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1
IEEE Computer Society. LAN/MAN Standards Committee. and American National Standards Institute, eds. IEEE standards for local and metropolitan area networks: Supplement to token-passing bus access method and physical layer specifications : alternative use of BNC connectors and Manchester-encoded signaling methods for single-channel bus physical layer entities. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1997.
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Knight, Andrew P. Innovations in unobtrusive methods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0004.
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Andrew P. Knight explores developments in unobtrusive research methods using unconventional sources of data from computer-based systems and tools. These generate novel measures of behaviour based on the digital trace data that we all generate, online access to public and personal archives, wearable sensors, and the automatic coding of text, and audio and video recordings. Smartphones and wristbands are just two of the growing range of connected devices that are capable of capturing and sharing multimedia information in real-time. Devices such as these offer new ways in which researchers can gather data at low cost, avoiding reactance effects, allowing the study of how phenomena change over time, and expanding the scale of research, given the wide dissemination of the technology. Before adopting these methods, researchers need to consider whether they have the expertise, and the ethical issues raised by using information (which may be in the public domain) without informed consent.
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Berry, Bonnie. Beauty Bias. Praeger, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400617171.
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Society has always been fixated on looks and celebrities, but how we look has deep ramifications for ordinary people too. In this book, Bonnie Berry explains how social inequality pertains to prejudice and discrimination against people based on their physical appearance. This form of inequality overlaps with other, better-known forms of inequality such as those that result from sexism, racism, ageism, and classism. Social inequality regarding looks is notable in a number of settings: work, medical treatment, romance, and marriage, to mention a few. It is experienced as limitations on access to social power. Berry discusses the pressures to be attractive and the methods by which we strive to alter our appearance through plastic surgery, cosmetics, and the like. Berry also discusses cultural factors, such as the manner in which globalization of media, advertisements, and movies have trended toward homogenization, whereby we are all encouraged to appear tall, thin, white, and with Northern European features even if we are none of those things. She also analyzes the underlying social forces such as economic incentives that, on the one hand, channel us to be as physically acceptable as possible via the sale of diet pills and skin lighteners, and on the other hand, encourage us to accept ourselves as we are by selling us plus-size clothing. The book concludes with suggestions for equal rights extended to all regardless of appearance. Here, Berry describes budding social movements and grassroots endeavors toward an acceptance of looks diversity.
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Schneider, Christopher J. Making the case. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0006.
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Christopher J. Schneider explains how he uses Qualitative Media Analysis (QMA) to exploit the unconventional data generated by social media in general, and by (public) Twitter feeds in particular. QMA is a method for analysing systematically the documents (tweets, videos) that are produced by social media platforms, which have changed the ways in which we communicate with each other, and also how we communicate with, and about, organizations. Through social media, therefore, researchers have ready access to a range of novel information that is not easily accessed by other means. The approach is illustrated by a study of police–public relationships in Canada; researchers can find it difficult to access police organizations directly. Twitter gives police organizations a ‘new visibility’ which opens them to greater scrutiny. However, police now conduct ‘image work’ through tweets. This research also explored how police respond to recorded instances of violence and untoward conduct posted on YouTube.
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Boadway, Robin. Cost-Benefit Analysis. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.2.
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This is an overview of the methods used to evaluate projects or policies when a normative approach is taken based on individual preferences. The evaluation of individual welfare change is first outlined and related to the concepts of willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept. The use of individual welfare measures in project evaluation is outlined. This is followed by approaches to aggregating individual welfare changes. The case for ignoring equity considerations based on the compensation criterion is critically discussed. The use of a social welfare function for cost-benefit analysis is presented, and it application to project evaluation outlined. Several extensions are considered, including the evaluation of non-marketed commodities, the treatment of uncertainty, and multi-period project evaluation. Throughout, the conceptual difficulties of measuring and aggregating welfare change are emphasized.
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Gullón, Pedro, and Gina S. Lovasi. Designing Healthier Built Environments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0008.
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The “built environment” is comprised of human-made structures and systems, and aspects include access to and attractiveness of walkable destinations (e.g., retail stores, parks) and community design features (e.g., street connectivity, sidewalk access). A variety of built environment characteristics can influence health outcomes and behaviors, including physical activity, obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and mental health, as well as sleep and use of tobacco and alcohol. This chapter discusses the large and complex accumulated research on the built environment as well as the methods used to study it, research challenges, policy implication, and how to bring together partnerships for policy change. This chapter also discusses the research conducted across populations (e.g., children, low-income individuals) and geographies (e.g., urban and rural geographies).
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Corse, Edward, and Marta García Cabrera, eds. Propaganda and Neutrality. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350325562.
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This is the first broad-ranging, comprehensive and comparative study of the concepts of propaganda and neutrality. Bringing together world-leading and early career historians, this open access book explores case studies from the time of the First World War to the end of the Cold War in countries such as Belgium, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Switzerland, Vichy France, USA, Argentina, Turkey, Portuguese Macau, Brazil, South Africa, Laos, Yugoslavia, Egypt, India, Malta, and Sweden. The individual chapters analyse the methods and channels of propaganda utilised in neutral countries, including rumours, newspapers, cartoons, films, pamphlets and magazines as well as radio broadcasts, official reports, diplomatic movements, cultural campaigns and soft power. They look to understand how these methods and channels have been deployed and how effective they have been in changing or reinforcing opinions and outcomes. Finally the book highlights the interaction between the concepts of propaganda and neutrality. It considers whether neutrality is a form of propaganda in itself, whether it is possible to be truly neutral in any propaganda battle and how the different forms of neutrality, including projected strict neutrality, non-belligerency and non-alignment, have been utilised by neutrals and belligerents to achieve propaganda goals in the last 120 years.
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Dowd, Cate. Digital Journalism, Drones, and Automation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655860.001.0001.
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Advances in online technology and news systems, such as automated reasoning across digital resources and connectivity to cloud servers for storage and software, have changed digital journalism production and publishing methods. Integrated media systems used by editors are also conduits to search systems and social media, but the lure of big data and rise in fake news have fragmented some layers of journalism, alongside investments in analytics and a shift in the loci for verification. Data has generated new roles to exploit data insights and machine learning methods, but access to big data and data lakes is so significant it has spawned newsworthy partnerships between media moguls and social media entrepreneurs. However, digital journalism does not even have its own semantic systems that could protect the values of journalism, but relies on the affordances of other systems. Amidst indexing and classification systems for well-defined vocabulary and concepts in news, data leaks and metadata present challenges for journalism. By contrast data visualisations and real-time field reporting with short-form mobile media and civilian drones set new standards during the European asylum seeker crisis. Aerial filming with drones also adds to the ontological base of journalism. An ontology for journalism and intersecting ontologies can inform the design of new semantic learning systems. The Semantic CAT Method, which draws on participatory design and game design, also assists the conceptual design of synthetic players with emotion attributes, towards a meta-model for learning. The design of context-aware sensor systems to protect journalists in conflict zones is also discussed.
