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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Bodies and spaces in literature“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Bodies and spaces in literature"
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Brisson, Geneviève, and Theresa Rogers. "Reading Place: Bodies and Spaces in Québécois Adolescent Literature." Children's Literature in Education 44, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10583-012-9180-5.
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Tabares, Vivian Martínez. "Caribbean Bodies, Migrations, and Spaces of Resistance." TDR/The Drama Review 48, no. 2 (June 2004): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420404323063373.
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An analysis of three closely related solo performances by artists from the Caribbean. The works of Puerto Rican Javier Cardona, Dominican Waddys Jáques, and Cuban Marianela Boán are hybrid expressions that make no distinction between theatre and dance. These artists ignore linear or continuous time, actively consider the audience, and propose a subversive and intertextual linguistic game that appropriates popular language and culture, merging these into a new performative norm.
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Rutter, Tom, Gordon McMullan, Mary Beth Rose, and Susanne Scholz. "Renaissance Configurations: Voices/Bodies/Spaces, 1580-1690." Modern Language Review 99, no. 1 (January 2004): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3738877.
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Cox, Christoph, Rosalyn Diprose, and Robyn Ferrell. "Cartographies: Poststructuralism and the Mapping of Bodies and Spaces." SubStance 21, no. 1 (1992): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3685353.
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Paiz, Joshua M., Anthony Comeau, Junhan Zhu, Jingyi Zhang, and Agnes Santiano. "Queer Bodies, Queer Lives in China English Contact Literature." Open Linguistics 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0008.
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Abstract Ha Jin and his works have contributed significantly to world Englishes knowledge, both through direct scholarly engagement with contact literatures and through the linguistic creativity exhibited in his works of fiction (Jin 2010). His fiction writing also acts as a site of scholarly inquiry (e.g., Zhang 2002). Underexplored, however, are how local varieties of English as used to create queer identities. This paper will seek to address this gap by exploring how Ha Jin created queer spaces in his short story “The Bridegroom.” This investigation will utilize a Kachruvian world Englishes approach to analyzing contact literatures (B. Kachru 1985, 1990, Y. Kachru & Nelson 2006, Thumboo 2006). This analysis will be supported by interfacing it with perspectives from the fields of queer theory and queer linguistics (Jagose 1996, Leap & Motschenbacher 2012), which will allow for a contextually sensitive understanding of queer experiences in China. This approach will enable us to examine how Ha Jin utilized the rhetorical and linguistic markers of China English to explore historical attitudes towards queerness during the post-Cultural Revolution period. These markers include the use of local idioms and culturally-localized rhetorical moves to render a uniquely Chinese queer identity.
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Yahp, Beth. "Small Pleasures: Tracings of the Endotic in Everyday Spaces, Acts and Bodies." Life Writing 17, no. 4 (July 15, 2020): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2020.1770154.
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Worthington, Marjorie. "“The Territory Named Women's Bodies”: The Public and Pirate Spaces of Kathy Acker." Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 15, no. 4 (October 2004): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10436920490534406.
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Butler, Ruth, and Sophia Bowlby. "Bodies and Spaces: An Exploration of Disabled People's Experiences of Public Space." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15, no. 4 (August 1997): 411–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d150411.
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In this paper we consider the ways in which concepts of and attitudes towards ‘disability’ affect disabled people's ability to move freely within public spaces. We first set the paper in context by briefly discussing recent developments in and ongoing debates on the conceptualisation of disability which have accompanied the growing disability rights movement. Next we examine feminist literature relating to the links between biology and the body and the social status of women and draw out parallels for the analysis of disabled people's social situation. We then discuss a possible framework for the analysis of disabled people's experience of public space. Finally, to illustrate the reflexive relationship between bodily and social experience, we draw on in-depth interview material from a case study of visually impaired people in Reading and Leeds, England.
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Fayard, Nicole. "Spaces of (Re)Connections: Performing Experiences of Disabling Gender Violence." Text Matters, no. 9 (December 30, 2019): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-2931.09.17.
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The article explores the potential “healing” role performance art can have when representing disabling trauma, and engaging, as part of the creative process, participants who have experienced in their lives significant trauma and physical, as well as mental health concerns arising from gender violence. It focuses on the show cicatrix macula, performed during the exhibition Speaking Out: Women Healing from the Trauma of Violence (Leicester, 2014). The exhibition involved disabled visual and creative artists, and engaged participants in the process of performance making. It was held at the Attenborough Arts Centre in Leicester (UK), a pioneering arts centre designed to be inclusive and accessible. The show cicatrix macula focused on social, cultural, mental, and physical representations of trauma and disability, using three lacerated life-size puppets to illustrate these depictions. Working under the direction of the audience, two artists attempted to “repair” the bodies. The creative process was a collaborative endeavour: the decision-making process rested with the audience, whose privileged positions of witness and meaning-maker were underscored. Fayard demonstrates the significance of cicatrix macula in debunking ablist gender norms, as well as in highlighting the role played by social and cultural enablers. She calls attention to its potential for mobilizing positive identity politics, including for viewers who had experienced trauma. For example, the environment of the participatory performance space offered some opportunities for the survivor to become the author or arbiter of her own recovery. In addition, the constant physical exchange of bodies within this space of debate was well-suited to the (re)connection with the self and with others.
