités logicielles) sur les tâches. Aussi, la flexibilité et l'adaptabilité de la méthode d'exploration proposée permettent son application sur des systèmes conçus avec d'autres langages de modélisation tels que SysML et MARTE. Ainsi, nous proposons une méthode d'exploration et d'analyse plus générique. Cette méthode est basée sur un méta-modèle intermédiaire définis, et qui permettra une translation automatique entre le modèle d'entrée du système et les outils d'analyse et d'exploration
Today, the design and development of automotive software system becomes very complex. This complexity is due to the high number of functions, execution codes and diversity of communication bus embedded in the vehicle. Also, the heterogeneity of the architecture makes the design of such system more difficult and time consuming. The introduction of Model-Based Development (MBD) in the automotive field promised to improve the development process by allowing continuity between requirements definition, system design and the distributed system implementation. In the same direction, the apparition of AUTOSAR consortium standardized the design of such automotive embedded system by allowing the portability of software functions on the hardware architecture and their reuse. It defines a set of rules and interfaces to design, interconnect, deploy and configure a set of application software components (SWCs). However, designing an embedded system according to AUTOSAR standard necessitates the configuration of hundreds of parameters and requires several software allocation decisions. Each decision may influence the system performance and also the development cost. This architectural complexity leads to a large design decision space which is difficult to be explored without using an analytical method or a design tool. We introduce in this thesis a methodology that permits to assist and help the system designer to configure an AUTOSAR-compliant system. This is based on the Design Space Exploration (DSE) framework that permits to evaluate and analyze several design alternatives in order to identify the optimal solutions. The DSE task relies on a multi-objectives evolutionary algorithm. The DSE could be performed for two purposes : (1) the mapping of SWCs to ECUs and the mapping of runnables (code entities) to OS tasks, (2) the configuration of the software parameters like OS tasks priorities and types. The flexibility and scalability of the DSE framework allows applying it to other description and modeling languages such as SysML/MARTE

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Pintard, Ludovic. "From safety analysis to experimental validation by fault injection - Case of automotive embedded systems." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14459/1/Pintard.pdf.

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Due to the rising complexity of automotive Electric/Electronic embedded systems, Functional Safety becomes a main issue in the automotive industry. This issue has been formalized by the introduction of the ISO 26262 standard for functional safety in 2011. The challenges are, on the one hand to design safe systems based on a systematic verification and validation approach, and on the other hand, the fulfilment of the requirements of the ISO 26262 standard. Following ISO 26262 recommendations, our approach, based on fault injection, aims at verifying fault tolerance mechanisms and non-functional requirements at all steps of the development cycle, from early design phases down to implementation. Fault injection is a verification technique that has been investigated for a long time. However, the role of fault injection during design phase and its complementarities with the experimental validation of the target have not been explored. In this work, we investigate a fault injection continuum, from system design validation to experiments on implemented targets. The proposed approach considers the safety analyses as a starting point, with the identification of safety mechanisms and safety requirements, and goes down to the validation of the implementation of safety mechanisms through fault injection experiments. The whole approach is based on a key fault injection framework, called FARM (Fault, Activation, Readouts and Measures). We show that this approach can be integrated in the development process of the automotive embedded systems described in the ISO 26262 standard. Our approach is illustrated on an automotive case study: a Front-Light system.

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Kashyap, Abhilash Nagesh, and Ashwin Madanmohan. "Identifiable Radar Reflectors For Automotive Pedestrian Safety." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43317.

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Radar plays a major role in safety-critical applications mainly in the automotive industry due to its weather and lighting independence. The progress made in radar hardware technology has made it possible to detect objects more efficiently. Autonomous vehicles need to address a lot of problems encountered in their pathways which need proper detection and identification of obstacles for navigation purposes. Detection and identification of obstacles during navigation help in defining the trajectories for a vehicle so that collision can be avoided. A 77GHz radar system is used in many automotive industrial vehicles for automotive safety. At any given time, there is a possibility of multiple objects being in the vicinity of a vehicle that is not highly reflective which is based on its materialistic properties, such as prams or bicycles as compared to other road vehicles. In the work described in this thesis, we aim at designing, detecting, and identifying simple radar reflectors using copper sheets, which can be placed on such low reflective objects which helps in increasing pedestrian safety aspects. The software aspect of the radar module being used is achieved by using a demo application provided by the radar module manufacturer. This acts as the base structure for the python script which is used for detection and identification of the radar reflectors.

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Schnitzer, Stephan [Verfasser], and Kurt [Akademischer Betreuer] Rothermel. "Real-time scheduling for 3D rendering on automotive embedded systems / Stephan Schnitzer ; Betreuer: Kurt Rothermel." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1184277729/34.

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Radhakrishnan, Harikrishnan. "A Heuristic Approach based on Prioritized Quality Attributes for the Evolutionary Architecting of Automotive Embedded Systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-265669.

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Over the years, vehicles have become very complex systems involving multiple domains of engineering. This is mainly due to the advent of electronics and its use in the automotive industry. Electronically controlled systems offer much more flexibility and reliability compared to conventional mechanical systems. This has also led to a complicated system architecture including many electronic control units, robust communication systems and an intricate wiring harness. Development of such highly complex systems is an arduous task. In most cases, development is done incrementally rather than a complete overhaul. This kind of development process is called an evolutionary architecting process (EAP). Two architecting methodologies, Architecture Trade-Off Analysis Method and Cost Benefit Analysis Method, were chosen to study EAP further in an industrial context. Based on these two methodologies, a lightweight framework for architectural decisionmaking (LFAD) is proposed to align with automotive-specific needs. This thesis verifies LFAD with a real industrial case in Scania CV AB. The LFAD method provides a swift way to assimilate available information regarding a project by narrowing down different aspects to a known set of quality attributes and organise them in a useful way from an architectural perspective. Interviews were chosen as a primary method to conduct this study and they were conducted at different automotive firms like Scania, Volvo Trucks, Volvo Cars and Einride. The interviews provided inputs to the method studies and in identifying the quality attributes that are usually considered for EAP. The resulting quality attributes are visualised as a utility tree along with its description. The thesis also delves into analysing the bias involved in EAP with the involvement of multiple engineering disciplines. Inputs were taken from the interviews as well. From the study, it can be seen that different organizational characteristics affect the decision-making process. For example, the knowledge about different systems accumulated over the years are hugely dependent on how they are organized as groups. There is also a need for homogeneity in semantics among these groups when dealing with complex multi-disciplinary systems. And finally, it is concluded that bias does play a major role in the decision-making process and must be addressed on a case by case basis.
Under åren har fordon blivit mycket komplexa system som involverar flera tekniska domäner. Detta beror främst på tillkomsten av elektronik och dess användning i bilindustrin. Elektroniskt styrda system erbjuder mycket mer flexibilitet och tillförlitlighet jämfört med konventionella mekaniska system. Detta har också lett till en komplicerad systemarkitektur inklusive många elektroniska styrenheter, robusta kommunikationssystem och ett komplicerat ledningsnät. Utveckling av sådana mycket komplexa system är en besvärlig uppgift. I de flesta fall sker utvecklingen stegvis snarare än en fullständig översyn. Denna typ av utvecklingsprocess kallas en evolutionär architecting process (EAP). Två arkitekteringsmetoder, Architecture Trade-Off analysmetod och kostnadsfördelanalysmetod, valdes för att studera EAP vidare i ett industriellt sammanhang. Baserat på dessa två metoder föreslås ett lätt ramverk för arkitektoniskt beslutsfattande (LFAD) för att anpassa sig till fordonsspecifika behov. Denna avhandling verifierar LFAD med ett riktigt industriellt fall i Scania CV AB. LFAD-metoden ger ett snabbt sätt att tillverka tillgänglig information om ett projekt genom att begränsa olika aspekter till en känd uppsättning kvalitetsattribut och organisera dem på ett användbart sätt ur ett arkitektoniskt perspektiv. Intervjuer valdes som en primär metod för att genomföra denna studie och de genomfördes på olika bilföretag som Scania, Volvo Trucks, Volvo Cars och Einride. Intervjuerna gav input till metodstudierna och för att identifiera kvalitetsattribut som vanligtvis beaktas för EAP. De resulterande kvalitetsattributen visualiseras som ett verktygsträd tillsammans med dess beskrivning. Avhandlingen undersöker också analysen av förspänningen i EAP med inblandning av flera tekniska discipliner. Ingångar togs också från intervjuerna. Från studien framgår att olika organisatoriska egenskaper påverkar beslutsprocessen. Till exempel är kunskapen om olika system som samlats under åren väldigt mycket beroende på hur de är organiserade som grupper. Det finns också ett behov av homogenitet i semantik bland dessa grupper när man hanterar komplexa tvärvetenskapliga system. Och slutligen dras slutsatsen att partiskhet spelar en viktig roll i beslutsprocessen och måste hanteras från fall till fall.