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Harper, Sarah. Demography: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198725732.001.0001.
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Demography—the study of people—addresses the size, distribution, composition, and density of populations, and considers the impact these factors have on individual lives and the changing structure of human populations. Each generation’s demographic composition influences a person’s life chances; the economic and political structures within which that life is lived; the person’s access to social and natural resources; and life expectancy. Demography: A Very Short Introduction considers how the global population has evolved over time and space and discusses the theorists, theories, and methods involved in studying population trends and movements. It also looks at the emergence of new demographic sub-disciplines and addresses some of the future population challenges.
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Hooley, Tristram, and Rachel Buchanan. Online Research. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350319127.
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First published Open Access under a Creative Commons license as What is Online Research?, this title is now also available as part of the Bloomsbury Research Methods series. This book provides a concise and accessible introduction to online research, covering ethics, surveys, focus groups, ethnographies, experiments and the gathering and analysis of naturally occurring digital/big data. It also asks how researchers should use the digital environment to communicate their research and looks forward to the future of the field, asking what the next ten years hold. Online research is rarely well served by the direct translation of onsite methods onto the internet. Rather, researchers need to reflect, adapt and redesign research as they change the mode through which they conduct their research. Featuring an updated glossary, two new chapters and comprehensive updates throughout, this new edition provides new and experienced researchers with the foundation they need to conduct online research projects
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Lattman, Eaton E., Thomas D. Grant, and Edward H. Snell. Examples of Biological Small Angle Scattering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670871.003.0012.
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In this chapter we illustrate the biological applications of small angle scattering. We cover examples of contrast matching has been used in the neutron case and with SAXS,. time-resolved studies that have helped reveal mechanism and how SAXS or SANS as a solution technique can access information missing from other studies, in particular residues that may be crystallographically undefined. We show examples of puting known structural information in context, and following large-scale functional changes or show when distinct populations co-exist in solution. The list of examples provided is not exhaustive and should be seen as a glimpse of the potential of biological mechanisms where SAXS or SANS can provide unique information complementary to other methods and help define function and mechanism.
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Mählck, Paula. Domestic Work in Postcolonial Tanzania. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350277069.
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Domestic Work in Postcolonial Tanzaniaexamines the dynamics of learning domestic and care work within affluent expatriate households, characterized by significant economic privilege and, at times, diplomatic immunity.Paula Mählck employs contemporary narratives from privileged female expatriate employers and Tanzanian domestic workers, colonial documents, analysis of the built space of expatriate households, as well as literary works and analytic autoethnography to investigate the continuities and changes in contemporary employment relations as compared to those during the British colonial era from the 1920s to the 1960s. While the relationship between women employers and domestic workers serves as the entrance of the investigation, the study delves deeper into postcolonial dynamics of learning and their interconnections with gender, race, and class. It emphasizes learning to cope as a dynamic process involving negotiation and movement, offering a nuanced perspective that transcends the victim/survivor dichotomy. Moreover, the book highlights the subtlety of unlearning oppressive practices and relations, distinguishing them from formal affirmative actions. It underscores unlearning as a means for individuals and collectives to challenge established knowledge, perceptions, and practices, aiming to demonstrate the possibility of change. Through its multifaceted approach, which includes the historicization of alternative narratives, sociological analysis, theoretical discussions on social reproduction, and critical examinations of research methods for Western scholars researching non-Western contexts, this book provides valuable insights into the complexities of domestic work taking place in expatriate households in postcolonial Tanzania. It offers a thought-provoking examination of learning, learning to cope, and unlearning within the context of privilege and power. The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by Stockholm University.
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de Beauvoir, Simone, Véronique Zaytzeff, Frederick M. Morrison, Sonia Kruks, and Andrea Veltman. Right-Wing Thought Today. Translated by Véronique Zaytzeff and Frederick M. Morrison. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036941.003.0009.
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Truth is one, but error is multiple. It is not just by chance that the right wing professes pluralism. Right-wing doctrines that give expression to pluralism are far too numerous for this article to seriously examine them all. Yet, bourgeois thinkers—who forbid their adversaries the use of Marxist methods if they do not accept the entire system as a whole—still have no qualms themselves about eclectically pulling together ideas borrowed from Spengler, Burnham, Jaspers, and many others....
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Wallace, David. Philosophy of Physics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198814320.001.0001.
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Philosophy of Physics: A Very Short Introduction explores the core topics of philosophy of physics through three key themes: the nature of space and time; the origin of irreversibility and probability in the physics of large systems; how we can make sense of quantum mechanics. Central issues discussed include: the scientific method as it applies in modern physics; the distinction between absolute and relative motion; the way that distinction changes between Newton’s physics and special relativity; what spacetime is and how it relates to the laws of physics; how fundamental physics can make no distinction between past and future and yet a clear distinction exists in the world we see around us; why it is so difficult to understand quantum mechanics, and why doing so might push us to change our fundamental physics, to rethink the nature of science, or even to accept the existence of parallel universes.
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Forsyth, Tim. Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.602.
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Community-based adaptation (CBA) to climate change is an approach to adaptation that aims to include vulnerable people in the design and implementation of adaptation measures. The most obvious forms of CBA include simple, but accessible, technologies such as storing freshwater during flooding or raising the level of houses near the sea. It can also include more complex forms of social and economic resilience such as increasing access to a wider range of livelihoods or reducing the vulnerability of social groups that are especially exposed to climate risks. CBA has been promoted by some development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and international agencies as a means of demonstrating the importance of participatory and deliberative methods within adaptation to climate change, and the role of longer-term development and social empowerment as ways of reducing vulnerability to climate change. Critics, however, have argued that focusing on “community” initiatives can often be romantic and can give the mistaken impression that communities are homogeneous when in fact they contain many inequalities and social exclusions. Accordingly, many analysts see CBA as an important, but insufficient, step toward the representation of vulnerable local people in climate change policy, but that it also offers useful lessons for a broader transformation to socially inclusive forms of climate change policy, and towards seeing resilience to climate change as lying within socio-economic organization rather than in infrastructure and technology alone.
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Petersson, Olof. Rational Politics. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.40.
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Swedish politics can still be characterized as deliberative, rationalistic, open, and consensual but only if these four concepts are reinterpreted. Sweden has changed from a long-term “sounding-out” style of policy-making to a short-term and iterative trial-and-error method. Whereas commissions of inquiry in the 1960s were expected to carry out thoroughgoing investigations of policy alternatives and their possible consequences, since the 1980s they have been ordered to finish their assignments in less time and deliver shorter reports. Political decisions today are taken on a much less solid factual ground. The political process has moved from a consensus-seeking system based on selected access for a few major interests to a competitive and open-ended system.