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Weingarten, Susan. "Food and Fear: Metaphors of Bodies and Spaces in the Stories of Destruction." Journal of Jewish Studies 67, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/3291/jjs-2016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Bodies and spaces in literature"
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Cleary, Emma. "Jazz-shaped bodies : mapping city space, time, and sound in black transnational literature." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2014. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2205/.
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“Jazz-Shaped Bodies” addresses representations of the city in black transnational literature, with a focus on sonic schemas and mapping. Drawing on cultural geography, posthumanist thought, and the discourse of diaspora, the thesis examines the extent to which the urban landscape is figured as a panoptic structure in twentieth and twenty-first century diasporic texts, and how the mimetic function of artistic performance challenges this structure. Through comparative analysis of works emerging from and/or invested with sites in American, Canadian, and Caribbean landscapes, the study develops accretively and is structured thematically, tracing how selected texts: map the socio-spatial dialectic through visual and sonic schemas; develop the metaphorical use of the phonograph in the folding of space and time; revive ancestral memory and renew an engagement with the landscape; negotiate and transcend shifting national, cultural, and geographical borderlines and boundaries that seek to encode and enclose black subjectivity. The project focuses on literary works such as James Baldwin’s intimate cartographies of New York in Another Country (1962), Earl Lovelace’s carnivalising of city space in The Dragon Can’t Dance (1979), Toni Morrison’s creative blending of the sounds of black music in Jazz (1992), and the postbody poetics of Wayde Compton’s Performance Bond (2004), among other texts that enact crossings of, or otherwise pierce, binaries and borderlines, innovating portals for alternative interpellation and subverting racially hegemonic visual regimes concretised in the architecture of the city. An examination of the specificity of the cityscape against the wider arc of transnationalism establishes how African American, AfroCaribbean, and Black Canadian texts share and exchange touchstones such as jazz, kinesis, liminality, and hauntedness, while remaining sensitive to the distinct sociohistorical contexts and intensities at each locus, underscoring the significance of rendition — of body, space, time, and sound — to black transnational writing.
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Mulder, F. Adele. "Bodies and borders : space and subjectivity in three South African texts." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2444.
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Thesis (MA (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis interrogates the relationship between body, subjectivity and space in three antipastoral novels. The texts which I will be discussing, Karel Schoeman’s This Life, Anne Landsman’s The Devil’s Chimney and J.M. Coetzee’s In the Heart of the Country, all foreground the female protagonist’s relationship to a specifically South African landscape in a colonial time-frame. The inter-relatedness between the body, subjectivity and space is explored in order to show that there is a shifting interaction between these registers in the novels. Arising from this interaction, the importance of perspective as a way of being in the world is foregrounded. The approach adopted in this study is based on the assumption that our experience depends upon how we make meaning of the world through our bodies as we encounter people, places and objects. The lived, embodied experience is always a subjective experience.
The conceptual framework is derived broadly from psychoanalysis and phenomenology. My primary concern in this study is how marginal subject positions are explored in the space of the South African farm, which, traditionally, is an ideologically fraught locus of Afrikaner patriarchy and oppression. The novels are narrated by distinctive female voices, each speaking differently, but all having the effect of undermining and exposing the hegemony of the patriarchal farm space. In all three novels the question of genre is involved as forming the space of the text itself. The novels speak to the tradition of the plaasroman and the pastoral and, in doing so, open up a conversation with the past.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die verhouding tussen die liggaam, subjektiwiteit en ruimte ondersoek in drie romans wat teen die pastorale literêre tradisie spreek. Die betrokke romans is This Life deur Karel Schoeman, The Devil’s Chimney deur Anne Landsman en In the Heart of the Country deur J.M. Coetzee. Die romans speel af in ‘n koloniale tydperk waar die vroulike protagonis se verhouding met die Suid-Afrikaanse landskap op die voorgrond gestel word. Die verwantskap tussen die liggaam, subjektiwiteit en ruimte word ondersoek om die interaksie tussen hierdie drie konsepte ten toon te stel. Wat vanuit hierdie interaksie voortspruit is die ontologiese rol wat perspektief speel as wyse om met die wêreld te verkeer. Hierdie studie benader die romans vanuit die siening dat die mens se ervaring afhang van hoe hy/sy die wêreld verstaan deur die interaksie tussen die liggaam en ander mense, ruimtes en objekte. Die beliggaamde ervaring is dus ‘n subjektiewe ervaring.
Die konsepsuele raamwerk van hierdie ondersoek is afgelei van psigoanalise en fenomenologie. Die kern van hierdie studie is om te ondersoek hoe die posisie van die randfiguur in die ruimte van die Suid-Afrikaanse plaas ten toon gestel word. Die plaas is tradisioneel ‘n ideologiese bestrede ruimte van Afrikaner patriargie en onderdrukking. Die romans word verhaal deur drie kenmerkende en verskillende vroulike stemme wat dien om die hegemonie van die patriargale opset op die plase te ondermyn en ontbloot. Die vraagstuk van genre is in al drie romans betrokke aangesien genre die ruimte van die teks self uitmaak. Die romans spreek teen die tradisie van die plaasroman en die pastorale roman en tree sodoende in gesprek met die verlede.