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Becker, Matthias. "Consolidating Automotive Real-Time Applications on Many-Core Platforms." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-37182.

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Automotive systems have transitioned from basic transportation utilities to sophisticated systems. The rapid increase in functionality comes along with a steep increase in software complexity. This manifests itself in a surge of the number of functionalities as well as the complexity of existing functions. To cope with this transition, current trends shift away from today’s distributed architectures towards integrated architectures, where previously distributed functionality is consolidated on fewer, more powerful, computers. This can ease the integration process, reduce the hardware complexity, and ultimately save costs. One promising hardware platform for these powerful embedded computers is the many-core processor. A many-core processor hosts a vast number of compute cores, that are partitioned on tiles which are connected by a Network-on-Chip. These natural partitions can provide exclusive execution spaces for different applications, since most resources are not shared among them. Hence, natural building blocks towards temporally and spatially separated execution spaces exist as a result of the hardware architecture. Additionally to the traditional task local deadlines, automotive applications are often subject to timing constraints on the data propagation through a chain of semantically related tasks. Such requirements pose challenges to the system designer as they are only able to verify them after the system synthesis (i.e. very late in the design process). In this thesis, we present methods that transform complex timing constraints on the data propagation delay to precedence constraints between individual jobs. An execution framework for the cluster of the many-core is proposed that allows access to cluster external memory while it avoids contention on shared resources by design. A partitioning and configuration of the Network-on-Chip provides isolation between the different applications and reduces the access time from the clusters to external memory. Moreover, methods that facilitate the verification of data propagation delays in each development step are provided.

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Paluszny, Dawn R. (Dawn Renée) 1971. "Managing the proliferation of digital technologies in the automotive industry : a systems engineering approach to embedded software." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91778.

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Carlsson, Daniel. "Development of an ISO 26262 ASIL D compliant verification system." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Programvara och system, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90109.

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In 2011 a new functional safety standard for electronic and electrical systems in vehicles waspublished, called ISO 26262. This standard concerns the whole lifecycle of the safety criticalelements used in cars, including the development process of such elements. As the correctnessof the tools used when developing such an element is critical to the safety of the element,the standard includes requirements concerning the software tools used in the development,including verification tools. These requirements mainly specify that a developer of a safetycritical element should provide proof of their confidence in the software tools they are using.One recommended way to gain this confidence is to use tools developed in accordance to a“relevant subset of [ISO 26262]”.This project aims to develop a verification system in accordance to ISO 26262, exploringhow and what specifications should be included in this “relevant subset” of ISO 26262 andto which extent these can be included in their current form. The work concludes with thedevelopment of a single safety element of the verification system, to give an demonstrationof the viability of such a system.

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Lindholm, Viktor. "High voltage transient protection for automotive." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-37262.

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Electronics for automotive needs to be able to handle different situations that can occur on the power line, such as high voltage transients. ISO16750 and ISO-7637 describes different pulses and tests a system needs to be able to handle. This report compares three different protection circuits that can output +5V and +12V built for low power devices. The circuits use different techniques for protection, one that uses TVS diodes, another that uses a voltage regulator IC with built in protection. The last protection uses P-channel MOSFET’s for protection. The circuits are compared against protection, price and leakage current. The most relevant transients to test a system against are decided to be pulse1, pulse 2a and load dump. A pulse generator consisting of a pulse shaping network and a common drain amplifier is used to create the test pulses. The result shows that all the circuits could protect against pulse 2a and load dump. However, all the circuits did fail against pulse 1 due to an undersized diode for negative voltage protection. The leakage current did not exceed 4µA for two of the circuits in the temperature interval of -40°C to +100°C. All the circuits started to have high leakage current when the temperature got up to +150°C. The price for the circuits didn’t differ that much, all the circuits cost below 3 US-dollar per circuit when making 10 000 circuits. The conclusions that could be made of the results are that all the circuits could protect against pulse 1, pulse 2a and load dump if correct diode is used for negative voltage protection. The protection that builds on Pchannel MOSFET’s should be the best choice for low power devices due to its low leakage current and potential for low cost. The disadvantage is the complexity and number of components needed for the circuit. The TVS diodes should be used if low complexity and low number of components is preferred. The disadvantage is that TVS diodes gets hot if a load dump is applied and the interval between stand-off voltage and maximum clamping voltage is quite high. The study also shows that there are cheaper solutions than using TVS diodes.

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Ullah, Naseem. "Implementing and Analyzing Single Edge Nibble Transmission (SENT) Protocol for Automotive Applications." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Data- och elektroteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-38034.

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With advancement in automotive systems, it is not just the combination of mechanical devices like in old days. Almost all the systems of today's modern car are controlled electronically by a number of ECUs (Electronics Control Unit) with the combination of sensor modules. To exchange information between the ECU and sensor modules a number of communication standards are used. The most commonly used standards are CAN, LIN, and PWM etc. The data transmission between the ECU and sensor modules can be easily established with a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) techniques in comparison with CAN or LIN. PWM provide a convenient solution in terms of cost and performance when the data-rate is up to 10-bits. While for higher resolution data rates its performance is not satisfied. Extra effort is needed to implement diagnostic information for the integrity of data. Also, the accuracy of PWM signal is dependent on the noise voltage and channel bandwidth. In 10-bit system a single bit is represented by 4mV which face serious problem in automotive system due to the noise voltage pulses which effect the resolution of the PWM. The alternative solution for safe and high data rate which is more than 10-bit resolution is to used CAN and LIN protocols. Both CAN and LIN have availability of diagnostic modes for an ensured data transmission. Also, their capabilities for interconnecting a number of nodes (sensors-modules) on the same network can significantly reduce the wiring cost. But in automotive a number of systems need to communicate through point-to-point link, and it seem to be too expensive to used CAN and LIN for point-to-point communication because of its development complexity and wiring cost for a standalone system. To overcome these issues and to provide an alternative low-cost solution the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) developed a 3-wire new digital point-to-point protocol called SENT. SENT (Single Edge Nibble Transmission) Protocol is now an international standard (SAE J2716). SENT is unidirectional point-to-point communication protocol, which can be used for high resolution data transmission between sensor module and ECU. The data are transmitted by sensor module in a series of pulses each pulse is 4-bit (one nibble) long and the data are measured between two falling edges by the receiving module. There are total of nine pulses which defined the SENT frame. The first pulse is called calibration pulse, it is used for compensating to recalibrate all the other pulses in case of transmitter clock deviation, this is the best feature of SENT and can be implemented in the decoder design. This thesis work focuses on the development of SENT protocol decoder and its signal robustness analysis in comparison with the conventional PWM signal. Our first goal is to developed SENT-Protocol decoder in software on the available microcontrollers is to check how much memory foot print is used and how much the processor overhead. Two platforms have been used for this purpose. First, two implementation designs prototype were made with fixed-point and floating-point development techniques on the 32-bit platform for SENT decoder. Secondly SENT-decoder were developed with 8-bit platform and compared with the two previous designs to check how much memory foot print is used and how much is the processor overhead. Finally, the signal integrity analysis has been performed for PWM and SENT signal using spice simulation. The purpose is to check the maximum data rate limit that the PWM signal support without creating any bit error in the transmitted signal. The same data rate is then used for SENT signal to be compared with PWM signal.