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George, Carol V. R., and Kate Bowler. God's Salesman. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914769.001.0001.
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When Donald Trump was married to his first wife Ivana Zelnícková in 1977, the family minister who officiated the wedding was the preacher and author of The Power of Positive Thinking, Norman Vincent Peale. Perhaps more than any other figure in American public life, Trump has touted Peale’s positive thinking methods to apparently great success. “I never think of the negative,” he said after the opening of Trump Tower in 1983. Peale’s 1952 book, which helped to drive the religious revival of the 1950s, remains a perennial bestseller, and has affected the lives of a vast public in the United States and around the world. This book uses interviews with Peale himself as well as access to his manuscript collection to provide a scholarly account of Peale and his highly visible career. The text explores the evolution of Peale’s message of practical Christianity, the belief that when positive thinking was combined with affirmative prayer, the technique of “imaging,” and purposeful action, the result was a changed life. It was a message with special appeal for many in the post-War middle class struggling to rebuild their lives and have a voice in society. The text examines the formative influences on Peale’s thinking, especially his devout Methodist parents, his early exposure to and then enthusiastic acceptance of Ralph Waldo Emerson and William James, and his almost instinctive attraction to evangelicalism, particularly as it was manifested politically.
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Nacher, Mathieu. Using pathogen interactions: challenges and opportunities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0010.
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The germ theory of disease, mostly based on single causal pathogenesis, has improved life expectancy and changed human life. Distilling general guidelines on a new generation of public health interventions that acknowledge and use ecology and evolution to reduce the burden of disease remains difficult. Interactions are numerous; their consequences vary, depending on the context, making forecasting difficult. “Last-mile” problems are pervasive, with implementation problems keeping medical knowledge from reaching those most in need. Much of the avoidable burden of infectious disease results from lack of access to modern prevention and treatment methods, from the lack of health structures in poor countries. This chapter concerns major causes of death and disability and suggests that if used strategically, this knowledge could alleviate the burden of infectious diseases. Understanding pathogen-pathogen interactions (e.g., gastrointestinal nematodes and malaria, schistosomiasis and malaria and Wolbachia and filariae) may open opportunities for public health gains.
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Trescher, Sarah A., Monica K. Miller, and Brian H. Bornstein. How Does Jury Service Affect 21st-Century Jurors? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658113.003.0013.
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The 21st century adds unique challenges to the juror experience. Jurors are now exposed to, and often expect, certain technologies during jury duty. This chapter addresses how advances in technology can exacerbate juror stress or increase juror satisfaction. A juror’s role has not changed drastically over time, but jurors are now exposed to more complex trials and evidence, have easy access to the Internet, and are exposed to crime television in popular culture; all of these can affect the juror experience. Often, technology can exacerbate stress. For instance, some jurors are exposed to advanced methods of presenting gruesome evidence. Alternatively, technology can enhance well-being. For instance, online information and check-in can reduce the uncertainty and inconvenience of serving. Empirical research on how 21st-century technology influences jurors’ stress and well-being is lacking. Therefore, this chapter issues a call to action for researchers to further investigate the juror experience.
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Gallagher, Julie A. Pushing Through the Doors of Resistance in the 1950s. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036965.003.0004.
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This chapter follows a number of African American women in the postwar period further into party politics and into city government, and it charts the efforts of local renegades to launch political insurgencies that sought to bring down entrenched Democratic bosses and improve African Americans' and women's access to political power. Despite the challenges they faced, African American women who were committed to creating a more just society through formal politics were extremely busy in the 1950s and 1960s. They introduced new issues into the political discourse as elected officials and government administrators, they pressured political leaders through protests, and they effectively used the courts. Through their examples of leadership and methods of organizing, they also encouraged historically disempowered people, especially black women, to engage in politics and to demand change from various state actors, including politicians, judges, police chiefs, school administrators, and municipal and state bureaucrats.
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Fullmer, Elliott. Tuesday's Gone. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978737495.
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Election Day, as it was once known, is no more. In 2020, with COVID-19 raging, over 60 percent of American voters cast early ballots. Even before the pandemic, more than one-third of voters routinely did so. Early voting represents a radical change in American elections. It means new options for voters, new procedures for election clerks, and new challenges for political candidates. In Tuesday’s Gone, Elliott Fullmer explores the effects of this new reality. Applying new data and innovative methods, he reports that early voting is bringing new citizens to the polls. Examining four recent elections, he finds that both early in-person and absentee options increase turnout by several points when aggressively implemented by state and local officials. But early voting does come with some side effects. Fullmer cautions that early voting increases down-ballot roll-off, widens racial disparities in voting access, and alters the competitive environment in presidential nomination contests.
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Fitzsimmons, Kelly, and Tamar Bauer, eds. Next Generation Evidence. Brookings Institution Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780815743576.
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This open access book serves as a prequel to Show Me the Evidence: Obama's Fight for Rigor and Results in Social Policy by Ron Haskins and Greg Margolis. While Show Me the Evidence highlighted the importance of prioritizing funding for programs with evidence, Next Generation Evidence looks at how we can build the pipeline of evidence-producing programs. Evidence is remarkably powerful; it helps us understand the needs of communities, make decisions in times of change and scarcity, and build and do more of what works. However, practitioners face a number of structural and practical hurdles to building and using evidence. Traditional evaluation and research methods are often not timely, affordable, meaningful, or inclusive for helping practitioners make decisions to increase their impact for people and communities. Too often and for too long, evaluation was a thing done to practitioners and the communities they serve, relegating them to a passive role when they should be regarded as leaders of this work. Worse, their data and evidence has been used against them in disempowering thumbs-up, thumbs-down circumstances, rather than for learning and improvement that leads to impact. Next Generation Evidence features innovative thinking from leaders across policy, philanthropy, research, and practice. Together, these leaders lay out a vision for a stronger, more equitable data and evidence ecosystem that centers on the voices of people and communities most directly impacted by the problems we seek to solve. Throughout the book, case studies featuring practitioners at various stages in their evidence-building journey highlight concrete illustrations of how continuous evidence building can benefit organizations and outcomes for communities. The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by Brookings Institution.
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Lung Cancer. Exon Publications, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36255/lung-cancer.
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Lung cancer is a serious and common disease that begins in the lungs, often caused by smoking, environmental exposures, or genetic factors. This article discusses lung cancer, offering information for patients, caregivers, and the general public. It begins by explaining what lung cancer is, its types, and the risk factors associated with its development. The article explores symptoms and how the disease progresses, along with the challenges of early detection. Key sections cover the pathophysiology of lung cancer, detailing how genetic mutations and environmental factors lead to tumor growth. The article diagnostic methods, including imaging and biopsy, and the complications that may arise from the disease and its treatments. Comprehensive overviews of treatment options, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, provide readers with an understanding of available approaches. The importance of prevention through lifestyle changes and early screening is emphasized. Organized into clear, easy-to-follow sections, this article ensures readers have access to reliable and accessible information presented in straightforward terms to make it understandable for all.