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Gard, Ron. "Bodies of Capital: Spatial Subjectivity in Twentieth-Century U.S. Fiction." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195847.
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Positing subjectivity as a structural formation arising dialectically at the cultural intersection of physical bodies and material conditions, Bodies of Capital: Spatial Subjectivity in Twentieth-Century U.S. Fiction identifies textual dynamics as revelatory of the intrinsic relationship between subjective experience and spatial practice. To advance this formulation, Bodies of Capital critically examines a series of U.S. fictional narrative texts from the late nineteenth-century to the present by placing them in dialogue with comparative articulations of U.S. ‘regimes of accumulation’ (spatial formations enacting particular capital organization and conditions) as they developed during this same historical period. Such an approach allows critical analysis to be devoted to material and empirical developments, such as geographical (e.g., urban and suburban growth), institutional (e.g., corporations and markets), and societal (e.g., types of labor) formations, but at all times places primary focus, through its recognition of subjectivity as a spatial and ideological formation, on the practices and dynamics of signification to which these developments critically contribute. Bodies of Capital’s spatio-textual formulation thereby advances the critical enterprise by illuminating the ways in which fictional narrative texts inherently both speak and are spoken by cultural ideologies spatially active at a given time and place. Bodies of Capital allows one, as well, to draw connections otherwise by-andlarge occluded between fictional works appearing at distinctly different times and places across a broad historical expanse, an expanse reflected in the selection of works the dissertation comparatively examines, including William Dean Howells’s The Rise of Silas Lapham, Jack London’s Martin Eden, Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie, Sam Mendes’s American Beauty, Don DeLillo’s White Noise, and Richard Powers’s Gain.
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Mathieson, Charlotte Eleanor. "Bodies in transit : mobility, embodiment and space in the mid-nineteenth century novel." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/38323/.
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This thesis focuses on narratives of mobility in the mid-nineteenth century novel, analysing journeys within and between England and Europe in novels of the period 1845-65 by Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell, and Mary Braddon. I locate bodies in transit as crucial representational sites asserting that, in an era of capitalist modernity effecting immense transformations to space, mobile embodied subjects provide a locus through which spatial readjustments are mediated. The theoretical context for this analysis is provided by the fields of critical geography, feminist geography, and recent studies into travel and mobility; the intersection of these fields constructs a new theorisation of mobile embodied subjects. I read textual representations of bodies through this critical lens, using literary analysis to develop a more nuanced theorisation of the relationship between the body and space. The first chapter explores the changing production and understanding of space in the mid-nineteenth century, following which subsequent chapters each focus on a different travel context. Walking in the English countryside and the city (with focus on Adam Bede, Jane Eyre, and Villette) centres on issues of gender, mobility, and modernity; journeys across European spaces (Little Dorrit, Villette) explore anxieties about nationality and the stability of British place in a contracting global space; and railway journeys (Dombey and Son, Lady Audley’s Secret) position anxieties over modernity, and its implications for the human subject, at the forefront of concern. Through this analysis, I situate mobility as occupying a central position in midnineteenth century literature: a significant representational principle that is fundamental to the internal structures of novels and their interactions with wider cultural contexts. The thesis demonstrates that reading novels through spaces of mobility provides a perspective through which to significantly reorient our understanding of familiar literary texts.
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Kagawa, P. Keiko. "Bodies in the "house of fiction" : the architecture of domestic and narrative spaces by Jane Austen, Elizabeth Gaskell and George Eliot /." view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3061951.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 261-270). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Fonts, Maureen. "Lois-Ann Yamanaka's women : transcending the spaces of bodily contamination." FIU Digital Commons, 2005. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3490.
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This thesis examines key texts by Lois-Ann Yamanaka associated with women’s subservience in post-colonial Hawai’i. Her fiction situates the body naturalistically, but also uses the body to convey themes of spiritual redemption.
My analysis concentrates on three of Yamanaka’s novels: Blu’s Hanging (1997), Heads by Harry (1999), and Father of the Four Passages (2001). These three works thematically move from an emphasis on the fragmented body and segregated female, to a critique of colonialism, to an intangible spirituality where the characters reach physical and spiritual wholeness, and the dysfunctional family finds unity.
In each, Yamanaka uses sensory language that reinvents and reforms the female body, employing narrative techniques which move beyond traditional writing structures. I argue that these novels utilize brutal Images to highlight abjection, but that these images provide a means to imagine a space of spiritual healing and renewal.
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Heinkel, Polly Lynn. "12th NITE…WHATEVER: QUEERING AND (RE) GENDERING SHAKESPEARE’S PERFORMATVE SPACES, PLACES, AND BODIES IN TWELFTH NIGHT OR WHAT YOU WILL." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1352140404.