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Holmberg, Jonas. "OFFLINE SCHEDULING OF TASK SETS WITH COMPLEX END-TO-END DELAY CONSTRAINTS." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-35694.

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Software systems in the automotive domain are generally safety critical and subject to strict timing requirements. Systems of this character are often constructed utilizing periodically executed tasks, that have a hard deadline. In addition, these systems may have additional deadlines that can be specified on cause-effect chains, or simply task chains. They are defined by existing tasks in the system, hence the chains are not stand alone additions to the system. Each chain provide an end-to-end timing constraint targeting the propagation of data through the chain of tasks. These constraints specify the additional timing requirements that need to be fulfilled, when searching for a valid schedule. In this thesis, an offline non-preemptive scheduling method is presented, designed for single core systems. The scheduling problem is defined and formulated utilizing Constraint Programming. In addition, to ensure that end-to-end timing requirements are met, job-level dependencies are considered during the schedule generation. Utilizing this approach can guarantee that individual task periods along with end-to-end timing requirements are always met, if a schedule exists. The results show a good increase in schedulability ratio when utilizing job-level dependencies compared to the case where job-level dependencies are not specified. When the system utilization increases this improvement is even greater. Depending on the system size and complexity the improvement can vary, but in many cases it is more than double. The scheduling generation is also performed within a reasonable time frame. This would be a good benefit during the development process of a system, since it allows fast verification when changes are made to the system. Further, the thesis provide an overview of the entire process, starting from a system model and ending at a fully functional schedule executing on a hardware platform.

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ALRimawi, Mohammed. "Doppler Wheel for Emulation of Automotive Radar Target." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39803.

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Automotive radar is an emerging field of research and development. Technological ‎advancements in this field will improve safety for vehicles, pedestrians, and ‎bicyclists, and enable the development of autonomous vehicles. Usage of the ‎Automotive radar is expanding ‎in car and road areas to reduce collisions and ‎accident. Automotive radar ‎developers face a problem to test their radar sensor in ‎the street since there are a lot of interferences ‎signals, noise and unpredicted ‎situations. This thesis provides a part of the solution for this problem by designing a ‎device can demonstrate a different speeds value. This device will help the developer ‎to test their radar sensor inside an anechoic chamber room that provides accurate ‎control of the environmental conditions. This report shows how to ‎build the ‎measuring setup device, step by step to demonstrate the people and vehicle’s speed ‎‎in the street by a Doppler emulator using the wheel for millimetre FWMC radar. ‎Linear speed system needs a large space for testing, but using the rotational wheel ‎allow the developer to test the radar sensor in a small area. It begins with the wheel ‎design specifications and the relation between the ‎rotational speed (RPM) of the ‎wheel and the Doppler frequency. The Doppler ‎frequency is changed by varying the ‎speed of the wheel. Control and power circuit ‎was carefully designed to control the ‎wheel speed accurately. All the measuring ‎setup device parts were assembled in one ‎box. Also, signal processing was done by ‎MATLAB to measure the Doppler frequency ‎using millimetre FMCW radar sensor. ‎The measuring setup device was tested in the ‎anechoic chamber room for different speeds. the ‎manual and automatic tests show ‎good results to measure the different wheel speeds ‎with high accuracy.‎
Combined Radar-Based Communication and Interference Mitigation for Automotive Applications
EMC Hammer

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Haglund, El Gaidi Gabriel. "Huvudaspekter att Överväga för Mjukvarutestning i Komplexa Inbyggda System : En Fallstudie av Mjukvaruutveckling i Bilindustrin." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191146.

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Software development in the complex environment in the automotive industry puts high pressureon developers to develop high quality and robust software aligned to customers’ requirements. High quality software is foremost ensured by conducting software testing of the product under development. However, software testing in the automotive industry poses challenges of testing early in the development process, due to the limits of conducting tests in full-scaled vehicle environments. This challenge needs to be addressed for software development teams developing software that communicates with the complex on-board embedded system in vehicles. This study has been conducted in a case study approach at Scania CV AB in Södertälje in order to understand drivers to defects that emerge in finalized software products. Defects and drivers to defects found in finalized software products have been identified by conducting interviews with the SCPT-team responsible for the development of the product Escape. Escape is delivered to the production department and enables functions such as calibrating, set parameters, and run quality assurance tests on the on-board embedded system in vehicles. The identified defects and drivers have subsequently been discussed with experienced professionals and researchers within software testing. This provided applicable testing techniques and activities to undertake in order to address the identified drivers causing defects in finalized software products. The contribution of this study highlights the importance of incorporating software testing in early development phases in complex embedded systems as defects are more costly to correct the later they are identified. Static analysis tools have further been found to provide a suitable support to address the immense number of possible parameter combinations in vehicles. Furthermore, Software in the Loop environments have been found to be an applicable way of incorporating integration testing and system testing earlier in the development phase enabling identification of interoperability defects generally found late in the development process. Including persons responsible for testing the software in early requirements discussion has further been found to be of great importance as it minimizes the risk of misunderstandings between customers and developers.
Mjukvaruutveckling i den komplexa miljön bilindustrin befinner sig i sätter hög press på mjukvaruutvecklare att utveckla robusta mjukvaruprogram av hög kvalitet som uppfyller kundernas krav. Mjukvaruprogram av hög kvalitet är först och främst säkerhetsställd genom mjukvarutestning av produkten under utveckling. Däremot finns det en del utmaningar när det kommer till mjukvarutestning av mjukvaruprogram i bilindustrin på grund av den begränsade möjligheten till att testa programvaran i helbilsmiljöer. Team som utvecklar mjukvaruprogram som kommunicerar med det komplexa inbyggda systemet i fordon måste ta itu med denna utmaning. För att undersöka anledningar till att defekter identifieras i mjukvaruslutprodukter har denna studies tillvägagångssätt varit en fallstudie på Scania CV AB i Södertälje. Anledningar till defekter identifierade i slutprodukter har undersökts genom intervjuer med SPCT-teamet som ansvarar för att utveckla och testa produkten Escape. Escape är en produkt som används av produktionsavdelningen och erbjuder funktioner så som parametersättning, kalibrering och att köra kvalitetstester av det inbyggda systemet i fordon. De identifierade anledningarna till defekter har därefter diskuterats med erfarna mjukvarutestare inom både industrin och akademin. Det har bidragit till användbara testtekniker och testaktiviteter att ta sig an för att ta i tu med dem identifierade defekterna och dess anledningar som bidrar till defekter i slutprodukter. Forskningsbidraget från denna studie betonar hur viktigt det är att inkorporera mjukvarutestning tidigt i utvecklingsprocessen av komplexa inbyggda system eftersom defekter är dyrare att rätta till ju senare de upptäcks. Statiska analysverktyg har visat sig utgöra en användbar hjälp för att ta i tu med den stora mängden möjliga parameterkombinationer i fordon. Dessutom har Software in the Loop miljöer visat sig vara ett användbart sätt att möjliggöra integrationstestning och systemtestning tidigt i utvecklingsprocessen vilket kan identifiera defekter som vanligtvis först identifieras sent i utvecklingsprocessen. Involvera personer som är ansvariga för mjukvarutestning av produkten tidigt i kravdiskussioner har också visat sig vara viktigt för att minimera risken för missförstånd mellan kunder och utvecklare.

