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Webb, Christine E., and Peter Verbeek. "Individual differences in aggressive and peaceful behavior: new insights and future directions." Behaviour 153, no. 9-11 (2016): 1139–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003400.
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Consistent individual differences in animal behaviour are an increasingly common focus of research across various behavioural and biological sciences. Such ‘animal personalities’ comprise a diverse repertoire of behavioural tendencies, recently expanding to incorporate the social domain. Aggression and peace, hallmarks of many social systems including that of humans, warrant integration with this literature. Specifically, animal personality research should consider the potential role of stable conflict and post-conflict behavioural tendencies. We focus our discussion primarily on examples in nonhuman primates and humans, but suggest that individual variation patterns are relevant for any social species in which these phenomena exist. In highly gregarious species, an individual’s conflict and post-conflict tendencies can affect the strength and stability of its social bonds. Because social relationships in turn impact survival and reproductive success, we also encourage future work to investigate the ultimate (i.e., fitness-relevant) consequences of individual variation in aggressive and peaceful behaviour.
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Cuadrado, Isabel, Lucía López-Rodríguez, and Andreea A. Constantin. "“A matter of trust”: Perception of morality increases willingness to help through positive emotions." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23, no. 3 (2019): 462–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430219838606.
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Moroccans are still the lowest rated immigrants in Spain. This research analyses the relationships between different dimensions of stereotypes (i.e., morality, sociability, and competence), positive emotions, and facilitation behavioural tendencies between Spaniards and Moroccans. Specifically, this work aims to explore whether the three stereotype dimensions play distinct roles in predicting helping behavioural tendencies through emotions, with a focus on the distinctive role of morality. Three studies are presented. In Study 1, Spanish adolescents assessed Moroccan immigrants. Study 2 considered the minority perspective by analysing Moroccans’ stereotypes, emotions, and behavioural tendencies toward Spaniards. Study 3 experimentally tested the effect of the stereotype dimensions on positive emotions and facilitation behavioural tendencies in a sample of Spaniards. The results showed a consistent pattern: perceived morality always indirectly predicted facilitation behavioural tendencies through positive emotions, regardless of the perspective analysed (i.e., majority/minority), age of participants (i.e., adults/adolescents), or design (i.e., correlational/experimental).
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Hosain, Md Sajjad. "Unethical Pro-organisational Behaviour: Concepts, Motives and Unintended Consequences." Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation 15, no. 4 (2019): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2319510x19883084.
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With the increase in diversity in the nature of job and human behavioural complicatedness, a new common phenomenon has emerged in workplaces termed as unethical pro-organisational behaviour which has succeeded to attract the attention of behavioural academicians. As a fairly new concept, there is lack of adequate research in this area of organisational psychology. The article mainly aims at discussing the motives for and the consequences of such behaviours with the help of existing literature available. The author argues that the organisations should express their intentions and actions in order to reduce such behavioural tendencies. The article is expected to help further research in this area by summarising the highlights from existing works available.
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Webber, Quinn M. R., Liam P. McGuire, Steven B. Smith, and Craig K. R. Willis. "Host behaviour, age and sex correlate with ectoparasite prevalence and intensity in a colonial mammal, the little brown bat." Behaviour 152, no. 1 (2014): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003233.
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The influence of behaviour on host-parasite dynamics has theoretical support but few empirical studies have examined this influence for wild-captured hosts, especially in colonial species, which are thought to face generally high risk of exposure. Behavioural tendencies of hosts in novel environments could mediate host exposure. We tested the hypothesis that behavioural tendencies of hosts, and host sex and age, correlate with prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites in a gregarious mammal, the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus). We also tested whether relationships between host behaviour and parasite prevalence and intensity would vary between taxa of ectoparasites which differ in host-seeking behaviour. We predicted that individual hosts displaying active and explorative behaviours would have higher prevalence and intensity of parasites that depend on physical contact among hosts for transmission (mites) but that host behaviour would not influence prevalence and intensity of mobile ectoparasites with active host-seeking behaviour (fleas). We recorded behavioural responses of wild-captured bats in a novel-environment test and then sampled each individual for ectoparasites. After accounting for age and sex we found mixed support for our hypotheses in some but not all demographics. More active adult and young of the year (YOY) males were more likely to host mites while more active adult and YOY females were less likely to host fleas. Our results highlight possible differences in the influence of host and parasite behaviour on parasite transmission dynamics for colonial compared to non-colonial species and have conservation implications for understanding pathogen transmission in bat white-nose syndrome and other wildlife diseases.
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Jones, Alice P., Henrik Larsson, Angelica Ronald, et al. "Phenotypic and Aetiological Associations Between Psychopathic Tendencies, Autistic Traits, and Emotion Attribution." Criminal Justice and Behavior 36, no. 11 (2009): 1198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854809342949.
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Some behavioural overlap exists between psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits, and both phenotypes are thought to be associated with problems in empathy. However, the broad behavioural profiles and the cognitive-affective deficits associated with the two conditions are at least partly separable. The main aim of this study was to assess the extent to which the aetiology of psychopathic tendencies is independent of autistic traits. A secondary aim was to study the aetiology of emotion attribution ability and its association with psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits. Based on data from a sample of 642 twin pairs, the genetic and nonshared environmental influences related to psychopathic tendencies were largely unique to each phenotype. Common environmental influences between psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits overlapped. Poorer emotion attribution ability was associated with increased psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits, and these associations were mainly explained by common genetic factors.
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Sarabian, Cecile, and Andrew J. J. MacIntosh. "Hygienic tendencies correlate with low geohelminth infection in free-ranging macaques." Biology Letters 11, no. 11 (2015): 20150757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0757.
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Parasites are ubiquitous in nature and can be costly to animal fitness, so hosts have evolved behavioural counter-strategies to mitigate infection risk. We investigated feeding-related infection-avoidance strategies in Japanese macaques via field-experimentation and observation. We first examined risk sensitivity during foraging tasks involving faecally contaminated or debris-covered food items, and then investigated individual tendencies to manipulate food items during natural foraging bouts. We concurrently monitored geohelminth infection in all subjects. We ran a principal component analysis on the observational/experimental data to generate a hygienic index across individuals and found that hygienic tendencies towards faeces avoidance and food manipulation correlated negatively with geohelminth infection. Females scored higher in hygienic tendencies than males, which might contribute to the common vertebrate pattern of male-biased infection. The behavioural tendencies observed may reflect a general form of hygiene, providing a mechanism of behavioural immunity against parasites with implications for the evolution and diversification of health maintenance strategies in humans.