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Burke, Colin B. America's Information Wars. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881809881.
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This book narrates the development of science, sci/tech, and intelligence information systems and technologies in the United States from the beginning of World War II to the second decade of our century. The story ranges from a description of the information systems and machines of the 1940s created at Wild Bill Donovan’s predecessors of the Central Intelligence Agency, to the rise of a huge international science information industry, and to the 1990’s Open Access-Open Culture reformers’ reactions to the commercialization of science information. Necessarily, there is much about the people, cultures, and politics that shaped the methods, systems, machines and protests. The reason for that is simple: The histories of technologies and methods are human histories. Science information’s many lives were shaped by idiosyncrasies and chance, as well as by social, economic, political and technical ‘forces’. The varied motives, personalities and beliefs of unique and extraordinary people fashioned science information’s past. The important players ranged from a gentleman scholar who led the Office of Strategic Services’ information work, to an ill-fated Hollywood movie director, to life-mavericks like the science information legend Eugene Garfield, to international financial wheeler-dealers such as Robert Maxwell, and to youthful ultra-liberal ideologically-driven Silicon Valley internet millionaires. However, although there are no determining laws of information history, social, political, legal and economic factors were important. After 1940, science information’s tools and policies, as well as America’s universities, were being molded by the nation’s wealth, its role in international affairs, the stand-off between left and right politics, and by the intensifying conflict between Soviet and Western interests.
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Seligmann, Matthew S. Prayers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759973.003.0005.
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The Edwardian Navy had a pronounced Anglican ethos. Three quarters of its sailors were members of the Church of England, as were all of its chaplains. If there was, thus, ample spiritual provision for the conformist majority, the religious needs of the non-conformist minority were less well catered for. Such discrimination was becoming increasingly unsustainable in the more pluralist era of the early twentieth century. Consequently, in the run-up to 1914, the Admiralty enhanced provision for Presbyterian, Methodist, and Catholic sailors, who were afforded ever-greater access to their clergy when ashore. However, the naval leadership consistently refused to allow non-Anglican clergy to minister aboard its warships. With the outbreak of war, there was considerable pressure to change this. It was accepted that those who might fight and die deserved a priest of their choice. Accordingly, Churchill introduced reforms that broadened the religious character of the Navy for ever.
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Reidsma, Matthew. Customizing Vendor Systems for Better User Experiences. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400636387.
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Discover how—with relatively straightforward scripts and minimal coding—to customize the user interfaces to third-party systems from your library's website for better communication with your users and to lead them to your library's services. In order to provide access to online resources, libraries depend on third-party vendor software that comes with each product. While these systems do have value, they can also be confusing, awkward, frustrating, or even misleading for library users. Imagine how much better your patrons' user experience would be if the software were customized specifically to fit your library. This how-to guide shows library staff how to take a DIY approach to customize the web interface to vendor-hosted online systems, thereby resolving usability problems and providing the ability to respond quickly to problems or evolving needs. The book begins with an explanation of how to test library vendor software for user experience, then goes on to present solutions to common usability problems through tutorials and case studies on using JavaScript or jQuery to change how a web browser displays that software. It also covers ongoing assessment methods to ensure that user needs have been satisfied. By using these tools, libraries can take some control of "black box" library software and customize it based on local needs.
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Fullner, Sheryl Kindle. The Shoestring Library. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216014430.
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An organized collection of budget saving methods, materials, and strategies, these tips are all tried-and-true examples of ways to stretch the media specialist's budget and time, and change even the drabbest library into an inviting oasis of learning. The Shoestring Library offers hope, incentive, and direction to librarians who lack everything but passion. The book is organized around 300 hints—more than 114 of which are green alternatives—for administering a library in tough times. The book is divided into two parts, Support Functions and Physical Plant. The support section investigates such topics as how to best use volunteers and how to get free materials for your library. The physical plant section, amply supplemented with dozens of photos, helps a librarian identify and fix problems with dismal walls, ceilings, windows, shelving, desks, seating, and lighting, proposing low-cost or no-cost solutions to all these woes. Instructions are practical and thorough, concentrating on reuse, re-purposing, and recycling, and each idea is reversible. For quick access, chapters sport distinctive icons; time-management tips, for example, are distinguished by an alarm clock. Designed for institutions from preschools through college, The Shoestring Library proves that there is no expiration date on learning.
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Andrews, Molly, Mark Davis, Cigdem Esin, et al. Narrative Research. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350319073.
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First published Open Access under a Creative Commons license asWhat is Narrative Research?, this title is now also available as part of the Bloomsbury Research Methods series. Narrative research has become a catchword in the social sciences today, promising new fields of inquiry and creative solutions to persistent problems. This book brings together ideas about narrative from a variety of contexts across the social sciences and synthesizes understandings of the field. Rather than focusing on theory, it examines how narrative research is conducted and applied. It operates as a practical introductory guide, basic enough for first-time researchers, but also as a window onto the more complex questions and difficulties that all researchers in this area face. The authors guide readers through current debates about how to obtain and analyse narrative data, about the nature of narrative, the place of the researcher, the limits of researcher interpretations, and the significance of narrative work in applied and in broader political contexts. This new edition includes updated references and a greater focus on digitality throughout. It addresses social justice and decoloniality more explicitly, centrally and consistently, drawing on examples around Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, climate change and Extinction Rebellion, and Covid and pandemic narratives.
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George, Erika. Incorporating Rights. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199941483.001.0001.
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Incorporating Rights: Strategies to Advance Corporate Accountability examines existing and emerging advocacy strategies that could conceivably close a global governance gap that puts human rights at risk and places commercial actors at risk of becoming complicit in human rights abuses when conducting business in emerging market economies and complex environments. Corporate codes of conduct, sustainability reporting, and selected multistakeholder initiatives are presented as the building blocks of a system of soft law that could solidify to become binding baseline standards for better business practices. This book explains the conditions that have given rise to constructive change as well as those methods and mechanisms with promise for ensuring that business enterprises incorporate human rights considerations into business operations. This book explores how capital and consumer markets could provide an additional or alternative form of enforcement to promote responsible business conduct. It provides accounts of the creation of industry sector regulatory instruments and governance institutions arising from allegations of corporate complicity in human rights abuses. It examines how corporate social responsibility initiatives could close the governance gap and how codes of conduct could come to regulate like real rules. This book argues that regulation through information is essential to ensure that corporate conduct will be informed by human rights considerations and implemented consistent with respect for human rights. Where concerned consumers and investors exercise preferences for products that are not associated with abuse and have access to information on corporate performance and risks posed to human rights, there is potential to change corporate conduct. Societal expectations are increasing and evolving.
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Willis, Jim, and Anthony R. Fellow. Tweeting to Freedom. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216028031.