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Radford, Laura E. "Accepting the Failure of Human and State Bodies: Interactions of Syphilis and Space in "Hamlet" and "The Knight of the Burning Pestle"." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1034.
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The purpose of this thesis is, first, to explore the presence and meaning of Foucault’s heterotopia within William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet”and Beaumont and Fletcher’s “The Knight of the Burning Pestle.” The heterotopia is a privileged space of self-reflection created by individuals or societies in crisis. In each play, the presence of crisis is explained though the metaphor of syphilis; to which individual characters respond by entering the reflective space of the heterotopia in order to countenance and “cure” their afflictions. The second purpose of this thesis is to examine the ways in which the crises acted upon the stage reflect pressing social anxieties of late – Elizabethan and early- Jacobean England: succession to the throne and shifting market structure. Both playwrights create heterotopic space for their audience through the structure of their dramatic work, and ask their audience to enter this reflective space, and consider –and learn from – their remarks upon the state of society.
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Flynn, Warren. "Fragments of the moon (novel) ; and." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0073.
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Fragments of the Moon is a novel set mostly in South Korea, examining relationships between people, interpersonal spaces, architectural spaces and landscape through a cross-cultural context. Matt, a graduate architect from Perth, Australia, finds himself increasingly vulnerable to cultural confusion as he adjusts to life away from his home and friends. Having initially assumed that Seoul's western facade echoes its social dynamic, Matt increasingly discovers that the Confucianism which underpins much of contemporary Korean society makes all relationships far more complex than his assumptions had allowed. Together with a Canadian student who is seeking to find the essence of a different Korea through her investigation of Buddhism, and through meeting diverse Korean characters, readers will discover several of the many facets of contemporary Korean culture. Readers will be encouraged to test the slippery surfaces on which familiar and unfamiliar attitudes to bodies, landscape and created spaces rest. 'Body, Space, Ideas of Home: Cross-cultural Perspectives' (thesis) The thesis examines the interaction of body space, architectural space, landscape, and emotional states in contemporary literary fiction from several cultural perspectives. Bodies, landscapes, and architectural spaces are shown to be devices through which contemporary authors with different cultural backgrounds have expressed character and explored ideas, especially thematic concerns related to cultural or cross-cultural confusion or understanding. Notions of 'feeling at home' and 'being alien' are investigated through the work of authors who either have a cross-cultural heritage (e.g. Jhumpa Lahiri a Bengali/American), or who write about a culture which is not their own (e.g. Dianne Highbridge, an Australian writing about Japan). Several chosen authors explore the relationships between the spiritual and the physical, the metaphysical and the corporeal. These elements are particularly highlighted when examining the narratives of Tim Winton (The Riders, 1994) and Simone Lazaroo (The World Waiting To Be Made, 1994); and two of Japan's most popular writers, Haruki Murakami (Norwegian Wood, 2000) and Banana Yoshimoto (Lizard, 1995). For some writers, this exploration of spaces forms the focal point of their work; for others, it is an important facet of their narrative world, which helps to ground their writing for contemporary readers whose own backgrounds must also influence their understandings.
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Beljaars, Diana. "Geographies of compulsive interactions : bodies, objects, spaces." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/116060/.
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This doctoral thesis introduces compulsivity as an empirical, conceptual and theoretical phenomenon to human geography. Compulsivity as mobilised here is associated with the Tourette syndrome diagnosis, and can be understood as the performance of unwanted and unprecedented interactions that are experienced to be purposeless and meaningless in their response to unqualified urges. Drawing on and contributing to medical and clinical sciences of Tourette syndrome, geographies of medicalised performances and perception, as well poststructural and postphenomenological theories in cultural geography, it focuses on the performativity of compulsive interactions between affected bodies and their material environments. As urge-driven compulsions have received little to no scholarly attention, the study seeks to identify if and how a spatial approach could help understand these engagements. In turn, it explores how compulsivity as a principle could develop geography’s conceptualisations of person-place relations. The study then examines the ways in which bodily environments affect compulsive interactions, and how they are negotiated. It does so through in-depth semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and mobile eye-tracking in close collaboration with 15 participants. The study took place in the homes of the participants, shops, cars, public transport, natural areas, and schools in the Netherlands over an 8-month period. The outcomes reimagine compulsivity as choreographies between human bodies, objects and spaces that configure towards each other and form systems through dimensions they then come to share. Compulsive interactions constitute, affirm, and (re)stabilise these systems by elongating their durations in order for those affected to thrive. In their anticipation and performance of compulsions, they apply a plethora of spatial negotiation techniques. In addition to carving out a space for a compulsive approach to body-world formation beyond the Tourette syndrome diagnosis, this study develops a vitalist ethics for human geography to study medicalised performances. Furthermore, it proposes new ways for capacity building for, and integration in, academic research of those affected.
Bücher zum Thema "Bodies and spaces in literature"
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Performing emotions: Gender, bodies, spaces, in Chekhov's drama and Stanislavski's theatre. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
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Bodies and their spaces: System, crisis and transformation in early modern theatre. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006.
