Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Bran valorization“

The aim of this study is to review the innovative techniques based on bioprocessing, thermal or physical treatments which have been proposed during the last few decades to convert rice bran into a valuable food ingredient. Rice bran (Oryza sativa) is the main by-product of rice grain processing. It is produced in large quantities worldwide and it contains a high amount of valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds with significant health-related properties. Despite that, its application in food industry is still scarce because of its sensitivity to oxidation processes, instability and poor technological suitability. Furthermore, the health-related effects of pretreated rice bran are also presented in this review, considering the up-to-date literature focused on both in vivo and in vitro studies. Moreover, in relation to this aspect, a brief description of rice bran arabinoxylans is provided. Finally, the application of rice bran in the food industry and the main technology aspects are concisely summarized.

Waste management systems are overloaded with huge streams of plastic, a large part of this being originated from packaging. Additionally, the production of wheat, one of the most cultivated crops in the world, generates low-value lignocellulosic materials, which are mostly discarded. In this study, the wheat lignocellulosic byproducts straw and bran were used for the co-production of enzymes and bio-based materials with possible application as packaging via the compression molding method. The mechanical properties of the films were studied based on the effects of the removal of lignin by alkali and biological pretreatment, the growth of filamentous fungi, the size of the particles, and the enzyme recovery. Generally, the straw films were stiffer than the bran ones, but the highest Young’s modulus was obtained for the biologically pretreated bran (1074 MPa). The addition of a step to recover the fungal cellulases produced during the cultivation had no statistical effect on the mechanical properties of the films. Moreover, alkali and biological pretreatments improved the anaerobic biodegradability of the straw films. Thus, the wheat bran and straw can be used for the co-production of enzymes, materials, and biogas, potentially changing how wheat and packaging wastes are managed.

The present article describes the adsorption behavior of some low cost adsorbents such as olive waste, maize cobs, bentonitic clay, wheat bran, coal ash and coffee waste, with respect to Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. The batch method was used and parameters such as electrical conductivity, pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial and final concentration of metal ions were studied. All used adsorbents were effective, but coal ash was most effective, with total removal for all ions of over 90%, with highest percentage removal from 99.2% for Zn2+ ions and 97.5% of Pb2+. Maize cob was an effective adsorbent with maximal percentage removal of 92.6% for Zn2+ ions, wheat bran had highest removal of 93.7% for Pb2+ ions as did olive waste, 97% for Pb2+ ions. Coffe waste offers considerable promise as a low-cost natural adsorbent with highest efficiency in removal of Pb2+ with 97.5% while bentonitic clay having a structure with net negative charge, which is neutralized by positively charged species, resulted also as an effective low cost adsorbent with max total removal from 92.7% for Pb2+ to 80.9% for Zn2+ ions.

Ferulic acid, a compound showing antioxidant ability, is found in abundance in wheat bran. Its release depends mainly on the breaking of its ester linkage to other constitutive elements of the cell wall, such as arabinoxylans, ligin, cellulose and so on. Response surface methodology and orthogonal design were respectively used to evaluate the effects of NaOH concentration, alkali/ethanol ratio, extraction temperature and pH on ferulic acid extraction yield from wheat bran. The released ferulic acid concentration was determinated by HPLC method Experiments carried out under the predicted optimal conditions，with NaOH concentration of 5.76%, pH of 3.2, alkali/ethanol ratio of 1.39:1, temperature of 59.75 °C, the actual extraction yield in agreement with the expected yield, with 4.45mg.g-1 extraction rate of ferulic acid in wheat bran . And the results confirm the potential of wheat bran valorization in the field of natural antioxidant extraction, possibly viable in an industrial scheme.

In this work, processability and mechanical performances of bio-composites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing 5, 10, and 15 wt % of bran fibers, untreated and treated with natural carnauba and bee waxes were evaluated. Wheat bran, the main byproduct of flour milling, was used as filler to reduce the final cost of the PHBV-based composites and, in the same time, to find a potential valorization to this agro-food by-product, widely available at low cost. The results showed that the wheat bran powder did not act as reinforcement, but as filler for PHBV, due to an unfavorable aspect ratio of the particles and poor adhesion with the polymeric matrix, with consequent moderate loss in mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break). The surface treatment of the wheat bran particles with waxes, and in particular with beeswax, was found to improve the mechanical performance in terms of tensile properties and impact resistance of the composites, enhancing the adhesion between the PHBV-based polymeric matrix and the bran fibers, as confirmed by predictive analytic models and dynamic mechanical analysis results.

