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1
Henzell, Robert P., Brian D. Cooke, and Gregory J. Mutze. "The future biological control of pest populations of European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus." Wildlife Research 35, no. 7 (2008): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06164.
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European rabbits are exotic pests in Australia, New Zealand, parts of South America and Europe, and on many islands. Their abundance, and the damage they cause, might be reduced by the release of naturally occurring or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that act as biological control agents (BCAs). Some promising pathogens and parasites of European rabbits and other lagomorphs are discussed, with special reference to those absent from Australia as an example of the range of necessary considerations in any given case. The possibility of introducing these already-known BCAs into areas where rabbits are pests warrants further investigation. The most cost-effective method for finding potentially useful but as-yet undiscovered BCAs would be to maintain a global watch on new diseases and pathologies in domestic rabbits. The absence of wild European rabbits from climatically suitable parts of North and South America and southern Africa may indicate the presence there of useful BCAs, although other explanations for their absence are possible. Until the non-target risks of deploying disseminating GMOs to control rabbits have been satisfactorily minimised, efforts to introduce BCAs into exotic rabbit populations should focus on naturally occurring organisms. The development of safe disseminating GMOs remains an important long-term goal, with the possible use of homing endonuclease genes warranting further investigation.
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Drummond, Frank, and Beth Choate. "Ants as biological control agents in agricultural cropping systems." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4, no. 2 (2011): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498311x571979.
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AbstractAnts positively impact agricultural systems by rapidly consuming large numbers of pest insects, disturbing pests during feeding and oviposition, and increasing soil quality and nutrients. The ability of ants to control pest species has been recognized since the year 300 A.D. and farmers continue to conserve and promote ant populations in agricultural systems worldwide. Naturally occurring ant species in milpas, mango, citrus, coconut, cashews, and cotton control many pest insects. Through judicious insecticide application and changes in management practices such as tillage, and other manipulations of vegetation and crop structure, beneficial ant populations are conserved in a variety of agroecosystems. The first recorded example of biological control was the manipulation of ants throughout citrus orchards in Asia. Augmentation continues in citrus, and methods of ant introduction have been developed in Malaysian and Indonesian cocoa plantations, as well as to control sweet potato and banana weevils in Cuba. Ant species have been formally incorporated into other integrated pest management programs for cashew in Australia, cocoa in Papua New Guinea, and mango in Australia and Vietnam. With efforts to reduce chemical pesticide input in agricultural systems, research evaluating the ability of generalist ant species to control pest insects must continue.
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Seamark, Robert F. "Biotech prospects for the control of introduced mammals in Australia." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01073.
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More than twenty exotic vertebrate species are now listed as pests in Australia. Collectively, these pests have a huge economic and environmental impact and pose a major threat to Australia’s ecosystems and unique biodiversity. Management of such pests on a continental scale is a major challenge. Recent advances in biotechnology suggest alternatives to the lethal diseases normally sought for use as biological control agents. One proposal, being investigated in the Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, is the use of biotechnology to develop a new generation of agents that act through controlling reproduction to prevent the build up of pest populations. The core concept is fertility control through immunocontraceptive vaccines delivered by viruses that specifically infect the target pest population. Proof of this exciting concept has been obtained for the mouse and, very recently, the rabbit, and a candidate vaccine vector identified for the fox, portending better control of a trio of Australia’s most pervasive pests. Other advances in biotechnology suggest ways to negate the build up of both innate and acquired immune resistance in target pest populations that normally act to limit the efficacy and effective life of biocontrol agents in the field. Prospects for extending the use of virally vectored vaccines to the field management of wildlife diseases are also identified. Targets for such vaccines include a growing suite of emerging diseases, hosted by Australia’s wildlife, which pose a threat to human and livestock health. Numerous technical challenges remain to be addressed before any of these new agents are ready for use in the field. However, the major risk to their development is now no longer viewed as being technical, but the failure to gain public acceptance for their use in the field. This already significant risk is exasperated by the present heightened level of public concern about all introductions of genetically modified organisms.
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Javal, Marion, John S. Terblanche, Desmond E. Conlong, and Antoinette P. Malan. "First Screening of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungus as Biocontrol Agents against an Emerging Pest of Sugarcane, Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)." Insects 10, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040117.
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Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an emerging pest of sugarcane in South Africa. The larvae of this cerambycid beetle live within the sugarcane stalk and drill galleries that considerably reduce sugar production. To provide an alternative to chemical control, entomopathogenic nematodes and fungus were investigated as potential biological control agents to be used in an integrated pest management system. The nematodes Steinernema yirgalemense, S. jeffreyense, Heterorhabditis indica, and different concentrations of the fungus Metarhizium pinghaense were screened for efficacy (i.e., mortality rate) against larvae of C. newmannii. The different biocontrol agents used, revealed a low level of pathogenicity to C. newmannii larvae, when compared to control treatments.
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Coupland, James, and Geoff Baker. "The potential of several species of terrestrial Sciomyzidae as biological control agents of pest helicid snails in Australia." Crop Protection 14, no. 7 (November 1995): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(95)00060-7.
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Holloway, Joanne C., Michael J. Furlong, and Philip I. Bowden. "Management of beneficial invertebrates and their potential role in integrated pest management for Australian grain systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07424.
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Beneficial invertebrates (predators and parasitoids) can make significant contributions to the suppression of insect pest populations in many cropping systems. In Australia, natural enemies are incorporated into integrated pest management programs in cotton and horticultural agroecosystems. They are also often key components of effective programs for the management of insect pests of grain crops in other parts of the world. However, few studies have examined the contribution of endemic natural enemies to insect pest suppression in the diverse grain agroecosystems of Australia. The potential of these organisms is assessed by reviewing the role that natural enemies play in the suppression of the major pests of Australian grain crops when they occur in overseas grain systems or other local agroecosystems. The principal methods by which the efficacy of biological control agents may be enhanced are examined and possible methods to determine the impact of natural enemies on key insect pest species are described. The financial and environmental benefits of practices that encourage the establishment and improve the efficacy of natural enemies are considered and the constraints to adoption of these practices by the Australian grains industry are discussed.
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Baker, GH. "Parasites of the Millipede Ommatoiulus Moreletii (Lucus) (Diplopoda: Iulidae) in Portugal, and Their Potential as Biological Control Agents in Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 1 (1985): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850023.
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The millipede Ommatoiulus moreletii (Lucas) is an introduced nuisance pest in Australia. A survey of the parasites of O. moreletii in its country of origin, Portugal, is reported, and the potential of two, a nematomorphan worm Gordius sp. (Nematomorpha:Gordiodae) and a muscoid fly Eginia sp. (Diptera:Eginiidae), as biological control agents for use in Australia are discussed. Gordius sp. parasitized a maximum of 28.7% of O. moreletii of stadium 9 and older in a Ulex densus-Quercus coccifera shrubland. Gordius sp. castrated its male hosts and inhibited the development of mature eggs in females. Eginia sp. parasitized a maximum of 32.3% of 0. moreletii of stadium 8 and older in a Pinus spp. woodland. The incidence of parasitism by Eginia sp. increased with the stadia1 age of O. moreletii. Ectoparasitic mites (Acari) and oxyurid nematodes (Nematoda) were common on and in O. moreletii but are unlikely to be useful as biological control agents.