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Murray-Webster, Ruth, and Sergio Pellegrinelli. "Risk management reconceived: reconciling economic rationality with behavioural tendencies." Journal of Project, Program & Portfolio Management 1, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pppm.v1i1.1573.
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Risk management practices as described in many leading texts feel counterintuitive to many practitioners and are frequently ignored, despite their being evidently logical and potentially valuable. Such practices are often conceived as a remedial post-planning, audit activity. This paper proposes an approach for dealing with project uncertainty and risk, grounded in economics and taking into account behavioural biases and heuristics. The proposed approach is argued to be an enhancement to conventional risk management practices and one that can serve organisations better while also aligning to experienced practitioners’ intuitive approaches. In particular, we argue: that the focus should be on adding economic value rather than reducing risk per se; that opportunity gain/loss is a superior metric for gauging potential impacts of risky events; and that creation of real options should be emphasised as part of the repertoire of generic response actions to risk. The approach also supports the integration and handling of uncertainty and risk as part of holistic project planning and control.
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Bálint, Anna, Gabriella Rieger, Ádám Miklósi, and Péter Pongrácz. "Assessment of owner-directed aggressive behavioural tendencies of dogs in situations of possession and manipulation." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 10 (2017): 171040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171040.
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Excessive aggression is a common behaviour problem in dogs that can have various destructive effects on the affected people and the implicated dog. Aggressive behaviour directed towards the owner or other family members is one of the most frequently occurring aggressive phenotypes. Here, we examine the reliability of a short questionnaire assessing aggressive behaviours by two, contextually different behavioural tests: ‘take away bone’ and ‘roll over’. Based on dogs' behaviour in the tests, we sorted dogs ( N = 93) in two groups for each test, namely a less and a more disobedient/resistant group. The two principal components obtained in our questionnaire—‘obedient’ and ‘aggressive towards owner’—showed significant differences between the behaviour groups. While dogs in the less disobedient/resistant groups had significantly higher ‘obedient’ and significantly lower ‘aggressive towards owner’ scores, dogs in the more disobedient/resistant groups had significantly higher ‘aggressive towards owner’ and significantly lower ‘obedient’ scores. Dogs' age, sex and neuter/spay status expressed their effect through interactions. Males, young dogs and intact dogs were less ‘obedient’ than older ones, while resistant spayed/neutered dogs were more aggressive towards the owner. The questionnaire used is a safe, easy to deploy and time-efficient tool to reliably assess certain owner-directed aggressive tendencies of family dogs.
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Hunt, Edmund R., Brian Mi, Camila Fernandez, Brandyn M. Wong, Jonathan N. Pruitt, and Noa Pinter-Wollman. "Social interactions shape individual and collective personality in social spiders." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1886 (2018): 20181366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1366.
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The behavioural composition of a group and the dynamics of social interactions can both influence how social animals work collectively. For example, individuals exhibiting certain behavioural tendencies may have a disproportionately large impact on the group, and so are referred to as keystone individuals, while interactions between individuals can facilitate information transmission about resources. Despite the potential impact of both behavioural composition and interactions on collective behaviour, the relationship between consistent behaviours (also known as personalities) and social interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we use stochastic actor-oriented models to uncover the interdependencies between boldness and social interactions in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola . We find that boldness has no effect on the likelihood of forming social interactions, but interactions do affect boldness, and lead to an increase in the boldness of the shyer individual. Furthermore, spiders tend to interact with the same individuals as their neighbours. In general, boldness decreases over time, but once an individual's boldness begins to increase, this increase accelerates, suggesting a positive feedback mechanism. These dynamics of interactions and boldness result in skewed boldness distributions of a few bold individuals and many shy individuals, as observed in nature. This group behavioural composition facilitates efficient collective behaviours, such as rapid collective prey attack. Thus, by examining the relationship between behaviour and interactions, we reveal the mechanisms that underlie the emergence of adaptive group composition and collective behaviour.
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Bech-Hansen, Kallehauge, Bruhn, et al. "Effect of Landscape Elements on the Symmetry and Variance of the Spatial Distribution of Individual Birds within Foraging Flocks of Geese." Symmetry 11, no. 9 (2019): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091103.
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Behavioural instability is a newly coined term used for measuring asymmetry of bilateral behavioural traits as indicators of genetic or environmental stress. However, this concept might also be useful for other types of data than bilateral traits. In this study, behavioural instability indices of expected behaviour were evaluated as an indicator for environmental stress through the application of aerial photos of foraging flocks of geese. It was presumed that geese would increase anti-predator behaviour through the dilution effect when foraging near the following landscape elements: wind turbines, hedgerows, and roads. On this presumption, it was hypothesized that behavioural instability of spatial distribution in flocks of geese could be used as indicators of environmental stress. Asymmetry in spatial distribution was measured for difference in flock density across various distances to disturbing landscape elements through the following indices; behavioural instability of symmetry and behavioural instability of variance. The behavioural instability indices showed clear tendencies for changes in flock density and variance of flock density for geese foraging near wind turbines, hedgerows, and roads indicating increasing environmental stress levels. Thus, behavioural instability has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring environmental stress that does not need bilateral traits to estimate instability but can be applied for indices of expected behaviour.
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Müsseler, Jochen, Lennart Ruhland, and Christian Böffel. "Reversed effect of spatial compatibility when taking avatar’s perspective." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 6 (2018): 1539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818799240.
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If an actor takes the perspective of an avatar, spatial dissociations could arise between the perspective of the actor and the perspective of the avatar. These become particularly interesting when solving spatial compatibility tasks. Effects of spatial compatibility are usually explained by a match or mismatch of automatic behavioural tendencies and intentional mapping processes. The question is whether actors develop such behavioural tendencies for an avatar and thereby are able to neglect their own perspective. In the experiments, actors take the perspective of the avatar and pressed ipsilateral or contralateral left–right keys in response to lateralised coloured discs. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that compatibility effects are tied to the avatar but not to the actor. Experiment 3 revealed that participants could ignore the perspective of the avatar. We concluded that the automatic behavioural tendencies in compatibility experiments are not as automatic as sometimes assumed. It is likely that the present results are not only applicable to the use of avatars but also to other human-controlled robots and drones.