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Jin, Zhiqun, and Shijie Zhu. "END-TO-END TIMING ANALYSIS OF TASK-CHAINS." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36694.

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Many automotive systems are real-time systems, which means that not only correct operationsbut also appropriate timings are their main requirements. Considering the in uence that end-to-end delay might have on the performance of the systems, the calculation of it is of necessity.Abundant techniques have actually been proposed, and some of them have already been applied intopractical systems. In spite of this, some further work still needs to be done. The target of thisthesis is to evaluate and compare two end-to-end timing analysis methods from dierent aspectssuch as data age, consumption time, and then decide which method is a prior choice for end-to-end timing analysis. The experiments can be divided into three blocks, system generation andend-to-end delay calculation by two methods respectively. The experiments focus on two kinds ofperformance parameters, data age and the consumption time that these two methods cost duringtheir execution. By changing the system generating parameters like task number and periods, thechanges of performances of the two methods are analyzed. The performances of the two dierentmethods are also compared when they are applied into the same automotive systems. According tothe results of the experiments, the second method can calculate more accurate data age and consumeless time than the rst method does.

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Zhiqun, Jin, and Zhu Shijie. "End-to-end Timing Analysis of Task-Chains." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36751.

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Many automotive systems are real-time systems, which means that not only correct operationsbut also appropriate timings are their main requirements. Considering the in uence that end-to-end delay might have on the performance of the systems, the calculation of it is of necessity.Abundant techniques have actually been proposed, and some of them have already been applied intopractical systems. In spite of this, some further work still needs to be done. The target of thisthesis is to evaluate and compare two end-to-end timing analysis methods from dierent aspectssuch as data age, consumption time, and then decide which method is a prior choice for end-to-end timing analysis. The experiments can be divided into three blocks, system generation andend-to-end delay calculation by two methods respectively. The experiments focus on two kinds ofperformance parameters, data age and the consumption time that these two methods cost duringtheir execution. By changing the system generating parameters like task number and periods, thechanges of performances of the two methods are analyzed. The performances of the two dierentmethods are also compared when they are applied into the same automotive systems. According tothe results of the experiments, the second method can calculate more accurate data age and consumeless time than the rst method does.

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Herber, Christian [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Herkersdorf, and Samarjit [Gutachter] Chakraborty. "Enablement of Multi-Core-Based Automotive Embedded Systems through I/O- and Network Virtualization / Christian Herber. Betreuer: Andreas Herkersdorf. Gutachter: Andreas Herkersdorf ; Samarjit Chakraborty." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1111776482/34.

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Oertel, Markus [Verfasser], Achim [Akademischer Betreuer] Rettberg, Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Josko, and Marcelo [Akademischer Betreuer] Götz. "A linear scaling change impact analysis based on a formal safety model for automotive embedded systems / Markus Oertel ; Achim Rettberg, Bernhard Josko, Marcelo Götz." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120574595/34.

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Murali, madhavan rathai Karthik. "Synthesis and real-time implementation of parameterized NMPC schemes for automotive semi-active suspension systems." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT052.

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Cette thèse traite de la synthèse et de la mise en œuvre en temps réel (RT) de schémas de contrôle prédictif non linéaire paramétré (pNMPC) pour les systèmes de suspension semi-active des automobiles. Le schéma pNMPC est basé sur une technique d'optimisation par simulation en boîte noire. Le point essentiel de la méthode est de paramétrer finement le profil d'entrée et de simuler le système pour chaque entrée paramétrée et d'obtenir la valeur approximative de l'objectif et de la violation des contraintes pour le problème pNMPC. Avec les résultats obtenus de la simulation, l'entrée admissible (si elle existe) ayant la valeur objective minimale ou, à défaut, la valeur de violation de contrainte la plus faible est sélectionnée et injectée dans le système et ceci est répété indéfiniment à chaque période de décision. La méthode a été validée expérimentalement sur dSPACE MicroAutoBoX II (MABXII) et les résultats montrent de bonnes performances de l'approche proposée. La méthode pNMPC a également été étendue à une méthode pNMPC parallélisée et la méthode proposée a été mise en œuvre pour le contrôle du système de suspension semi-active d'un demi-véhicule. Cette méthode a été mise en œuvre grâce à des unités de traitement graphique (GPU) qui servent de plate-forme modèle pour la mise en œuvre d'algorithmes parallèles par le biais de ses processeurs multi-cœurs. De plus, une version stochastique de la méthode pNMPC parallélisée est proposée sous le nom de schéma pNMPC à Scénario-Stochastique (SS-pNMPC). Cette méthode a été mise en œuvre et testée sur plusieurs cartes NVIDIA embarquées pour valider la faisabilité de la méthode proposée pour le contrôle du système de suspension semi-active d'un demi-véhicule. En général, les schémas pNMPC parallélisés offrent de bonnes performances et se prêtent bien à un large espace de paramétrage en entrée. Enfin, la thèse propose un outil logiciel appelé "pNMPC - A code generation software tool for implementation of derivative free pNMPC scheme for embedded control systems". L'outil logiciel de génération de code (S/W) a été programmé en C/C++ et propose également une interface avec MATLAB/Simulink. Le logiciel de génération de code a été testé pour divers exemples, tant en simulation que sur du matériel embarqué en temps réel (MABXII), et les résultats semblent prometteurs et viables pour la mise en œuvre de la RT pour des applications réelles. L'outil de génération de code S/W comprend également une fonction de génération de code GPU pour une mise en œuvre parallèle. Pour conclure, la thèse a été menée dans le cadre du projet EMPHYSIS et les objectifs du projet s'alignent sur cette thèse et les méthodes pNMPC proposées sont compatibles avec la norme eFMI
This thesis discusses the synthesis and real-time (RT) implementation of parameterized Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (pNMPC) schemes for automotive semi-active suspension systems. The pNMPC scheme uses a black-box simulation-based optimization method. The crux of the method is to finitely parameterize the input profile and simulate the system for each parameterized input and obtain the approximate objective and constraint violation value for the pNMPC problem. With the obtained results from the simulation, the input with minimum objective value or the least constraint violation value is selected and injected into the system and this is repeated in a receding horizon fashion. The method was experimentally validated on dSPACE MicroAutoBoX II (MABXII) and the results display good performance of the proposed approach. The pNMPC method was also augmented to parallelized pNMPC and the proposed method was implemented for control of semi-active suspension system for a half car vehicle. This method was implemented by virtue of Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) which serves as a paragon platform for implementation of parallel algorithms through its multi-core processors. Also, a stochastic version of the parallelized pNMPC method is proposed which is termed as Scenario-Stochastic pNMPC (SS-pNMPC) scheme and the method was implemented and tested on several NVIDIA embedded boards to verify and validate the RT feasibility of the proposed method for control of semi-active suspension system for a half car vehicle. In general, the parallelized pNMPC schemes provide good performance and also, fares well for large input parameterization space. Finally, the thesis proposes a software tool termed “pNMPC – A code generation software tool for implementation of derivative free pNMPC scheme for embedded control systems”. The code generation software (S/W) tool was programmed in C/C++ and also, provides interface to MATLAB/Simulink. The S/W tested for variety of examples both in simulation as well as on RT embedded hardware (MABXII) and the results looks promising and viable for RT implementation for real world applications. The code generation S/W tool also includes GPU code generation feature for parallel implementation. To conclude, the thesis was conducted under the purview of the EMPHYSIS project and the goals of the project align with this thesis and the proposed pNMPC methods are amenable with eFMI standard