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Hoffmann, Ary A., Andrew R. Weeks, Michael A. Nash, G. Peter Mangano, and Paul A. Umina. "The changing status of invertebrate pests and the future of pest management in the Australian grains industry." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08185.
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The Australian grains industry is dealing with a shifting complex of invertebrate pests due to evolving management practices and climate change as indicated by an assessment of pest reports over the last 20–30 years. A comparison of pest outbreak reports from the early 1980s to 2006–07 from south-eastern Australia highlights a decrease in the importance of pea weevils and armyworms, while the lucerne flea, Balaustium mites, blue oat mites and Bryobia mites have increased in prominence. In Western Australia, where detailed outbreak records are available from the mid 1990s, the relative incidence of armyworms, aphids and vegetable weevils has recently decreased, while the incidence of pasture cockchafers, Balaustium mites, blue oat mites, redlegged earth mites, the lucerne flea and snails has increased. These changes are the result of several possible drivers. Patterns of pesticide use, farm management responses and changing cropping patterns are likely to have contributed to these shifts. Drier conditions, exacerbated by climate change, have potentially reduced the build-up of migratory species from inland Australia and increased the adoption rate of minimum and no-tillage systems in order to retain soil moisture. The latter has been accompanied by increased pesticide use, accelerating selection pressures for resistance. Other control options will become available once there is an understanding of interactions between pests and beneficial species within a landscape context and a wider choice of ‘softer’ chemicals. Future climate change will directly and indirectly influence pest distributions and outbreaks as well as the potential effectiveness of endemic natural enemies. Genetically modified crops provide new options for control but also present challenges as new pest species are likely to emerge.
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Cooke, B. D. "Swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) distribution has dramatically increased following sustained biological control of rabbits." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 3 (2020): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am19037.
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Swamp wallabies have dramatically extended their distribution through western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia over the last 40 years. Newspaper reports from 1875 onwards show that on European settlement, wallaby populations were confined to eastern Victoria, including the ranges around Melbourne, the Otway Ranges and Portland District of south-western Victoria, and a tiny part of south-eastern South Australia. Populations contracted further with intense hunting for the fur trade until the 1930s. In the late 1970s, however, wallabies began spreading into drier habitats than those initially recorded. Possible causes underlying this change in distribution are discussed; some seem unlikely but, because wallabies began spreading soon after the introduction of European rabbit fleas as vectors of myxomatosis, the cumulative effects of releases of biological agents to control rabbits appear important. A caution is given on assuming that thick vegetation in high-rainfall areas provides the only habitat suitable for swamp wallabies, but, most importantly, the study shows how native mammals may benefit if rabbit abundance is reduced.
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Giles, I., P. T. Bailey, R. Fox, R. Coles, and T. J. Wicks. "Prospects for biological control of cutleaf mignonette, Reseda lutea (Resedaceae), by Cercospora resedae and other pathogens." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 1 (2002): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01070.
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Four leaf pathogens were screened as biological control agents for the weed Reseda lutea (Resedaceae) in South Australia. Cercospora resedae isolated from Reseda luteola growing in south-eastern Australia produced a maximum damage to R. lutea seedlings of 54% of leaf area damaged at 22°C and 96% of leaf area damaged at 27°C under laboratory test conditions. By contrast, European isolates of C. resedae from both R. lutea and R. luteola produced a maximum of 10% leaf area damage to R. lutea seedlings. Field releases of Australian C. resedae failed to establish in dense populations of R. lutea on Yorke Peninsula and the mid-north of South Australia, perhaps because the climate was hotter and drier than the source locations. Attempts to enhance the effectiveness of the pathogen by passaging it through R. lutea, leaf abrasion, inundation, or the addition of surfactant or sublethal doses of metsulfuron-methyl failed to increase damage beyond that caused by the pathogen alone. The leaf pathogensAlternaria tenuissima, Cladosporium sp. and Peronospora crispula did not produce damage levels that could be useful in biological control. It is concluded that in the areas of South Australia where R. lutea is a significant weed, the prospects for control by any of these leaf pathogens are not good.
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Sagarra, L. A., and D. D. Peterkin. "Invasion of the Carribean by the hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green [Homoptera : Pseudococcidae]." Société de protection des plantes du Québec – 91e Congrès annuel (1999). Symposium - Ravageurs nouveaux et en ré-émergence 80, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706185ar.
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Since its accidental introduction into the island of Grenada in 1994, Maconellicoccus hirsutus [Homoptera : Pseudococcidae], commonly named the Hibiscus or Pink Mealybug (HMB), has been inexorably spreading through the Caribbean islands where it has become a major pest on several crops in 24 Caribbean Islands. This pest was also reported in Guyana threatening South and Central America. M. hirsutus is a very prolific pest that injects a toxin at the point of feeding, causing severe distortion of leaves, new shoots and fruit. Initial use of physical and chemical control methods were ineffective. In addition, because of its wide host range and its rapid geographie expansion, not only to agricultural land but also to home gardens and forest areas, biological control appeared as the most suitable method to manage the HMB populations. Three natural enemies were selected for this biocontrol effort: the predatory beetles Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Scymnuscoccivora Ramkrisna [Coleoptera : Coccinellidae] and the parasitoid Anagyruskamali Moursi [Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae]. A. kamali and C. montrouzieri were highly effective in bringing HMB populations under control. In newly infested countries, early introduction of biological control agents resulted in effective management of the pest. This experience provided a model for future management of other alien invasive pest species in the region.
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James, David G. "The development of suppression tactics for Biprorulus bibax (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) as Part of an integrated pest management programme in citrus in inland South-eastern Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, no. 1 (March 1994): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300032193.
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AbstractSuppression tactics for the citrus stink bug pest, Biprorulus bibax Breddin, were developed and implemented during 1987–1992 in four lemon orchards in southern New South Wales, Australia. Tactics were based on introduction and conservation of natural enemies (principally egg parasitoids), physical or chemical treatment of overwintering populations and strategic low rate applications of a selective insecticide. Estimated adult populations of 10–35,000/1.5 ha and 70–90% fruit damage in untreated crops were reduced to <500/1.5 ha and <5%, respectively, following full implementation of the management programme. Integrated management of B. bibax removes the need for broad-spectrum insecticides to control this pest and lessens the risk of disruption to biological control of other citrus pests.
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Berndt, L. A., S. Mansfield, and T. M. Withers. "A method for host range testing of a biological control agent for Uraba lugens." New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (August 1, 2007): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4604.
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Uraba lugens (gum leaf skeletoniser) is a serious pest of Eucalyptus spp in Australia It is now well established in the greater Auckland region and is spreading Two parasitoid species are under consideration as potential biological control agents of U lugens This paper describes host range testing methods developed using one of these species (Cotesia urabae) against two nontarget species Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura Using sequential nochoice tests to test the response of mated C urabae females clear preferences were observed for U lugens over both nontarget test species Some females did attempt to attack the nontarget species but no evidence of parasitism was observed when nontarget hosts were reared or dissected This method elucidated both behavioural responses and physiological development of C urabae and it is proposed to be a suitable host range testing method for full evaluation of this species
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Nurindah, Nurindah, Dwi Adi Sunarto, and Sujak Sujak. "Eksplorasi dan uji keragaan parasitoid penggerek buah kapas Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae)." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 1, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.1.1.18.