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This book provides an insightful and comprehensive look at the issues regarding the use of the Internet and social media by activists in more than 30 countries—and how many governments in these countries are trying to blunt these efforts to promote freedom. The innovators who created social media might never have imagined the possibility: that activists living in countries where oppressive conditions are the norm would use social media to call for changes to bring greater freedom, opportunity, and justice to the masses. The attributes of social media that make it so powerful for casual socializing—the ability to connect with nearly limitless numbers of like-minded individuals instantaneously—enables political activists to recruit, communicate, and organize like never before. This book examines three aspects of the use of social media for political activism: the degrees of media freedom practiced in countries around the world; the methods by which governments attempt to block access to information; and the various ways in which activists use the media—especially social media—to advance their cause of greater freedoms. Readers will learn how these political uprisings came from the grassroots efforts of oppressed and unhappy citizens desperate to make better lives for themselves and others like them—and how the digital age is allowing them to protest and call attention to their plights in unprecedented ways.
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Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C., Valerie J. Hoekstra, Alice J. Kang, and Miki Caul Kittilson. Reimagining the Judiciary. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861577.001.0001.
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This book examines the factors that facilitate women’s representation on high courts worldwide. Diverse courts improve collective decision-making, strengthen public confidence in the judiciary and judicial decisions, and broaden access to the judicial process. Taken together, domestic and international factors explain women’s representation. These influences include judicial pipelines, domestic institutions including selection processes, and international expectations about gender equity. These explanations are evaluated using an original dataset, which includes both men and women appointed to high courts in all regions of the world. Pathways and processes are examined in-depth through five case studies: Canada, Colombia, Ireland, South Africa, and the United States. Taking a multi-method approach, the book combines insights from a cross-national, time-serial dataset with case studies drawing on fieldwork. Women are being appointed to high courts in greater numbers across every region of the world, and political and legal institutions provide context for where the gains are earliest and strongest. The findings suggest a chain of favorable promoters for women’s representation on high courts: new norms of gender equality encourage the reimagining of the judiciary; advocacy organizations challenge the status quo; and windows of opportunity enable change.
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Dye, Christopher. The Great Health Dilemma. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853824.001.0001.
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The proverbial benefits of prevention over cure are self-evident—and yet we are reluctant to invest in staying healthy. Resolution of this age-old dilemma begins with a timeless truth: the benefits of good health come at a cost: prevention is not better than cure at any price. That logic leads to a testable—and refutable—proposition: that prevention should be favoured when an imminent, high-risk, high-impact hazard can be averted at relatively low cost. Application of this idea helps to explain why cigarette smoking is still commonplace, why the world was not ready for the COVID-19 pandemic, why the idea of a ‘sin tax’ is misconceived, why billions still do not have access to safe sanitation, why the response to climate change has been so slow, and why public health advice often falls on deaf ears. Much more money and effort are invested in health promotion and prevention today than is commonly thought, but the enormous avoidable burden of illness is reason to seek incentives for investing still more. The principles, together with a series of case studies in diverse settings, offer 12 lessons for prevention. These are methods and motives for shifting the balance away from reactive medical treatment, bypassing illness and injury, to promote better health and well-being.
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Leachman, Jacob W., Øivind Wilhelmsen, and Konstantin I. Matveev. Cool Fuel. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198936688.001.0001.
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Abstract Hydrogen, the first and most abundant element in our universe, is an essential zero-carbon fuel in humanity’s race against catastrophic climate change. However, very few have access to cryogenic systems for energy-dense hydrogen to gain the necessary experience to contribute to this race. This textbook is written as an invitation for scientists and engineers with experience in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer to engage in this race for the future via cryogenic hydrogen research and development. We begin with the history of hydrogen and cryogenics, to create a context for current needs. In Chapter 2, we build a foundation for hydrogen’s unique quantum-mechanical effects on bulk thermophysical properties, and how to choose from and utilize available property models. Practical methods are presented in Chapter 3 for sensing and converting between the quantum-mechanical forms. Chapter 4 presents foundational aspects of hydrogen liquefaction and cooling in recuperative and regenerative cycles. Elements of hydrogen-transfer phenomena including heat-exchanger optimization and recently developed two-phase flow correlations and thermoacoustic instabilities are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 is an extensive analysis of liquid hydrogen storage-system options. The final chapter overviews the Cool Fuel School, a hands-on cryogenic hydrogen training course that helps readers develop a new system design and associated cryogenic hydrogen safety plan. Readers of this book should gain confidence in the foundational aspects of cryogenic hydrogen science and engineering.
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Petit, Véronique, Kaveri Qureshi, Yves Charbit, and Philip Kreager, eds. The Anthropological Demography of Health. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862437.001.0001.
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This book provides an integrative framework for the anthropological demography of health, a field of interdisciplinary population research grounded in ethnography and in critical examination of the social, political, and economic histories that have shaped relations between peoples. The field has grown from the 1990s, extending to a remarkable range of key human and policy issues, including: genetic disorders; nutrition; mental health; infant, child and maternal morbidity; malaria; HIV/AIDS; disability and chronic diseases; new reproductive technologies; and population ageing. Collaboration with social, medical, and demographic historians enables these issues to be situated in the evolution of institutional structures and inequalities that shape health and care access. Understanding fertility levels and trends has widened beyond parity and contraception to the many life course risks and alternative healing systems that shape reproductive health. By going beyond conventional demographic and epidemiological methods, and idealised macro/micro-level units, the anthropological demography of health places people’s health-seeking behaviour in a compositional demography based on ethnographic observation of group formation and change over time, and of variance between what people say and do. It tracks family and community networks; class, linguistic, and religious groups; sectoral labour and market distributions; health and healing specialisms; and relations between these bodies and with groups controlling local and national governments. The approach enables examination of how local cultures and experience are translated formally into measures on which survey and clinical programmes rely, thus testing the empirical adequacy of such translations, and leading to revision of concepts of risk and governance.
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Craig, Paul. EU Administrative Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831655.001.0001.
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The third edition of EU Administrative Law provides comprehensive coverage of the administrative system in the EU and the principles of judicial review that apply in this area. This revised edition provides important updates on each area covered, including new case law; institutional developments; and EU legislation. These changes are located within the framework of broader developments in the EU. The chapters in the first half of the book deal with all the principal variants of the EU administrative regime. Thus there are chapters dealing with the history and taxonomy of the EU administrative regime; direct administration; shared administration; comitology; agencies; social partners; and the open method of coordination. The coverage throughout focuses on the legal regime that governs the particular form of administration and broader issues of accountability, drawing on literature from political science as well as law. The focus in the second part of the book shifts to judicial review. There are detailed chapters covering all principles of judicial review and the discussion of the law throughout is analytical and contextual. It begins with the principles that have informed the development of EU judicial review. This is followed by a chapter dealing with the judicial system and the way in which reform could impact on the subject matter of the book. There are then chapters dealing with competence; access; transparency; process; law, fact and discretion; rights; equality; legitimate expectations; two chapters on proportionality; the precautionary principle; two chapters on remedies; and the Ombudsman.