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Nascimento, Teresa, and Mauro Bianchi. "Stereotypes, emotions, and behaviours in intergroup context in Portugal." Análise Psicológica 39, no. 1 (2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14417/ap.1754.
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Stereotype content has been much studied since the classic study by Katz and Braly (1933). The results obtained in these studies have been fundamental to building more complex experiments in order to explore the formation, purpose and maintenance of stereotypes. In Portugal, to our knowledge, the existing studies are quite scarce, and in some cases non-existent, particularly related to some social groups of interest. Furthermore, continuous social changes may bring variation in the meaning and importance of each attribute. The goal of this study is to explore and pre-test the stereotype content of 12 social groups in Portugal. Ninety-eight participants recruited online via social media responded to 35 stereotypic traits and their valence, 21 emotions and 12 behavioural tendencies related to these social groups. The results allow not only the selection of, for each group, the stereotypic traits, emotions, and behavioural tendencies that are significantly different from the midpoint of the scale, but also the identification of traits, emotions and behavioural tendencies that best seem to differentiate the different groups.
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Vrtělová, Jana, Maud C. O. Ferrari, Aditya K. Manek, and Douglas P. Chivers. "Consistent long-term behavioural traits are linked to morphological defences in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Behaviour 153, no. 1 (2016): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003320.
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Individual prey often exhibit consistent behavioural differences in responses to risk. Here, we assess whether such behavioural consistency is linked to morphological changes that are known to result in differences in vulnerability to predators. Some fishes increase their depth-to-length ratio when under increased risk of predation, thereby reducing their risk to gape-limited predators. However, the development of these defences is limited by available resources. We asked whether behavioural tendencies associated with shelter seeking and activity are linked to differences in growth patterns. Common carp classified as ‘active/non-sheltering’ or ‘passive/sheltering’ based on their movement patterns and shelter use, showed consistency in behaviour over a 10-month period with active/non-sheltering fish developing a greater depth to length ratio than passive/sheltering fish. The effectiveness of anti-predator strategies in animals is an integrative function of both behaviour and morphology. Our works highlights a fascinating link between behavioural consistency and the development of adaptive morphologies.
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De, Arijit, D. G. Mogale, Mengdi Zhang, Saurabh Pratap, Sri Krishna Kumar, and George Q. Huang. "Multi-period multi-echelon inventory transportation problem considering stakeholders behavioural tendencies." International Journal of Production Economics 225 (July 2020): 107566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.107566.
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Zhou, Yanyan, Xinyu Li, Meng Zhang, Feng Zhang, Chen Zhu, and Mowei Shen. "Behavioural approach tendencies to heroin-related stimuli in abstinent heroin abusers." Psychopharmacology 221, no. 1 (2011): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2557-0.
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Ferreira, Vitor Hugo Bessa, Lorène Reiter, Karine Germain, Ludovic Calandreau, and Vanessa Guesdon. "Uninhibited chickens: ranging behaviour impacts motor self-regulation in free-range broiler chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus )." Biology Letters 16, no. 1 (2020): 20190721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0721.
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Inhibiting impulsive, less flexible behaviours is of utmost importance for individual adaptation in an ever-changing environment. However, problem-solving tasks may be greatly impacted by individual differences in behaviour, since animals with distinct behavioural types perceive and interact with their environment differently, resulting in variable responses to the same stimuli. Here, we tested whether and how differences in ranging behaviour of free-range chickens affect motor self-regulation performance during a cylinder task. For this task, subjects must refrain from trying to reach a food reward through the walls of a transparent cylinder and detour to its open sides, as a sign of inhibition. Free-range chickens exhibited an overall low performance in the motor self-regulation task (31.33 ± 13.55% of correct responses), however, high rangers showed significantly poorer performance than the low rangers (23.75 ± 9.16% versus 40 ± 12.90%, respectively). These results give further support to the impacts of individual behavioural differences on cognitive performances. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge of a relationship between exploratory tendencies and motor self-regulation for an avian species.
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Nasrin, Farjana, Katharine Rimes, Andrea Reinecke, Mike Rinck, and Thorsten Barnhofer. "Effects of Brief Behavioural Activation on Approach and Avoidance Tendencies in Acute Depression: Preliminary Findings." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, no. 1 (2016): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465816000394.
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Background: It has been suggested that the behavioural activation (BA) treatments for depression unfold their effects, at least partly, through changes in approach and avoidance tendencies. However, as yet, little research has examined the cognitive effects of these interventions. Aims: This study investigated the impact of a single session of BA on depressive symptomatology, self-reported avoidance, and behavioural approach and avoidance tendencies. Method: Forty-six patients with a diagnosis of Major Depression were recruited from primary care psychological therapies services and block randomized to either a single session of behavioural activation (n = 22) or waiting list control (n = 24) delivered by an unblinded therapist. Self-reports of symptoms and cognitive factors were assessed before and after the one-week intervention phase. Approach and avoidance behavioural tendencies were assessed using the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Results: Data from 40 participants (n = 20 in each group) was available for analyses. Depressive symptoms significantly decreased, and activation significantly increased from before to after treatment in the treatment group, but not in the control group. Performance on the AAT showed a trend indicating increased approach to positive valence stimuli in the treatment group, but not in the control group. Mediational analyses indicated small indirect effects of self-reported change in activation as mediators of the effect of condition on symptoms. Conclusions: The findings suggest that a single session of BA can have significant effects on symptoms in clinically depressed patients. Results hint at the possibility that increased behavioural approach might mediate the effect of BA.
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Gniewosz, Gabriela, Tuulia M. Ortner, and Thomas Scherndl. "Personality in Action: Assessing Personality to Identify an ‘Ideal’ Conscientious Response Type with Two Different Behavioural Tasks." European Journal of Personality 34, no. 5 (2020): 808–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2296.