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Pink bollworm, P. gossypiella, is a main pest of cotton that causes boll damage up to 70%. Recommended IPM has not effectively control this pest. The use of parasitoids of this pest is one of strategy to manage this pest population as using chemical control is expensive and caused secondary pest. This research objective is to study some biological aspects of pink bollworm parasitoids by doing exploration of the parasitoids in cotton growing areas and testing the potential candidates as biocontrol agents. The activity was conducted from April - December 2001. The research was conducted in two steps: survey and laboratory tests. The survey was conducted in East Java (Asembagus and Lamongan), Central Java (Brebes) and South Sulawesi (Bone) by collecting pink bollworm eggs and identifying the emerged parasitoids. Laboratory tests were done in Biological Control Laboratory of ITFCRI, Malang, consists of reproductive performance aspects. We found two and five species of egg and larval parasitoids, respectively. Parasitism level of egg was 81% by Tichogrammatoidea spp. and that of larva was 24% by Apanteles sp. These two parasitoids are predominant and found in all cotton growing areas. Tichogrammatoidea spp. have opportunity to be used as biocontrol agent in release program, while Apanteles sp. would have valuable role in conservation approach.
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O'Brien, PH. "Socio-economic and biological impact of the feral pig in New South Wales: An overview and alternative management plan." Rangeland Journal 9, no. 2 (1987): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9870096.
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Feral pigs are widely distributed in Australia and have increased their range despite extensive control efforts. They pose a management dilemma because they are simultaneously an agricultural pest, endemic and exotic disease hazard, environmental liability, export commodity and recreational resource. These attributes and values vary with place, time and observer perceptions. In this paper, I briefly review the socio- economic and biological impact of the feral pig in New South Wales. An alternative multiple use management plan is presented, which minimizes costs and conflict by integrating the requirements for cost-effective control of agricultural damage and exotic disease with the commercial and recreational values of the feral pig. The proposal is based on: local ('buffer zone') control near susceptible enterprises; sustainable yield harvesting; regulated recreational hunting; and appropriate exotic disease contingency plans.
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Amporn Winotai. "Integrated Pest Management of Important Insect Pests of Coconut1." CORD 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i1.82.
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IPM or Integrated pest management is a strategy that integrates various methods of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological control and selection of pesticides as the last option. IPM is not only cost effective but simultaneously prioritized human and environmental safety. IPM is based on farmer’s local knowledge, acceptance and education. Several insects were reported as coconut pests in Asia and Pacific region. Among these pests, rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, coconut hispine beetle, coconut black headed caterpillar and coconut scale currently causing severe damage to coconut palms in the region. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Management of this pest is a combination of sanitation in plantations and surrounding, biological control by using Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes virus and pheromone trapping. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) outbreaks usually occur after infestation of rhinoceros beetle. Keeping the rhinoceros under control results in keeping the red palm weevil under control too. Pheromone trapping is also developed for reduction of this pest. Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae), is an invasive pest occurs in Southeast Asia and Pacific region. Biological control of the pest is recommended by releasing two species of parasitoids, Asecodes hispinarus Boucek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is one of the key pests of coconut in South Asia and invaded Thailand in 2008. Management of this pest in its native region consisted of: 1) removing and burning of the infested leaves; 2) biological control by releasing parasitoids such as Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan; and 3) chemical control by trunk injection and applying systemic insecticides in the holes. Bacillus thruringiensis has been recommended for biological control of the black headed caterpillar in Thailand. Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been reported as a serious in Philippines. Predators are significant biological control agents in limiting A. destructor populations. The most common natural enemies associated with the coconut scales are the coccinellid beetles Chilocorus spp., Azya trinitatis, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Rhyzobius lophanthae and Pentilia castanea. Local parasitoids, Comperiella, Aphytis and Encarsia also play important roles in keeping the pest under control. Application of insecticides could inducee the infestation of the scale. Biological controls is recommended for suppression of other coconut pests, such as slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) such as Parasa lepida Cramer; coconut leaf moth, Artona catoxantha Hampton (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae); and coconut leafminer, Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
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Bailey, P., J.-L. Sagliocco, J. Vitou, and D. Cooke. "Prospects for biological control of cutleaf mignonette, Reseda lutea (Resedaceae), by Baris picicornis and Bruchela spp. in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 2 (2002): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01059.
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In South Australia, Reseda lutea is abundant, invading pastures and crops on calcareous soils while in its native Mediterranean range it is uncommon in occurrence and is not reported as a weed of cultivated crops. Its invasive behaviour in South Australia may be attributed to vegetative growth of root fragments spread by cultivation, while propagation by seed is of minor importance. Surveys in Spain, Portugal, Morocco, France, Turkey and Israel indicated that agronomic differences, particularly depth of cultivation and seeding rates of cereals may explain why it is not a crop weed in these countries. Another difference is that plants in the region of origin have an associated fauna not present in Australia. These potential biological control agents include a root-boring weevil, Baris picicornis, flower- and seed-feeding urodontids, Bruchela suturalis and B. rufipes, and a leaf spot pathogen,Cercospora resedae. Baris picicornis was introduced from France and Turkey, under quarantine, to Australia but laboratory specificity-testing demonstrated that it could complete its life cycle on 2 commercially grown cultivars of Brassica rapa (choy sum and Chinese cabbage). Because of this, it is not proposed to release B. picicornis in Australia at present. Bruchela suturalis was also introduced into Australian quarantine from France but attempts to change its annual life cycle to Southern Hemisphere seasons were not successful, and a culture could not be established. Both Baris picicornis and Bruchela spp. remain promising agents, and further work on their introduction is justified by their potential for biological control of R. lutea.
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Wapshere, AH. "Prospects for the biological control of silver-leaf nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium, in Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 2 (1988): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880187.
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A survey of the distribution of the herbivores associated with the weed, Solanum elaeagnifolium, in its native range in Mexico and south-west U.S.A., has been made in relation to climate. The biological control agents considered were: a leaf-galling nematode, Orrina phyllobia; the defoliating cassidine Gratiana pallidula; chrysomelids Leptinotarsa texana and L. defecta, and tingids, Gargaphia spp.; a stem-boring curculionid, Trichobaris texana; a stem-galling cecidomyid species; the fruit-feeding gelechiid, Frumenta nephelomicta; and tephritid Zonosemata vittigera. The results of the survey suggest that the herbivores would not be sufficiently climatically adapted to the summer-drought, cereal-growing areas of southern Australia most heavily infested by the weed, to control it there. They might establish and be useful in areas less heavily infested by the weed in summer rainfall climates and in irrigated crops.
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Reid, Nick, and Simon F. Shamoun. "Contrasting research approaches to managing mistletoes in commercial forests and wooded pasturesThis minireview is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005." Botany 87, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-109.
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Many mistletoe species are pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems throughout the world. Mistletoes are unusual “weeds” as they are generally endemic to areas where they achieve pest status and, therefore, classical biological control and broad-scale herbicidal control are usually impractical. In North American coniferous forests, dwarf mistletoe ( Arceuthobium spp.) infection results in major commercial losses and poses a public liability in recreation settings. Hyperparasitic fungi have potential as biological control agents of dwarf mistletoe, including species which attack shoots, berries, and the endophytic systems of dwarf mistletoe. Development of an inundative biological control strategy will be useful in situations where traditional silvicultural control is impractical or undesirable. In southern Australia, farm eucalypts are often attacked and killed by mistletoes ( Amyema spp.) in grazed landscapes where tree decline and biodiversity loss are major forms of land degradation. Although long-term strategies to achieve a balance between mistletoe and host abundance are promoted, many graziers want short-term options to treat severely infected trees. Recent research has revisited the efficiency and efficacy of silvicultural treatments and selective herbicides in appropriate situations. The results of recent research on these diverse management strategies in North America and Australia are summarized.