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West-Pavlov, Russell. Bodies and their spaces: System, crisis and transformation in early modern theatre. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006.
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Home bodies: Tactile experience in domestic space. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2010.
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Transacting sites of the liminal bodily spaces. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2011.
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Maternities: Gender, bodies, and spaces. Routledge: Routledge, 2008.
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Kjaran, Jón Ingvar. Constructing Sexualities and Gendered Bodies in School Spaces. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53333-3.
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Scattering resonances for several small convex bodies and the Lax-Phillips conjecture. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2009.
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kunsthall, Bergen, and Kunsthøgskolen i. Bergen, eds. Karen Kipphoff: Inszenierte Plätze, inszenierte Körper = Staged spaces, staged bodies. Heidelberg: Kehrer, 2006.
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author, Giannopoulos Apostolos 1963, Valettas Petros 1982 author, and Vritsiou Beatrice-Helen author, eds. Geometry of isotropic convex bodies. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Bodies and spaces in literature"
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Anatol, Giselle Liza. "Blurring the Borders of the Human: Hybridized Bodies in Literature and Folklore." In Border Transgression and Reconfiguration of Caribbean Spaces, 179–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45939-0_9.
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Grüning, Barbara. "Isolated Bodies, Isolated Spaces." In Bodies in Transition in the Health Humanities, 58–70. London; New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351128742-6.
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Oware, Matthew. "Urban Spaces and Bodies." In I Got Something to Say, 23–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90454-2_2.
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Bond, Emma. "Absent Bodies, Haunted Spaces." In Writing Migration through the Body, 197–237. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97695-2_6.
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Turner, Simon. "Suspended Spaces–Contesting Sovereignties in a Refugee Camp." In Sovereign Bodies, edited by Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat, 312–32. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400826698.312.
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Sun, Yifeng. "Translation and world literature." In Translational Spaces, 69–90. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129622-5.
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Kukla, Rebecca. "Pregnant Bodies as Public Spaces." In Motherhood and Space, 283–305. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12103-5_16.
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Windsor, W. Luke. "Instruments, voices, bodies and spaces." In Body, Sound and Space in Music and Beyond: Multimodal Explorations, 111–28. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. | Series: SEMPRE studies in the psychology of music: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315569628-7.
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James, Louise Benson. "Hysterical Bodies and Gothic Spaces." In Lucas Malet, Dissident Pilgrim, 33–51. New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429052705-2.
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Neldner, Jonas. "Dis/ability and Hybridity: The Bodies of Charles Burns." In Spaces Between, 109–24. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30116-3_8.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Bodies and spaces in literature"
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Duduchava, R., T. Buchukuri, O. Chkadua, and D. Natroshvili. "Interface Cracks Problems in Composites With Piezoelectric and Thermal Effects." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-13352.
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We investigate three–dimensional interface crack problems (ICP) for metallic-piezoelectric composite bodies with regard to thermal effects. We give a mathematical formulation of the physical problem when the metallic and piezoelectric bodies are bonded along some proper parts of their boundaries where interface cracks occur. By potential methods the ICP is reduced to an equivalent strongly elliptic system of pseudodifferential equations (ψDEs) on overlapping manifolds with boundary, which have no analogues in mathematical literature. We study the solvability of obtained ψDEs on overlapping manifolds with boundary by reduction to ψDEs on non-overlapping manifolds with boundary in different function spaces. These general results are applied to prove the uniqueness and the existence theorems for the original ICP-Problem.
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Mukherjee, Rudranarayan, and Jeremy Laflin. "Parallel Algorithm for Modeling Constrained Multi-Flexible Body System Dynamics." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13311.
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This paper presents an algorithm for modeling the dynamics of multi-flexible body systems in closed kinematic loop configurations where the component bodies are modeled using the large displacement small deformation formulation. The algorithm uses a hierarchic assembly disassembly process in parallel implementation and a recursive assembly disassembly process in serial implementation to achieve highly efficient simulation turn-around times. The operational inertias arising from the rigid body modes of motion at the joint locations on a component body are modified to account for the nonlinear inertial effects and body forces arising from the body based deformations. Traditional issues, such as motion induced stiffness and temporal invariance of deformation field related inertia terms, are robustly addressed in this algorithm. The algorithm uses a mixed set of coordinates viz. (i) absolute coordinates for expressing the equations of motion of a body fixed reference frame, (ii) relative or internal coordinates to express the kinematic joint constraints and (iii) body fixed coordinates to account for the body’s deformation field. The kinematic joint constraints and the closed loop constraints are treated alike through the formalism of relative coordinates, joint motion spaces and their orthogonal complements. Verification of the algorithm is demonstrated using the planar fourbar mechanism problem that has been traditionally used in literature.
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Frandsen, Jannette B. "A Mesoscopic Model Approach to Passively Control Vortex Wakes Using Single/Multiple Bodies." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93759.