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Performance on achievement tests is characterized by an interplay of different individual attributes such as personality traits, motivation or cognitive styles. However, the prediction of individuals’ performance from classical self–report personality measures obtained during large and comprehensive aptitude assessments is biased by, for example, subjective response tendencies. This study goes beyond by using behavioural data based on two different types of tasks, requiring different conscientious–related response behaviours. Moreover, a typological approach is proposed, which includes different behavioural indicators to obtain information on complex personality characteristics. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology
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Herstein, Ram, Sigal Tifferet, José Luís Abrantes, Constantine Lymperopoulos, Tahir Albayrak, and Meltem Caber. "The effect of personality traits on private brand consumer tendencies." Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 19, no. 2 (2012): 196–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13527601211219883.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the association between three personality traits (individualism, materialism and the “need for cognition”) and two characteristics of shoppers who buy private‐label brands (their predisposition to do so, and the importance they attach to the “brand dimensions”) across four member countries of the Union of the Mediterranean.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire in the local language, using questions, items and scales adapted from previous studies, was completed by 683 undergraduate students. The scaled data were analysed by SPSS, and tested for internal reliability and equivalence.FindingsOverall, the personality traits were significantly associated with both behavioural characteristics. Specifically, materialism and the need for cognition were linked to inclination to purchase private brands, and materialism and individualism to the perceived importance of brand dimensions. Cross‐cultural differences were found.Originality/valueThe demographic profile of the private‐brand consumer is well known, but not the behavioural profile. This study provides retail planners with valuable new marketing intelligence.
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Zordan, Mirna, and Jin Yeu Tsou. "Behavioural Contagion in Hong Kong Urban Space under Mass Psychological Distress." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, no. 14 (2020): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i14.2161.
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Psychological factors affecting human behaviour ‘a priori’ are largely underestimated in the contemporary urban debate. Mass psychological distress is not considered as a factor affecting urban dynamics within city-spaces. This study compares activities, preferences, and psychological dynamics related to behavioural contagion theory towards urban spaces in Hong Kong before and after COVID-19. Results showed significant transitions in preferences among shopping malls and urban green spaces for stationary uses, paired with substantial changes at the destination decision-making process. Other than behavioural tendencies, these results provide directions for discussing the integration of mass psychological distress into future urban scenarios design. Keywords: behavioural contagion, mass psychological distress, urban space, Hong Kong. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI:
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Pierron, Xavier, Ian Williams, and Peter Shaw. "Extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour Using Behavioural Economics to Reduce and Access Small WEEE Anthropogenic Stocks." Detritus, no. 14 (March 31, 2021): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.14062.
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From an urban mining perspective stockpiles of Waste of Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) by individuals represent anthropogenic stocks that could be exploited for precious and critical resources. The current challenge resides in minimising these stocks generation, as well as accessing the resources they represent. Behavioural models such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) have been used in waste and resources management studies to understand WEEE end-of-use intentions and behaviours. But the results have been uneven and the very presence of these anthropogenic stocks is the acknowledgement that these models need to be adapted. Based on a review from the waste and resources management literature we found that TPB models incorporating emotions tended to have higher variance explained for intention, but the intention-behaviour gap remained strong. To explain this gap for small WEEE we propose using variables associating emotions with decision-making biases and tendencies that affect individual behaviours. This study is a theoretical elaboration supporting future empirical testing. A TPB extended with behavioural economics could better model small WEEE end-of-use decisions. Improved understanding of small WEEE urban mines generation could, in turn, inform policy and incentives design to transform these anthropogenic stocks into flows of resources within a circular economy.
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Lampridis, Efthymios, and Donna Papastylianou. "Prosocial behavioural tendencies and orientation towards individualism–collectivism of Greek young adults." International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 22, no. 3 (2014): 268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2014.890114.
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Farooq, Muhammad Umer, Muhammad Jamaluddin Thaheem, and Husnain Arshad. "Improving the risk quantification under behavioural tendencies: A tale of construction projects." International Journal of Project Management 36, no. 3 (2018): 414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.12.004.
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Harari, Gabriella M., Sumer S. Vaid, Sandrine R. Müller, et al. "Personality Sensing for Theory Development and Assessment in the Digital Age." European Journal of Personality 34, no. 5 (2020): 649–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2273.
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People around the world own digital media devices that mediate and are in close proximity to their daily behaviours and situational contexts. These devices can be harnessed as sensing technologies to collect information from sensor and metadata logs that provide fine–grained records of everyday personality expression. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework and empirical illustration for personality sensing research, which leverages sensing technologies for personality theory development and assessment. To further empirical knowledge about the degree to which personality–relevant information is revealed via such data, we outline an agenda for three research domains that focus on the description, explanation, and prediction of personality. To illustrate the value of the personality sensing research agenda, we present findings from a large smartphone–based sensing study ( N = 633) characterizing individual differences in sensed behavioural patterns (physical activity, social behaviour, and smartphone use) and mapping sensed behaviours to the Big Five dimensions. For example, the findings show associations between behavioural tendencies and personality traits and daily behaviours and personality states. We conclude with a discussion of best practices and provide our outlook on how personality sensing will transform our understanding of personality and the way we conduct assessment in the years to come. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology
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LaFreniere, Peter J. "Co-operation as a Conditional Strategy among Peers: Influence of Social Ecology and Kin Relations." International Journal of Behavioral Development 19, no. 1 (1996): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549601900104.
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The goal of this study is to analyse sources of variation, residing within the individual or within the relationship, in the ability to balance co-operative and competitive behaviours in a dyadic context. The ability to balance these two tendencies can be considered fundamental to successful adaptation within a social unit because co-operation may be essential in raising offspring, competing with other groups or in generating resources, whereas egoistic behaviour may protect the individual from exploitation or otherwise enhance reproductive success. Research is reviewed on the influence of social structures and relationships on co-operation in peer groups, and the origin and developmental significance of individual differences in co-operative abilities. Finally, a research programme investigating the conjunction of kin and peer relations is described, emphasising the role of affective synchrony, behavioural contingency, and reciprocity in shaping and sustaining co-operative behaviour as a conditional strategy.
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Hew, William Wee-Lim, Cheng Ling Tan, and Sook Fern Yeo. "DETERMINANTS TO HOMEOWNERSHIP AND/OR LEASING INTENTIONS: A REVIEW AND PROPOSED FRAMEWORK." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 5, no. 21 (2020): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.521003.