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MOUND, LAURENCE A., and PHILIPPE REYNAUD. "Franklinothrips; a pantropical Thysanoptera genus of ant-mimicking obligate predators (Aeolothripidae)." Zootaxa 864, no. 1 (February 23, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.864.1.1.
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The Aeolothripidae genus Franklinothrips Back is redefined with a key provided to the 14 species recognised worldwide, of which F. brunneicornis from New Caledonia and F. strasseni from Nepal are described as new. Most of the species appear to be bisexual and localised in distribution, but F. vespiformis is usually unisexual and is found in many tropical countries, here being recorded from Australia for the first time. All of the species are probably predatory, as adults and larvae, three species having been promoted as biological control agents against pest thrips in European greenhouses. Comments are given on predation and ant-mimicry amongst Aeolothripidae.
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Mathulwe, Letodi L., Karin Jacobs, Antoinette P. Malan, Klaus Birkhofer, Matthew F. Addison, and Pia Addison. "Characterisation of Metarhizium majus (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) isolated from the Western Cape Province, South Africa." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0240955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240955.
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Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are important soil-dwelling entomopathogens, which can be used as biological control agents against pest insects. EPF are capable of causing lethal epizootics in pest insect populations in agroecosystems. During a survey of the orchard soil at an organic farm, different EPF species were collected and identified to species level, using both morphological and molecular techniques. The EPF were trapped from soil samples taken from an apricot orchard. The traps, which were baited in the laboratory, used susceptible host insects, including the last-instar larvae of Galleria mellonella (wax moth larvae) and Tenebrio molitor (mealworm larvae). The potential pathogenicity of the local Metarhizium majus isolate was tested and verified using susceptible laboratory-reared last-instar T. molitor larvae. The identification of the M. majus isolated from South African soil was verified using both morphological and molecular techniques. The occurrence of M. majus in the South African soil environment had not previously been reported.
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Adair, R. J., and J. K. Scott. "Distribution, life history and host specificity of Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), two biological control agents for Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Compositae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, no. 4 (August 1997): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300037354.
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AbstractThe southern African shrubs Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera and C. m. rotundata (Compositae) are serious weeds of native vegetation in Australia and are targets for classical biological control. In host specificity tests using 69 species from 25 families, two leaf-feeding chrysomelid beetles, Chrysolina picturata (Clark) and Chrysolina sp. B, were able to complete development on only Chrysanthemoides monilifera and C. incana. The subspecies Chrysanthemoides m. monilifera was the superior host for both Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B. Feeding and limited development of both species occurred on Calendula officinalis; limited development by Chrysolina picturata larvae occurred on Helianthus annuus, Tussilago farfara and Cymbonotus priessianus. Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B are considered to be Chrysanthemoides-specific and have been approved for release in Australia. Potential release sites for both Chrysolina species were chosen by comparing the climate of the insects' African distribution with climate stations within the range of Chrysanthemoides monilifera in Australia. Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B are suited for release within the western distribution of Chrysanthemoides m. monilifera in coastal areas of south eastern South Australia.
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Roda, Amy, Jose Castillo, Carina Allen, Alberto Urbaneja, Meritxell Pérez-Hedo, Scott Weihman, and Philip A. Stansly. "Biological Control Potential and Drawbacks of Three Zoophytophagous Mirid Predators against Bemisia tabaci in the United States." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100670.
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Miridae (Hemiptera) of the tribe Dicyphini are important zoophytophagous predators use to control pest arthropods in vegetable crops. However, the risk that their herbivory may cause economic damage could hinder their application as useful biocontrol agents and may limit the likelihood they would meet regulatory requirements for importation. We conducted field cage studies to assess the predation capacity and tomato plant damage of three mirid species established in south USA, a known biocontrol agent (Nesidiocoris tenuis), and two native species (Macrolophus praeclarus and Engytatus modestus). All three species significantly reduced the number of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) on tomato plants compared to tomato plants without mirids. More damage, evaluated as the number of necrotic rings, was observed on tomato plants with E. modestus and N. tenuis compared to M. praeclarus. In our experiments that included sesame plants (Sesamum indicum) with tomato plants, mirid numbers increased despite a low number of prey, thus showing a benefit of the plant-feeding habit of these predators. USA’s established mirids may therefore prove to be immediately available biological agents for the management of present and future tomato pests.
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Carruthers, Raymond I., Mark E. Ramos, Timothy S. Larkin, Donald L. Hostetter, and Richard S. Soper. "THE ENTOMOPHAGA GRYLLI (FRESENIUS) BATKO SPECIES COMPLEX: ITS BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND USE FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PEST GRASSHOPPERS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 329–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171329-1.
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AbstractThe biology, ecology, disease etiology, and biological control potential of different members of the Entomophaga grylli species complex are discussed. This complex is represented by several pathotypes that include members that produce both conidia and resting spores within a single season, and members that produce only resting spores. This complex is known as a major pathogen of acridids from most areas of the world where populations of these insects are found, including Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Pathogens from this species complex commonly cause disease epizootics in their host populations and are known to reduce significantly outbreaks of grasshoppers, particularly following periods of rain or high humidity. Specific factors that either limit or enhance disease processes and host mortality are discussed in relation to both epizootiology and biological control programmes. Recent biological control efforts are discussed and the potential of using members of the E. grylli species complex in both augmentation and introduction programmes is considered.
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HALLIDAY, R. B. "Predatory mites from crops and pastures in South Africa: potential natural enemies of redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae)." Zootaxa 1079, no. 1 (November 11, 2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1079.1.2.
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A survey was conducted in crops and pastures in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, in a search for predatory mites that could have potential for introduction into Australia as biological control agents of redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Penthaleidae). A total of over 1200 specimens was examined, and 56 species of predatory mites belonging to 14 families were found. Information is presented for 33 known species, including synonymy and bibliography, geographic distribution, and biology where known. Eight species in six families are described as new¨®Bdellodes edentata sp. nov. (Bdellidae), Hypoaspis calcarata sp. nov. (Laelapidae), Hypoaspis muellerae sp. nov. (Laelapidae), Macrocheles propinquus sp. nov. (Macrochelidae), Gamasiphoides lootsi sp. nov. (Ologamasidae), Gamasiphoides rykei sp. nov. (Ologamasidae), Pachylaelaps meganalis sp. nov. (Pachylaelapidae), and Rhagidia meyerae sp. nov. (Rhagidiidae). Fifteen species could not be fully identified because suitable specimens were not available. Of the 41 species that could be identified, nine are already present in Australia. A further 20 species are not known from Australia, but were rare in South Africa and therefore unlikely to be useful predators. Twelve species occurred in significant numbers in South Africa and are not known from Australia. Most of these are known or believed to be generalist predators, and are therefore unlikely to be approved for introduction into Australia. Chaussieria capensis (Anystidae) was considered to have potential and has been studied further. The survey did not identify any other species that were considered to be suitable as biological control agents.