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Limardo, Fabio. "Progettazione e realizzazione di un sistema per l'analisi e la condivisione dei dati sul consumo di carburante dei veicoli." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13988/.

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Il lavoro svolto si concentra sulla progettazione e realizzazione di un sistema per il calcolo dei consumi sotto forma di un'applicazione Android con l'obiettivo di sensibilizzare gli automobilisti ad una guida più eco-sostenibile. L’applicazione dovrà essere innanzitutto in grado di visualizzare i consumi istantanei di un veicolo. Per ottemperare a questa richiesta l'applicazione dovrà comunicare con la centralina dell'automobile, richiedendo i parametri necessari al calcolo dei consumi per poi visualizzare il risultato real-time al conducente. L'applicazione inoltre dovrà fornire un semplice social-network dove i diversi utenti potranno condividere i percorsi effettuati con la propria automobile e i relativi consumi medi. Durante lo sviluppo di questo elaborato particolare attenzione sarà data agli Automotive Embedded System proiettandoli nell'ottica della Smart Mobility e delle Smart City. Il focus sarà rivolto alla comunicazione con la centralina di un veicolo tramite interfaccia OBD-II di cui vedremo possibilità, limiti e alternative. Ci soffermeremo sull'analisi dei dati provenienti da una centralina, studiandone le funzionalità al fine di comprendere come utilizzare i parametri da essa ricavati. Si vedrà come integrare in un'applicazione Android le diverse opzioni disponibili attraverso i Google Play Services e come costruire un social network sfruttando Firebase, un backend fornito da Google come PaaS, costruito sulla Google Cloud Platform. Inoltre si vedrà come adottare un approccio user-centered nello sviluppo della user-interface dell’applicazione al fine di massimizzare la user-experience durante l’utilizzo della stessa.

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Buthker, Gregory S. "Automated Vehicle Electronic Control Unit (ECU) Sensor Location Using Feature-Vector Based Comparisons." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1558613387729083.

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Souza, Marcelo Pires de. "Análises preliminares das potenciais vulnerabilidades em sistemas embarcados automotivos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.

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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jorge Tomioka
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2017.
Atualmente os carros são dotados de complexas redes e protocolos de comunicações, destacam-se como os mais empregados em sistemas embarcados automotivos os protocolos CAN (Controller Area Network), LIN (Local Interconnect Network), MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport) e FlexRay. Outros componentes como sensores, atuadores, unidade central eletrônica e um sofisticado software embarcado, complementam os sistemas automotivos. Estes sistemas são oriundos de uma rigorosa legislação ambiental que fora imposta nos meados de 1980 nos EUA (Estados Unidos da América) e para atender tal legislação, foram desenvolvidos sistemas de diagnósticos a bordo em veículos, com a principal finalidade de controlar os níveis de emissões de gases. Com o decorrer do tempo e o advento da microeletrônica, cada vez mais os componentes eletrônicos foram absorvidos nos projetos dos veículos, a fim de se atender os novos requisitos de mercado, referentes à eficiência energética, segurança, conforto e conveniência dos ocupantes. Conectividade é uma das tecnologias que vem sendo incorporadas aos veículos mais recentes, destacando-se como as mais utilizadas: GPS (Global Positioning System), USB (Universal Serial Bus), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) e acesso à Internet via redes de telefones celulares. Não obstante, apresentam estratégias de segurança computacionais relativamente sensíveis, com diversos tipos de vulnerabilidades, que podem abrir lacunas para intrusos mal intencionados, que por sua vez, podem alterar e apoderar-se dos dados dos veículos. Este trabalho se propõe a fazer uma análise preliminar das vulnerabilidades já catalogadas nos sistemas embarcados automotivos, em que a intrusão se manifesta essencialmente através da porta de diagnósticos a bordo, OBD II (On Board Diagnostics II), presente em todos os veículos comercializados no mercado nacional e internacional.
Currently the cars are equipped with complex networks and communication protocols. CAN (Controller Area Network), LIN (Local Interconnect Network), MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport) and FlexRay protocols stand out as the most used in automotive embedded systems. Other components such as sensors, actuators, electronic central unit and sophisticated embedded software complement the automotive systems. These systems come from strict environmental legislation that was imposed in the mid-1980s in the United States of America, and in order to comply with such legislation, on-board diagnostics systems have been developed in vehicles with the main purpose of controlling emissions levels of gases. With the passage of time and the advent of microelectronics, electronic components have been increasingly absorbed in vehicle designs in order to meet the new market requirements regarding energy efficiency, safety, comfort and convenience of the drivers and passengers. Connectivity is one of the technologies that has been incorporated into vehicles in the latest vehicular manufactures, such as the most used ones: GPS (Global Positioning System), USB (Universal Serial Bus), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) and access to the Internet via mobile phone networks. Nevertheless, they present relatively sensitive computational security strategies with several types of vulnerabilities, which can open gaps for malicious intruders, which in turn can alter and seize vehicle data. This work proposes to make a preliminary analysis of the vulnerabilities already cataloged in the automotive embedded systems, where the intrusion is manifested mainly through the OBD II (On Board Diagnostics II) diagnostics port, present in all the vehicles commercialized in the national and international market

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Ringenson, Josefin. "Efficiency of CNN on Heterogeneous Processing Devices." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Programvara och system, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-155034.

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In the development of advanced driver assistance systems, computer vision problemsneed to be optimized to run efficiently on embedded platforms. Convolutional neural network(CNN) accelerators have proven to be very efficient for embedded camera platforms,such as the ones used for automotive vision systems. Therefore, the focus of this thesisis to evaluate the efficiency of a CNN on a future embedded heterogeneous processingdevice. The memory size in an embedded system is often very limited, and it is necessary todivide the input into multiple tiles. In addition, there are power and speed constraintsthat needs to be met to be able to use a computer vision system in a car. To increaseefficiency and optimize the memory usage, different methods for CNN layer fusion areproposed and evaluated for a variety of tile sizes. Several different layer fusion methods and input tile sizes are chosen as optimal solutions,depending on the depth of the layers in the CNN. The solutions investigated inthe thesis are most efficient for deep CNN layers, where the number of channels is high.

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Marcus, Ventovaara, and Hasanbegović Arman. "A Method for Optimised Allocation of System Architectures with Real-time Constraints." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39492.

