Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Bukhari“

By the dawn of the fifth/eleventh century, al-Bukhārī (d. 256/870) was recognized as the most highly regarded hadith scholar and his Ṣaḥīḥ as the most authoritative book, after the Qur'an. This canonical status promoted a romanticized version of al-Bukhārī that does not reflect the reality that his pre-canonical historical record presents. This study recovers the reality of al-Bukhārī and provides a critical biography of him, tracing the progress of his career and detailing the objectives of his work. It provides a re-assessment of al-Bukhārī's own juridical, theological, and hadith-criticism principles based on an analysis of his own works, arguing that al-Bukhārī was shaped by the split between hadith and ra'y. It distinguishes three stages in his career: early education under ra'y authorities, conversion to hadith-based school, and his critique of the ra'y-based scholars in Transoxania. Al-Bukhārī was a significant contender of theology and law in his own day and certainly promoted a moderate position in theology and law that proved crucial to his future renown. He appears to have been Medinese in law and Iraqi in hadith criticism. His legal theory adopts some of Mālik ibn Anas' (d. 179/795) views and al-Shāfi'ī's (d. 204/820) hermeneutical concepts. His legal method and positive law appear to be systematically anti-ra'y and exhibit a virulent disparage of Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 150/767) and al-Shaybānī (d. 192/804-5). It appears that al-Bukhārī composed the Ṣaḥīḥ over a long period, at least a decade, as the Ṣaḥīḥ itself tends to confirm a chronological progress. This progress, the author contends, was the outcome of al-Bukhārī's long project in Transoxania, combating ra'y and promoting hadith. Al-Bukhārī achieved prominence within hadith-based circles for his unique transmitter-criticism (rijāl) works, particularly al-Tārīkh, but when he conceded that one's utterance (lafẓ) of the Qur'an is created, he was immediately denounced by the hadith-based school. This controversy caused the collapse of al-Bukhārī's career, leading to his demise in Khartank near Samarqand in 256/870.

This thesis sets out to investigate on the specific Hadi-th texts, Bahr al-Madhi al-sharh mukhtasar sahih al- Tirmidhi of Shaykh ldris al-Marbawi and Tazkir al-qaba'il Jawahir al-Bukhari of Tuan Haji Husayn as religious, social and political teachings for Malay Muslims during the twentieth century. These texts are selected for two reasons: firstly, both provide invaluable data for analyses-, secondly, both were openly acknowledged by the Malay community until recently as highly esteemed sources of revelation from the Prophet t The research is therefore undertaken on several premises, as folloys: Al-Marbawl and Husayn's translations and commentaries are held to have been serviced by the great Ijadi-th scholars - al-Tirmidhi and al-Bukhari - and should therefore be esteemed accordingly. In line with this, the present study aims to demonstrate al-Marbawi and Husayn's deep condemnation at that time of the misconduct of Malay Muslims and of the ideology held by the Kawn Tua and Kaum Muda (political polemics) for instance. As a criticism of Malay Muslims, their teaching and condemnation is absolute. This study believed that these Mo great scholars were independent authorities who would respond to key existing problems (including disunity, unjust leadership, and conflicts between religious scholars) as their mission to uphold the truth as guided by the Prophet in Hadith

The early split of Islam is regarded as one of the most profound and complex events in Islamic history, not only would it lay the foundation of two predominant branches of Islam, but it would also be one of the oldest arguments in Islamic history. Who is the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammed? This essay aims to explore the deep root behind the initial schism of Islam and understand the arguments both schools use to legitimize their position. What do the Sunnis and Shi’as say about the event of Ghadir, the hadith of the two weighty things and the incident of Saqifa, and how do each school of Islam interpret these events? The source material consists of Hadiths and scholastic literatures from both Sunni Islam, Shi’a Islam, as well as literatures from Secular sources. By basing the analysis on Wilfred Madelung’s and Ali Asghar’s theory of disserting Orientalist understanding of a monolith perspective on Islamic history, the essay aims to understand and broaden the reality of the schism of Islam and to bring emphasis on the events that often goes ignored throughout history. Finally, the results prove that both Sunnis and Shi’as differ regarding the caliphate, and the assertions for these lay in their respective interpretations. The Shi’as maintain that Ali should’ve been the successor, while the Sunnis believe Abu Bakr was the caliph.

This thesis places two important Muslim intellectual leaders of reform in Bukhara in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in a historical and religious context. Jadidism in Central Asia, an Islamic reform movement during this period, is still an understudied topic both in the context of Islamic reform movements and the wider study of Islamic history. The concentration of this project is on efforts towards social reforms in Bukhara by focusing on two major actors in the Jadid movement, ‗Abdalrauf Fitrat and Sadriddin Aini. Through an analytical review of original works written by ‗Abdalrauf Fitrat and Sadriddin Aini, as well as the information provided by secondary sources supporting the historical circumstances and later perceptions of these two intellectuals' influences, this thesis will provide a useful contribution to the growing body of western literature in the field of Central Asian Islam. By using a comparative approach, the thesis examines instances of agreement and disagreement between the two reformers using a variety of sources. Many reports concerning the Jadids at this time have either lumped many reformers together as a singular body or championed the type of reforms proposed by one figure over those or another. It is hoped that this thesis has elucidated the perspectives of reform for Aini and Fitrat and highlighted the multiplicity of ideas present among the Jadids. It is also hoped this work will set a positive foundation on which to set future works concerning the Jadids of Central Asia.<br>Ce mémoire situe deux importants leaders réformistes intellectuels musulmans de Bukhara de la fin du 19ème siècle et du début du 20ème siècle dans un contexte historique et religieux. Le jadidisme, mouvement réformiste islamique de l'Asie centrale durant cette période, est très peu étudié, aussi bien dans le cadre des travaux qui portent sur les mouvements réformistes islamiques que dans le cadre de l'histoire islamique en général. Aussi, cette étude examine les efforts qui visent les réformes sociales à Bukhara de 'Abdalrauf Fitrat et Sadriddin Aini, deux acteurs majeurs du jadidisme. Pour ce faire, elle s'appuie sur la revue analytique des écrits originaux de 'Abdalrauf Fitrat et ceux de Sadriddin Aini, ainsi que sur les conclusions des sources secondaires concernant les circonstances historiques et les perceptions ultérieures des influences de ces deux intellectuels. En appliquant une approche comparative à un ensemble de sources, ce mémoire étudie les points de convergence et de divergence entre les deux réformistes. En fait, les travaux existants qui portent sur le jadidisme tendent soit à mettre les réformistes de ce mouvement dans un seul bloc, soit à favoriser un type de réformes proposé par l'un d'eux au détriment des autres. Aussi, ce mémoire se propose de souligner les différentes perspectives réformistes de Aini et de Fitrat, et donc de relever la pluralité des idées qui est véhiculée par le jadidisme. De même, ce mémoire se propose d'établir les fondements pour les études futures qui portent sur le jadidisme de l'Asie centrale. Ce mémoire constitue donc une contribution au corpus de la littérature occidentale dans le domaine de l'Islam de l'Asie centrale.