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Schmidt, S., I. D. Naumann, and P. J. De Barro. "Encarsia species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of Australia and the Pacific Islands attacking Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) – a pictorial key and descriptions of four new species." Bulletin of Entomological Research 91, no. 5 (October 2001): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2001112.
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AbstractAfter the recent introduction of the pest whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B into Australia, research was undertaken to study the parasitoids of the long established native B. tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). The genus Encarsia species which are important biological control agents of whiteflies and hard scales. The taxonomy of the Encarsia species attacking B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum in Australia and the Pacific Islands is revised. DNA sequencing of the 28S D2 ribosomal DNA was used characterize species. Sixteen species are recognized, with 12 occurring in Australia, eight in the Pacific region, and four in both regions. All except one species (E. formosa Gahan) are new records for Australia. Four species are described as new from Australia: E. accenta & Naumann sp. n., E. adusta Schmidt & Naumann sp. n., E. oakeyensis Schmidt & Naumann sp. n., and E. ustulata Schmidt & Naumann sp. n. Diagnostic descriptions are given for all species and each species is illustrated. pictorial key is provided to allow the identification of species by non-specialists.
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Gallego, Juan R., Jesús Guerrero-Manzano, Francisco J. Fernández-Maldonado, and Tomas Cabello. "Susceptibility of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma achaeae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to selected insecticides used in tomato greenhouses." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): e1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019172-14413.
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The South American tomato moth Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a pest species of great economic importance in tomatoes, both in greenhouses and in open-air crops. This importance has increased in recent years because it has been introduced in many countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Insecticides different active ingredients and biological control agents are being used in the control of this pest species. This implies the need to make both groups compatible within IPM programmes. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the compatibility between different insecticides and the use of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagakartti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Three groups of trials were carried out under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Ten insecticides with the following active ingredient were evaluated: abamectin, azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis, chlorantraniliprole, emamectin, flubendiamide, indoxacarb, methomyl, spinosad, and spiromesifen. In the results, three groups of insecticides were established based on their compatibility with the use of biological control: The first group (abamectin, B. thurigiensis, flubendiamide, indoxacarb and spiromesifen) showed a high degree of compatibility with egg parasitoid releases. The second group (azadirachtin and chlorantraniliprole, and methomyl) presented compatibility problems. Finally, the last group (emamectin, methomyl, and spinosad) did not apper to be compatible. The results found will allow a better application of IPM programmes in tomato crops for the control of this pest species.
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Tarusikirwa, Vimbai L., Honest Machekano, Reyard Mutamiswa, Frank Chidawanyika, and Casper Nyamukondiwa. "Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on the “Offensive” in Africa: Prospects for Integrated Management Initiatives." Insects 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110764.
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The South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) has aggressively invaded the African continent. Since its first detection in North Africa in Morocco and Tunisia in 2008, it has successfully invaded the entire southern, eastern and western Africa, where it has been on the offensive, causing significant damage to Solanaceous food crops. While control of this prolific invader is primarily based on conventional synthetic pesticides, this form of control is consistently losing societal approval owing to (1) pesticide resistance development and consequential loss of field efficacy; (2) growing public health concerns; (3) environmental contamination and loss of biological diversity and its associated ecological services; and (4) unsustainable costs, particularly for resource-poor African farmers. As such, more ecologically sound pest management strategies, e.g., the use of natural substances (NSs), may offer a more sustainable approach to tackling this offensive. A systematic literature search through digital libraries and online databases (JSTOR, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Google Scholar) was conducted using predetermined keywords on T. absoluta, e.g., South American tomato pinworm. We use this to explain the invasion of T. absoluta in Africa, citing mechanisms facilitating African invasion and exploring the potential of its control using diverse biological control agents, natural and low-risk substances. Specifically, we explore how botanicals, entomopathogens, semiochemicals, predators, parasitoids, host plant resistance, sterile insect technique and others have been spatially employed to control T. absoluta and discuss the potential of these control agents in African landscapes using more integrated approaches. We discuss the use of NSs as assets to general insect pest control, some potential associated liabilities and explain the potential use and barriers to adoption in African systems from a legislative, economic, ecological and social standpoint.
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Baker, Graeme L., and John L. Capinera. "NEMATODES AND NEMATOMORPHS AS CONTROL AGENTS OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 157–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171157-1.
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AbstractThe relationship of nematodes and nematomorphs with grasshoppers and locusts is reviewed, emphasizing the actual or potential role of these parasitoids in microbial management. There are records of mermithids parasitizing grasshoppers worldwide, and they are considered important biological control agents in some grassland ecosystems of Europe, North and South America, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, and Australia. Nematomorphs, although widely distributed, are uncommon parasitoids of grasshoppers, and their dependence on free-standing water for host infection and apparent host specificity are considered drawbacks to their use in biological control programmes. The ascaridids, spirarids, and acanthocephalans are parasites of birds and mammals, and may use grasshoppers as intermediate hosts. They have been shown to debilitate grasshopper hosts in laboratory studies, but their primary role as parasites of vertebrates precludes any consideration as biological control agents. Rhabditids do not naturally parasitize grasshoppers, but recent advances in mass-culturing techniques have given them a potential role as bioinsecticides for the control of grasshoppers. Quantitative data on the effects of nematodes and nematomorphs on agricultural pests, including grasshoppers and locusts, are generally lacking. However, there is evidence that some, particularly mermithids, are important in the population dynamics of grasshoppers and locusts. Keys to the identification of the various 'worms' found in grasshoppers and locusts are provided, including keys to the species of mermithids.
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Roberts, John M. K., Andrew R. Weeks, Ary A. Hoffmann, and Paul A. Umina. "Does Bdellodes lapidaria (Acari: Bdellidae) have a role in biological control of the springtail pest, Sminthurus viridis (Collembola: Sminthuridae) in south-eastern Australia?" Biological Control 58, no. 3 (September 2011): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.06.007.
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Schäfer, Lea, and Annette Herz. "Suitability of European Trichogramma Species as Biocontrol Agents against the Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta." Insects 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060357.
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The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta, originally from South America, is an invasive species threatening European tomato crops. Since various insecticides have become ineffective in controlling T. absoluta, effective and environmentally friendly alternatives are needed. Biological control, especially by Trichogramma parasitoids, is considered to be an effective means of reducing this pest. Thus, the aim of our study was to identify promising candidates of Trichogramma parasitoids for biological control of T. absoluta in Europe. We assessed the efficiency of nine European Trichogramma species and compared them to Trichogramma achaeae, as this species is already commercially available. Firstly, we verified species identity of the 10 rearing strains using molecular and morphological methods. Then, host acceptance, host preference (T. absoluta vs. rearing host Sitotroga cerealella eggs) and host searching capacity were tested under laboratory conditions. Our results indicated that T. nerudai, T. pintoi and T. cacoeciae achieved a similar level of parasitism on potted tomato plants as T. achaeae. For the next step, these promising strains should be tested under greenhouse conditions.
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Wicks, TJ, and AR Granger. "Effects of low rates of pesticides on the control of pests and diseases of apples." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1989): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890439.