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In this paper, vortex patterns are studied when single or several objects are located in the bluff-body wakes. The suitability of a mesoscopic approach involving a single phase Lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is examined. The central idea behind proposing the present formulation is to capture smaller scales naturally, postponing the need of applying empirical turbulence models. In contrast, to continuum mechanics based numerical models, where only space and time are discrete, the discrete variables of the LB model are space, time and particle velocity. With reference to the Boltzmann equation of classical kinetic theory, the distribution of fluid molecules is represented by particle distribution functions. It is notable that the formulation avoids the need to include the Poisson equation. An elastic-collision scheme with no-slip walls is prescribed. Although the long term goal is to predict bluff-body high Reynolds number flows, the present study is limited to laminar flow simulations. The case studies include sharp edge bodies embedded in Re flows in the order of 100–250. The 2-D uniform grid solutions are compared with findings reported in the literature and promising agreements have been found. This study is important to a variety of applications, in particular, the wind, ocean and coastal engineering communities. From a mitigation point of view, the model presents an easy means of re-arranging bluff bodies to study optimum solutions for VIV suppression. It is notable that the CPUs are favorable for the multiple bluff body solutions compared to current published continuum mechanics models.
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Frandsen, Jannette B. "A Lattice Boltzmann Bluff Body Model for VIV Suppression." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92271.
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In this paper, the suitability of a mesoscopic approach involving a single phase Lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is examined. In contrast, to continuum based numerical models, where only space and time are discrete, the discrete variables of the LB model are space, time and particle velocity. With reference to the Boltzmann equation of classical kinetic theory, the distribution of fluid molecules is represented by particle distribution functions. The LB method simulates fluid flow by tracking particle distributions. It is notable that the formulation avoids the need to include the Poisson equation. An elastic-collision scheme with no-slip walls is prescribed. The central idea behind proposing the present formulation is many fold. One goal is to capture smaller scales naturally, postponing the need of applying empirical turbulence models. Another goal is to get further insight into nonlinearities in steep and breaking free surfaces to improve current continuum mechanics solutions. Although the long term goal is to predict bluff-body high Reynolds number flows and breaking water waves, the present study is limited to laminar flow simulations and continuous free surfaces. The case studies presented include bluff bodies embedded in Reynolds number flows in the order of 100–200. The free surface test cases represent bore propagation past a single and multiple structures. The 2-D uniform grid solutions are compared with findings reported in the literature. Vortex patterns are studied when single or several objects are located in the bluff-body wakes. From a mitigation point of view, the model presents an easy means of re-arranging bluff bodies to study optimum solutions for VIV suppression with/without a free surface.
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Ma, Xue Xiao, Alejandro A. Espinoza Orías, Howard S. An, Gunnar B. J. Andersson, and Nozomu Inoue. "Instantaneous Axis of Rotation for Lumbar Spine Torsion Measured In Vivo." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14277.
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Segmental spine instability — especially that of torsional nature — is difficult to diagnose in a degenerative lumbar spine in vivo. The motion of the lumbar segment is of a coupled nature and is described by a total of six degrees of freedom. Relative motion between two bodies in space is described by translations and rotations, and this includes the concept of the instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR). References 1–3 are representative reports of the many available in the literature about calculations of the IAR in cadaveric tissue, usually single motion segments [1–3]. In contrast, results of the IAR for lumbar motion measured in vivo (and by extension, for the whole lumbar spine) are actually scarce. Based on the preliminary report presented by group [4], in the present study we describe the characteristics of the IAR for lumbar spine torsion measured in vivo in a much larger cohort of normal subjects through the application of the method originally described by Kinzel et al. [5].
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"Professional Socialisation of Valuers: What the Literature and Professional Bodies Offers." In 2005 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society: ERES Conference 2005. ERES, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2005_279.
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Nuyts, Valerie, Hadewijch Vanhooren, Kristiaan Nackaerts, and Benoit Nemery de Bellevaux. "Counting asbestos bodies in bronchoalveolar lavage: A retrospective analysis and literature review." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa4091.
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Ryan, Cynthia. "Bodies of Interest: Meaning-Making in the Spaces between Expert and Lay Audiences." In 2007 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipcc.2007.4464079.
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Katırcı, Müge. "Enjoy the Best of Two Spaces: Reclaiming Our Bodies and Kitchens with Home-Made Sex Hormones." In 7th International Conference on Gender Studies: Gender, Space, Place & Culture. Eastern Mediterranean University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/gspc19/270-282/18.
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Tansey, Lorraine. "Encountering difficult knowledge: Service-learning with Sociology and Political Science undergraduates." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.27.
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Community based learning or service learning is a dynamic pedagogical opportunity for students to engage with their discipline in light of social concerns. This presentation will share the key challenges sociology students and lecturer encounter when working with charities and nonprofits with social justice missions. Students are asked to face what Pitt and Britzman (2003) call “difficult knowledge” in classroom readings and discussions on complicity to poverty and racism. The community engagement experience with local charities allows for a dialogue with the scholarly literature grounded in practical experience. Sociology students are challenged to see the institutional and wider structural inequalities upstream while working in community with a direct service role downstream. Taylor (2013) describes student engagement within this type of teaching tool that is critical of the status quo. Hall et al. (2004) argue that the classroom is best placed to navigate this new terrain whereas student volunteering independently might not facilitate reflection and academic literature. Students with a wide variety of needs engage with communities in different ways and lecturers may need to adjust and demonstrate flexibility to facilitate all learning environments.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Bodies and spaces in literature"
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Haider, Huma. Transitional Justice and Reconciliation in the Western Balkans: Approaches, Impacts and Challenges. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.033.