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Karakoç, Ekrem. Inequality After the Transition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826927.001.0001.
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This book provides empirical evidence showing that most new democracies either maintain the level of income inequality they inherited or even increase it over time. It then asks why new democracies do not generate income equality. Unlike previous studies, it directly analyzes the relationship between inequality and democracy by focusing on the trajectory of inequality after the transition to democracy. It challenges basic premises in the democratization–inequality studies and offers a new theory. It investigates the roots of change in social policy programs in Poland and the Czech Republic in Postcommunist Europe and Turkey and Spain in Southern Europe. It traces the origins and development of social policy, from the formation of nation-states to the present, and considers how different political regimes, whether totalitarian; post-totalitarian; or authoritarian, designed welfare policies to prioritize civil servants and the working classes in formal sectors at the expense of the majority poor, including the working poor in informal sectors. It then demonstrates how these legacies perpetuate and widen disparities in access to welfare policies, and thus income inequality in countries where low mobilization by the poor and unstable party systems prevail. It adopts a multimethod approach in which it uses large-N multivariate analysis, paired case studies, and process-tracing method. It employs interviews with Polish, Czech, Turkish, and Spanish union leaders; bureaucrats and business people while also conducting an original survey in Turkey to dissect the linkage between organized groups and parties.
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Suicide Mortality in the Americas. Regional Report 2010–2014. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123300.
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Suicide is a serious public health problem surrounded by stigma, myths, and taboos. With an annual average of 81,746 suicide deaths in the period 2010–2014 and an age-adjusted suicide rate of 9.3 per 100,000 population (age-unadjusted rate of 9.6), suicide continues to be a public health problem of great relevance in the Region of the Americas. Contrary to common belief, suicides are preventable with timely, evidence-based, and often low-cost interventions. It is estimated that for each suicide that occurs, there are more than 20 attempts. Suicide can occur at any age and it is the third highest cause of death among young people between the ages of 20 and 24 in the Region of the Americas. This report corresponds to the five-year period between 2010 and 2014. It provides a general description of suicide mortality in the Americas, by subregions and countries. It analyzes the distribution of suicide according to age, sex, and methods used, along with the changes in suicide from 2010 to 2014. This report is limited to the study of mortality as, in most countries, no record of self-harm exists, due to lack of appropriate surveillance systems. In the period 2010–2014, 55.8% of suicide deaths in the Region occurred in North America. The age-adjusted suicide rate was also highest in North America (12.8 per 100,000 population), which along with the non-Hispanic Caribbean (9.8) was higher than the regional rate, while the other two subregions had rates lower than the regional rate (6.7 in Central America, the Hispanic Caribbean, and Mexico; 6.9 in South America). In Latin America and the Caribbean, it is essential that national suicide prevention programs be developed, especially in those countries with higher suicide rates. This report identifies 12 countries in the Region of the Americas with high suicide rates compared with the regional average and where two-thirds of the suicide deaths are concentrated. Strengthening information systems and surveillance of suicidal behavior is required. Improving mortality registries alone is not enough. It is also necessary to develop registries of suicidal behavior and implement follow-up mechanisms in high-risk cases. This report identifies the most frequent suicide methods. The availability of firearms is an important risk factor, particularly in North America. Access to pesticides in rural areas is another risk factor, especially in the non-Hispanic
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Smith, Josefine, and Kathleen W. Taylor Kollman, eds. Still Reading Romance. Rowman & Littlefield, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881847616.
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In a world that commodifies feminism, is adapting romance novels for small and big screen projects, and the Romance Writers Association is evolving to a more inclusive representative group, it is imperative for researchers to reevaluate the cultural assumptions and gender norming work happening in the romance genre. It is time to question the cultural capital of traditional archetypes, explore the experience of romance readers, and question how romance and cultural studies researchers create quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. This work centers around a data set collected with a revised version of Janice Radway’s Reading the Romance survey that will be shared with all the authors of this anthology. By having access to this pool, authors will have the opportunity to explore different elements of reader experience and cultural norms in romance fiction, and potentially reflect on changes since Janice Radway’s seminal work. The norms and negotiations readers experience while consuming romance is especially interesting as romancelandia becomes a more mainstream part of popular culture with the popularity of Bridgerton and romance series like Ice Planet Barbarians exploding on BookTok. No other book in romance or popular culture studies identifies a data set as the connecting element, and to do so creates an exciting opportunity to create a more inclusive study of popular romance, offer truly interdisciplinary research on the question of how readers read romance, and generate diverse areas of future scholarship. This edited volume explores multiple issues in romance fiction, based on survey data from real romance readers. An updated version of Janice Radway’s influential survey looking at romance readers in the early 1980s, this time scholars explore romance readers’ habits and attitudes in the twenty-first century. Each contributor in this volume uses the same survey data to make unique statements about gender, intersectionality, popular fiction, and popular culture. By using a common data set but approaching it from different perspectives, this unique volume is able to apply multiple methodologies to the same subject.
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Stanford, James N. New England English. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625658.001.0001.
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For nearly 400 years, New England has held an important place in the development of American English, and “New England accents” are very well known in popular imagination. But since the 1930s, no large-scale academic book project has focused specifically on New England English. While other research projects have studied dialect features in various regions of New England, this is the first large-scale scholarly project to focus solely on New England English since the Linguistic Atlas of New England. This book presents new research covering all six New England states, with detailed geographic, phonetic, and statistical analysis of data collected from over 1,600 New Englanders. The book covers the past, present, and future of New England dialect features, analyzing them with dialect maps and statistical modeling in terms of age, gender, social class, ethnicity, and other factors. The book reports on a recent large-scale data collection project that included 367 field interviews, 626 audio-recorded interviews, and 634 online written questionnaires. Using computational methods, the project processed over 200,000 individual vowels in audio recordings to examine changes in New England speech. The researchers also manually examined 30,000 instances of /r/ to investigate “r-dropping” in words like “park” and so on. The book also reviews other recent research in the area. Using acoustic phonetics, computational processing, detailed statistical analyses, dialect maps, and graphical illustrations, the book systematically documents all of the major traditional New England dialect features, other regional features, and their current usage across New England.
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Ribeiro, Jaime, Ellen Synthia Fernandes de Oliveira, Cleoneide Oliveira, Brígida Mónica Faria, and Lucimara Fornari, eds. New trends in qualitative health research: the pandemic aftermath. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.13.2022.e733.