This diploma thesis deals with the use of various types of bran as a by-product in the milling of cereals. Mills create a huge amount of this material per year. The most common way of processing bran is mostly incineration and to a lesser extent it is used as feed for livestock. Depending on the type of cereal, bran contains 10-20% of protein, which disappears from the food chain due to combustion. Within the framework of sustainability and valorisation of waste, which has recently been largely discussed, great emphasis is placed on waste minimization whether in the field of its production or further processing. Due to the relatively high protein content, bran appears to be a suitable starting material to produce protein supplements. Proteins can be extracted from bran based on their different solubility at different pH. In the alkaline method, the proteins are first dissolved in an alkaline pH and then precipitated in an acidic medium. Lyophilization is followed by characterization of the extract in terms of yield, protein content, moisture, amino acid profile and digestibility. The highest yield was obtained with the oat bran isolate (13,5 ± 0,6 g of isolate per 100 g of bran). In terms of protein content, the best protein isolate was also obtained from oat bran (95,2 ± 0,4% protein in the isolate). Another determination was the analysis of the amino acid profile, in which a high content of arginine was found in all analyzed protein isolates from bran. Determination of digestibility showed very good digestibility of all produced protein extracts from bran.

The purpose of this study is to show how effective brand heritage and brand stewardship can contribute to build a strong brand image and thus strengthen corporate marketing. Moreover, it is aimed to provide evidences that historical resources can enforce the brand identity and create desirability among customers, the strong brand creating value to both the customer and the company.

Le fonds de commerce est un bien affecté par nature à l’activité de l’entreprise. Il se distingue, en tant qu’objet de réglementations, du concept économique d'entreprise ou de concepts fonctionnels comme l'établissement ou la branche d'activité. Le constat d'affectation à l'activité, qui découle de la pratique commerciale, se vérifie en droit fiscal, tant au niveau de la nature du fonds, une universalité, que dans sa dimension patrimoniale.Le fonds de commerce emprunte à la théorie de l’universalité de fait ses caractéristiques propres, dont la principale réside dans la dualité d’approches de ses composants, isolément ou comme un tout. Pour le droit fiscal, le fonds de commerce apparaît comme une enveloppe souple, dans laquelle sont agencés divers éléments réunis autour de la clientèle, et susceptibles de varier d’un fonds à l’autre. L’approche globale du fonds permet de caractériser l’ensemble, lorsque le droit fiscal veut opérer une imposition synthétique, que ce soit pour exonérer une transmission d'universalité en matière de TVA, pour appliquer le tarif des droits de mutation à une cession de fonds de commerce ou une convention de successeur ou pour opérer une imposition uniforme dans le cadre de dispositifs de faveur. À l’inverse, l’approche ut singuli de l’universalité permet la mise en œuvre de procédés d’imposition plus complexes et plus affinés, ayant vocation à ne s’appliquer qu’à certains éléments. Elle permet d’atteindre spécifiquement certains éléments du fonds, soumis à un régime fiscal particulier au regard de certains impôts ou d’appliquer certains mécanismes fiscaux, comme l’amortissement, qui requièrent de dissocier un élément du fonds.Le fonds de commerce résulte de l’exploitation et constitue une valeur patrimoniale dont le droit fiscal tire les conséquences, par son positionnement à l’actif du bilan de l’entreprise. L’inscription à l’actif, conjuguée à l’affectation à l’activité de l’entreprise, est le point de conflit entre les approches juridique et économique de la propriété. Si l’approche juridique correspond à la conception civile traditionnelle du droit de propriété, elle ne recouvre que partiellement et de manière contingente, l’approche économique qui fait prévaloir la notion de contrôle sur un bien ou un droit. Cette approche économique conduit à inscrire au bilan de simples droits d’usage (marques ou brevets utilisés en vertu d’une concession de licence) et introduit une confusion sur la nature des droits détenus par le propriétaire du fonds. La même coexistence des approches juridique et économique est observée dans les contentieux relatifs au fonds de commerce entre les deux ordres de juridiction
Goodwill is an asset that is naturally assigned to the activity of the enterprise. It is distinguished, as an object of regulations, from the economic concept of business or from functional concepts such as establishment or branch of activity. The assignment to the activity, which stems from commercial practice, is verified in tax law, both in terms of the nature of the business, a universality, and in terms of its patrimonial dimension.Goodwill borrows from the theory of universality de facto its own characteristics, the main one of which resides in the duality of approaches of its components, in isolation or as a whole. For tax law, goodwill appears as a flexible item, in which are arranged various elements gathered around the clientele, and may vary from one business to another. The overall approach of the business makes it possible to characterize the whole, when tax law wants to impose a synthetic taxation, whether to exempt a transfer of universality from VAT, to apply the tariff of transfer duties to a transfer of goodwill or a successor agreement, or to assess a uniform charge under concession arrangements. Conversely, the ut singuli approach to universality allows the implementation of more complex and refined taxation processes, which are intended to apply only to certain items. It allows for the specific attainment of certain items of the goodwill, which are subject to a particular tax regime with respect to certain taxes or to apply certain fiscal mechanisms, such as amortization, which require the separation of an element from the goodwill.Goodwill results from the exploitation and constitutes a patrimonial value of which tax law draws consequences, by its positioning in the assets of the balance sheet of the company. Capitalization, combined with the allocation to the business, is the point of conflict between legal and economic approaches to ownership. If the legal approach corresponds to the traditional civil law concept of the right to property, it only partially and contingently covers the economic approach which makes the notion of control over a property or a right prevail. This economic approach leads to the recording of simple rights of use (trademarks or patents used under a licensing agreement) and confuses the nature of the rights held by the owner of the business. The same coexistence of legal and economic approaches is observed in litigations relating to goodwill between both branches of tax jurisdiction of the French court system