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Fungicides and insecticides used at the recommended rate, and reduced recommended rates were applied at low volume (100 L ha-1) to apple trees in field experiments in South Australia from 1985 to 1988. At harvest the incidence of fruit damaged by fungi and insects was assessed on Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Jonathan and Granny Smith cultivars. Mixtures of penconazole and mancozeb applied at the recommended rates of 800 mL and 4.5 kg ha-1 respectively as well as 25% and 10% of the recommended rates controlled apple scab completely in 1986, but were less effective in 1987. Azinphos-methyl applied at the recommended rate of 2.7 kg and 25% of the recommended rate reduced codling moth infestation to commercially acceptable levels of <2 % on Red Delicious only in 1987. Considerable cost savings are possible by using low rates of pesticides. Our results suggest that the use of low rates is more applicable to low valued cultivars such as Jonathans and orchards with low levels of pest and disease.
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Peisley, Rebecca K., Manu E. Saunders, and Gary W. Luck. "Cost-benefit trade-offs of bird activity in apple orchards." PeerJ 4 (June 30, 2016): e2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2179.
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Birds active in apple orchards in south–eastern Australia can contribute positively (e.g., control crop pests) or negatively (e.g., crop damage) to crop yields. Our study is the first to identify net outcomes of these activities, using six apple orchards, varying in management intensity, in south–eastern Australia as a study system. We also conducted a predation experiment using real and artificial codling moth (Cydia pomonella) larvae (a major pest in apple crops). We found that: (1) excluding birds from branches of apple trees resulted in an average of 12.8% more apples damaged by insects; (2) bird damage to apples was low (1.9% of apples); and (3) when trading off the potential benefits (biological control) with costs (bird damage to apples), birds provided an overall net benefit to orchard growers. We found that predation of real codling moth larvae was higher than for plasticine larvae, suggesting that plasticine prey models are not useful for inferring actual predation levels. Our study shows how complex ecological interactions between birds and invertebrates affect crop yield in apples, and provides practical strategies for improving the sustainability of orchard systems.
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Adair, R. J., and A. Bruzzese. "Evaluation and host specificity of two seed flies Mesoclanis polana and M. magnipalpis (Diptera: Tephritidae): biological control agents for Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Asteraceae) in Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, no. 6 (December 2000): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300000596.
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AbstractLarvae of the South African tephritid flies Mesoclanis polana Munro and M. magnipalpis Bezzi feed in the developing seeds of Chrysanthemoides monilifera. Host specificity evaluation using 109 plant species from 25 families indicated that complete development was restricted to their natural host C. monilifera. Minor feeding and limited development was detected on 18 species, but was of no ecological or economic significance. Mesoclanis polana and M. magnipalpis have been released in Australia and M. polana has established and dispersed widely. Mesoclanis magnipalpis has not yet become naturalized. Parasitism of M. polana in Australia by several species of Hymenoptera has been detected, but is not expected to limit the establishment and impact of these flies.
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Mainali, Ram Prasad. "Biology and Management of Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2014): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.10001.
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Eggplant (Solanum melongena Linnaeus) is one of the most economically important vegetable of tropics having hot-wet climate. The key pest, eggplant fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee found to be most destructive and first ranked threat especially in South Asia, hence become hot issue for research in this region. It inflicts sizeable damage up to 80 percent in terms of fruit and content of vitamin-C. This situation refrained the farmers growing eggplant, hence relevant literature were gleaned and overviews regarding biology and management of borer with supportive facts and figure for safe and healthy eggplant production. As integrated approaches of pest management have been gaining popularity nowadays, this article outlines all the components of IPM including use of resistant varieties, sex pheromones, cultural methods, physical and mechanical barriers, bio-pesticides and bio-control agents, botanical and chemical means of management including basic biological parameters associated with management.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.10001Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(1): 18-28
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Scott, JK, and PB Yeoh. "The Rediscovery and Distribution of Rumex drummondii (Polygonaceae) in South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 4 (1995): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950397.
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Rumex drummondii Meisn., a south-western Australian endemic vascular plant species recorded from widely separated localities, had not been collected for 46 years and was considered possibly extinct. The methods developed from search theory, which has been used for finding lost people or objects, were applied to finding R. drummondii, starting from previous records. Eleven populations of the species were discovered within a 50 km radius in the Kalgan River and Manypeaks region. A disjunct population of six plants was found in 1992 in a parking area at a crossing of the Moore River, 480 km north north west of the others, but had disappeared by 1994. Surveys in the Gingin Brook and Moore River region and between Kalannie and Kulja, another disjunct record, failed to find further plants. The species occupies temporarily wet depressions, lake edges and roadside excavations and dam edges protected from grazing by sheep; habitats also occupied by congeneric weedy species. The species occurs on road verges and farmland and is known from one nature reserve. The rediscovery of R. drummondii enables it to be included in the assessment of potential biological control agents for related weed species in the genera Emex and Rumex.
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Mander, C. V., C. B. Phillips, T. R. Glare, and R. B. Chapman. "Preliminary assessment of COI and ITS1 sequence variation in Fullers rose weevil." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6041.
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Fullers rose weevil (FRW) Naupactus cervinus has recently become a pest of kiwifruit in New Zealand because export fruit infested with FRW eggs do not meet Japanese quarantine standards Studies of FRW population genetics could be useful for (i) deducing the number and geographic sources of FRW introductions to New Zealand (ii) matching New Zealand FRW populations with appropriate strains of biological control agents and (iii) differentiating FRW from other closely related species which may be difficult to separate morphologically (especially as larvae) This paper describes preliminary results from sequencing of two gene regions the ITS1 (internal transcribed spacer) region and the COI (cytochrome oxidase one) gene These sequences were used to compare FRW from New Zealand Australia Hawaii and Chile The results showed that the COI region would be more useful than ITS1 for future studies of FRW population genetics
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Mansfield, S., D. J. Kriticos, K. J. B. Potter, and M. C. Watson. "Parasitism of gum leaf skeletoniser (Uraba lugens) in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4271.
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The gum leaf skeletoniser (Uraba lugens) a significant pest in Australia is now well established on Eucalyptus spp in the Auckland region One larval parasitoid (Meteorus pulchricornis) and two pupal parasitoids (Xanthopimpla rhopaloceros and Anacis sp) were recorded from U lugens collected in southwest Auckland Parasitism of M pulchricornis and X rhopaloceros against U lugens and other hosts in New Zealand (Helicoverpa armigera and Epiphyas postvittana respectively) was compared using nochoice and choice tests under controlled conditions Uraba lugens is a suitable host for development of both M pulchricornis and X rhopaloceros Choice tests revealed that M pulchricornis prefers H armigera larvae to U lugens Attack by X rhopaloceros occurred only when host pupae were presented within their cocoons Meteorus pulchricornis may compete with proposed classical biological control agents introduced against U lugens while X rhopaloceros is more likely to complement them
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Thomson, L. J., D. C. Glenn, and A. A. Hoffmann. "Effects of sulfur on Trichogramma egg parasitoids in vineyards: measuring toxic effects and establishing release windows." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 8 (2000): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00074.
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Trichogramma parasitoids are a commonly released biological control agent against Lepidopteran pests. In vineyards in south-eastern Australia, Trichogramma carverae is released to control lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), a pest of grapevines. Sulfur is also sprayed on the vines to control powdery mildew and mites. Our experiments aimed to assess the potential impact of sulfur use on released and resident Trichogramma species (T. carverae, T. funiculatum) and to devise a protocol to maximise the potential of Trichogramma and optimally integrate the use of chemicals with biocontrol. Laboratory and field studies indicate that sulfur is harmful to adults and to immature stages contained within hosts where it increases mortality and reduces fitness of the emerged wasps. Persistence trials showed that release of Trichogramma 6 days after sulfur spraying will reduce the effects on released organisms. To reduce the impact on resident Trichogramma, other chemicals will need to be used.