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With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have seen new ways of doing things emerge. Various aspects of everyday life have been digitalized. What was once face-to-face, in context, is now done at a distance. For better or worse, healthcare and health research also had repercussions. On the one hand, there were aspects that improved, while others left something to be desired. I will not list them, because they have already been widely debated and it is now important to discuss what brought us to this page. In the particular field of qualitative research in health, also evident in this edition of NTQR, new trends can be observed in the way of researching, collecting data and producing results. We can even say that the successive confinements and constraints in data collection in the field have led us to a more reflexive process, to look more at what others have produced. We have seen, in the different scientific areas, an increase in literature reviews and other ways of collecting data, such as those latent on the internet. But this is not necessarily harmful, on the contrary, it has created opportunities to map and systematise knowledge. Not reinventing the wheel, but noting the "wheels" that exist, what is done, what needs to be done, innovating and finding ways to improve healthcare in its different perspectives. Perhaps due to better accessibility to data and easier logistics, scoping reviews, for example, sprang up, which, based on the qualitative approach, are one of the best ways to establish the state of the art of what we want to know. We have also observed a growth in thinking outside the box, using visual methods to gather information, such as images and even videographic analysis. We live overwhelmed with communications, content created and exchanges of information, by ordinary citizens, service users, professionals, scientists and many other people. A vast amount of unexplored data that has now emerged, perhaps because the imposed brake of our routines has led us to look more reflectively and give it a chance. All this to say that the more sedentary research has not only changed the vision of doing scientifically valid research but has also reinvented processes for obtaining data that are visible, but that were rarely used. Systematizing dispersed knowledge, shortens the time and resources spent and accelerates the acquisition of skills and, as is often said, the practice based on evidence. The evidence exists, perhaps it is not within everyone's reach, so it is no disrespect to gather, systematize, facilitate the interpretation and publish knowledge produced by others. To research from the office in a protocoled and structured way, is to produce knowledge, which should be poured and drunk by those without access and without availability to start investigations from scratch. Sometimes the best knowledge has already been produced, let us guide its discovery!
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Stein, Howard F. Nothing Personal, Just Business. Praeger, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400692277.
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Throughout the United States and indeed the world, organizations have become places of darkness, where emotional savagery and brutality are now commonplace and where psychological forms of violence--intimidation, degradation, dehumanization--are the norm. Stein succeeds in portraying this dramatically in his evocative, lucid new book, and in doing so he counters official pronouncements that simply because unemployment is low and productivity high, all is well. Through the use of symbolism and metaphor he gives us access to the interior experience of organizational life today. He employs a form of disciplined subjectivity, based on Freud's concept of counter-transference, and other methods to help us comprehend what such dominating notions as managed social change really mean. Downsizing, reengineering, managed care, endless organizational restructuring--all are presented as just business but in reality, says Stein, they are devastatingly personal in their effects. With numerous vignettes and anecdotes drawn from his formal and informal research, Dr. Stein shows us in often horrifying detail what work has come to be in so many of these dark places--but also what must happen, and can happen, to lift them into the light. Through consultations, observation, and personal experience, Stein documents the ordinary assaults on the human spirit, a form of violence in the workplace that usually escapes common classification. By that he means culturally sanctioned violence, such as everyday forms of intimidation, ridicule, goading, and doubling of workloads--all in an asserted effort to make the workplace more productive, more competitive. His examples, metaphors, symbols, images come from the Holocaust and the Vietnam War, and refer back to other horrors in other times, the Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition among them. His book demonstrates precisely how brutal so many of our rational business practices have become, and how disposable all of us ultimately are, at all levels, in all organizations. Stein draws upon a variety of research techniques, including a form of counter-transference based on Freud's concept, to understand the inner meanings and feelings contained in workplace metaphors and symbols. An incisive foreword by Dr. David B. Friedman, Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine, comments on this, puts the book in perspective and offers additional insights into Stein's themes and how brilliantly he develops them.
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Stefańska, Magdalena, ed. Sustainability and sustainable development. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-074-6.
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The aim of this book is to present the most important issues related to sustainable development (SD) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). They are discussed from a macro and micro perspective, both in the form of theoretical foundations of these concepts and practical examples of companies operating in Central and Eastern European countries that have implemented these ideas in their daily operations and translated them into corporate and functional strategies. The book consists of four parts. The first one is theoretical in its assumptions and is devoted to explaining the key concepts of sustainable development (SD) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The authors describe the determinants of sustainable development in the contemporary world, including the most important ones, such as globalization, climate change, poverty, unlimited consumption, as well as limited access to natural resources - all in relation to the goals of sustainable development. The chapter also discusses the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is now recognized as the process by which business contributes to the implementation of sustainable development. How sustainable development (SD) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are incorporated into the organization's strategies and influence the corporate strategy on the corporate and functional areas of the organization is presented in the last chapter of the first part of the e-book. The next part of the e-book helps readers understand the concepts of SD and CSR in the field of organizational strategy - in strategic management, and at the level of functional strategies—marketing, human resources, marketing research, accounting and operational management. The authors explain the reasons why companies need to consider the local and global perspective when setting SDGs, and the existence of potential conflicts within them. Taking into account the area of marketing, the authors point to the increase in environmental and social awareness of all stakeholders, which translates into changes in the criteria for decision-making by managers and risk assessment. The issue of sustainability is also the subject of market research. Companies producing products and services, institutions dealing with environmental or consumer protection, scientists and students conduct many research projects related to, inter alia, much more. How to use secondary data for analysis and how to prepare, conduct, analyze and interpret the results of primary research in that area are discussed in detail in the next chapter of this section. The concept of SD also refers to the basic functions of human resource management (HRM)—recruitment, motivation, evaluation and control. They should take into account SD not only for the efficiency of the organization and long-term economic benefits, but also for ethical reasons. Thanks to the SHRM, the awareness and behavior of the entire organization can strongly express sustainable goals in the planning and implementation of the overall corporate strategy. The growing importance of the idea of SD and the concept of CSR also resulted in the need for accounting and finance to develop solutions enabling the provision of information on the methods and results of implementing these concepts in entities operating on the market. This part of the book also examines manufacturing activities in the context of sustainability. As a result, many problems arise: waste of resources, mismanagement, excessive energy consumption, environmental pollution, use of human potential, etc. The chapter presents such concepts as: zero-waste, lean-manufacturing, six-sigma, circular production, design and recycling products in the life cycle as well as ecological and environmentally friendly production. The next two parts of the e-book contain examples of companies from Central and Eastern Europe that used SD goals in their strategies, questions and tasks for readers.
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Lazorenko, Olena, and Nina Chala. Analytical Review of Women's Condition in Education & Learning Areas and Economy in Ukraine in EU Perspective. NGO “League of Professional Women”, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35423/analytics-2024.