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Countries in the Western Balkans have engaged in various transitional justice and reconciliation initiatives to address the legacy of the wars of the 1990s and the deep political and societal divisions that persist. There is growing consensus among scholars and practitioners that in order to foster meaningful change, transitional justice must extend beyond trials (the dominant international mechanism in the region) and be more firmly anchored in affected communities with alternative sites, safe spaces, and modes of engagement. This rapid literature review presents a sample of initiatives, spanning a range of sectors and fields – truth-telling, art and culture, memorialisation, dialogue and education – that have achieved a level of success in contributing to processes of reconciliation, most frequently at the community level. It draws primarily from recent studies, published in the past five years. Much of the literature available centres on Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), with some examples also drawn from Serbia, Kosovo and North Macedonia.
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Levesque, Justine, Nathaniel Loranger, Carter Sehn, Shantel Johnson, and Jordan Babando. COVID-19 prevalence and infection control measures at homeless shelters and hostels in high-income countries: protocol for a scoping review. York University Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/10315/38513.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted people experiencing homelessness. Homeless shelters and hostels, as congregate living spaces for residents with many health vulnerabilities, are highly susceptible to outbreaks of COVID-19. A synthesis of the research-to-date can inform evidence-based practices for infection, prevention, and control strategies at these sites to reduce the prevalence of COVID-19 among both shelter/hostel residents and staff. Methods: A scoping review in accordance with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework will be conducted to identify literature reporting COVID-19 positivity rates among homeless shelter and hostel residents and staff, as well as infection control strategies to prevent outbreaks in these facilities. The focus will be on literature produced in high-income countries. Nine academic literature databases and 11 grey literature databases will be searched for literature from March 2020 to July 2021. Literature screening will be completed by two reviewers and facilitated by Covidence, a systematic review management platform. A third reviewer will be engaged to resolve disagreements and facilitate consensus. A narrative summary of the major themes identified in the literature, numerical counts of relevant data including the COVID-19 positivity rates, and recommendations for different infection control approaches will be produced. Discussion: The synthesis of the research generated on COVID-19 prevalence and prevention in homeless shelters and hostels will assist in establishing best practices to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and other airborne diseases at these facilities in high-income countries while identifying next steps to expand the existing evidence base.
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Nagahi, Morteza, Raed Jaradat, Mohammad Nagahisarchoghaei, Ghodsieh Ghanbari, Sujan Poudyal, and Simon Goerger. Effect of individual differences in predicting engineering students' performance : a case of education for sustainable development. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40700.
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The academic performance of engineering students continues to receive attention in the literature. Despite that, there is a lack of studies in the literature investigating the simultaneous relationship between students' systems thinking (ST) skills, Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits, proactive personality scale, academic, demographic, family background factors, and their potential impact on academic performance. Three established instruments, namely, ST skills instrument with seven dimensions, FFM traits with five dimensions, and proactive personality with one dimension, along with a demographic survey, have been administrated for data collection. A cross-sectional web-based study applying Qualtrics has been developed to gather data from engineering students. To demonstrate the prediction power of the ST skills, FFM traits, proactive personality, academic, demographics, and family background factors on the academic performance of engineering students, two unsupervised learning algorithms applied. The study results identify that these unsupervised algorithms succeeded to cluster engineering students' performance regarding primary skills and characteristics. In other words, the variables used in this study are able to predict the academic performance of engineering students. This study also has provided significant implications and contributions to engineering education and education sustainable development bodies of knowledge. First, the study presents a better perception of engineering students' academic performance. The aim is to assist educators, teachers, mentors, college authorities, and other involved parties to discover students' individual differences for a more efficient education and guidance environment. Second, by a closer examination at the level of systemic thinking and its connection with FFM traits, proactive personality, academic, and demographic characteristics, understanding engineering students' skillset would be assisted better in the domain of sustainable education.
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Herbert, George, and Lucas Loudon. The Size and Growth Potential of the Digital Economy in ODA-eligible Countries. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.016.
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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the current size of the digital market, the countries promoting development of digital business and their approach through Trade Policies or Incentive Frameworks, and the current and potential size of the market with the UK / China / US / other significant countries. It draws on a variety of sources, including reports by international organisations (such as the World Bank and OECD), grey literature produced by think tanks and the private sector, and peer reviewed academic papers. A high proportion of estimates of the size of the digital economy come from research conducted by or for corporations and industry bodies, such as Google and the GSMA (which represents the telecommunications industry). Their research may be influenced by their business interests, the methodologies and data sources they utilise are often opaque, and the information required to critically assess findings is sometimes missing. Given this, the estimates presented in this review are best seen as ballpark figures rather than precise measurements. A limitation of this rapid evidence review stems from the lack of consistent methodologies for estimating the size of the digital economy. The OECD is attempting to develop a standard approach to measuring the digital economy across the national accounts of the G20, but this has not yet been finalised. This makes comparing the results of different studies very challenging. The problem is particularly stark in low income countries, where there are frequently huge gaps in the relevant data.