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Showler, Allan T. "Mexican Rice Borer Control Tactics in United States Sugarcane." Insects 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10060160.
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The invasive Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), expanded its range from Mexico to South Texas in the early 1980s. By 2008 the pest had moved into sugarcane- and rice-growing areas of East Texas and Louisiana, and by 2012 it was reported on noncrop host plants in Florida. Efforts to suppress E. loftini in United States sugarcane with chemicals and biological control agents were unsuccessful, so both tactics were discontinued, and E. loftini infestation of sugarcane has continued unchecked. During the last 15 years, however, research has focused on the pest’s ecology, improved insecticides and scouting methods, the identification of sugarcane resistance mechanisms, and new cultural tactics. A surveillance technique was developed that indicates when larvae are most vulnerable to insecticide sprays. Currently, registered insecticides for E. loftini control are not widely applied, although some show promise, including an insect growth regulator. A number of potentially useful cultural practices are available, including plowing under fallow stubble, judicious use of fertilizer, adequate irrigation, avoiding proximity to E. loftini-susceptible maize cultivars, and enhancement of natural enemy populations. Demonstrated and potentially useful sugarcane resistance mechanisms involve physiochemical attributes, physical characteristics, and transgenic cultivars.
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Fisher, N. I., J. H. J. Cribb, and A. J. Peacock. "Reading the public mind: a novel approach to improving the adoption of new science and technology." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 11 (2007): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07004.
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This paper describes a new approach to measuring and monitoring the quality of dialogue between research groups and the wider community about specific scientific matters. It is an adaptation of a proven marketing process for monitoring customer satisfaction: key drivers of community perception are elicited and measured, so that managers can respond to the issues that are most important to the community, rather than relying on their own perceptions. One important benefit of the approach is that the method provides a means of linking an overall score for the community’s perceived value of a research project to an important business driver such as ‘percentage of people very willing to support deployment of the research results’. The method is illustrated by a case study exploring the views of the Australian public about research into genetic manipulation for pest mouse control. For the population surveyed (the community in New South Wales, Australia), some 40% were very willing to support the use of genetic manipulation to manage pest mice. If an increase of 1.5 in the score for the perceived value of a research project (measured on a scale from 1 to 10) were achieved, the prediction is that overall community support for eventual deployment would rise to about 80%. The approach would appear to have a useful role to play in assisting eventual technology adoption.
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Molsher, Robyn, Chris Dickman, Alan Newsome, and Warren Müller. "Home ranges of feral cats (Felis catus) in central-western New South Wales, Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 7 (2005): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04093.
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Twenty-one feral cats were radio-tracked using direct sighting and triangulation techniques (amassing 730 location fixes) during winter in an agricultural landscape in central-western New South Wales. Factors affecting home-range size, home-range overlap and habitat use were assessed. Mean home-range size was 248 ha (s.e. = 34.9, n = 15 cats, 598 location fixes). Home-range size and habitat use were not influenced by sex or age of adult cats, prey abundance or time of day. However, cat weight significantly influenced range size, with heavier cats having larger ranges than smaller cats. Although the cats are apparently solitary, their home ranges overlapped considerably, particularly between young adults and old adult cats. Cats were active both by day and night and did not occupy permanent dens. Home ranges encompassed mixed habitat types that provided both shelter and prey. Open woodland and open forest were the main habitat types covered by home ranges, but within these areas cats showed a preference for grassland, where rabbits were more abundant. The results recorded in this study indicate that cat-control programs should concentrate in mixed habitat areas, where both shelter and food are available, and over widely dispersed areas. The absence of group living suggests that the effectiveness of virally vectored fertility or biological control agents would be limited.
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Murray, T. J., T. M. Withers, S. Mansfield, and J. Bain. "Distribution and current status of natural enemies of Paropsis charybdis in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6834.
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In the 1970s and 1980s two natural enemies of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle Paropsis charybdis an invasive pest from Australia were established in New Zealand Cleobora mellyi (Coccinellidae) remained localised to the Marlborough Sounds but Enoggera nassaui (Pteromalidae) showed a significant impact and spread throughout the country A selfintroduced hyperparasitoid Baeoanusia albifunicle (Encyrtidae) has recently disrupted the biological control of P charybdis by E nassaui Another selfintroduced parasitoid Neopolycystus insectifurax (Pteromalidae) has also appeared As the distributions of the three parasitoids and C mellyi throughout the eucalypt growing areas of New Zealand were largely unknown historical records were reviewed and a field survey of selected areas was carried out The three parasitoids are widely distributed and despite some recent inundative releases of C mellyi it does not appear to have established in other geographical areas yet The effectiveness of the biocontrol agents against P charybdis will be the focus of future research
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Ross, Ian L., Younes Alami, Paul R. Harvey, Wafa Achouak, and Maarten H. Ryder. "Genetic Diversity and Biological Control Activity of Novel Species of Closely Related Pseudomonads Isolated from Wheat Field Soils in South Australia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1609-1616.2000.
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ABSTRACT Rhizobacteria closely related to two recently described species of pseudomonads, Pseudomonas brassicacearum andPseudomonas thivervalensis, were isolated from two geographically distinct wheat field soils in South Australia. Isolation was undertaken by either selective plating or immunotrapping utilizing a polyclonal antibody raised against P. brassicacearum. A subset of 42 isolates were characterized by amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), BIOLOG analysis, and gas chromatography-fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) analysis and separated into closely related phenetic groups. More than 75% of isolates tested by ARDRA were found to have >95% similarity to either Pseudomonas corrugata or P. brassicacearum-P. thivervalensis type strains, and all isolates had >90% similarity to either type strain. BIOLOG and GC-FAME clustering showed a >70% match to ARDRA profiles. Strains representing different ARDRA groups were tested in two soil types for biological control activity against the soilborne plant pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, the causative agent of take-all of wheat and barley. Three isolates out of 11 significantly reduced take-all-induced root lesions on wheat plants grown in a red-brown earth soil. Only one strain, K208, was consistent in reducing disease symptoms in both the acidic red-brown earth and a calcareous sandy loam. Results from this study indicate that P. brassicacearum and P. thivervalensis are present in Australian soils and that a level of genetic diversity exists within these two novel species but that this diversity does not appear to be related to geographic distribution. The result of the glasshouse pot trial suggests that some isolates of these species may have potential as biological control agents for plant disease.
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Thomson, Melody B., Shane D. Campbell, and Anthony J. Young. "Ground pearls (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) in crops and pastures: biology and options for management." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 9 (2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20235.