博士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
105
As crude oil reserves dwindle, renewable energies will replace it to fulfill the demand in sectors such as transportation. One of the common renewable and sustainable green energy proposed is biodiesel, which is usually derived from plant oils or single cell oils from oleaginous microorganisms (yeasts, molds, bacteria). In the present study, using rice bran hydrolysate as the nutrient, two oleaginous yeasts (Y. lipolytica and L. starkeyi) were cultured to produce single cell oil. Rice bran was used since it is one of the major-agricultural byproduct, especially in Asia. Dilute sulfuric acid was employed to hydrolyze rice bran into fermentable sugars. A few detoxification methods were tested for removing inhibitors that could inhibit biomass growth during fermentation. Fermentations were carried out by varying conditions and fermentation modes (1 stage and 2 stages) in order to find the best lipid content or lipid productivity. The highest biomass and lipid content obtained by using Y. lipolytica was 14.3 g/L and 10%, respectively. While those values for L. starkeyi, was 26.2 g/L and 60.35% by glucose addition to RBH, and 19.8 g/L and 65.55% by re-suspension in glucose solution. The fatty acids profiles of the single cell oils produced are similar to those of vegetable oils, with the majority being oleic and palmitic acids, thus it has potential as raw material for biodiesel production. Furthermore, dried rice bran residue after dilute acid hydrolysis can be used as both feedstock and acid catalyst for biodiesel production. RB residue was found to have > 1 mmol acid sites/g dry residue. In the in situ transesterification of 2% or 3% RB residue in a SCW reactor, 87-89% FAME yield and 94-98% conversion were obtained without any addition of gas in short reaction time. This study shows the potential of utilizing lignocellulosic biomass to produce more valuable product.

Animal and crop production throughout the world generate high amounts of wastes or by-products annually that may possess added value compounds with high functionality. These wastes and by-products may cause negative environmental impacts and significant expenses if not well managed and or controlled. Much of these wastes and by-products is valuable and cheaper source of potentially functional compounds such as proteins, lipids, starch, micronutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibbers. In aquaculture, feed is expensive, and the existing body of literature has shown that animal manure and its extracts can be successfully incorporated into fishpond to increase fish production at a low cost. In addition, crop residues such as rice bran, maize bran, and seed cakes are commonly used as pond inputs in small-scale aquaculture. Animal waste and crop residues are added in a fishpond that filter-feeding fish can use directly as feed, and these may form a major proportion of the detritus in the pond. These resources also stimulate the growth of phytoplankton that are rich in protein and are the basis of the food web that can support the growth of a range of herbivorous and omnivorous fish. Therefore, technically, wastes are used as direct feed, a source of minerals for autotrophic production and a source of organic matter for heterotrophic production. In this context, animal manure and crop residues have been used to provide great opportunities to improve food security. The purpose of this review is to project the potential of animal waste and agro-by-products as a sustainable alternative as aquaculture inputs to reduce poverty, malnutrition, and hunger in developing countries.

The purpose of this study is to address the importance of water resources in tourism and leisure activities, to establish a framework of activities in inland waters and their meaning in the territory of the Serra da Estrela, namely within the scope of Estrela Geopark. Recognizing tourism as one of the pillars of a UNESCO world geopark, the image and brand of this destination is enhanced by the classification obtained, which drives the strengthening of partnerships; collaboration and cooperation between stackholders; the appreciation and diffusion of its heritage and culture; encouraging increased visitor numbers, consumption of goods and services, and decreasing seasonality of tourism. The attraction of its waters for tourism and leisure activities represents a resource for the strengthening of the economic activities within the region with concrete effects on trade, hotels, and local restaurants, in view of the practices involved, the natural and cultural contexts that the territory offers, and the opportunities for new activities.