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The contribution the housing and construction sector makes to the national economy is closely tied to new project launches in the country. At present, nations are suffering from a global economic slowdown and a slumping property market. Governments and private developers have even initiated many affordable housing projects, but interestingly these units are not as popular as expected. Many housing projects across the world are initiated without a clear understanding of the needs and behavioural tendencies of homebuyers. The ability to understand homebuyers' behaviour is limited due to the lack of sufficient research using a concise and all-encompassing framework that is supported by a strong theoretical foundation. A thorough review and comparison of three fields of psychology found environmental psychology to be suitable and Mehrabian and Russell's (1974) theory to be relevant, and ought to be complemented with the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). A framework is proposed, positing that favourable evaluations of the environment (residential environment) and social factors (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control) will elicit favourable emotional states (pleasure, arousal, dominance/place attachment) which in turn lead to favourable behavioural response (homeownership intention). On the other hand, should the evaluations of the environment and social factors be unfavourable, this would lead to unfavourable emotions and subsequently unfavourable behavioural response (leasing intention).
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HLADÍKOVÁ, VLADIMÍRA, and SABÍNA GÁLIKOVÁ TOLNAIOVÁ. "CYBER AGGRESSORS, THEIR MOTIVES, EMOTIONS AND BEHAVIOURAL TENDENCIES IN THE PROCESS OF CYBERBULLYING." AD ALTA: 09/02 9, no. 2 (2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33543/09027176.
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The contribution focuses on the risk aspects of digital communication in cyberspace with a specific emphasis on bullying and has a theoretical-empirical character. The authors focused on the theoretical reflection of cyber aggressors, presenting number of definitional framework in the context of addressing issues of domestic and foreign authors. The main part of the contribution is focused on the results of the research aimed at the personality of cyber aggressors, their motives, experienced emotions and behavioural tendencies in the cyberbullying process. An important part of the contribution represents authentic statements of cyber aggressors contracted in various contexts. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the importance of prevention and elimination activities, as well as media and digital literacy, which would help to reduce negative phenomena in the digital environment.
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Heppell, Timothy. "The Ideological Composition of the Parliamentary Conservative Party 1992–97." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 4, no. 2 (2002): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-856x.t01-1-00006.
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With the emphasis on loyalty and unity and an aversion to ideological disputation the Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) has traditionally been described as a party of tendencies, rather than factions. The Cowley and Norton study of the ideological and factional basis of rebellion argues that the 1992–97 PCP adhered to the party of tendencies definition. However, through the development of a new three-dimensional, eight-fold typology of Conservatism, that involves behavioural and attitudinal mapping, it can be demonstrated that between 1992 and 1997 the PCP did display evidence of factionalism.
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McNamara, E., and M. Jolly. "The Reduction of Disruptive Behaviour Using Feedback On-Task Behaviour: An Across Setting Study of a Class of 12- and 13-Year-Old Pupils." Behavioural Psychotherapy 18, no. 2 (1990): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014134730001822x.
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The growing body of research indicating that classroom behavioural management strategies can successfully modify the behaviour of mainstream classes of disruptive adolescent pupils is referred to. These “successes” are qualified by the observation that they could make the pupil teacher dependent, whereas pupil self-control is the ideal control state. Feedback strategies have the potential to encourage internalization of control (Van Houton, 1984). An intervention package involving the feedback of level of on-task behaviour as a major component is described. The effect on the individual and the group's level of on-task behaviour in two settings (Religious Education and French lessons) is reported. Claims are made that (1) the intervention promoted levels of on-task behaviour and (2) the group data generally reflected the data of individual pupils. The conclusions are drawn that while it remains to be demonstrated that the behavioural attributional tendencies of the pupils were moved in the direction of “internalization” nonetheless the research can serve as a starting point for further research in this area.
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Charlton, Benjamin D., Meghan S. Martin-Wintle, Megan A. Owen, Hemin Zhang, and Ronald R. Swaisgood. "Vocal behaviour predicts mating success in giant pandas." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 10 (2018): 181323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181323.
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Surprisingly little is known about how mammal vocal signals are used to achieve behavioural synchrony in the lead up to copulation. The ability to signal short-term fluctuations in arousal levels and behavioural intention is likely to be particularly important for synchronizing mating behaviour in asocial species, which must overcome their natural avoidance and aggressive tendencies to mate. Here, we examined vocal behaviour during breeding encounters in captive giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) to gain a greater understanding of how close-range vocal signalling mediates reproduction in this asocial, and conservation-dependent species. Our results revealed that the occurrence of different giant panda vocalizations and acoustic variation within these calls is predictive of successful encounters leading to copulation, as opposed to unsuccessful encounters that do not. In addition, key differences were detected between vocalizations produced during and just prior to copulation. These findings illustrate that vocal exchanges are crucial for achieving behavioural synchrony and signalling intention to mate in giant pandas, and could also provide a valuable tool for breeding programmes, helping conservation managers to assess the likelihood of breeding introductions leading to copulation or potentially injurious failure.
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Jones, Nancy Aaron, and Aliza Sloan. "Neurohormones and temperament interact during infant development." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1744 (2018): 20170159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0159.
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The infant's psycho-physiological regulatory system begins to develop prenatally and continues to mature during the postnatal period. Temperament is a construct comprising tonic individual differences in dispositional physiological and behavioural reactions as well as an evolving ability to regulate to environmental conditions. Theoretical models and research have shown that neurohormonal and -physiological factors contribute to individual development and impact infant behaviours as well as the developing regulatory system. Moreover, prenatal maternal risks such as stress and depression are thought to programme fetal regulatory tendencies and that influences neural and behavioural functioning in infancy. The purpose of this review is to examine the theories and research that link infant temperament to neurohormonal and -physiological development in typically developing infants and in those exposed to environmental risk. Research has demonstrated associations between individual variation in physiological stress responses and regulation (measured with cortisol). Moreover, studies have noted an association with physiological regulation and socio-emotional interaction (as measured by the touch–oxytocin link) that may buffer emotional dysregulation. The interaction between individual differences in temperamental tendencies, neurohormonal and -physiological patterns will be discussed by presenting data from studies that have shown that infant neurohormonal and -physiological functioning sets an important trajectory for the development of the individual. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.