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Optimised allocation of system architectures is a well researched area as it can greatly reduce the developmental cost of systems and increase performance and reliability in their respective applications.In conjunction with the recent shift from federated to integrated architectures in automotive, and the increasing complexity of computer systems, both in terms of software and hardware, the applications of design space exploration and optimised allocation of system architectures are of great interest.This thesis proposes a method to derive architectures and their allocations for systems with real-time constraints.The method implements integer linear programming to solve for an optimised allocation of system architectures according to a set of linear constraints while taking resource requirements, communication dependencies, and manual design choices into account.Additionally, this thesis describes and evaluates an industrial use case using the method wherein the timing characteristics of a system were evaluated, and, the method applied to simultaneously derive a system architecture, and, an optimised allocation of the system architecture.This thesis presents evidence and validations that suggest the viability of the method and its use case in an industrial setting.The work in this thesis sets precedence for future research and development, as well as future applications of the method in both industry and academia.

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Biehl, Matthias. "Supporting model evolution in model-driven development of automotive embedded system." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-27323.

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Innovative functions in cars, such as active safety systems and advanced driver assistance systems, are realized as embedded systems. The development of such automotive embedded systems is challenging in several respects: the product typically has several crosscutting system properties, experts of diverse disciplines need to cooperate and appropriate processes and tools are required to improve the effciency and the complexity management of development. Model-driven development captures the architecture of the embedded system in the form of models with well-defined metamodels. Model-driven development provides a partial solution to some of the challenges of embedded systems development, but it also introduces new challenges. Models do not remain static, but they change over time and evolve. Evolution can change models in two ways: (1) by making design decisions and adding, deleting or changing model elements, or (2) by reusing models in different tools. We propose support for both aspects of model evolution. (1) When models are changed, the design decisions and the justification for the change are usually neither captured nor documented in a systematic way. As a result, important information about the model is lost, making the model more difficult to understand, which hampers model evolution and maintenance. To support model evolution, design decisions need to be captured explicitly using an appropriate representation. This representation reduces the overhead of capturing design decisions, keeps the model and the design decision documentation consistent and links the design decision documentation to the model. As a result, the captured design decisions provide a record of the model evolution and the rationale of the evolution. (2) Several models and views are used to describe an embedded system in different life cycle stages and from the viewpoints of the involved disciplines. To create the various models, a number of specialized development tools are used. These tools are usually disconnected, so the models cannot be transferred between different tools. Thus, models may become inconsistent, which hampers understandability of the models and increases the cost of development. We present a model-based tool integration approach that uses a common metamodel in combination with model transformation technology to build bridges between different development tools. We apply this approach in a case study and integrate several tools for automotive embedded systems development: A systems engineering tool, a safety engineering tool and a simulation tool. As a part of future work, we plan to extend the tool integration approach to exchange not only models but also the attached documentation of design decisions. As a result, the design decision documentation is linked consistently to corresponding model elements of the various tool-specific models, supporting model evolution across several development tools
QC 20101209

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Cheikh, M'hand Mohamed. "Etude du canal de propagation radio pour les systèmes embarqués sans fil automobile." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/17847/1/cheikh_mhand.pdf.

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Les forts besoins en matière d'économie de carburant, de réduction des coûts de maintenance et de diminution des accidents routiers, ont conduit à la conception et à la commercialisation d'une gamme de systèmes embarqués sans fil, installés dans les véhicules roulants terrestres. Or, il faudra surmonter plusieurs défis techniques pour que les divers bénéfices de ses systèmes se réalisent. Ce mémoire de thèse s'est déroulé au sein de l'entreprise Continental Automotive Systems et les laboratoires LAAS et LAPLACE de Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Les travaux ont porté sur le canal de propagation radiofréquence dans l'environnement du véhicule pour le système de surveillance de pression des pneumatiques (TPMS) et le système d'accès sans fil (PASE). Ils se sont répartis entre les expérimentations et des études théoriques visant à présenter des modèles efficaces de l'environnement de propagation, d'évaluer la qualité de communication et de proposer des solutions adaptées aux systèmes embarqués sans fil étudiés. Les résultats de simulation et de mesure montrent que nous pouvons bien cerner les mécanismes de propagation mis en jeu dans l'environnement véhicule, et d'adapter en conséquence les solutions protocolaires et antennaires.

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Amy, Matthieu. "Systèmes résilients pour l'automobile : d'une approche à composants à une approche à objets de la tolérance aux fautes adaptative sur ROS." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0014.

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A l’instar du téléphone mobile évoluant en smartphone, la voiture s’est transformée petit à petit en smartcar. Les aides à la conduite, l’infotainment ou encore la personnalisation du véhicule sont les points clefs de l’attractivité auprès des consommateurs. L’apparition des véhicules automobiles connectés a permis aux constructeurs de mettre à jour à distance les logiciels embarqués, favorisant leur maintenabilité et l’ajout a posteriori de fonctionnalités. Dans ce contexte, le consortium AUTOSAR, un regroupement de constructeurs automobiles majeurs, a conçu une nouvelle plate-forme logicielle facilitant la mise à jour à distance et la modification en ligne de ces systèmes embarqués. Cependant, avec de plus en plus de complexité dans ces logiciels, il est devenu essentiel de pouvoir assurer un service sûr de fonctionnement malgré des changements imprévus. Ainsi, les mécanismes de sûreté de fonctionnement doivent eux aussi s’adapter et être mis à jour pour assurer la résilience du système, à savoir, la persistance de la sûreté de fonctionnement face à des changements. Les mécanismes de tolérance aux fautes (Fault Tolerance Mechanisms - FTM) assurant un service nominal ou dégradé en présence de fautes doivent également s’adapter face à un changement de contexte applicatif (changement du modèle de faute, des caractéristiques de l’application ou des ressources disponibles). Cette capacité à adapter les FTM est appelée Tolérance aux Fautes Adaptative (Adaptive Fault Tolerance – AFT). C’est dans ce contexte d’évolution et d’adaptativité que s’inscrivent nos travaux de thèse. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons des approches pour développer des systèmes sûrs de fonctionnement dont les FTM peuvent s’adapter à l’exécution par des modifications plus ou moins à grain fin pour minimiser l’impact sur l’exécution de l’application. Nous proposons une première solution basée sur une approche par composants substituables, nous décomposons nos FTM selon un schéma de conception Before-Proceed-After regroupant respectivement les actions de sûreté de fonctionnement s’exécutant avant une action l’application, la communication avec l’application et celles s’exécutant après une action de l’application. Nous implémentons cette approche sur ROS (Robot Operating System), un intergiciel pour la robotique permettant de créer des applications sous forme de graphe de composants. Nous proposons ensuite une seconde solution dans laquelle nous affinons la granularité des composants de nos FTM et nous catégorisons, dans un premier temps, les actions de sûreté de fonctionnement qu’ils contiennent. Cela permet non plus de substituer un composant mais une action élémentaire. Ainsi, nous pallions à un problème de ressource apparu dans l’approche par composants substituables. Un composant étant projeté sur un processus, nos FTM utilisent inutilement des ressources déjà limitées sur les plate-formes embarqués. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une solution basé sur une approche par objets ordonnançables. Les FTM passent d’une conception par graphe de composants à une conception par graphe d’objets. Les actions de sûreté de fonctionnement sont projetés sur des objets qui sont ordonnancés à l’intérieur du FTM. Cette seconde solution est aussi mise en oeuvre sur ROS. Enfin, nous faisons une analyse critique des deux supports d’exécution logiciel pour l’automobile, à savoir, AUTOSAR Classic Plateform, et AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform, qui est en cours de développement encore actuellement. Nous examinons, dans une dernière étape la compatibilité entre ces deux supports et nos approches pour concevoir des systèmes résilients embarqués basés sur de la tolérance aux fautes adaptative
Like the mobile phone evolved as smartphone, cars have gradually turned into smartcars. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), infotainment or personalization of the vehicle are clearly today key aspects of attractiveness for customers. Connected vehicles led manufacturers to remotely update embedded software, promoting their maintainability and the subsequent addition of features later in the lifetime of a car. In this context, the AUTOSAR consortium, a group of major car manufacturers, has designed a new software platform to facilitate remote updates and online modification of such embedded systems. However, with the increasing complexity of embedded software systems, it becomes mandatory to maintain dependability in operation despite unforeseen changes. Thus, the dependability mechanisms must also be adapted and updated to ensure the resilience of the system, namely, the persistence of dependability when facing changes. Fault Tolerance Mechanisms (FTM) which are means ensuring a nominal or an (acceptable) degraded service in the presence of faults must also adapt to a change in the application operational context (fault model changes, characteristics of the application or available resources). This ability to adapt FTMs is called Adaptive Fault Tolerance (AFT). The contributions of this thesis are performed in this context of evolution and adaptivity of critical embedded software. In this work, we propose approaches to develop safe embedded systems whose FTMs can adapt to the operational context in different ways, coarse-grain or fine-grain modifications of their implementation at runtime, to minimize the impact on the application. We propose a first solution based on a substitutable component approach: we break down FTMs according to a Before-Proceed-After design scheme grouping respectively fault tolerance actions performed before a functional action of the application, the interaction with the application and fault tolerance actions required after the action performed by the application. We implement this approach on ROS (Robot Operating System), a middleware for robotics that enables an application to be implemented as a component graph. We then propose a second solution in which we refine the granularity of the FTM components by first categorizing the individual dependability actions they contain. This enables an elementary action to be substituted instead of a component as a whole. Thus, we solved a resource problem that appeared in the substitutable component approach. Since a component is mapped to a process, the FTMs overuse more resources that are obviously limited in embedded systems. To this aims, we design a solution based on an object-based scheduling approach. FTMs are designed in this case as an object graph. The fault tolerance basic actions are mapped to objects that are scheduled within the FTM component. This second approach was also implemented on ROS. Finally, we make a comparative analysis of the two software execution platforms of the automotive industry, namely the AUTOSAR Classic Platform and the AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform, which is still under development today. As a final step, we examine the compatibility between these two runtime supports and our approaches to design resilient systems based on adaptive fault tolerance