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Ground pearls (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), so called for their shiny spherical cyst stage, are important root-feeding pests of a broad range of plants predominantly belonging to the family Poaceae. In the tropical and subtropical regions of eastern Australia, ground pearl species cause significant damage on sugarcane and turf grasses and have been identified at multiple sites of pasture dieback in Queensland. The potential impact of ground pearls on pasture production in Australia and elsewhere is largely unknown. This paper reviews Australian and international literature on the biology and management of this poorly understood group of pests. Ground pearls have several features that make control difficult, including a resilient cyst which provides resistance to drought and excessive moisture, a relative impermeability to insecticides, and ease of dispersal through movement of soil. Ground pearls can also modulate the period of encystment to survive adverse environmental conditions, with some species capable of surviving for years while disassociated from a host. No insecticide effectively controls ground pearl cysts. Biological control agents have been identified for some species; however, these pathogens are relatively ineffective on subterranean ground pearl cysts. Cultural control methods such as cultivation and fallowing have helped to reduce ground pearl populations in sugarcane. In turf, practices that maintain plant health such as adequate irrigation and nutrition can mask signs of ground pearl infestation. The paucity of research conducted on the biology and impact of ground pearls represents a constraint to improving management of this pest.
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Ting-Kui, Qin, Penny J. Gullan, G. Andrew C. Beattie, John W. H. Trueman, Peter S. Cranston, Murray J. Fletcher, and Don P. A. Sands. "The current distribution and geographical origin of the scale insect pest Ceroplastes sinensis (Hemiptera: Coccidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, no. 4 (December 1994): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530003279x.
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AbstractCeroplastes sinensis Del Guercio is a pest of commercial citrus in Australia and has been recorded from New Zealand, southern Europe, northern Africa, North America and Mexico. Its distribution is mainly temperate and it is more restricted climatically than previously believed. Uncertainty concerning the place of origin of C. sinensis has thwarted previous attempts at biological control. In the present study, a novel and cost-effective approach using cladistic estimates is demonstrated to determine the place of its origin. Cladistically derived phylogenies are commonplace for many organisms, but the method has not been used before to predict the area of origin of a cosmopolitan pest. Cladistic analysis of the wax scales predicts a native range for C. sinensis within Central or South America. This prediction appears to have been confirmed by the recent discovery of heavily parasitized individuals of C. sinensis in Argentina. The cladistic analysis also allows prediction of the geographical origin of three other widespread wax scale speries:Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) may be of Neotropical origin, C. rubens Maskell and C. rusci (Linnaeus) are probably native to the Afrotropical region. The approach used has wide implications because the native areas of many other economically important pests are still unknown or uncertain.
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Radford, I. J., P. Muller, S. Fiffer, and P. W. Michael. "Genetic relationships between Australian fireweed and South African and Madagascan populations of Senecio madagascariensis Poir. and closely related Senecio species." Australian Systematic Botany 13, no. 3 (2000): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98029.
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An isozyme and morphological study of Senecio madagascariensis Poir. and closely related species in Australia, South Africa and Madagascar was used to investigate the most likely region of origin for Australian plants known as fireweed. Collections of seed and voucher specimens were made in New South Wales, KwaZulu-Natal, East and West Cape Provinces and southern Madagascar and specimens classified according to recognised taxa or descriptive variants. Plants were characterised by using isozyme analyses and morphological observations of both voucher specimens and achenes. Australian fireweed populations were found to be most closely related to populations of S. madagascariensis from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, and to be more distantly related to populations from East and West Cape Provinces in South Africa and from Madagascar. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to efforts to locate host-specific biological control agents for fireweed.
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Espinel-Correal, Carlos, Xavier Léry, Laura Villamizar, Juliana Gómez, Jean Louis Zeddam, Alba Marina Cotes, and Miguel López-Ferber. "Genetic and Biological Analysis of Colombian Phthorimaea operculella Granulovirus Isolated from Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 22 (September 24, 2010): 7617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00999-10.
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ABSTRACT Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive potato pest of the north of South America that recently colonized zones where Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a taxonomically related insect, was established. Nowadays, both species can be found in most areas in different proportions. The Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) was found to efficiently control P. operculella and was used as a biopesticide in storage conditions. However, no appropriate biological control methods exist for T. solanivora, and the use of granulovirus isolates would provide a solution. The Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research (CORPOICA) carried out several T. solanivora larva samplings in Colombia with the aim of finding potential isolates. Five geographical granulovirus isolates from T. solanivora (VG001, VG002, VG003, VG004, and VG005) were found, and molecular analysis by REN profiles shows three different genotypic variants in Colombia. Analysis of their genomes revealed their relatedness to PhopGV. Two isolates exhibited submolar bands in their REN patterns, suggesting a mixture of viral genotypes. These data were confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of particular regions of the viral genomes. Their biological activity was assayed on both hosts, T. solanivora and P. operculella. A significantly higher pathogenicity in both hosts was observed with isolates VG001 and VG005 than with isolate VG003 or a Peruvian isolate (from P. operculella) used as a reference in the bioassay. Based on their molecular and biological activity characteristics, VG001 and VG005 isolates should be selected for further analysis in order to establish their potential as biological control agents.
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Murray, T. J., and T. M. Withers. "Detection and identification of a selfintroduced parasitoid of the Acacia tortoise beetle." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6597.
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Dicranosterna semipunctata (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) was detected in New Zealand in 1996 This Australian tortoise beetle has no specific natural enemies in New Zealand and has become a moderate pest of blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) Although a number of potential biological control agents have been identified in Australia none has been intentionally introduced In January 2009 parasitised eggs of D semipunctata were found in Rotorua Comparison of the emergent parasitoids to hymenoptera held in the NZIC and ANIC confirm that the wasp is from the genus Neopolycystus The taxonomy of this genus is poorly resolved but there were three species of particular interest to which to compare the new specimens The first Neopolycystus sp nr insectifurax was introduced from Perth against Paropsis charybdis in 1989 but did not establish The second Neopolycystus sp was reared from D semipunctata eggs in NSW but was never imported into New Zealand as a biocontrol agent for D semipunctata The third N insectifurax Girault is selfintroduced since 2001 and is well established in New Zealand contributing significantly to the control of P charybdis The parasitoids reared from D semipunctata eggs in Rotorua were not analogous to any of these This new species Neopolycystus sp from Rotorua has since been recorded in the Northland Auckland Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions
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Edwards, P. B. "Seasonal abundance and parasitism of Mesoclanis seed flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Africa, and implications for the biological control of Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Asteraceae) in Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 4 (August 1998): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300042140.
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AbstractThe seasonal abundance and rates of parasitism of three species of Mesoclanis seed flies was studied in South Africa. The three species occur on Chrysanthemoides monilifera, and were recorded during most months of the year, whenever C. monilifera was flowering. At three sites in KwaZulu-Natal, numbers of eggs per capitulum of Mesoclanis polana Munro were highest on C. monilifera rotundata between June and November (winter/spring), towards the end of the main flowering flush. Parasitism of M. polana was between 50% and 90% for most of the year. Two other species of Mesoclanis (M. magnipalpis Bezzi and M. dubia Walker) occurred together on C. m. rotundata in the Eastern Cape (St Francis Bay), where parasitism during the year was between 55% and 95%. Peak numbers of eggs per capitulum (M. magnipalpis and M. dubia combined) occurred in May/June (winter), in the latter part of the main flowering flush. Mesoclanis magnipalpis was the only species recorded on C. m. pisifera in De Hoop Nature Reserve (Western Cape), where there was only one peak of oviposition (May/June), coinciding with the short and discrete flowering period of this subspecies. Parasitism was between 50% and 65%. At least nine species of parasitoid were reared from immature Mesoclanis stages. Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae) was a dominant parasitoid at all sites. Results are discussed in relation to the possible effectiveness of species of Mesoclanis seed flies as biological control agents of C. monilifera in Australia.