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Hahn, Amanda C., Lisa M. DeBruine, and Benedict C. Jones. "Reported maternal tendencies predict the reward value of infant facial cuteness, but not cuteness detection." Biology Letters 11, no. 3 (2015): 20140978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0978.
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The factors that contribute to individual differences in the reward value of cute infant facial characteristics are poorly understood. Here we show that the effect of cuteness on a behavioural measure of the reward value of infant faces is greater among women reporting strong maternal tendencies. By contrast, maternal tendencies did not predict women's subjective ratings of the cuteness of these infant faces. These results show, for the first time, that the reward value of infant facial cuteness is greater among women who report being more interested in interacting with infants, implicating maternal tendencies in individual differences in the reward value of infant cuteness. Moreover, our results indicate that the relationship between maternal tendencies and the reward value of infant facial cuteness is not due to individual differences in women's ability to detect infant cuteness. This latter result suggests that individual differences in the reward value of infant cuteness are not simply a by-product of low-cost, functionless biases in the visual system.
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Roy, Tamal, and Anuradha Bhat. "Population, sex and body size: determinants of behavioural variations and behavioural correlations among wild zebrafishDanio rerio." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (2018): 170978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170978.
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This study (1) investigated variation among populations and the effects of sex and body size on boldness, activity and shoal-association tendency among wild zebrafish, and (2) tested for existence of correlations between behaviours, controlling for sex and body size. Individuals across four natural populations were tested for general activity in a novel situation, number of predator inspections undertaken and tendency to associate with a conspecific shoal in the presence of predators. Results showed a significant effect of population on boldness with a population from high-predation habitat being bolder than populations from low-predation habitats. Males showed significantly higher tendencies than females to associate with a conspecific shoal in the presence of predators. Further, a negative relationship was found between activity and boldness only within two low-predation populations. Individual body size had a strong effect on the activity–boldness relationship within the low-predation population from flowing water habitat. Smaller fish were bolder and less active while larger fish were more cautious and active. Overall, the results indicated that while population-level behavioural responses might be shaped by predation pressure, state-dependent factors could determine behavioural correlations among individuals within populations.
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Gauthier-Gagne, G., J. Dimakos, G. Somerville, J. Boursier, and R. Gruber. "0217 Adolescents’ Evening Preference is Associated with Specific Sleep Hygiene Behaviours." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.215.
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Abstract Introduction Circadian tendencies are associated with individual differences in preferred timing of behaviour. Sleep hygiene encompasses a variety of habits that are necessary for healthy. Given the later bedtimes of individuals with evening circadian preferences, more time is spent being awake in the evening and this could be associated with increased or longer engagement in poor sleep hygiene. Specific sleep hygiene practices that are common in adolescents with high evening preferences may therefore be a target to improve sleep. However, the relationship between specific sleep hygiene behaviours and circadian preferences in adolescents has not been examined. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between circadian preference and specific domains of sleep hygiene behavior. Methods 127 adolescents (86 female) between 13 and 18 years old (M = 14.83, SD = 1.20) participated in the study. Circadian preferences were measured by the Morningness-Eveningness subscale of the School Sleep Habits Survey. Sleep hygiene was measured using the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS). Results Higher eveningness scores were significantly negatively associated with the ASHS physiological, behavioural arousal, cognitive emotional arousal, sleep environment, sleep stability, daytime sleep, substances use factors (r = -.20, p = <.05, r = -.27, p = <.01, r = -.32, p = <.01, r = -.18, p = <.05, r = -.41, p = <.01, r = -.28, p = <.01, r = 0.20, p = <.05 respectively) and with total sleep hygiene score (r = -.45, p = <.01). Conclusion Higher eveningness preferences in adolescents is significantly associated with poorer sleep hygiene in all domains with the exception of bedtime routine. Behavioural arousal, cognitive emotional, and sleep stability domains show the strongest inverse correlations. These findings could be used to inform the development of tailored sleep health interventions for adolescents with strong evening tendencies Support Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) support for Dr. Reut Gruber.
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Tan, Terence Yi Hao, Jia Yi Chow, Ricardo Duarte, and Keith Davids. "Manipulating task constraints shapes emergence of herding tendencies in team games performance." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 5 (2017): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117727661.
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The herding phenomenon is observed in nature and has been perceived to be less desirable use of space in impacting overall team play performance. The effective manipulating of rules and task constraints might be able to alter herding tendencies in sport performance. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of altering task constraints on herding tendencies, measured with the use of cluster phase analysis, which has also been used to analyse the synchrony exhibited by performers in invasion games such as professional association football matches. In this study, tracking positional data of individual players in a simulated pass and catch game was undertaken, with no specific verbal instructions provided to participants on how and where to move so that emergent behavioural tendencies could be observed. Data revealed how task constraint manipulations impacted on herding tendencies. Manipulation of task constraints revealed higher levels of clustering tendencies in the herding condition compared to the non-herding condition. Within the herding condition, between-team synchrony was also strong, especially in the longitudinal direction. Ball possession also seemed to have some impact on within-team synchrony. Findings provided preliminary evidence on how manipulating task constraints can be effective in altering herding tendencies in team games.
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Stephenson, Geoffrey M., Paula Maggi, Robert M. H. Lefever, and Neo K. Morojele. "Excessive Behaviours: An Archival Study of Behavioural Tendencies Reported by 471 Patients Admitted to an Addiction Treatment Centre." Addiction Research 3, no. 3 (1995): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066359509005241.
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DiRienzo, Nicholas, Jonathan N. Pruitt, and Ann V. Hedrick. "The combined behavioural tendencies of predator and prey mediate the outcome of their interaction." Animal Behaviour 86, no. 2 (2013): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.020.
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Bodunov, Mikhail V. "Studies on temperament in Russia: After Teplov and Nebylitsyn." European Journal of Personality 7, no. 5 (1993): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070503.
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In this paper a review of studies on temperament in Russia conducted during the last two decades is presented. Special attention has been given to the linkage between the theoretical background of modern Russian psychology and the main tendencies in the development of Russian studies on temperament. Three main trends are discussed: the traditional trend referring to the classic (Pavlovian) approach, the behavioural one based on modern conceptions in behavioural sciences, and the personological approach which postulates a holistic (‚integral’︁) view on human individuality. Finally, the interrelationships between the main trends in research on temperament are considered.