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Harb, Naim. "Dynamically and Partially Reconfigurable Embedded System Architecture for Automotive and Multimedia Applications." Valenciennes, 2011. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1810c575-b28e-4817-a3be-f0527631eabd.

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Les processeurs programmables sont largement utilisés dans la réalisation des systèmes embarqués en raison leurs caractéristiques micro-architecturales intéressantes. Cependant, les délais de plus en plus courts de mise sur le marché et les coûts de conception élevés exigent un investissement coûteux. Pour surmonter ces problèmes, les concepteurs de systèmes embarqués s’appuient de plus en plus sur les circuits reconfigurables (ou FPGA pour Field Programmable Gate Arrays) en tant que plateformes spécifiques de conception. Néanmoins, ces FPGAs sont généralement relativement lents et consomment une quantité importante d’énergie électrique. Cependant, les récentes avancées dans les architectures FPGA, telle que la reconfiguration partiellement dynamique (ou DPR pour Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration), aident à combler ce fossé. La DPR permet à une partie du système embarqué d’être reconfigurée en cours de l’exécution de l’application. Ce qui permet d’avoir une meilleure adéquation entre les besoins des applications exécutées et l’architecture du système. Le travail de cette thèse vise à exploiter les caractéristiques de la DPR des récents FPGAs pour supporter des applications de sécurité routière (ou DAS pour Driver Assistant System) et des applications multimédias où nous avons sélectionné l’encodeur H. 264 comme exemple illustratif. Pour l’application DAS, un filtre hardware et reconfigurable dynamiquement a été conçu. Cette architecture ne provoque aucune surcharge de reconfiguration. En se basant sur l’analyse des caractéristiques (nombre, distance, vitesse, etc. ) autour du véhicule la meilleure architecture du filtre est déterminée. Concernant l’application H. 264, nous avons proposé une nouvelle architecture de l’unité de mesure d’estimation du mouvement (ou ME pour Motion Estimation). L’architecture proposée peut répondre rapidement et automatiquement à des contraintes spécifiques d’énergie et de qualité d’image
Short time-to-market windows, high design and fabricationcosts, and fast changing standards of application-specificprocessors, make them a costly and risky investment for embedded system designers. To overcome these problems, embedded system designersare increasingly relying on Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs) as target design platforms. FPGAs are generally slower and consumemore power than application-specific integrated circuits(ASICs), and this can restrict their use to limited applicationdomains. However, recent advances in FPGA architectures,such as dynamic partial reconfiguration (DPR), are helpingbridge this gap. DPR reduces area and enables mutually exclusive subsystemsto share the same physical space on a chip. It also reducescomplexity, which usually results in faster circuits and lowerpower consumption. The work in this PhD targets first a Driver Assistant System (DAS) system based on a Multiple Target Tracking (MTT) algorithm as our automotive base system. We present a dynamically reconfigurable filtering hardwareblock for MTT applications in DAS. Our system shows thatthere will be no reconfiguration overhead because the systemwill still be functioning with the original configuration until thesystem reconfigures itself. The free reconfigurable regions canbe implemented as improvement blocks for other DAS systemfunctionalities. Two approaches were used to design the filtering block according to driving conditions. We then target another application on the basis of DPR, the H. 264 encoder as a multimedia system. Regarding the H. 264 multimedia system, we propose a reconfigurable H. 264 Motion Estimation (ME) unit whose architecture can be modified to meet specific energy and image quality constraints. By using DPR, we were able to support multiple configurations each with different levels of accuracy and energy consumption. Image accuracy levels were controlled via application demands, user demands or support demands

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Santos, Marques Ricardo. "Méthodologie de développement des services de communication temps-réel d'un intergiciel embarqué dans l'automobile." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00114928.

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Notre objectif est de proposer une méthodologie pour le développement d'un intergiciel embarqué dans l'automobile offrant des services de communication aux applications. Le cadre d'utilisation de nos travaux est la conception de systèmes embarqués dans les véhicules. Ces applications requièrent un intergiciel capable de fournir des services standards de communication, qui cachent la localisation des participants aux échanges, qui masquent l'hétérogénéité des plates-formes de communication, et qui garantissent le respect des contraintes temporelles imposées sur les échanges et sur l'exécution des participants.
La méthodologie proposée vise la conception d'un intergiciel optimisé et pour cela aborde deux aspects : la spécification d'une architecture d'implémentation, et la construction d'une configuration faisable. L'architecture d'implémentation est optimisée dans le sens où l'intergiciel est adapté à l'environnement d'exécution (le système d'exploitation OSEK/VDX OS), et minimise son utilisation des ressources disponibles. Elle apporte une réponse, d'une part, au niveau de la spécification d'une architecture logicielle (construite à l'aide de design patterns), et, d'autre part, à la manière dont cette architecture est déployée sur une plate-forme concrète (sous la forme d'un ensemble de tâches). La procédure proposée pour la construction de la configuration de l'intergiciel calcule les caractéristiques temporelles faisables de l'intergiciel et des trames émises par les stations d'un réseau CAN. Elle prévoit aussi une étape pour le calcul d'une allocation de priorités faisable pour les tâches de l'application sur chaque station. L'optimalité de la configuration est atteinte en assurant le respect de toutes les contraintes temporelles imposées sur les échanges et sur l'exécution des tâches de l'application et de l'intergiciel.