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Kelly, Luke. Lessons Learned on Cultural Heritage Protection in Conflict and Protracted Crisis. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.068.
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This rapid review examines evidence on the lessons learned from initiatives aimed at embedding better understanding of cultural heritage protection within international monitoring, reporting and response efforts in conflict and protracted crisis. The report uses the terms cultural property and cultural heritage interchangeably. Since the signing of the Hague Treaty in 1954, there has bee a shift from 'cultural property' to 'cultural heritage'. Culture is seen less as 'property' and more in terms of 'ways of life'. However, in much of the literature and for the purposes of this review, cultural property and cultural heritage are used interchangeably. Tangible and intangible cultural heritage incorporates many things, from buildings of globally recognised aesthetic and historic value to places or practices important to a particular community or group. Heritage protection can be supported through a number of frameworks international humanitarian law, human rights law, and peacebuilding, in addition to being supported through networks of the cultural and heritage professions. The report briefly outlines some of the main international legal instruments and approaches involved in cultural heritage protection in section 2. Cultural heritage protection is carried out by national cultural heritage professionals, international bodies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as well as citizens. States and intergovernmental organisations may support cultural heritage protection, either bilaterally or by supporting international organisations. The armed forces may also include the protection of cultural heritage in some operations in line with their obligations under international law. In the third section, this report outlines broad lessons on the institutional capacity and politics underpinning cultural protection work (e.g. the strength of legal protections; institutional mandates; production and deployment of knowledge; networks of interested parties); the different approaches were taken; the efficacy of different approaches; and the interface between international and local approaches to heritage protection.
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Bolton, Laura. Donor Support for the Human Rights of LGBT+. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.100.
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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the bilateral and multilateral donors promoting and protecting the human rights of LGBT+ people on a global scale. It focusses on those donors that have policies, implementation plans and programmes on LGBT+ rights. This review also examines the evidence on the impact of their work. The bilateral donors providing the most support for LGBT+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, +) communities in 2017-18 are the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), UK Department for International Development (DFID), The Netherlands Development Cooperation, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), and the European Commission (EC). Whilst the multilateral donors providing the most support for LGBT+ are the UN and World Bank. The United Nations (UN) is doing a huge amount of work on LGBT+ rights across the organisation which there was not scope to fully explore in this report. The UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (UNOCHR) in particular is doing a lot on this theme. They publish legal obligation information, call attention to rights abuses through general assembly resolutions. The dialogue with governments, monitor violations and support human rights treaties bodies. The work of the World Bank in this area focuses on inclusion rather than rights. A small number of projects were identified which receive funding from bilateral and multilateral donors. These were AMSHeR, International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), and Stonewall. This rapid review focused on identifying donor support for LGBT+ rights, therefore, searches were limited to general databases and donor websites, utilising non-academic and donor literature. Much of the information comes directly from websites and these are footnoted throughout the report. Little was identified in the way of impact evaluation within the scope of this report. The majority of projects found through searches were non-governmental and so not the focus of this report.
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Niles, John, and J. M. Pogodzinski. TOD and Park-and-Ride: Which is Appropriate Where? Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1820.
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Despite the sharp drop in transit ridership throughout the USA that began in March 2020, two different uses of land near transit stations continue to be implemented in the United States to promote ridership. Since 2010, transit agencies have given priority to multi-family residential construction referred to as transit oriented development (TOD), with an emphasis on housing affordability. In second place for urban planners but popular with suburban commuters is free or inexpensive parking near rail or bus transit centers, known as park-and-ride (PnR). Sometimes, TOD and PnR are combined in the same development. Public policy seeks to gain high community value from both of these land uses, and there is public interest in understanding the circumstances and locations where one of these two uses should be emphasized over the other. Multiple justifications for each are offered in the professional literature and reviewed in this report. Fundamental to the strategic decision making necessary to allocate public resources toward one use or the other is a determination of the degree to which each approach generates transit ridership. In the research reported here, econometric analysis of GIS data for transit stops, PnR locations, and residential density was employed to measure their influence on transit boardings for samples of transit stops at the main transit agencies in Seattle, Los Angeles, and San José. Results from all three cities indicate that adding 100 parking spaces close to a transit stop has a larger marginal impact than adding 100 housing units. Previous academic research estimating the higher ridership generation per floor area of PnR compared to multi-family TOD housing makes this show of strength for parking an expected finding. At the same time, this report reviews several common public policy justifications for TOD as a preferred land development emphasis near transit stations, such as revenue generation for the transit agency and providing a location for below-market affordable housing where occupants do not need to have a car. If increasing ridership is important for a transit agency, then parking for customers who want to drive to a station is an important option. There may also be additional benefits for park-and-ride in responding to the ongoing pandemic.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.