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Nayebzadeh, Shahnaz, and Maryam Jalaly. "Investigating Iranian female Muslim consumer impulse buying behaviour used as a form of retail therapy." Journal of Islamic Marketing 5, no. 2 (2014): 302–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-05-2012-0029.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the nature of emotion, self-esteem and life satisfaction tendencies amongst Iranian Muslim consumers when making impulse purchases. Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaires were distributed amongst female Muslim participants at a shopping centre in Yazd, Iran – each of which were selected using cluster and random sampling methods. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling techniques, where LISREL software was used to measure the direct and indirect relationships between variables. Findings – Within the sample, there was a direct causal relationship between impulse buying tendencies, impulse buying behaviour and purchasing. Second, there was a negative relationship between self-esteem and life-satisfaction within impulse buying tendencies. Finally, a positive relationship exists between emotion and impulse buying tendencies, which elicits impulse buying behaviour culminating in purchases. Emotion drives these consumers towards dissonance-reducing behaviour, which mediates low self-esteem and life satisfaction – through consumerism as a form of retail therapy. Some of the items purchased on impulse, that fulfilled this role, were hijabs (headscarves) and mantos (a type of tunic/shirt-dress/coat common in Iran). Research limitations/implications – The hijab is worn by Muslim females across the globe. However, the manto is an item of clothing worn almost exclusively by Iranian females. Therefore, it is likely that Muslim females in different geographies may exhibit similar behavioural traits, but their consumption patterns would substitute this item with a different one, such as an abaya or jilbab, for example. Originality/value – Whilst the notion of retail therapy is widely understood, the novel contribution of this study lies in highlighting that the purchase of clothing such as hijabs and mantos by Iranian Muslim females is not just driven by rational and emotional decision-making seeking to fulfil religious obligations. There are cases where these religious artefacts are used to raise feelings of self-esteem and life satisfaction within the same individuals.
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Amin, Bawan, Hans Slabbekoorn, Marcel Schaaf, and Christian Tudorache. "“Early birds” take it easy: diurnal timing is correlated with overall level in activity of zebrafish larvae." Behaviour 153, no. 13-14 (2016): 1745–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003376.
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Individual animals show consistent differences in behavioural responses when coping with environmental challenges. Consistency over time and across context in a behavioural trait is an indication for animal personality. Chronotypes refer to consistent inter-individual differences in diurnal rhythmicity driven by underlying variation in circadian clock processes. Personality traits and chronotype may relate to a single behavioural syndrome, but few studies have investigated such a link explicitly. Here, we explored zebrafish larvae for the presence of consistency in activity levels and timing, and their correlation with and without external cues (Zeitgeber: light–dark cycle versus constant light). We found individual consistency in activity level and timing, and their correlation independent of the presence of Zeitgeber: early-active individuals were less active overall than late-active individuals. Our study suggests a link between personality and chronotype and provides new insights into the early development of individual variation in behavioural tendencies of zebrafish.
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Costarelli, Sandro, and Justyna Gerłowska. "Ambivalence, prejudice and negative behavioural tendencies towards out-groups: The moderating role of attitude basis." Cognition and Emotion 29, no. 5 (2014): 852–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.950196.
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López-Rodríguez, Lucía, Isabel Cuadrado, and Marisol Navas. "Acculturation preferences and behavioural tendencies between majority and minority groups: The mediating role of emotions." European Journal of Social Psychology 46, no. 4 (2016): 401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2181.
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Kupperman, Joel J. "The Indispensability of Character." Philosophy 76, no. 2 (2001): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819101000250.
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Gilbert Harman has argued that it does not make sense to ascribe character traits to people. The notion of morally virtuous character becomes particularly suspect.How plausible this is depends on how broad character traits would have to be. Views of character as entirely invariant behavioural tendencies offer a soft target. This paper explores a view that is a less easy target: character traits as specific to kinds of situation, and as involving probabilities or real possibilities. Such ascriptions are not undermined by Harman's arguments, and it remains plausible that the agent's character often is indispensable in explanation of behaviour. Character is indispensable also as processes of control that impose reliability where it really matters.
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Bevan, Peggy A., Isabella Gosetto, Eliza R. Jenkins, Isobel Barnes, and Christos C. Ioannou. "Regulation between personality traits: individual social tendencies modulate whether boldness and leadership are correlated." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (2018): 20180829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0829.
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Although consistent behavioural differences between individuals (i.e. personality variation) are now well established in animals, these differences are not always expressed when individuals interact in social groups. This can be key in important social dynamics such as leadership, which is often positively related to personality traits such as boldness. Individuals consistently differ in how social they are (their sociability), so if other axes of personality variation, such as boldness, can be suppressed during social interactions, this suppression should be stronger in more sociable individuals. We measured boldness (latency to leave a refuge when alone) and sociability (time spent with a conspecific) in three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) and tested the boldness–leadership association in pairs of these fish. Both boldness and sociability were repeatable, but were not correlated. When splitting the data between the 50% most sociable and 50% less sociable fish, boldness was more strongly associated with leadership in less rather than more sociable individuals. This is consistent with more sociable fish conforming to their partner's behaviour due to their greater social tendency. One axis of personality variation (sociability) can thus modulate the relationship between others (boldness and leadership), with potential implications for selection on personality variation in social animals.
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Coppens, Caroline M., Sietse F. de Boer, and Jaap M. Koolhaas. "Coping styles and behavioural flexibility: towards underlying mechanisms." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1560 (2010): 4021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0217.