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The policy paper has been prepared on the basis of a short-term research. It is focused on the analysis and advocacy of increasing the understanding of the status of women in wartime and post-war reconstruction in Ukraine. With the aim of facilitating European integration negotiations, it provides recommendations in the field of education, learning and economy in Ukraine. Public authorities and civil society organizations (CSOs) should move to act jointly in defending Ukrainian interests before the EU and in developing, if possible, a common negotiating position. Certain geopolitical challenges are presented and attention is paid to the consequences of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The forms of involvement of representatives of Ukraine’s civil society in the negotiation infrastructure with the EU are considered. A brief analysis of Ukraine's 2020-2024 implementation of the final documents of the Fourth UN World Conference on the Status of Women - the Beijing Declaration and Platform (Beijing+30), focused on two areas (a)women in education and training and, (b) women in the economy during this period in Ukraine is also provided. The research at hand employs two main methods, (a) asynchronous and synchronous online national consultations (conducted by the authors) and two regional consultations with CSOs of Europe and Central Asia, organized by international structures in May - August 2024; and (b) the collection and analysis of secondary information. The issue of analysis has been included in the EU-Ukraine accession Negotiating Framework on cluster "Competences and inclusive growth". Notably, it is important to promote an inclusive approach, taking into account the interests of various strata and groups of society and giving a voice to civic experts. This policy paper examines in the context of the general system of lifelong learning. Namely, the segment of adult learning and education (ALE) i.e., its policies, governance, quality of programs and teaching, inclusion and financing and, the issue of women's access to adult learning and education, assessment of participation in aspects of retraining and upskilling that are important for adapting to changes in the labor market and economic conditions. The quality of learning & education and the impact of social and economic development on the socio-economic status of women in the country are also considered. The subject of the analysis of the economic block is the analysis of gender gaps in wages, opportunities for starting a business and the level of employment of women, and their participation in the labor market. The results of the research and recommendations for public authorities and CSOs in Ukraine will be interesting for Ukrainian and foreign civil society organizations dealing with this topic, policy makers and experts at the national and European levels on issues of gender equality focused on women's rights, European integration, women's economic empowerment, education and learning. Furthermore, the academic community, analysts from the public, academic, educational environment working in the specified directions and others. This publication was produced within the project “Supporting the activities of the Ukrainian National Platform of the EaP CSF in 2024” implemented by the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the League of Professional Women and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union or the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting.
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Multiphase Flow Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (MP-ICDA) Methodology for Pipelines. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/nace_sp0116-2022.
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Scope This standard practice outlines a methodology to assess pipeline integrity because of the threat internal corrosion in onshore and offshore pipelines and other piping systems that normally carry multiphase fluids (gas, water, and oil) termed multiphase flow internal corrosion direct assessment (MP-ICDA). Liquid separators (drips), compressing stations, vessels, and other equipment not related to pipelines are not included in this standard. This standard applies to pipelines, and piping systems both onshore and offshore, containing carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxygen (O2), and other corrosive species. Additionally, this standard applies to pipelines that continuously contain a liquid phase (water and condensate and/or oil and/or petroleum compounds), a possible solids content of various mineral scales, biofilms, or corrosion product compounds, and a continuous gas phase with fluid conditions that are not specifically covered by NACE SP01101 for wet gas internal corrosion direct assessment (WG-ICDA). Additionally, solids may be included as a phase by itself and may also be included in multiphase flow analysis of fluid streams. This standard is intended for use by pipeline operators, oil/gas producers (upstream), and other pipeline industry individuals who manage pipeline integrity (both onshore and offshore) for pipelines that are normally under multiphase loading conditions and are outside the scope of NACE SP0110,1 NACE SP0206,2 and NACE SP0208.3 Rationale The standard is being revised in accordance with AMPP’s five-year review requirement. Changes in this revision include improvements on the method of evaluating the accuracy corrosion rate modeling results that are converted to wall losses with respect to the wall losses measured in the field contained in the Detailed Examination Step. It also includes guidelines that will help unify and more clearly understand the way the Detailed Examinations are reported. The MP-ICDA methodology has been developed to meet the needs of pipeline operators and producers to assess the integrity of pipelines with respect to the internal corrosion threats posed by the fluids. MP-ICDA is a structured process that combines pre-assessment, indirect inspections, detailed examination, and post-assessment to evaluate the impact of predictable pipeline integrity threats such as internal corrosion. Specifically, the goal of MP-ICDA is to identify locations with the greatest likelihood of internal corrosion and its influencing factors, such as water content, flow regime, liquid hold-up, flow velocities, temperature and pressure changes. These locations are exposed and examined in accordance with criteria established in Section 4. The results of these examinations are used as a basis for assessing the condition and integrity of the remaining pipeline segments (those with less likelihood of corrosion). Direct assessment (DA) does not depend on the ability of a pipeline to undergo inline inspection (ILI) by smart-pigging or pressure testing, making it most valuable to those pipelines unable to accept pigs or those that cannot be hydrostatically pressure tested. This standard is intended to provide an integrity assessment methodology for internal corrosion for pipelines where ILI cannot be performed; however, the MP-ICDA methodology may also serve, complement, or assist in those cases in which ILI was conducted or is contemplated to demonstrate the reliability of the ICDA process. It can also be used for optimizing the selection/justification, inspection frequency, or prioritization of pipelines that are subjected to ILI. In multiphase flow systems, subregions of a pipeline that is identified within a region that are more susceptible to internal corrosion depend on the flow pattern that are defined by flow velocities, sudden changes of geometries, changes in elevation caused by the topography of the terrain, sharp elbows, expansions, changes in internal diameter and other changes that may influence the hydrodynamics of the flow. Multiphase flow and flow regimes can be determined by the use of flow models that have a hydrocarbon phase envelope (water and hydrocarbon), and the interaction between the gas and liquid phase, and allow the prediction under flowing conditions that shows local temperature, pressure, and fluid composition for a pipeline. Depending on the flow (i.e., velocity, gas/liquid quality, temperature, pressure, wall surface conditions, etc.), and specific operating conditions, the effects of flow regimes are considered. Flow regimes and flow hydrodynamic characteristics influence the threat of internal corrosion, and thus affect pipeline integrity. The goal of MP-ICDA is to identify confirmatory or most probable locations (MPLs) along a pipeline subregion for determination of direct assessment sites. These sites are where internal corrosion damage has been identified by means of integrating available historical information in combination with the use of flow models to determine flow regimes and internal corrosion prediction models (ICPMs) that a company deems appropriate for its specific application to predict or calculate internal corrosion rates. The focus is the identification of conditions along the length of a pipeline region so that local subregion integrity threats with respect to internal corrosion are identified for prioritized damage assessment, repair, and mitigation. MP-ICDA emphasizes the identification of damage distribution on corrosion areas inside pipelines, and the corrosion rate prediction models can fit into the overall process by serving as tools to predict the corrosion rate at these locations and the estimation of wall losses within one flow pattern (e.g., stratified, slugging, annular, or mist) within a specific pipe region and/or subregion.
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Illusions of reality: A history of deception in social psychology. State University of New York Press, 1997.
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