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Hodel, Kleber Nogueira. "Planejamento e estruturação de testes de software em sistemas eletrônicos embarcados automotivos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3142/tde-25092018-074019/.

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A indústria automotiva vem mudando seu perfil drasticamente na última década, tornando-se mais intensiva em sistemas computacionais, e consequentemente em software, do que em sistemas mecânicos. A maioria das funcionalidades dos veículos modernos é controlada por software distribuído, dentro de muitas Unidades de Controle Eletrônicas (ECUs) interconectadas, de modo que o veículo pode ser considerado como um conjunto de sistemas complexos. Como resultado da integração, os testes para as funções de software distribuído se tornaram um grande desafio. Muitas estratégias têm sido propostas para organizar o multinível de teste de software em sistemas embarcados automotivos, a fim de reduzir custos e melhorar sua eficácia e robustez. Esta investigação pretende estender este conceito de teste de software multinível baseado no modelo em V, projetando uma metodologia sistemática que mapeie cada função dentro do sistema embarcado do veículo, sem a existência de uma especificação detalhada de cada componente e possibilitando a definição de uma estratégia e um planejamento de teste de software antecipadamente. Esta metodologia foi totalmente desenvolvida incorporando as características da aplicação automotiva, incluindo os requisitos de segurança funcional ISO 26262. Desta forma e dentro de rigorosas condições de segurança, a nova metodologia melhora a eficiência dos processos de desenvolvimento de sistemas embarcados, possibilitando a antecipação do planejamento de teste de software. Sendo este, baseado em um mapeamento e codificação da função e das atividades de teste proposto nesta tese, que funciona também como base para futuros desenvolvimento de soluções de rastreabilidade do sistema embarcado.
The automotive industry has been changing its profile drastically in the last decade, becoming more intensive in computer systems, and consequently in software, than in mechanical systems. Most of the functionality of modern vehicles is controlled by distributed software, within many interconnected Electronic Control Units (ECUs), so that the vehicle can be considered as a set of complex systems. As a result of integration, testing for distributed software functions has become a major challenge. Many strategies have been proposed to organize the multilevel software testing in embedded automotive systems in order to reduce costs and improve their effectiveness and robustness. This research intends to extend this concept of multilevel software testing based on the V development model, designing a systematic methodology that maps each function within the embedded system of the vehicle, without the existence of a detailed specification of each component, allowing the definition of a strategy and software testing planning in advance. This methodology was fully developed incorporating the characteristics of the automotive application, including the ISO 26262 functional safety requirements. In this way, the new methodology improves the efficiency of the embedded systems development processes, within strict security conditions, allowing the anticipation of the planning based on a mapping and encoding of the function and test activities proposed in this thesis, which also serves as a basis for future development of embedded system traceability solutions.

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Martorell, Hélène. "Architecture et processus de développement permettant la mise à jour dynamique de systèmes embarqués automobiles." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/13770/1/Martorell.pdf.

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Dans le contexte automobile actuel, le standard pour les calculateurs enfouis est AUTOSAR. L'un des inconvénients majeurs de cette architecture est son manque de flexibilité. Cependant, les mises à jour et la personnalisation des systèmes embarqués sont de plus en plus, non seulement plébiscités, mais également nécessaires. En effet, la complexité grandissante des systèmes exige à présent de déployer des moyens supplémentaires pour permettre leur maintenance et leur évolution de manière plus aisée. Ainsi, partant de ces constats, ce travail étudie les possibilités de faire des mises à jour dans le contexte d'AUTOSAR. Les modifications nécessaires se retrouvent non seulement dans l'architecture, mais également au sein du processus de développement et des considérations temps-réel. Tous ces aspects sont donc regardés en détails pour permettre les mises à jour partielles dans le cadre du standard AUTOSAR. Cette thèse décrit donc le processus de développement logiciel AUTOSAR et propose certaines améliorations mises en place au cours de ce travail. Un certain nombre de concepts sont également définis, afin d'aménager des espaces d'adaptation logiciels. Ces espaces sont ensuite utilisés pour intégrer des mises à jour partielles dans le calculateur embarqué. Le processus de développement est également modifié pour intégrer ces concepts ainsi que les mécanismes nécessaires à la mise à jour. Les aspects temps-réel concernant la mise à jour partielle dans les systèmes embarqués automobiles sont également traités ici. Un modèle de tâches approprié est mis en place dans le cadre d'AUTOSAR. De plus l'analyse de sensibilité est utilisée spécifiquement pour déterminer la flexibilité disponible dans un système donné. Les aspects d'implémentation sont également détaillés. En particulier, la création de mises à jour dans un contexte donné, la gestion des différentes versions possibles pour une application, l'utilisation et l'écriture dans la mémoire embarquée et enfin, les moyens nécessaires à la prise en compte des aspects de sûreté de fonctionnement. Pour terminer, tous les concepts développés dans ce travail sont appliqués à une preuve de concept reposant sur une application embarquée fournie par Renault. L'approche proposée est donc appliquée de manière pratique.

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Bai, Lu [Verfasser]. "A New Function-Oriented Design Method Based on the Function Point Estimation of Embedded System Specification for Automotive Applications / Lu Bai." Aachen : Shaker, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1170528651/34.

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Stella, Gilson Natal Dalla. "Aplicando a metodologia de desenvolvimento baseado em modelos para funções de software automotivo." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2434.

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Os veículos automotivos possuem diversas funcionalidades em que, para ser melhoradas ou inovadas, é mandatório que se garanta melhor desempenho, segurança e confiabilidade. Para isto, é necessário criar, ou aperfeiçoar os já existentes, métodos e processos de desenvolvimento de software embarcado automotivo. As metodologias de desenvolvimento tradicionais não atendem aos requisitos e complexidade destes sistemas. Desta forma, a metodologia de desenvolvimento de software baseado em modelos (MBD – Model-Based Design) pode contribuir grandemente, por tornar possível a otimização com recursos de análise e testes. Por estes motivos, este trabalho busca demonstrar como se pode aplicar esta metodologia desenvolvimento baseado em modelos para as funções de software automotivo, considerando as etapas deste processo como MIL (Model-Inthe- Loop), SIL (Software-In-the Loop), PIL (Processor-In-the Loop) e RCP (Rapid Control Prototyping) e comprovar a sua eficácia. Considera-se ainda que foram utilizadas ferramentas compatíveis e essenciais para o processo de desenvolvimento, tais como para definição dos requisitos, elaboração da planta física, projeto controlador, verificação e testes.
The vehicles has many functions wherein, to be improve or innovated, is essential that the warranty of a better performance, safety and reliability. For this, is necessary to create, or improve the already existing, developing methods and processes of automotive embedded software. However, the traditional development methodologies do not meet the requirements and complexity of these systems. Therefore the methodology of model-based design (MBD) may contribute greatly, by making possible the optimization using analysis resources and tests. For these reasons, this work seeks to demonstrate how you can apply this development methodology based on models for automotive software functions, considering the steps in this process as MIL (Model-In-the-Loop), SIL (Software-In-the Loop), PIL (Processor-In-the Loop) and RCP (Rapid Control Prototyping) and prove its effectiveness. It is further considered that were used compatible and essential tools for the development process, such as for requirements definition, development of physical plant, controller design, verification and testing.

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