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A coping style (also termed behavioural syndrome or personality) is defined as a correlated set of individual behavioural and physiological characteristics that is consistent over time and across situations. This relatively stable trait is a fundamental and adaptively significant phenomenon in the biology of a broad range of species, i.e. it confers differential fitness consequences under divergent environmental conditions. Behavioural flexibility appears to be an important underlying attribute or feature of the coping style that might explain consistency across situations. Proactive coping is characterized by low flexibility expressed as rather rigid, routine-like behavioural tendencies and reduced impulse control (behavioural inhibition) in operant conditioning paradigms. This article summarizes some of the evidence that individual differentiation in behavioural flexibility emerges as a function of underlying variability in the activation of a brain circuitry that includes the prefrontal cortex and its key neurochemical signalling pathways (e.g. dopaminergic and serotonergic input). We argue that the multidimensional nature of animal personality and the terminology used for the various dimensions should reflect the differential pattern of activation of the underlying neuronal network and the behavioural control function of its components. Accordingly, unravelling the molecular mechanisms that give rise to individual differences in the coping style will be an important topic in biobehavioural neurosciences, ecology and evolutionary biology.
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Liang, Zhengzheng S., Heather R. Mattila, Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas, Bruce R. Southey, Thomas D. Seeley, and Gene E. Robinson. "Comparative brain transcriptomic analyses of scouting across distinct behavioural and ecological contexts in honeybees." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1797 (2014): 20141868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1868.
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Individual differences in behaviour are often consistent across time and contexts, but it is not clear whether such consistency is reflected at the molecular level. We explored this issue by studying scouting in honeybees in two different behavioural and ecological contexts: finding new sources of floral food resources and finding a new nest site. Brain gene expression profiles in food-source and nest-site scouts showed a significant overlap, despite large expression differences associated with the two different contexts. Class prediction and ‘leave-one-out’ cross-validation analyses revealed that a bee's role as a scout in either context could be predicted with 92.5% success using 89 genes at minimum. We also found that genes related to four neurotransmitter systems were part of a shared brain molecular signature in both types of scouts, and the two types of scouts were more similar for genes related to glutamate and GABA than catecholamine or acetylcholine signalling. These results indicate that consistent behavioural tendencies across different ecological contexts involve a mixture of similarities and differences in brain gene expression.
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Villa, Sebastián, and Jaime Andrés Castañeda. "A behavioural investigation of power and gender heterogeneity in operations management under uncertainty." Management Research Review 43, no. 6 (2019): 753–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-05-2019-0229.
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Purpose The paper aims to explore how power and gender influence decision making in an operational and risky context. Design/methodology/approach The authors run a laboratory experiment. The experimental factors are power and operational profitability. Power is manipulated using an episodic priming task, while profitability, by changing a newsvendor-type product’s procurement cost. Participants’ risk attitude is captured using a risk lottery. Findings Participants deviate from the optimal order regardless of the power condition and their risk profile. Risk-seeking women order consistently more than risk-seeking men, which allow women to offer a higher service level. In the low-profit condition, men prefer to make more conservative decisions, which allow them to place orders that are closer to the economical benchmark, where both men’ induced power and the risk-seeking tendencies from both genders play a role. Behavioural models in the high-power condition explain the observed differences in ordering behaviours. Originality/value This paper provides behavioural research to explore how differences in power and gender, and their links with risky decision making, influence decision making in an uncertain operations management context, representing thus an important departure from mainstream studies.
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BRUCE, K. R., H. STEIGER, N. M. KOERNER, M. ISRAEL, and S. N. YOUNG. "Bulimia nervosa with co-morbid avoidant personality disorder: behavioural characteristics and serotonergic function." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 1 (2004): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170300864x.
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Background. Separate lines of research link lowered serotonin tone to interpersonal submissiveness and bulimia nervosa (BN). We explored the impact of co-morbid avoidant personality disorder (APD), as a proxy for submissiveness, on behavioural inhibition and serotonin function in women with BN.Method. Participants included women with BN with co-morbid APD (BNA+, N=13); women with BN but without APD (BNA−, N=23), and control women with neither BN nor APD (N=23). The women were assessed for psychopathological tendencies and eating disorder symptoms, and participated in a computerized laboratory task that measured behavioural inhibition and disinhibition. Participants also provided blood samples for measurement of serial prolactin responses following oral administration of the partial 5-HT agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP).Results. The BNA+ group had higher scores than the other groups on self-report measures of submissiveness, social avoidance, restricted emotional expression, affective instability and self-harming behaviours. Compared with the other groups, the BNA+ group tended to be more inhibited under cues for punishment on the computerized task and to have blunted prolactin response following m-CPP. The bulimic groups did not differ from each other on current eating symptoms or on frequencies of other mental disorders.Conclusions. Findings indicate that women with BN and co-morbid APD may be characterized by interpersonal submissiveness and avoidance, affective instability, self-harm, behavioural inhibition in response to threat and lower sensitivity to serotonergic activation. These findings may indicate common, serotonergic factors, associated with social submissiveness, behavioural inhibition to threat and BN.
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Sommer-Trembo, Carolin, Martin Plath, Jakob Gismann, Claudia Helfrich, and David Bierbach. "Context-dependent female mate choice maintains variation in male sexual activity." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 7 (2017): 170303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170303.
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The existence of individual variation in males' motivation to mate remains a conundrum as directional selection should favour high mating frequencies. Balancing selection resulting from (context-dependent) female mate choice could contribute to the maintenance of this behavioural polymorphism. In dichotomous choice tests, mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki ) females preferred virtual males showing intermediate mating frequencies, reflecting females' tendencies to avoid harassment by highly sexually active males. When tested in the presence of a female shoal—which protects females from male harassment—focal females showed significantly stronger preferences for high sexual activity. A trade-off between (indirect) benefits and (direct) costs of mating with sexually active males probably explains context-dependent female mate choice, as costs depend on the social environment in which females choose their mates. No preference was observed when we tested virgin females, suggesting that the behavioural pattern described here is part of the learned behavioural repertoire of G. holbrooki females.
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Abraham, Juneman, and Murty Magda Pane. "Conscientiousness and Collectivism as the Predictors of Shame and Guilt Proneness." Asian Journal of Quality of Life 1, no. 3 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v1i3.18.
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This research investigated the relation between conscientiousness, collectivism, and corrupt tendency–which is represented by moral emotions (shame and guilt proneness). The study was conducted on 117 students (76 male, 41 female; Mage = 18.93 years old; SDage = 1.67 years old) in Jakarta. The result shows that (1) Collectivism and conscientiousness positively predict guilt proneness, and (2) Collectivism and conscientiousness can not predict shame proneness.2398-4279 © 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Corruptive tendencies; moral emotion; psychology of corruption; integrity